Bhagya

Maharashtra State Board 12th Std Secretarial Practice Textbook Solutions Digest

• Chapter 1 Introduction to Corporate Finance
• Chapter 2 Sources of Corporate Finance
• Chapter 3 Issue of Shares
• Chapter 4 Issue of Debentures
• Chapter 5 Deposits
• Chapter 6 Correspondence with Members
• Chapter 7 Correspondence with Debentureholders
• Chapter 8 Correspondence with Depositors
• Chapter 9 Depository System
• Chapter 10 Dividend and Interest
• Chapter 11 Financial Market
• Chapter 12 Stock Exchange

Maharashtra State Board Class 12 Textbook Solutions

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Class 11 Psychology Solutions Chapter 8 Memory Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

Maharashtra State Board Class 11 Psychology Solutions Chapter 8 Memory

1A. Complete the following statements.

Question 1.
One of the important processes for storage of information in the LTM is _____________
a. perception
b. elaborative rehearsal
c. encoding
Answer:
b. elaborative rehearsal

Question 2.
Memory is a/an _____________
a. activity
b. process
c. performance
Answer:
b. process

Question 3.
_____________ memory has the shortest duration.
a. Sensory
b. Short Term
c. Long Term
Answer:
c. Long Term

Question 4.
_____________ memory is also known as Working Memory.
a. Long Term
b. Accidental
c. Short Term
Answer:
c. Short Term

Question 5.
_____________ memory has unlimited capacity.
a. Sensory
b. Short Term
c. Long Term
Answer:
a. Sensory

Question 6.
The span of Short-Term Memory is _____________
a. 5+/-2
b. 7+/-2
c. 9+/-2
Answer:
b. 7+/-2

1B. State whether the following statements are true or false. If false, correct them. If true, explain why.

Question 1.
Our sense organs also have memory.
Answer:
True
Explanation: Our sense organs have the capacity to retain the sensory impression received through the five senses for a very short time even after the source stimulus is withdrawn. It is known as sensory memory.

Question 2.
Short-term memory has an unlimited capacity.
Answer:
False
Reason: STM holds the information between 15 to 30 seconds and the capacity of STM is about seven items at a time. Fleece, has limited capacity.

Question 3.
Conscious memory of facts and events is called explicit memory.
Answer:
True
Explanation: Explicit memory is a type of LTM that contains conscious memories of facts and events.

Question 4.
Implicit memory is the memory of skills.
Answer:
True
Explanation: Implicit memory is the unconscious memory of skills and how we do things, regarding the use of objects or movements of the body.

Question 5.
When we memorize meanings, concepts, and principles, it is called episodic memory.
Answer:
False
Reason: Episodic memory is a memory of experiences and specific events which we recall step by step to reconstruct actual events.

Question 6.
The method of relearning is also known as the saving method.
Answer:
True
Explanation: In relearning method, there is a saving of time taken to learn the same material. Fleece, this method is also known as the saving method.

Question 7.
The most vivid memory is flashbulb memory.
Answer:
True
Explanation: Flashbulb memories are vivid memories of what we were doing at the time of an emotion-provoking event.

1C. Identify the odd item from the following.

Question 1.
Encoding, Storage, Tip of the tongue (TOT), Retrieval
Answer:
Tip of the tongue (TOT)

Question 2.
Keyword method, Method of Loci, Chunking, Rote learning, First letter technique
Answer:
Rote learning

Question 3.
Sensory register, STM, Flashbulb memory, LTM
Answer:
Sensory register

Question 4.
Recall, Recognition, Relearning, Trace decay
Answer:
Trace decay

1D. Match the following pairs.

Question 1.

Answer:

2. Answer the following questions in around 35-40 words each.

Question 1.
Explain any one example of Flashbulb memory from your life.
Answer:

• I clearly remember the day when my grandmother passed away.
• On that day, I had an omelet for breakfast and went to college around 10.30 a.m. I attended only two lectures and then received a call about this bad news. After that, my best friend accompanied me home.

Question 2.
Explain the model of working memory proposed by Baddeley.
Answer:

• Baddeley called STM a working bench of memory.
• In the working memory model given by him, a central executive is responsible for the coordination between sub-systems of the phonological loop, episodic buffer, and the visuospatial sketchpad.
• Both phonological loop and visuospatial sketchpad have two components.

Question 3.
Explain the Tip of the tongue (TOT) phenomenon with an example.
Answer:

• Sometimes, when we search through our library of experiences to retrieve information from LTM, we cannot recall it even when we have that information on the tip of the tongue.
• e.g. you want to recall the name of your cousin’s favourite clothing brand. Instead of that name, you recall all similar names.

Question 4.
Give an example of episodic memory.
Answer:

• I remember a four-day-long celebration of my sister’s wedding.
• It started with Haldi followed by Mehendi and the sangeet ceremony. After that, there was a grand wedding followed by a reception ceremony.
• I also remember all preparations, outfits that I wore, and the food that we had in those four days.

Question 5.
What is motivated forgetting?
Answer:

• Motivated forgetting is a behaviour in which people may forget unwanted memories either consciously or unconsciously.
• It is also called a conscious coping strategy but it should not be confused with defense mechanisms.
• There are two levels of motivated forgetting, viz. Repression and Thought suppression.

3. Compare and contrast.

Question 1.
STM and LTM
Answer:

• Only the significant sensory inputs enter the Short-Term Memory (STM) through maintenance rehearsal. On the other hand, some items in STM enter the Long-Term Memory (LTM) after elaborative rehearsal which makes information meaningful and connects the same with already existing information in the LTM.
• STM holds the information between 15 to 30 seconds and the capacity of STM is about seven items at a time. Conversely, once information enters LTM, it is retained more or less permanently and the amount of information stored in LTM is unlimited.

Question 2.
Implicit Memory and Explicit Memory
Answer:

• Implicit memory is the unconscious memory of skills and how we do things while explicit memory is conscious memory of facts and events.
• Implicit memory is also known as procedural memory while explicit memory is also known as declarative memory.

Question 3.
Semantic memory and Episodic memory
Answer:

• Semantic memory is a more structured record of facts, meanings, concepts, and knowledge. On the other hand, episodic memory is a memory of experiences and specific events which we recall step by step to reconstruct the actual events.
• Semantic memories have personal context which includes vocabulary, mathematics, rules of logic while episodic memory is the memory of autobiographical events with times, places, and associated emotions.

Question 4.
Storage failure and Retrieval failure
Answer:

• In case of storage, failure acquired and encoded information is not stored properly while in case of retrieval failure, problems arise while recalling the stored information for its actual use.
• Both storage failure and retrieval failure make it difficult to use the retained information in the future.

Question 5.
Recall method and Recognition method
Answer:

• The recall method involves remembering a fact, event, or object that is not currently physically present and requires the direct uncovering of information from memory, (e.g. long essay-type answers). In the recognition method, already learned material is present and the learner has to recognize it. (e.g. MCQs).
• Recognition is relatively easier than recall. So, a score of memory by recognition method is usually more than the recall method.

4. What will you do if…

Question 1.
You have to prepare a long speech covering all the activities in your college and present at the annual function
Answer:

• I will make a list of all the activities and rehearse it a number of times so as to ensure better retention.
• I may also make a note with all points in brief which I can refer to if I forget something in the middle of a speech.

Question 2.
How will you apply ‘POWER’ to prepare for the final exam of Psychology?
Answer:

• Prepare: Before starting to study, I would prepare myself for it by setting goals. I will make myself aware of why am I studying Psychology, e.g. for acquiring good marks in the final exam.
• Organize: I will organize the study material properly and make a schedule for each chapter. I will allot less time for chapters that are easy and familiar. I may study these chapters when I am a bit tired. Conversely, I will allot more hours to chapters that are unfamiliar, complicated, or technical. I will also ensure to study these complex chapters when I am fresh.
• Work: I know that I have to work hard to achieve the goal of acquiring good marks. So, I will learn with the motive to understand and remember. I will try to associate new information with something that I have already learned.
• Evaluate: I will try to evaluate my progress by solving practice papers. It will enable me to know how much I have learned and the quality of my knowledge.
• Rethink: I will reanalyze, review, question, and challenge myself. I will also rethink whether I need to change my method of studying so as to achieve the goal of acquiring good marks in the final exam.

5. Short Notes.

Question 1.
Characteristics of Memory
Answer:

• Memory is an ability by which information is encoded, stored, and retrieved when needed.
• Three basic processes or characteristics of memory are Acquisition, Storage, and Retrieval.
• The acquisition is the process of acquiring information from our sense organs. The information acquired and encoded is stored over a period of time. In retrieval, the stored information is recalled for the purpose of its actual use.
• There are three stages of memory, viz. Sensory information store, short-term memory, and long-term memory.

Question 2.
Techniques to improve memory
Answer:
Some techniques to improve memory are as follows:

• Keyword method: In the keyword method, any two different pieces of information can be linked together. It is an effective method for remembering definitions and learning foreign language vocabulary.
• Encoding specificity: According to encoding specificity, memory is improved when information is available while learning is also available at the time to recall.
• Method of loci: It involves creating an imaginary route so that things can be remembered in a better way. e.g. steps to solve mathematical problems.
• Mnemonic devices: Mnemonics will include acronyms or first letter techniques (e.g. VIBGYOR includes colours of the rainbow). It will also include visualization. Another technique is chunking where one can place large information into small chunks.
• Practice and rehearsal: Relearning the same material a number of times lead to better retention and better recall. For small size or easy material, it is effective to optimally utilize our time and learn the entire material. For large size or difficult material, we must take breaks and learn the material in parts.
• Minimizing interference: We should not learn similar subjects together as they might interfere with each other. Also, one must take a rest for minimising such interference.
• POWER method: One can also use the POWER method for improving memory. Here, P stands for Preparation, 0 stands for Organisation, W stands for Work, E stands for Evaluation and R stands for Rethinking.

Question 3.
Motivated forgetting
Answer:

• Motivated forgetting is a behaviour in which people may forget unwanted memories either consciously or unconsciously.
• It is also called a conscious coping strategy but it should not be confused with defense mechanisms.
• There are two levels of motivated forgetting, viz. Repression and Thought suppression.
• Repression: Sigmund Freud’s Psychoanalytic model states that we subconsciously push unwanted thoughts and memories into our unconsciousness. People think that such repressed memories are completely forgotten.
• e.g. a girl who had experienced sexual abuse during childhood may completely forget about it. But she may have difficulty while forming a romantic relationship.
• Thought suppression: It is a conscious effort where we forget the memories of unwanted incidents and experiences of our lives, e.g. a person will avoid talking about his breakup.
• Thought suppression can be time-consuming and also quite difficult as such suppressed thoughts tend to reoccur, e.g. a person may try to suppress the thoughts about his ex but he may not be successful in doing so.

Question 4.
Causes of forgetting
Answer:

• Trace decay: Our memories fade out when we don’t use them for a longer period, i.e., traces of memory get decayed over time if they are not used.
• Trace distortion: Some researchers believe that memory traces are not decayed but are distorted over a period of time and forgetting occurs.
• Interference: Some researchers believe that we forget when materials that we learn one after the other interfere with each other. There are two types of interference, viz. retroactive interference and proactive interference.
• Motivated forgetting: It is a behaviour in which people may forget unwanted memories either consciously or unconsciously. There are two levels of motivated forgetting, viz. Repression and Thought suppression.

6. Answer the following questions in 150-200 words.

Question 1.
Explain the process of human memory in detail.
Answer:

• Memory is an ability by which information is encoded, stored, and retrieved when needed.
• The basic processes of memory include acquisition (encoding), storage, and retrieval.
  
• Acquisition/Encoding: Acquisition is the process of acquiring information from sense organs. Encoding is the process of transforming the information received into suitable symbols like pictures, figures, words, numbers.
• Storage: The information acquired and encoded is preserved over a period of time. The process of storage is essential for using that information in the future.
• Retrieval: It is the process of recalling the stored information for the purpose of its actual use. We tend to retrieve mobile numbers, names, etc. in our daily life.
• We can think of these processes as analogous to the functions of a computer.

Question 2.
Explain the theories of forgetting in detail.
Answer:

• Forgetting is the failure to retrieve the material from our long-term memory which we had already stored.
• Researchers have put forward various theories of forgetting. Each theory highlights different reasons behind forgetting.
• The various theories of forgetting are: Trace decay theory, Trace distortion theory, and Interference theory.
  • Trace decay: Our memories fade out when we don’t use them for a longer period, i.e., traces of memory get decayed over time if they are not used.
  • Trace distortion: Some researchers believe that memory traces are not decayed but are distorted over a period of time and forgetting occurs.
  • Interference: Some researchers believe that we forget when materials that we learn one after the other interfere with each other. There are two types of interference, viz. retroactive interference and proactive interference.

7. Arrange the following elements in concepts of memory in ascending order.

Question 1.
Elaborative rehearsal, Short Term Memory, Receiving information from the environment, Long Term Memory, Retrieval
Answer:

• Receiving information from the environment
• Short Term Memory
• Elaborative rehearsal
• Long Term Memory
• Retrieval

Activities

Activity 1 (Textbook Page No. 87)

Do you remember your first picnic at your school? Do you remember your primary school teacher? Now can you remember what food you ate last Monday? Why you can remember some incidents from the past clearly while you cannot remember some things which happened yesterday?
Answer:
We remember some incidents from the past clearly when they are a part of our long-term memory. Similarly, we cannot remember certain incidents from the recent past whey they form a part of our sensory or short-term memory.

Activity 2 (Textbook Page No. 87)

Why does this happen? 25 workers used to work in Thomas Edison’s Bulb and Phonogram unit of industries. There was a huge tree near his company. After 6 months, Edison asked his workers about the huge tree but not a single worker could give information about that tree. Why do you think this happened despite seeing the tree every day?
Answer:
I feel the none of the workers could give information about the tree near their company since it was a part of their sensory memory, i.e., they perceived the stimulus (tree) with sense organs but did not rehearse it enough for it to become a part of their long term memory.

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Class 11 Psychology Solutions Chapter 7 Nervous System Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

Maharashtra State Board Class 11 Psychology Solutions Chapter 7 Nervous System

1A. Complete the following statements with appropriate options.

Question 1.
Brain is a part of _________ nervous system.
a. central
b. peripheral
c. somatic
Answer:
a. central

Question 2.
_________ are the building blocks of the nervous system.
a. Cells
b. Neurons
c. Tissues
Answer:
b. Neurons

Question 3.
_________ nervous system prepares us for the fight or flight responses.
a. Somatic
b. Parasympathetic
c. Sympathetic
Answer:
c. Sympathetic

Question 4.
The gap between two neurons is called _________
a. synapse
b. joint
c. vacuum
Answer:
a. synapse

1B. Match the following pairs.

Question 1.

Answer:

1C. Identify the odd item following series of words.

Question 1.
The frontal lobe, Parietal lobe, Thalamus, Occipital lobe
Answer:
Thalamus

Question 2.
Dopamine, Serotonin, Norepinephrine, Uric acid, GABA
Answer:
Uric acid

Question 3.
Dendrite, Nucleus, Tectum, Axon, Synapse
Answer:
Tectum

Question 4.
Knee jerk, Sneezing, Thinking, Blinking of eyes
Answer:
Thinking

Question 5.
Thyroid, Sweat glands, Adrenal gland, Gonads, Pituitary gland
Answer:
Sweat glands

1D. Identify which hormones with hyposecretion or hypersecretion would lead to the following conditions.

Question 1.
Abnormal height, gigantism
Answer:
Hypersecretion – Somatotropin

Question 2.
Hyperactivity, speedy metabolism.
Answer:
Hypersecretion – Thyroxin

Question 3.
Cretinism
Answer:
Hyposecretion – Thyroxin

Question 4.
Stunted growth, dwarfism
Answer:
Hyposecretion – Somatotropin

Question 5.
Myxedema, fatigue, sluggishness, depression
Answer:
Hyposecretion – Thyroxin

Question 6.
Increased appetite, overactivity, restlessness, lack of concentration
Answer:
Hyposecretion – Insulin, and glycogen

2. Which part of the brain is involved in processing the following information?

Question 1.
Smelling a flower
Answer:
Occipital lobe

Question 2.
Maintaining balance while standing upright
Answer:
Cerebellum

Question 3.
Comprehending a speech
Answer:
Temporal Lobe

Question 4.
Memorizing a childhood experience
Answer:
Frontal lobe

Question 5.
Feeling touch
Answer:
Parietal lobe

Question 6.
Seeing a picture
Answer:
Occipital lobe

Question 7.
Feeling hungry
Answer:
Hypothalamus

Question 8.
Feeling afraid
Answer:
Amygdala

3. Answer the following questions in 35 to 40 words.

Question 1.
Explain the functions of the hypothalamus.
Answer:

• Hypothalamus controls major bodily needs i.e., primary needs of an individual like hunger, thirst, sex as well as temperature regulation, and sleep.
• It is also called the pleasure center of our body.

Question 2.
Describe the functions of each of the four lobes.
Answer:

• Frontal lobe: It controls motor actions, thinking, memory and reasoning. It has Broca’s area which helps in speech production.
• Parietal lobe: It helps in understanding information regarding skin-like touch, pressure, pain, and temperature.
• Occipital lobe: It is the visual processing center. It controls the sense of hearing, smell, and taste. It has Wernicke’s area which helps in language understanding.
• Temporal Lobe: Hearing, understanding language, memory for language take place because of the temporal lobe.

Question 3.
Explain the functions of the Amygdala and Hippocampus.
Answer:

• Amygdala: It stores emotional memories of experiences. We experience emotions, especially fear due to the amygdala.
• Hippocampus: It is the storage of long-term memories. If a person gets Alzheimer’s disease, his hippocampus is. mainly affected.

Question 4.
What is a synapse? How does a nerve impulse travel from one to another neuron?
Answer:

• A synapse is a gap between two neurons.
• The nerve impulse or neural message jumps across the synapse in order to reach the dendrite of another neuron.
• When the neural message is passing through, it excites or inhibits the neurotransmitter in it. This chemical reaction decides our reaction to various situations.

Question 5.
Which are the important parts of the hindbrain? Explain their functions.
Answer:
Important parts of the hindbrain and their functions are as follows:

• Cerebellum: It helps in maintaining body posture and body balance. It also helps in the coordination of the movements.
• Brain stem: Medulla oblongata controls the breathing rate, pulse rate, blood pressure, and digestion. Pons sends and receives information from the lower parts of the brain. It helps to transmit messages between the cerebellum and cortex.
• Reticular activation system: Its main function is to maintain wakefulness, concentration, and alertness.

Question 6.
How do endocrine glands affect our behaviour?
Answer:

• Endocrine glands secrete chemical substances called hormones.
• Hormones are like messengers that are responsible for certain behaviours or the absence of reactions.
• e.g. Thyroid gland secretes the thyroxin hormone. Its hypersecretion leads to Grave’s disease while hyposecretion results in cretinism or myxedema.

4. Write short notes.

Question 1.
Autonomic Nervous System
Answer:

• The autonomic nervous system controls the internal activities of the human body including heart rate, breathing, digestion, disposal of waste products, and toxins.
• It is divided into the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems.
• The sympathetic nervous system prepares our body to face stressful and threatening situations. It prepares us for a ‘flight or fight reaction. The job of the system is just opposite to its name.
• The parasympathetic nervous system takes over when the situation becomes normal. It directs our body to store energy for emergencies.

Question 2.
Limbic System
Answer:
One of the important parts of the brain is the limbic system.

• Hippocampus, amygdala, thalamus, and hypothalamus are parts of the limbic system.
• Hippocampus is responsible for the storage of long-term memories.
• Amygdala stores emotional memories of our experiences.
• Thalamus is called a relay station of the brain. It receives all information from the body and sends it to various parts of the brain.
• Hypothalamus controls major bodily needs like hunger, thirst, sex as well as temperature regulation, and sleep.

Question 3.
Neurotransmitters
Answer:
Neurotransmitters are chemical messengers. The important neurotransmitters are:

• Acetylcholine: It is a chemical released by motor neurons of the nervous system to activate muscles.
• Dopamine: It is released by the brain. If the level of dopamine is normal, we experience happy, pleasant feelings. It also plays an important role in the motivational process.
• Norepinephrine: It increases the force of skeletal muscles, especially during fight or flight response.
• Serotonin: It plays a role mainly in cognition, reward, learning, and memory. It also controls wakefulness, sleep, hunger, thirst, and liking.
• Glutamate: It helps in learning, memory, and maintaining sugar levels.
• GABA (Gama Amino Butyric Acid): It is the chief inhibitory neurotransmitter i.e. its principal role is to reduce the excitability of neurons throughout the nervous system. If it is less, it leads to convulsions and we cannot control body movements.

Question 4.
Pituitary gland
Answer:

• The pituitary gland is one of the endocrine glands, i.e., glands that secrete chemical substances into the bloodstream.
• It is also called as master gland as it helps other glands to produce their secretions and secretes the majority of hormones.
• It consists of the anterior lobe and posterior lobe.
• Anterior lobe: It secretes somatotropin, growth hormone, and adrenocorticotropic hormone. It helps the growth of the body and aids the adrenal gland. The hormones secreted by this gland are also vital for the nourishment of foetus.
• Hypo or hypersecretion in the anterior lobe: Hyposecretion leads to dwarfism, wherein a person is very short (two-three feet tall). On the other hand, hypersecretion can lead to gigantism, wherein a person becomes very huge and is eight-nine feet tall. Hypersecretion can also result in acromegaly, wherein a person has the features of a chimpanzee.
• Posterior lobe: It secretes oxytocin (which creates a feeling of happiness), pituitrin (which helps smooth muscle functioning of the stomach), thyrotrophic follicle-stimulating luteinizing hormone (which helps in the nourishment of foetus), and endorphins (which help to create neurotransmitters).

5. Compare and contrast

Question 1.
Sympathetic nervous system and Parasympathetic nervous system
Answer:

• The sympathetic nervous system prepares our body to face stressful and threatening situations. It prepares us for a ‘flight or fight reaction. On the other hand, the parasympathetic nervous system takes over when the situation becomes normal,
• Example:
  • Situation: Suppose you are chased by a dog.
  • Sympathetic nervous system: Due to the functioning of this system, your heartbeat and palpitation increase. You also start to sweat.
  • Parasympathetic nervous system: When PNS takes over, your heart rate, palpitation, and sweating become normal. You regain a cool and composed state due to the functioning of this system.

Question 2.
Exocrine glands and Endocrine glands
Answer:

• Exocrine glands directly release their secretions into the organ or tissue while endocrine glands secrete chemical substances into the bloodstream.
• Exocrine glands have separate ducts for their secretion and so, they are also called duct glands, e.g. sweat glands and tear glands. On the other hand, endocrine glands are called ductless glands as they don’t have a separate duct. e.g. pituitary gland and thyroid gland.

6. Answer in 150-200 words.

Question 1.
Explain the functions of various parts of the human brain.
Answer:
The brain consists of three major parts, viz. hindbrain, midbrain, and forebrain. Its functions are as follows:
i. Hindbrain

• Cerebellum: It helps in maintaining body posture and balance as well as aids in the coordination of movements.
• Brain stem: Medulla oblongata controls the breathing rate, pulse rate, blood pressure, and digestion. Pons helps to transmit messages between the cerebellum and cortex.
• Reticular activation system: It is the ‘Alarm clock’ of the body. It maintains wakefulness, concentration, and alertness.

ii. Midbrain: It sends information to the upper part of the brain and controls eye movements.

iii. Forebrain

• Cerebrum: Cerebral cortex controls higher-order mental processes such as attention, perception, learning, memory. The surface of the cerebral cortex is divided into right and left hemispheres. Neurons from the right hemisphere control the left side of the body and vice versa. Left hemisphere controls language, spatial relation, and pattern recognition.
• Four lobes: Frontal lobe controls motor actions, thinking, memory and reasoning. The parietal lobe helps us in understanding information regarding skin. The occipital lobe controls our vision. The temporal lobe is responsible for hearing, understanding language, and memory for language.

Question 2.
Explain the significance of endocrine glands in human behaviour. State the functions of any five endocrine glands in detail.
Answer:

• Endocrine glands secrete vital chemical substances called hormones. There is a strong impact of hormones upon human behavior.
• Hormones are responsible for certain behaviours or the absence of reactions.
• Over (hyper) or under (hypo) secretion of hormones may lead to a variety of problems.
• e.g. Hypersecretion of insulin and glycogen hormones by the pancreas reduces blood sugar levels. It results in hyperglycemia, wherein a person lacks energy and motivation, may faint and go to coma. Conversely, in the case of hyposecretion, a person gets diabetes. He becomes quite hungry and feels very tired and restless. He also shows irritated behaviour and faces frequent and uncontrolled urination.

The functions of the five endocrine glands are as follows:

• Thyroid gland: It secretes thyroxin which maintains the rate of metabolism.
• Parathyroid gland: It secretes parathyroxin which maintains calcium as well as phosphate balance.
• Pancreas: It secretes insulin and glycogen that is responsible for maintaining blood sugar levels.
• Adrenal gland: Cortex secretes cortin or cortisone which maintains the level of water, sugar, and sodium. The medulla secretes adrenalin (which is associated with fear) and noradrenaline (which is associated with anger). Medulla plays important role in emotional excitement.
• Gonads (sex gland): Testes in males secrete androgen and testosterone. These hormones are responsible for secondary sex characteristics in males. Their voice becomes hoarse. They also get mustaches and beards. Ovaries in females secrete estrogen and progesterone. These hormones are responsible for secondary sex characteristics in females. As a result, feminine looks develop and menarche begins.

Activities

Activity 1 (Textbook Page No. 76)

Few activities are given below. Identify the system which dominates during these activities.

1. Picking up an object from the ground
2. Shivering when we sense danger
3. Feeling composed when we feel safe
4. Increase in heart rate when we sense that we are going to meet with an accident

Answer:

1. Central nervous system
2. Sympathetic nervous system
3. Parasympathetic nervous system
4. Sympathetic nervous system

Activity 2 (Textbook Page No. 80)

Think of the following actions. Which of them would be reflex actions and which of them will not be reflex actions?

• Throwing a ball in a cricket match
• Closing the eyes if someone brings a finger too close to them.
• Removing the hand when you accidentally touch a thorn.
• Immediate movement of the knee when tapped just below it.
• Touching a hot object and pulling back your hand.

Answer:
Reflex actions:

• Closing the eyes if someone brings a finger too close to them.
• Removing the hand when you accidentally touch a thorn.
• Immediate movement of the knee when tapped just below it.
• Touching a hot object and pulling back your hand.

Non-reflex actions:

• Throwing a ball in a cricket match

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Class 11 Psychology Solutions Chapter 6 Stress Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

Maharashtra State Board Class 11 Psychology Solutions Chapter 6 Stress

1A. Complete the following statements.

Question 1.
When the demand of a situation exceeds personal and social resources an individual can mobilise, it leads to __________
a. worries
b. stress
c. depression
Answer:
b. stress

Question 2.
__________ leads to boredom.
a. Eustress
b. Hypo stress
c. Distress
Answer:
b. Hypo stress

Question 3.
__________ is necessary for better performance.
a. High stress
b. Moderate stress
c. Low stress
Answer:
b. Moderate stress

Question 4.
Low level of intelligence may act as __________ stressor while facing a difficult exam.
a. internal
b. external
c. imposed
Answer:
a. internal

Question 5.
__________ results when a goal-directed activity is blocked by some obstacle.
a. Frustration
b. Anger
c. Conflict
Answer:
a. Frustration

1B. State whether the following statements are true or false. If false, correct them, If true, explain why.

Question 1.
Well-adjusted person does not experience stress at all.
Answer:
False
Reason: A well-adjusted person may experience stress and discomfort at times because the degree of adjustment changes according to the situation and time.

Question 2.
Stress can be good sometimes.
Answer:
True
Explanation: Sometimes stress can be good because we can achieve optimum performance under moderate stress.

Question 3.
Hyper stress leads to the best performance.
Answer:
False
Reason: Hyper stress does not lead to the best performance. Moreover, under the influence of hyper stress, a person may undergo panic leading to frustration.

Question 4.
Hypo stress is a bliss.
Answer:
False
Reason: Hypo stress leaves a person demotivated, unenthusiastic, bored and restless.

Question 5.
Hyper stress leads to panic and exaggerated response.
Answer:
True
Explanation: Hyper stress leads to panic and exaggerated response because it occurs under extremely pressurising situations. In such a situation, a person may also throw temper tantrums leading to frustration.

Question 6.
Conflict of motives is an internal stressor.
Answer:
True
Explanation: Conflict of motives is an internal stressor because the conflict is within the individual who has to choose between two or more equally strong and incompatible motives.

Question 7.
Approach-Avoidance conflict is extremely difficult to resolve.
Answer:
True
Explanation: Approach-Avoidance conflict is extremely difficult to resolve because an individual is attracted and repelled by the same goal which has both positive and negative values.

Question 8.
Compromise is emotion focused coping strategy.
Answer:
False
Reason: Compromise is a problem focused coping strategy.

1C. Identify the odd item from the following.

Question i.
Unchallenging job, Unemployment, Leisure, Lack of purposeful activity
Answer:
Leisure

Question ii.
Eustress, Hyper stress, Frustration, Distress, Hypo stress
Answer:
Frustration

Question iii.
Attack, Withdrawal, Defence mechanism, Compromise
Answer:
Defence mechanism

Question iv.
Withdrawal, Projection, Sublimation, Rationalisation, Displacement
Answer:
Withdrawal

1D. Match the following pairs.

Question 1.

Answer:

2. Answer the following questions in around 35-40 words each.

Question (i).
What are the ill effects of distress?
Answer:
Distress is a negative type of stress. Its ill effects are as follows:

• Our body is flooded with emergency response hormones such as adrenaline and cortisol.
• It can cause physical conditions like headaches, digestive issues, and sleep disturbances.
• It can cause psychological and emotional strains like confusion, anxiety, and depression.

Question (ii).
Explain the relationship between the level of stress and performance with the help of an appropriate diagram.
Answer:

• Everybody deals with stress in different ways.
• When stress is too less or when it exceeds the limit, it deteriorates performance.
• Optimum performance can be achieved only under moderate stress.
• This can be explained with the help of a diagram:
  

Question (iii).
Explain the internal and external stressors with examples.
Answer:

• Internal stressors: These are stressors within us and we have to deal with them ourselves, e.g. a paralyzed individual may not be able to do any work which can lead to stress.
• External stressors: These are stressors from the outside environment which result in frustration, e.g. forgetting the PIN while using an ATM machine.

Question (iv).
What are the effects of hypo stress?
Answer:
Hypo stress is an insufficient amount of stress which is caused when a person has nothing to do at all. Its effects are as follows:

• It leads to boredom.
• It causes feelings of restlessness.
• People become demotivated and unenthusiastic.

Question (v).
Why the approach-avoidance conflict is most difficult to resolve?
Answer:
Approach-Avoidance conflict is most difficult to resolve because:

• An individual is attracted and repelled by the same goal.
• There is only one goal that has both positive and negative values.
• An individual has no choice. He has to accept the consequences of his choice.

3. Compare and contrast with examples.

Question 1.
Eustress and Distress
Answer:

• Eustress means good or a positive form of stress having a beneficial effect on health, motivation, performance, and emotional well-being (Merriam Webster). Conversely, distress is a negative type of stress and is experienced when the normal routine of an individual is constantly altered and adjusted.
• e.g. After a lot of practice, Amit is ready for his football match. He will experience eustress. e.g. Ajay is fired from his job and is not able to find a job anywhere else. He will experience distress.

Question 2.
Hypo stress and Hyper stress
Answer:

• Hypo stress is an insufficient amount of stress and is caused when an individual has nothing to do at all while hyper stress is caused due to extremely pressurizing conditions.
• Hypo-stress makes an individual demotivated, unenthusiastic, and restless while in case of hyper stress, a person may panic and engage in exaggerated reactions leading to frustration and agitation.
• e.g. When one cannot use his full potential in a job, it results in hypo stress. e.g. When one is stuck in a traffic jam, has forgotten to carry important documents for the meeting, and is late to work, it results in hyper stress.

Question 3.
Emotion-focused coping and Problem-focused coping
Answer:

• In emotion-focused coping, an individual focuses on the emotions resulting from stress. On the other hand, in problem-focused coping, an individual focuses effort on the problem and accepts the reality as it is.
• e.g. Nilesh tries to avoid negative emotions by keeping his mind stable with meditation or stuff down negative emotions by fighting with others. This is emotion-focused coping, e.g. When a chef gets negative feedback about a dish he has made, he makes more efforts to improvise the dish. This is problem-focused coping.

Question 4.
Attack and Withdrawal
Answer:

• In an attack strategy, an individual directly attacks the conflict as a direct way to resolve it. On the other hand, in withdrawal strategy, an individual may indulge in beating retreat or withdraw from the goal when he cannot achieve it after putting in his best efforts.
• e.g. When an employee wants a promotion and gets negative feedback on his presentation, he tries to improvise his presentation, learns, and asks for help from his seniors to get promoted (attack), e.g. If the employee is not promoted due to flaws in his presentation, he may leave the job altogether (withdrawal).

Question 5.
Compromise and Withdrawal
Answer:

• In compromise strategy, a person readjusts the goal to the nearest possible goal when he cannot achieve the original goal due to lack of capacity. Alternatively, in withdrawal strategy, a person may indulge in beating retreat or withdraw from the goal when he cannot achieve it after putting in his best efforts.
• e.g. An individual who wanted to become an orthopedic surgeon but could not manage to get admission. So, he took up physiotherapy as a career (compromise), e.g. On not getting admission, the individual may give up the field of medicine and his dream of becoming a doctor and pursue something else (withdrawal).

Question 6.
Projection and Rationalization
Answer:

• Projection involves the individual attributing his own thoughts, feelings, and motives to another person while rationalization occurs when a person attempts to explain or create excuses for his failure. By doing so, the individual avoids accepting the true cause of his failure.
• e.g. when a student has not studied for the exam, he may say that the questions were out of the syllabus (projection), e.g. when a person cannot afford a car, he says that cars are not environment friendly (rationalization).

4(1). What are the possible consequences?

Question (a).
Mehul is sufficiently prepared for his exams but feels tremendously stressed.
Answer:

• It is possible that Mehul might panic and go blank while writing the paper.
• So, Mehul should be confident about what he has studied and hope that he does well in the exam.

Question (b).
Sujata has nothing to do as her husband is a multimillionaire, nor does she have any hobby.
Answer:

• Sujata is facing hypo-stress as she has nothing to do at all. It is possible that she feels very bored, demotivated, unenthusiastic, and restless.
• In order to feel good about herself, she should pursue something she likes and diverts her mind.

Question (c).
Kalpesh sets his goals similar to his top ranker brother, without considering his ability.
Answer:

• Kalpesh will feel very stressed if he does not have the level of intelligence or ability required to meet the goals. It would lead to anger and frustration.
• There is also a possibility that he would feel extremely demotivated and leave the goal permanently.

Question (d).
Mohsin resorts to blaming others every time he fails.
Answer:

• Mohsin is using the defense mechanism called projection to protect his ego from shattering. But at some point, he will have to face the reality.
• At such a point in time, his ego would no longer be protected and may lead to mental health problems.

4(2). Identify the defense mechanism used in each of the following examples.

Question (a).
Rahul who is interested in football was not selected for the college football team. He says he never wanted to be a part of the college football team.
Answer:
Displacement

Question (b).
Vipasha comes from an extremely poor family. She sleeps into imagining herself driving her own car.
Answer:
Sublimation

Question (c).
Arnav got a scolding by his teacher and he could not answer back. After coming home, he started beating his younger brother for no reason.
Answer:
Daydreaming

Question (d).
Ajay loved a girl who turned down his proposal. Later he became a successful composer.
Answer:
Rationalization

4(3). Identify the conflict of motive that is experienced by the person in the following situation.

Question (a).
Rashmi has got a promotion in her company and so has to go abroad. She wants to take this opportunity but at the same time, she is not willing to leave her parents.
Answer:
Approach – Avoidance conflict

Question (b).
Yogesh has got selected by two reputed companies at the same time and both are his dream offers.
Answer:
Approach – Approach conflict

Question (c).
Julius doesn’t want to go to a wedding ceremony with his family as it’s too boring there but doesn’t want to stay alone at the same time.
Answer:
Avoidance – Avoidance conflict

Question (d).
Shanaya is very conscious about her figure, but she is also very tempted to eat sweets.
Answer:
Approach – Avoidance conflict

Question (e).
Vishal has got the invitation from his school friends for a reunion party on the same day as his fresher’s party in his college.
Answer:
Double Approach – Avoidance conflict

5. Write short notes in 35-40 words each.

Question 1.
Types of stress
Answer:

• Hypo stress: It is caused when one has nothing to do at all.
• Hyper stress: It is caused due to extremely pressurizing conditions.
• Eustress: It is a positive form of stress.
• Distress: It is a negative type of stress. Two types of distress are:
  • Acute distress: Intense and short-term
  • Chronic distress: Long-lasting and recurrent

Question 2.
Relationship between stress level and performance
Answer:

• When stress is too little or when it exceeds the limits, it deteriorates performance.
• Optimum performance can be achieved only under moderate stress.

Question 3.
Direct ways to cope with stress
Answer:

• Attack: An individual directly attacks the conflict to resolve it.
• Compromise: If a person cannot achieve the goal, he may readjust the goal to the nearest possible goal.
• Withdrawal: When a person cannot achieve a goal after putting in their best efforts, he may withdraw from the goal altogether.

Question 4.
Defense mechanisms
Answer:

• Defense mechanisms are an indirect way to combat stress.
• They are unconscious strategies used to protect the ego from breaking due to unacceptable/harsh reality. It functions as a shock absorber.

6. Answer the following questions in 150-200 words each.

Question 1.
Give the definition of stress and explain different types of stress.
Answer:
According to Richard Lazarus, ‘stress is a feeling experienced when an individual feels that the demands exceed the personal and social resources an individual is able to mobilize’.
The types of stress are as follows:

• Hypo stress: It is an insufficient amount of stress and may be due to work under load. When people have nothing to do, they get bored and if this feeling persists for a longer time, it results in hypo-stress. People with hypo-stress are demotivated, unenthusiastic, and restless.
• Hyper stress: It is a result of extremely pressurizing conditions. Due to hyper stress, a person may experience panic attacks and may engage in exaggerated reactions like throwing temper tantrums. It leads to frustration and agitation.
• Eustress: It is a good form of stress which has a positive effect on health, motivation, performance, and emotional well-being. It is a state when an individual is excited, determined, inspired, energized, and ready to go. While experiencing eustress, the body is temporarily and intensely flooded with hormones like oxytocin and dopamine.
• Distress: It is a negative type of stress. An individual experiences it when the normal routine is constantly adjusted and altered. While experiencing distress, our body is flooded with emergency response hormones like adrenaline and cortisol. Distress is divided into two types:
  • Acute distress: It is intense, short-term negative stress.
  • Chronic distress: It is a long-lasting, recurrent negative stress.

Question 2.
What is meant by conflict of motives? Explain the different types of conflicts with examples. Illustrate your answer with appropriate figures.
Answer:
Conflict of motives refers to the clash between two or more equally strong and incompatible motives occurring at the same time that compels an individual to make a choice, which in turn leads to stress.
The types of conflict are:
i. Approach-Approach conflict: There is a conflict between two positive and attractive goals. The decision will depend on the attractiveness of the goal and its valence may change, e.g. Bhoomi wants to take up two courses but they are both scheduled at the same time.

ii. Avoidance-Avoidance conflict: The conflict involves two goals with negative values. An individual is forced to make a choice between two negative and unattractive goals, e.g. Ritu must work at a job which she dislikes, or else she must remain unemployed.

iii. Approach-Avoidance conflict: There is only one goal and it has positive as well as a negative value. This type of conflict is very difficult to resolve. There are three possible reactions in such a situation: give importance to a positive value, be cautious about the negative value and leave the goal altogether, e.g. Aryan receives a letter of acceptance from a college of his choice but it is very expensive.

iv. Double Approach-Avoidance conflict: An individual faces conflict between two or more goals that have an equal positive or negative value. However, an individual is always disappointed with the choice he makes as he has to lose the other goal, e.g. Richa has to choose between two boys for marriage. One is handsome but boring. The other one is fun but not good-looking.

Activities

[Note: The answers to activities will be very subjective. The answers provided are for reference. Students are expected to perform these activities on their own.]

Activity 2 (Textbook Page No. 61)

Look at the following examples of stress. Try to find a pattern in them and make a definition of stress for yourself.
i. Meena needs fees for her higher education. But her father has less money than required. He feels very stressed.
ii. Rashid is late for an appointment and he is stuck up in a traffic jam. He is stressed about reaching on time.
iii. Parminder is supposed to make a model for the Science examination which is not working. Parminder feels stressed.
Answer:
Stress is the body’s reaction to any change that requires adjustments. It refers to a situation in which an individual’s expectations cannot be fulfilled due to a lack of resources.

Activity 6 (Textbook Page No. 66)

Try to find examples of the given types of conflicts in your life or around you. How are these types of conflicts resolved? Are they? How does one deal with the resulting stress?
Answer:
Everyone faces all types of conflicts at one time or the other. I have to choose between two of my favourite destinations for the upcoming vacations. My uncle loves to eat sweets but he is a diabetic and so, he is always thinking about how to resolve this conflict. My younger brother has to choose between doing homework and going to tuition. He dislikes both.

All these types of conflicts are difficult to resolve but solving them is also very important. Everybody deals with the resulting stress in different ways. Ideally, we should weigh the pros and cons of every situation and then come to a conclusion.

Balbharti Yuvakbharati English 12th Digest Chapter 4.4 The Sign of Four Notes, Textbook Exercise Important Questions and Answers.

Maharashtra State Board Class 12 English Yuvakbharati Solutions Chapter 4.4 The Sign of Four

12th English Digest Chapter 4.4 The Sign of Four Textbook Questions and Answers

CHARACTER:

(A1)

Question (i)
Read the extract again and complete the web by highlighting the qualities of the following characters:


Answer:

Question (ii)
Describe the character of Mary Morstan from Dr. Watson’s point of view.
Answer:
From Dr. Watson’s point of view: When I first saw Mary, she was dressed simply but tastefully. I could see that she was a person of limited means. Her expression was sweet and pleasant, and I could make out that her nature was refined and sensitive. My calculations told me that she was about 27 years old. She was agitated by the mystery surrounding her life. I found her attractive, though her face did not have regular features or a beautiful complexion. Her eyes showed that she was a sympathetic person. I was much impressed by her and attracted to her.

Question (iii)
Sherlock Holmes is the leading character in the extract. Explain.
Answer:
It is Sherlock Holmes who is the detective and the leading character. Mary Morstan had come to ask his advice about a problem that she was facing. Holmes was the one who took the lead and found out about Major Sholto; it was Holmes who analysed the handwriting in the letter that Mary had received. Holmes was sharp, accurate, intelligent and methodical. He had an excellent record of solving cases, and his deductions were always correct. Watson was merely his friend who helped him and kept a record of his cases.

Question (iv)
Dr. Watson, the narrator, is one of the major characters in the novel. Illustrate.
Answer:
Dr. Watson is the narrator. He was present when the case was brought to Holmes by Mary Morstan. He is generally always with Holmes, helping him to solve cases. He accompanied Holmes whenever necessary.

He also kept a record of all the cases that Holmes was a part of. In this extract, he is present when Mary recounts her case, and he accompanies Holmes and Mary to meet the writer of the anonymous letter. (He marries Mary in the end.)

Question (v)
Holmes is always one step ahead of Dr. Watson in solving cases. Elucidate.
Answer:
Where Watson is emotional, simple and trustful, Holmes is sharp, objective and methodical. Holmes is also analytical and notices the little details which give him clues to solving a case. Watson does not, and hence is often on the wrong track. Holmes is the real detective, while Watson is merely his companion. Holmes is always ahead of Watson and solves cases which Watson is not even near to cracking.

PLOT:

(A2)

Question (i)
Arrange the sentences in correct sequence as per their occurrence in the extract.
Answer:

(ii) Discuss the importance of the following statements from the light of the extract.

Question (a)
The trio-Holmes, Dr. Watson and Mary decide to visit Lyceum Theatre.
Answer:
Mary had received an anonymous letter asking her to be outside the Lyceum Theatre on a particular night at seven o’clock. The letter said that it would be to Mary’s advantage if she came. The letter also mentioned that she could bring two friends with her. However, she did not have any friends who could accompany her, and so she asked Holmes and Watson if they could do so. They agreed. Hence, Holmes, Dr. Watson and Mary decide to visit Lyceum Theatre. This was the first step to solving the case.

Question (b)
Mary received pearls every year on the same day.
Answer:
Major Sholto, Mary’s father’s friend, had cheated Mary’s father of his share in the Agra treasure. When he died, Major Sholto informed his son Thaddeus of this. Though Thaddeus did not have the treasure, he tried to rectify the matter to a certain extent by sending Mary a rare and expensive pearl every year, on the same day as he sent the first one.

Question (c)
Holmes carefully examined the paper given by Mary.
Answer:
Mary had found a curious paper in her father’s desk which no one could understand. Holmes deduced from the colour of the paper that it was an important document. He felt it was related in some way to the mystery on hand. Hence, he examined it carefully to get some clues which would help to solve the mystery.

SETTING:

(A3)

Question (i)
Cite various references (lines) from the extract that tell us about the time and period of the events:
Answer:

Question (ii)
Explain by citting references from the extract the ways the series of actions moves from London to India.
Answer:
The extract begins when Mary Morstan meets Sherlock Holmes at his house in London. They then meet Thaddeus Sholto in a rundown neighbourhood of London. Thaddeus reveals that his father Major Sholto had mistakenly killed Captain Morstan in London. They then go to Bartholomew Sholto’s house to get the treasure; however, Bartholomew is found dead.

Holmes follows Jonathan Small and Tonga, who have escaped by a steam launch, over the river Thames in London. When Small is captured, he tells them about the time he spent in India, where he was an accomplice in stealing the Agra treasure. Thus, the narration goes to India. Major Sholto and Captain Morstan were also at one time stationed in India.

Question (iii)
The extract begins when Mary Morstan meets Sherlock Holmes at his house. After that Holmes, Dr.Watson and Mary visit some places in London. Explain in detail the various places mentioned in the extract.
Answer:
Holmes, Dr.Watson and Mary were taken down the Strand, which was crowded, badly lit and humid. All kinds of people-sad, happy, old and young could be seen moving about in the dim light. Watson found it eerie and ghostlike, and he felt nervous and depressed. They then reached the Lyceum Theatre, where the crowds were pouring in.

A continuous stream of horse carriages could be seen, with stylish people getting out of them. Near the Lyceum Theatre they were met by a coachman who took them in his coach through Rochester Row and Vincent Square onto Vauxhall Bridge Road. They were on the Surrey side, on the bridge from where they got glimpses of the river Thames with lamps shining on the silent water.

The cab then took them through a maze of streets. Holmes could identify Wordsworth Road, Priory Road, Lark Hall Lane, Stockwell Place, Robert Street and Cold Harbor Lane. They were all rundown places. The cab took them further to a rather grim and shady neighbourhood with dull brick houses and cheap and showy public houses at the corner.

Holmes mentions that this was not a very fashionable or rich neighbourhood. This was followed by rows of two-storied villas each with a small front garden, and then again there were never-ending lines of new brick buildings, which were an extension of the city. The houses in the area were all dark and appeared uninhabited.

At last the cab drew up at the third house in a new terrace, which was also dark except for a light in the kitchen. However, when they knocked the door was opened instantly, and an Oriental figure of a servant clad in a yellow turban, white loose-fitting clothes, and a yellow sash stood there. It was strange to find an Oriental figure framed in the doorway of a cheap suburban house.

Question (iv)
Basically the setting of the extract is in London but it has some references of India, too. Explain how the settings of the extract contribute to the theme of the novel.
Answer:
The setting of the extract is in London, where Mary meets Holmes and Watson to explain her problem. She talks about her father being an officer in an Indian regiment. When he returned to England on leave, he called Mary to meet him at a London hotel, but disappeared mysteriously before she could do so. His only friend in London was a Major Sholto. Holmes finds that Major Sholto was also from the 34th Bombay Infantry.

Mary shows Holmes a piece of paper belonging to her father. The paper was of Indian origin, and three of the names written on it were also Indian. Holmes, Watson and Mary go to meet the anonymous letter writer at a rundown suburban house in London. Later they chase Jonathan Small and Tonga, who were trying to escape by boat on the river Thames. When Jonathan Small was captured, he spoke of being an accomplice in stealing the Agra treasure.

He was sent to the Andaman Islands, where Major Sholto and Captain Morstan were prison guards. At the end of the extract, the door of the anonymous letter writer’s house was opened by an Indian servant. His master used an Indian name to call him. Thus, we have a mingling of incidents both in London as well as in India, where the case had its roots.

Question (v)
Describe in brief the importance of the following places in the extract.
(a) London
(b) Lyceum Theatre
(c) Edinburgh
(d) Agra
(e) Andaman Islands
Answer:
(a) London: The case starts here with Mary Morstan meeting Holmes at his place in London. They go to meet Thaddeus Sholto in London. They also chase Jonathan Small and Tonga in London. Tonga is killed and Small captured. Small then narrates the entire story.

(b) Lyceum Theatre: This is the place near which the writer of the anonymous letter told Mary Morstan to reach if she wished to get justice.

(c) Edinburgh: Mary spent her childhood till she was seventeen at a boarding school in Edinburgh.

(d) Agra: When Jonathan Small was standing guard one night at the Agra fortress, he was overpowered by two Sikh troopers, who forced him to waylay a servant of a Rajah and steal a valuable fortune in pearls and jewels. This was called the ‘Agra treasure’.

(e) Andaman Islands: Jonathan Small was arrested and imprisoned on the Andaman Islands for the robbery of the Agra treasure. After 20 years, Small made a deal with John Sholto and Arthur Morstan, who were the prison guards. Sholto would recover the treasure and in return send a boat to pick up Small and the Sikhs. Sholto double-crossed both Morstan and Small and stole the treasure for himself. Small vowed vengeance and four years later escaped from the Andaman Islands with an islander named Tonga after they both killed a prison guard.

Question (vi)
Complete:
Name the places/cities in India and England which are mentioned/have appeared in the extract. Describe their importance.
Answer:

THEME:

(A4)

Question (i)
Write in brief the theme of the extract.
Answer:
The theme of the extract revolves round the mystery of the disappearance of Mary Morstan’s father, the receipt of expensive pearls by Mary and the mysterious letter received by her. It also involves the journey of Holmes, Watson and Mary Morstan to a strange house to meet the writer of the mysterious letter. The theme of the novel revolves around the Agra treasure.

Question (ii)
Write 4-5 sentences about the meeting of Miss Morstan with Holmes.
Answer:
Miss Morstan met Holmes and Watson at their house in Baker Street. She then discussed with them the mysterious disappearance of her father a few years earlier, the receipt of an expensive pearl every year for the past six years, and the receipt of a mysterious letter that morning asking her to meet the writer of the letter. Miss Morstan was intensely agitated and confused and did not know what to do. She showed Holmes the pearls, the boxes in which they had come and the letter. Then they planned to follow the instructions and meet the writer of the letter.

Question (iii)
Write the central idea of the given extract of the novel, “The Sign of Four”.
Answer:
The central idea is the meeting of Mary Morstan with Holmes and Watson, and her explanation of her problems. It is also about the short trip made by the three to meet I the writer of the mysterious letter. This is Watson’s first meeting with Miss Morstan and his attraction towards her.

Question (iv)
Complete the following giving reasons:
Answer:
(a) Miss Morstan plans to meet Sherlock Holmes to ask his advice about the disappearance of her father, the receipt of expensive pearls and the mysterious letter received by her.

(b) Miss Morstan gives the reference of Mrs. Cecil Forrester because Mrs. Cecil Forrester was her employer, whom Holmes had once helped to solve a domestic complication. Mrs. Forrester had been impressed by his kindness and skill.

(c) It’s a singular case because Miss Morstan’s father had come back to England and contacted her, and had seemed happy. After fixing a meeting ; with her at his hotel, he had suddenly ; disappeared and was never seen again, Even his only friend in town, Major Sholto, had not known either of his ; arrival or disappearance.

(d) Holmes needed some references to find out details about Major Sholto, who was the only friend Mary’s father had in England, and who had said that he did not know about his arrival in England.

(e) Miss Morstan received a pearl every year, when she replied to an advertisement asking for her address, adding that it would be to her advantage.

(f) The coachman confirmed that neither of Miss Morstan’s companion was a police officer because this was the condition made by the writer of the mysterious letter, whom they were going to meet.

LANGUAGE:

(A5)

(i) Elaborate the following lines in the light of the novel/extract, “The Sign of Four”:

Question (a)
“You really are an automaton – a calculating machine”.
Answer:
These words are said by Watson to Holmes when Mary Morstan had left after discussing her case. Watson is attracted to her and full of admiration for her. When he voices his admiration, Holmes says that he had not noticed if she is attractive or not. Watson is indignant and calls him a calculating machine.

Question (b)
“The letter speaks of giving her justice.”
Discuss.
Answer:
These are the words of Holmes to Watson, when they are discussing the letter that Mary Morstan has received from an unknown person. He wondered what was the ‘justice’ that the letter spoke of, and who had done ’ something wrong to Mary that she now needed justice.

Question (c)
“Our quest does not appear to take us to very fashionable regions.”
Answer:
These words are said by Holmes to Watson and Mary Morstan, when they are being driven by the coachman to some strange place. They were going through narrow streets in an unfriendly and grim neighbourhood, which had dull brick rows of houses and cheap and showy public houses at the comer. Holmes mentions that this was not a very fashionable or rich neighbourhood.

Question (ii)
Following are some dialogues of the major characters in the extract. Find out who the speaker is, his/her tone, style, significance, etc. of the dialogue.
Answer:

Balbharti Yuvakbharati English 12th Digest Chapter 4.3 Around the World in Eighty Days Notes, Textbook Exercise Important Questions and Answers.

Maharashtra State Board Class 12 English Yuvakbharati Solutions Chapter 4.3 Around the World in Eighty Days

12th English Digest Chapter 4.3 Around the World in Eighty Days Textbook Questions and Answers

CHARACTER:

(A1)

Question (i)
One of the following is not a major character of the novel. Choose the correct one and justify.
(Select the correct one.)
(a) Phileas Fogg
(b) Aouda
(c) James Strand
(d) Jean Passepartout
Answer:
James Strand is not a major character of the novel. He was the real bank robber whom Fix was searching for.

Question (ii)
Complete the table highlighting the various traits of the major characters in the extract.
Answer:

Question (iii)
Phileas Fogg is as cool as a cucumber whereas Passepartout is as crazy as a loon. Explain the statement by citing some references from the extract.
Answer:
Phileas Fogg was always cool except when he hit the detective Fix. He was cool and calm in prison. Even when he felt that he had lost the wager, he shut himself up in his house quietly without any noise. He was cool when dealing with Passepartout, and also when dealing with Aouda. He could control his emotions and appear to be expressionless. Passepartout, on the other hand was a very emotional and excitable person. He was very repentant when he realized that he could have prevented Fogg’s arrest; he was thrilled when he knew that Fogg was marrying Aouda.

He was tremendously worried about Fogg when he thought that Fogg had lost the wager. Finally, when he came to know that they had reached earlier than they had thought and there was a chance that they could reach the Reform Club in time to win the bet, he became very excited. He rushed back breathlessly to inform Fogg of the fact that it was Saturday and not Sunday.

Question (iv)
Detective Fix tried hard but could not fix the charge of robbery on Fogg. Explain the statement from the point of view of Fix.
Answer:
From the point of view of Detective Fix : Scotland Yard had given only a vague description of the man who had robbed a great sum from the bank of England. I thought that Fogg fitted the description and he was the bank robber. I put obstacles in Fogg’s path just so that I could arrest him whenever I got the warrant from England. The moment we reached Liverpool, I arrested him. However, after arresting him, I found that he was not the guilty person, and the robber had already been arrested in Edinburgh some days earlier.

Fogg was a respectable gentleman living at Saville Row. There was no proof and no evidence against him except that he had been travelling all over the world apparently without any purpose. I was sorry that I arrested him wrongly and I apologized to him.

Question (v)
Describe the character sketch of Aouda from Fogg’s point of view.
Answer:
From Fogg’s point of view: Aouda has had a very difficult time in India. She was nearly killed by her persecutors, but I, Fogg, managed to save her and bring her to England with me. She is a wonderful person and so grateful for what I did. She was even apologetic for having delayed my return – she did not think about the danger she was in from her persecutors! She is very loving. She is not at all money-minded and was ready to marry me even though I did not have a penny to my name. How many will do this? What a compassionate, kind-hearted and generous person! An admirable woman, indeed, and one whom I am proud to have as my wife.

PLOT:

(A2)

Question (i)
Arrange the incidents in correct sequence as per their occurrence in the extract.
(a) Aouda accepted Fogg’s proposal of marriage.
(b) When set free, the first thing that Fogg did was he knocked Fix down.
(c) As a part of duty, Fix arrested Fogg.
(d) At the fifty-seventh second, Fogg entered the Reform Club Saloon.
Answer:
(c) As a part of duty, Fix arrested Fogg.
(b) When set free, the first thing that Fogg did was he knocked Fix down.
(d) At the fifty-seventh second, Fogg entered the Reform Club Saloon.
(a) Aouda accepted Fogg’s proposal of marriage.

Question (ii)
There is a sudden twist in the climax of the novel. Explain by citing some lines and relevant examples from the extract.
Answer:
Fogg and the reader first think that Fogg has lost not only the wager, but also the money and honour that went with it. The following lines tell us this : ‘After having steadily traversed that long journey, overcome a hundred obstacles, braved many dangers, and still found time to do some good on his way, to fail near the goal by a sudden event which he could not have foreseen, and against which he was unarmed; it was terrible!’ The unforeseen event was his arrest and imprisonment by detective Fix, who mistakenly thought he was the bank robber.

However, the twist comes when Passepartout finds out that it is not Sunday but Saturday, and perhaps they can just make it to the Reform Club in time. Just as Fogg’s antagonists are counting the seconds to their win,, Fogg manages to reach the Club and win the wager, giving a happy and thrilling ending to the novel. The following lines tell us this : ‘At the fifty-seventh second the door of the saloon opened; and the pendulum had not beat the sixtieth second when Phileas Fogg appeared, followed by an excited crowd who had forced their way through the club doors, and in his calm voice, said, “Here I am, gentlemen!”’

Question (iii)
Which of the following is an appropriate reason for Phileas Fogg starting his journey around the world?
(a) Fellow members bet Fogg
(b) Fogg bets his fellow members
(c) Fogg wants to marry Aouda
(d) Fogg committed robbery
Ans.
(a) Fellow members bet Fogg

SETTING:

(A3)

Question (i)
Choose from the following options, the means of transport used in the novel and explain the way they help the characters.
(a) Elephant
(b) Horse
(c) Train
(d) Steamer
Answer:
Elephants, trains and steamers were used as a means of transport in the novel. They help the characters go around the world in the allotted time. After overcoming a number of obstacles, they reach London in time to win the wager.

Question (ii)
The beginning of the extract is a scene in the prison at the custom house. From there the novel moves further from one place/spot to another. Pick and explain all the places/spots where the incidents took place.
Answer:
From the prison at the custom house, Fogg and his companions go to Liverpool station to catch a train back to London, where Fogg lives and where the Reform Club is located. Once they reach London, thinking that they had lost the wager, they go to Saville Row, which is Fogg’s residence. The next location is the preacher’s house where Passepartout goes to make arrangements for Fogg’s wedding. The last location is the Reform Club, which Fogg reaches in time to win his wager.

Question (iii)
Most of the setting in the extract is in London. Explain how this is suited to the theme of the novel.
Answer:
Fogg’s residence was in London. The Reform Club, which Fogg frequented on a regular basis and where the all-important wager took place, is also in London. Fogg’s journey starts from London and ends in London. Hence, London is the central place in the novel, and thus this setting is suited to the theme.

(iv) Describe the importance of the following places in the development of the plot and behaviour of the characters.

Question (a)
Liverpool.
Answer:
Liverpool is the place where Fogg disembarks from his steamer, and from where he has to catch a train to London. Liverpool is also the place where he is arrested by Fix and thus misses his train. He arranges a special train in an attempt to reach London on time.

Question (b)
London.
Answer:
Fogg lives in London. The Reform Club, which Fogg frequented on a regular basis, is also in London. Fogg’s accepts the wager in London; his journey starts from London and ends in London. Hence, London is the central place in the novel.

Question (c)
Reform Club.
Answer:
Reform Club is the place which Fogg frequented on a regular basis. It is at the Reform Club that Fogg gets involved in an argument over an article, and where the wager with his fellow club members takes place. It is the place where Fogg was supposed to return before 8.45 p.m. on 21 December, 80 days later. It is the place where his antagonists are waiting anxiously for him, and which he reaches at practically the last second to win his wager.

Question (d)
Saville Row.
Answer:
Phileas Fogg’s residence is in Saville Row.
This is also the place where he takes Aouda.
Fogg has always stayed quietly at this place.
When he returned from his trip around the world and thought he had lost the wager, he remained there so quietly that no one even knew he had returned.

Question (e)
Edinburgh.
Answer:
Detective Fix arrested Phileas Fogg in Liverpool thinking that he was a bank robber. However, the real bank robber, James Strand, had been arrested on 17th December at Edinburgh.

Question (iv)
Select the correct options:
Find from the options, the place which are not mentioned in the extract:
(a) Bombay (Now, Mumbai)
(b) Allahabad
(c) Chennai
(d) Calcutta (Now, Kolkata)
Answer:
Allahabad, Chennai

THEME:

(A4)

Question (i)
Find and explain the significance of various exciting incidents in the extract.
Answer:
The first exciting incident was when Fogg was arrested by Detective Fix and imprisoned in the Custom House. This meant that his return to London would be delayed, for he would have missed his train.

The second exciting incident was his release. This meant that he could perhaps still reach London on time.

The third exciting incident was when he tried to organize a train to London but had problems.

The fourth exciting incident was Aouda’s marriage proposal and Fogg’s acceptance of it. This showed that Aouda was not at all materialistic and extremely grateful to Fogg for what he had done. She was willing to marry Fogg even after knowing that he was penniless.
The fifth exciting incident was when Passepartout, on reaching the clergyman’s house, discovers that it is not Sunday as they had thought but Saturday, and there was a chance that they could still win the wager. The sixth most exciting incident was Fogg’s reaching the Reform Club at the last moment and winning the wager. All the twists and turns and the climax at the end keeps the reader glued to the novel right till the end.

Question (ii)
Write 4-5 sentences on the ‘Time’ theme of the extract.
Answer:
Phileas Fogg has to go around the world in eighty days if he has to win the wager. As he and his companions struggle to do this, time foils their plans in many cases. Fogg gets arrested for no fault of his and loses precious time. He is unable to catch the train from Liverpool, and the special train he arranged too gets delayed. Fogg is afraid that he has lost the bet. However, in the end, Fogg wins the bet with seconds to spare as he gained a day when crossing the International Date Line. His journey through the time zones had gained him a day. The ultimate message is that no one can control time; time will work the way it wants to work, and humans are at its mercy.

Question (iii)
Write 4-5 sentences on the ‘Morality’ theme of the extract.
Answer:
Fogg embarks on his journey to preserve his honour and prove his worth to the men at the Reform Club. He spends nearly all of his money along the way, showing that riches are not what he is truly out for. He is honourable – when he thinks he is penniless, he does not want Aouda to marry him. Aouda, by proposing to him, shows that she is not materialistic. He forgives Passepartout his mistakes. Passepartout shows his loyalty and love for his master at every step.

In the end, when he wins the bet, he divides whatever money is left between Passepartout and Detective Fix, showing that he had no grudges against him. The writer shows that with human effort and willpower enormous obstacles can be overcome. The writer also tells us in the end that Fogg had won something more important than money, by travelling around the world. He had won a charming woman, who made him the happiest of men. The moral at the end is that love and its attainment is more important than all the challenges and money in the world.

Question (iv)
Write the central idea of the given extract of the novel, ‘Around the World in Eighty Days’.
Answer:
The central idea of the given extract is how Fogg ultimately wins the bet even though there are unexpected delays and missed trains. He had unknowingly gained a day when crossing the International Date Line, and hence he was still in time to meet the deadline. The final statement is that love and its attainment is more important than all the challenges and money in the world.

Question (v)
Justice is served/done in the end. Explain.
Answer:
Phileas Fogg is an honourable and compassionate person. He wants to win his wager of going around the world in eighty S days. He struggles against time, as well as the obstacles and delays that come his way. Finally, when he reaches Liverpool and is about to go to London to win his wager, he is arrested because he is wrongly thought to be a bank robber. Throughout this ordeal, Fogg is calm and unshakeable. Even though he thinks he has lost the wager, he does not blame anyone or lose his temper.

He tells Aouda that he cannot marry her and make her live in poverty. Justice is done unexpectedly in the end when he wins the wager. He had unknowingly gained a day when crossing the International Date Line, and hence he was still in time to meet the deadline. In the end, the writer tells us that Fogg had won something more important than money, by travelling around the world. He had won a charming woman, who made him the happiest of men. Thus, justice was done to the quiet and honourable Phileas Fogg.

LANGUAGE:

(A5)

(i) Elaborate the following quotes in the light of the extract of the novel, ‘Around the World in Eighty Days’.

Question (a)
‘Quitters never win and winners never quit’.
Answer:
Even though Fogg loses time due to being wrongly arrested and imprisoned, he makes every effort to reach London on time. He arranges a special train from Liverpool. He does not quit when he feels that there is some faint chance of a win. Later, when Passepartout discovers that it is Saturday and not Sunday, and that there is still a chance of winning, Fogg puts aside everything and rushes headlong to the Reform Club. He does not give up in spite of all the obstacles, and comes out a winner, both in winning the bet and the love of a good woman.

Question (b)
‘Time is the only solution to problems’.
Answer:
The most important theme in the extract is time. Fogg’s wager is a race against time, and his adventures illustrate repeatedly that time is fickle, and either works for or against them. In many cases, time foils their plans, when the delays build up and the train to Liverpool leaves without them. In the end, though, it is time that helps wins Fogg his bet, since they gained a day when crossing the International Date Line. The ultimate message is that no one can control time; time will work the way it wants to work, and humans are at its mercy. Time is the only solution to problems.

Question (ii)
Following are some dialogues of the major characters in the extract. Find out who the speaker is, his/her tone, style, significance, etc., of the dialogue.
Answer: