# Maharashtra Board Class 12 Physics Important Questions Chapter 1 Rotational Dynamics

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board 12th Physics Important Questions Chapter 1 Rotational Dynamics Important Questions and Answers.

## Maharashtra State Board 12th Physics Important Questions Chapter 1 Rotational Dynamics

Question 1.
What is circular motion?
The motion of a particle along a complete circle or a part of it is called circular motion.

Question 2.
What is a radius vector in circular motion?
For a particle performing circular motion, its position vector with respect to the centre of the circle is called the radius vector.
[Note : The radius vector has a constant magnitude, equal to the radius of the circle. However, its direction changes as the position of the particle changes along the circumference.]

Question 3.
What is the difference between rotation and revolution?
There is no physical difference between them. It is just a question of usage. Circular motion of a body about an axis passing through the body is called rotation. Circular motion of a body around an axis outside the body is called revolution.

Question 4.
State the characteristics of circular motion.

1. It is an accelerated motion : As the direction of velocity changes at every instant, it is an accelerated motion.
2. It is a periodic motion : During the motion, the particle repeats its path along the same trajectory. Thus, the motion is periodic.

Question 5.
Explain angular displacement in circular motion.
The change in the angular position of a particle performing circular motion with respect to a reference line in the plane of motion of the particle and passing through the centre of the circle is called the angular displacement.

As the particle moves in its circular path, its angular position changes, say from θ1 at time t to θ2 at a short time δt later. In the interval δt, the position vector $$\vec{r}$$ sweeps out an angle δθ = θ2 – θ1. δθ is the magnitude of the change in the angular position of the particle.

Infinitesimal angular displacement $$\overrightarrow{\delta \theta}$$ in an infinitesimal time interval δt → 0, is given a direction perpendicular to the plane of revolution by the right hand thumb rule.

Question 6.
Explain angular velocity. State the right hand thumb rule for the direction of angular velocity.
Angular velocity : The time rate of angular displacement of a particle performing circular motion is called the angular velocity.

1. If the particle has an angular displacement $$\delta \vec{\theta}$$ in a short time interval δt, its angular velocity
2. $$\vec{\omega}$$ is a vector along the axis of rotation, in the direction of $$d \vec{\theta}$$, given by the right hand thumb rule.

Right hand thumb rule : If the fingers of the right hand are curled in the sense of revolution of the particle, then the outstretched thumb gives the direction of the angular displacement.

[Note : Angular speed, ω = |$$\vec{\omega}$$| = $$\frac{d \theta}{d t}$$ is also called angular frequency. ]

Question 7.
Explain the linear velocity of a particle performing circular motion.
OR
Derive the relation between the linear velocity and the angular velocity of a particle performing circular motion.
Consider a particle performing circular motion in an anticlockwise sense, along a circle of radius r. In a very small time interval δt, the particle moves from point A to point B through a distance δs and its angular position changes by δθ.

Since is tangential, the instantaneous linear velocity $$\vec{v}$$ of a particle performing circular motion is along the tangent to the path, in the sense of motion of the particle.

$$\vec{v}$$, $$\vec{\omega}$$ and $$\vec{r}$$ are mutually perpendicular, so that in magnitude, v = ωr.

Question 8.
State the relation between the linear velocity and the angular velocity of a particle in circular motion.
Linear velocity, $$\vec{v}$$ = $$\vec{\omega}$$ × $$\vec{r}$$ where ω is the angular velocity and r is the radius vector.

At every instant, $$\vec{v}$$, $$\vec{\omega}$$ and $$\vec{r}$$ are mutually perpendicular, so that in magnitude v = ωr.

Question 9.
Define uniform circular motion (UCM).
A particle is said to perform uniform circular motion if it moves in a circle or a circular arc at constant linear speed or constant angular velocity.

Question 10.
A stone tied to a string is rotated in a horizontal circle (nearly). If the string suddenly breaks, in which direction will the stone fly off ?
In a circular motion, the instantaneous velocity $$\vec{v}$$ is always tangential, in the sense of the motion. Hence, an inertial observer will see the stone fly off tangentially, in the direction of $$\vec{v}$$ at the instant the string breaks.

Question 11.
What is the angular speed of a particle moving in a circle of radius r centimetres with a constant speed of v cm/s ?
Angular speed, ω = $$\frac{v \mathrm{~cm} / \mathrm{s}}{r \mathrm{~cm}}$$ = $$\frac{v}{r}$$ rad/s.

Question 12.
Define the period and frequency of revolution of a particle performing uniform circular motion (UCM) and state expressions for them. Also state their SI units.
(1) Period of revolution : The time taken by a particle performing UCM to complete one revolution is called the period of revolution or the period (T) of UCM.
T = $$\frac{2 \pi r}{v}$$ = $$\frac{2 \pi}{\omega}$$
where v and ω are the linear and angular speeds, respectively.
SI unit: the second (s)
Dimensions : [M°L°T1].

(2) Frequency of revolution : The number of revolutions per unit time made by a particle in UCM is called the frequency of revolution (f).

The particle completes 1 revolution in periodic time T. Therefore, it completes 1/T revolutions per unit time.
∴ Frequency f = $$\frac{1}{T}$$ = $$\frac{v}{2 \pi r}$$ = $$\frac{\omega}{2 \pi}$$
SI unit : the hertz (Hz), 1 Hz = 1 s-1
Dimensions : [M°L°T-1]

Question 13.
If the angular speed of a particle in UCM is 20π rad/s, what is the period of UCM of the particle?
The period of UCM of the particle,
T = $$\frac{2 \pi}{\omega}$$ = $$\frac{2 \pi}{20 \pi}$$ = 0.1 s

Question 14.
Why is UCM called a periodic motion?
In a uniform motion, a particle covers equal distances in equal intervals of time. Any motion which repeats itself in equal intervals of time is called a periodic motion. In a uniform circular motion (UCM), the particle takes the same time to complete each revolution, a distance equal to the circumference of the circle. Therefore, it is a periodic motion.

Question 15.
Give one example of uniform circular motion.

1. Circular motion of every particle of the blades of a fan or the dryer drum of a washing machine when the fan or the drum is rotating with a constant angular speed.
2. Motion of the hands of a clock.
3. Motion of an Earth-satellite in a circular orbit.

Question 16.
What can you say about the angular speed of an hour hand as compared to that of the Earth’s rotation about its axis ?
The periods of rotation of an hour hand and the Earth are Th = 12 h and TE = 24 h, respectively, so that their angular speeds are ωh = $$\frac{2 \pi}{12}$$ rad/h and ωE = $$\frac{2 \pi}{24}$$ rad/h.
∴ ωh = 2ωE

Question 17.
Explain the acceleration of a particle in UCM. State an expression for the acceleration.
A particle in uniform circular motion (UCM) moves in a circle or circular arc at constant linear speed v. The instantaneous linear velocity $$\vec{v}$$ of the particle is along the tangent to the path in the sense of motion of the particle. Since $$\vec{v}$$ changes in direction, without change in its magnitude, there must be an acceleration that must be

1. perpendicular to $$\vec{v}$$
2. constant in magnitude
3. at every instant directed radially inward, i.e., towards the centre of the circular path.

Such a radially inward acceleration is called a centripetal acceleration.
∴ $$\vec{a}$$ = $$\frac{d \vec{v}}{d t}$$ = $$\overrightarrow{a_{\mathrm{r}}}$$

If $$\vec{\omega}$$ is the constant angular velocity of the particle and r is the radius of the circle,
$$\overrightarrow{a_{\mathrm{r}}}$$ = –$$\omega^{2} \vec{r}$$
where ω = |$$\vec{\omega}$$| and the minus sign shows that the direction of $$\vec{a}_{\mathrm{r}}$$ is at every instant opposite to that of the radius vector $$\vec{r}$$. In magnitude,
ar = ω2r = $$\frac{v^{2}}{r}$$ = ωv

[Note : The word centripetal comes from Latin for ‘centre-seeking’.]

Question 18.
Draw a diagram showing the linear velocity, angular velocity and radial acceleration of a particle performing circular motion with radius r.

Question 19.
If a particle in UCM has linear speed 2 m/s and angular speed 5 rad/s, what is the magnitude of the centripetal acceleration of the particle ?
The magnitude of the centripetal acceleration of the particle is ar = ωv = (5)(2) = 10 m/s2

Question 20.
State any two quantities that are uniform in UCM.
Linear speed and angular speed. (Also, kinetic energy, angular speed and angular momentum.)

Question 21.
State any two quantities that are nonuniform in UCM.
Velocity and acceleration are nonuniform in UCM.
(Also, centripetal force.)

Question 22.
What is a nonuniform circular motion?
Consider a particle moving in a plane along a circular path of constant radius. If the particle is speeding up or slowing down, its angular speed ω and linear speed v both change with time. Then, the particle is said to be in a non uniform circular motion.

Question 23.
Explain angular acceleration.
Angular acceleration : The time rate of change of angular velocity of a particle performing circular motion is called the angular acceleration.

(i) If $$\delta \vec{\omega}$$ is the change in angular Velocity in a short time interval St, the angular acceleration

(ii) The direction of $$\vec{\alpha}$$ is the same as that of $$d \vec{\omega}$$. We consider the case where a change in $$\vec{\omega}$$ arises due to a change in its magnitude only. If the particle is speeding up, i.e., ω is increasing with time, then $$\vec{\alpha}$$ is in the direction of $$\vec{\omega}$$. If the particle is slowing down, i.e., ω is decreasing with time, then $$\vec{\alpha}$$ is directed opposite to $$\vec{\omega}$$.

(iii) If the angular speed changes from ω1 to ω2 in time f, the magnitude (α) of the average angular acceleration is
α = $$\frac{\omega_{2}-\omega_{1}}{t}$$

Question 24.
Explain the tangential acceleration of a particle in non uniform circular motion.
Tangential acceleration : For a particle performing circular motion, the linear acceleration tangential to the path that produces a change in the linear speed of the particle is called the tangential acceleration.
Explanation :
(i) If a particle performing circular motion is speeding up or slowing down, its angular speed co and linear speed v both change with time.

The linear acceleration that produces a change only in the linear speed must be along $$\vec{v}$$. Hence, it is called the tangential acceleration, $$\overrightarrow{a_{\mathrm{t}}}$$. In magnitude, at = dv/dt

(ii) If the linear speed v of the particle is increasing, $$\overrightarrow{a_{\mathrm{t}}}$$ is in the direction of $$\vec{v}$$. If v is decreasing, $$\overrightarrow{a_{\mathrm{t}}}$$ is directed opposite to $$\vec{v}$$.

Question 25.
Obtain the relation between the magnitudes of the linear (tangential) acceleration and angular acceleration in non uniform circular motion.
Consider a particle moving along a circular path of constant radius r. If the particle is speeding up or slowing down, its motion is nonuniform, and its angular speed ω and linear speed v both change with time. At any instant, v, ω and r are related by v = ωr
The angular acceleration of the particle is
α = $$\frac{d \omega}{d t}$$

The tangential acceleration $$\overrightarrow{a_{\mathrm{t}}}$$ is the linear acceleration that produces a change in the linear speed of the particle and is tangent to the circle. In magnitude,

This is the required relation.

Question 26.
Obtain an expression for the acceleration of a particle performing circular motion. Explain its two components.
OR
For a particle performing uniform circular motion, $$\vec{v}$$ = $$\vec{\omega}$$ × $$\vec{r}$$. Obtain an expression for the linear acceleration of a particle performing non-uniform circular motion.
OR
In circular motion, assuming $$\vec{v}$$ = $$\vec{\omega}$$ × $$\vec{r}$$, obtain an expression for the resultant acceleration of a particle in terms of tangential and radial components.
Consider a particle moving along a circular path of constant radius r. If its motion is nonuniform, then its angular speed ω and linear speed v both change with time.

acceleration is called the radial or centripetal acceleration $$\overrightarrow{a_{\mathrm{r}}}$$.
$$\overrightarrow{a_{\mathrm{r}}}$$ = $$\vec{\omega}$$ × $$\vec{v}$$ … (5)
In magnitude, ar = ωv
since $$\vec{\omega}$$ is perpendicular to $$\vec{v}$$.
∴ $$\vec{a}$$ = $$\overrightarrow{a_{\mathrm{t}}}$$ + $$\overrightarrow{a_{\mathrm{r}}}$$ …. (6)
This is the required expression.

Question 27.
What is the angle between linear acceleration and angular acceleration of a particle in nonuniform circular motion ?
In a nonu niform circular motion, the angular acceleration is an axial vector, perpendicular to the plane of the motion. The linear acceleration is in the plane of the motion. Hence, the angle between them is 90°.

Question 28.
What are the differences between a nonuniform circular motion and a uniform circular motion? (Two points of distinction) Give examples.
(i) Nonuniform circular motion :

1. The angular and tangential accelerations are non-zero, so that linear and angular speeds both change with time.
2. The net linear acceleration, being the resultant of the radial and tangential accelerations, is not radial, $$\vec{a}$$ = $$\overrightarrow{a_{\mathrm{c}}}$$ + $$\overrightarrow{a_{t}}$$,
3. The magnitudes of the centripetal acceleration and the centripetal force are not constant.
4. Example : Motion of the tip of a fan blade when the fan is speeding up or slowing down.

(ii) Uniform circular motion :

1. The angular and tangential accelerations are zero, so that linear speed and angular velocity are constant.
2. The net linear acceleration is radially inward, i.e., centripetal.
3. The magnitudes of the centripetal acceleration and the centripetal force are also constant.
4. Example : Motion of the tips of the hands of a mechanical clock.

Question 29.
Write the kinematical equations for circular motion in analogy with linear motion.
For circular motion of a particle with constant angular acceleration α,

where ω0 and ω are the initial and final angular speeds, t is the time, ωav the average angular speed and θo and θ the initial and final angular positions of the particle.

Then, the angular kinematical equations for the circular motion are (in analogy with linear kinematical equations for constant linear acceleration)
ω = ω0 + αt
θ – θ0 = ω0t + $$\frac{1}{2} \alpha t^{2}$$
ω2 = $$\omega_{0}^{2}$$ + 2α (θ – θ0)

Question 30.
Solve the following :

Question 1.
Certain stars are believed to be rotating at about 1 rot/s. If such a star has a diameter of 40 km, what is the linear speed of a point on the equator of the star?
Solution :
Data : d = 40 km, /= 1 rot/s
∴ r = $$\frac{d}{2}$$ = $$\frac{40 \mathrm{~km}}{2}$$ = 20 km = 2 × 104 m
Linear speed, v = ωr = (2πf)r
= (2 × 3.142 × 1)(2 × 104)
= 6.284 × 2 × 104
= 1.257 × 105 m/s (or 125.6 km/s)

Question 2.
A body of mass 100 grams is tied to one end of a string and revolved along a circular path in the horizontal plane. The radius of the circle is 50 cm. If the body revolves with a constant angular speed of 20 rad/s, find the

1. period of revolution
2. linear speed
3. centripetal acceleration of the body.

Solution :
Data : m = 100 g = 0.1 kg, r = 50 cm = 0.5 m, ω = 20 rad/s

1. The period of revolution of the body,
2. Linear speed, v = ωr = 20 × 0.5 = 10 m/s
3. Centripetal acceleration,
ac = w2r = (20)2 × 0.5 = 200 m/s2

Question 3.
Calculate the angular speed of the Earth due to its spin (rotational motion).
Solution :
Data : T = 24 hours = 24 × 60 × 60 s

The angular speed of the Earth due to its spin (rotational motion) is 7.273 × 10-5 rad/s.

Question 4.
Find the angular speed of rotation of the Earth so that bodies on the equator would feel no weight. [Radius of the Earth = 6400 km, g = 9.8 m/s2]
Solution :
Data : Radius of the Earth = r = 6400 km = 6.4 × 106 m, g = 9.8 m/s2

As the Earth rotates, the bodies on the equator revolve in circles of radius r.

Question 31.
Write the kinematical equations for circular motion in analogy with linear motion.
For circular motion of a particle with constant angular acceleration α,

where ω0 and ω are the initial and final angular speeds, t is the time, ωav the average angular speed and 0o and 0 the initial and final angular positions of the particle.

Then, the angular kinematical equations for the circular motion are (in analogy with linear kinematical equations for constant linear acceleration)
ω = ω0 + αt
θ – θo = ω0t + $$\frac{1}{2} \alpha t^{2}$$
ω2 = $$\omega_{0}^{2}$$ + 2α (θ – θo)

Question 32.
Solve the following :

Question 1.
Certain stars are believed to be rotating at about 1 rot/s. If such a star has a diameter of 40 km, what is the linear speed of a point on the equator of the star?
Solution :
Data : d = 40 km, f= 1 rot/s
∴ r = $$\frac{d}{2}$$ = $$\frac{40 \mathrm{~km}}{2}$$ = 20 km = 2 × 104 m
Linear speed, v = ωr = (2πf)r
= (2 × 3.142 × 1)(2 × 104)
= 6.284 × 2 × 104
= 1.257 × 105 m/s (or 125.6 km/s)

Question 2.
A body of mass 100 grams is tied to one end of a string and revolved along a circular path in the horizontal plane. The radius of the circle is 50 cm. If the body revolves with a constant angular speed of 20 rad/s, find the

1. period of revolution
2. linear speed
3. centripetal acceleration of the body.

Solution :
Data : m = 100 g = 0.1 kg, r = 50 cm = 0.5 m, ω = 20 rad/s

1. The period of revolution of the body,
2. Linear speed, v = ωr = 20 × 0.5 = 10 m/s
3. Centripetal acceleration,
ac = ω2 = (20)2 × 0.5 = 200 m/s2

Question 3.
Calculate the angular speed of the Earth due to its spin (rotational motion).
Solution :
Data : T = 24 hours = 24 × 60 × 60 s

The angular speed of the Earth due to its spin (rotational motion) is 7.273 × 10-5 rad/s.

Question 4.
Find the angular speed of rotation of the Earth so that bodies on the equator would feel no weight. (Radius of the Earth = 6400 km, g = 9.8 m/s2]
Solution :
Data : Radius of the Earth = r = 6400 km
= 6.4 × 106 m, g = 9.8 m/s2
As the Earth rotates, the bodies on the equator revolve in circles of radius r.
These bodies would not feel any weight if their centripetal acceleration (ωr) is equal to the acceleration due to gravity (g).
∴ ω2r = g
The angular speed of the Earth’s rotation,

Question 5.
To simulate the acceleration of large rockets, astronauts are seated in a chamber and revolved in a circle of radius 9.8 m. What angular speed is required to generate a centripetal acceleration 8 times the acceleration due to gravity? [g = 9.8 m/s2]
Solution :
Data : r = 9.8 m, g = 9.8 m/s2, a = 8g
Centripetal acceleration = ω2r
∴ ω2r = 8g
∴ 9.8 ω2 = 8(9.8)
∴ ω2 = 8
The required angular speed, ω = $$\sqrt{8}$$ = 2$$\sqrt{2}$$ = 2.828 rad/s

Question 6.
The angular position of a rotating object is given by θ(t) = (1.55t2 – 7.75 t + 2.87) rad, where t is measured in second.
(i) When is the object momentarily at rest ?
(ii) What is the magnitude of its angular acceleration at that time ?
Solution :

Question 7.
A motor part at a distance of 1.5 m from the motor’s axis of rotation has a constant angular acceleration of 0.25 rad/s2. Find the magnitude of its linear acceleration at the instant when its angular speed is 0.5 rad/s.
Solution :
Data : r = 1.5 m, α = 0.25 rad/s2, ω = 0.5 rad/s2 ar = ω2r = (0.5)2(1.5) = 0.25 × 1.5 = 0.375 m/s2 at = αr = 0.25 × 1.5 = 0.375 m/s2
The linear acceleration,

Question 8.
A coin is placed on a stationary disc at a distance of 1 m from the disc’s centre. At time t = 0 s, the disc begins to rotate with a constant angular acceleration of 2 rad/s2 around a fixed vertical axis through its centre and perpendicular to its plane.
Find the magnitude of the linear acceleration of the coin at t = 1.5 s. Assume the coin does not slip.
Solution :

Question 9.
A railway locomotive enters a stretch of track, which is in the form of a circular arc of radius 280 m, at 10 m/s and with its speed increasing uniformly. Ten seconds into the stretch its speed is 14m/s and at 18s its speed is 19 m/s. Find
(i) the magnitude of the locomotive’s linear acceleration when its speed is 14 m/s
(ii) the direction of this acceleration at that point with respect to the locomotive’s radial acceleration
(iii) the angular acceleration of the locomotive.
Data : r = 280 m, v1 = 10 m/s at t1 = 0, v2 = 14 m/s at t2 = 10 s, v3 = 19 m/s at t3 = 18 s
(i) At t = t2, the radial acceleration is

Since the tangential acceleration is constant, it may be found from the data for any two times.

(ii) If θ is the angle between the resultant linear acceleration and the radial acceleration,
tan θ = $$\frac{a_{\mathrm{t}}}{a_{\mathrm{r}}}$$ = $$\frac{0.5}{0.7}$$ = 0.7142
∴ θ = tan-1 0.7142 = 35°32′

(iii) at = αr
The angular acceleration,
α = $$\frac{a_{\mathrm{t}}}{r}$$ = $$\frac{0.5}{280}$$

Question 10.
The frequency of revolution of a particle performing circular motion changes from 60 rpm to 180 rpm in 20 seconds. Calculate the angular acceleration of the particle.
Solution :
Data : f1 =60 rpm = $$\frac{60}{60}$$ rev/s = 1 rev/s, f2 = 180 rpm = $$\frac{180}{60}$$ rev/s = 3 rev/s, t = 20 s
The angular acceleration in SI units,

OR
Using non SI units, the angular frequencies are ω1 = 60 rpm = 1 rps and ω2 = 180 rpm = 3 rps.

Question 11.
The frequency of rotation of a spinning top is 10 Hz. If it is brought to rest in 6.28 s, find the angular acceleration of a particle on its surface.
Solution:
Data: f1 = 10Hz, f2 = 0 Hz, t = 6.28s
The angular acceleration,

Question 12.
A wheel of diameter 40 cm starts from rest and attains a speed of 240 rpm in 4 minutes. Calculate its angular displacement in this time interval.
Solution:

Question 13.
A flywheel slows down uniformly from 1200 rpm to 600 rpm in 5 s. Find the number of revolutions made by the wheel in 5 s.
Solution :
Data : ω0 = 1200 rpm, ω = 600 rpm, f = 5 s
Since the flywheel slows down uniformly, its angular acceleration is constant. Then, its average angular speed,

Its angular displacement in time t,
θ = ωav.t = 15 × 5 = 75 revolutions

Question 33.
Define and explain centripetal force.
Definition : In the uniform circular motion of a particle, the centripetal force is the force on the particle which at every instant points radially towards the centre of the circle and produces the centripetal acceleration to move the particle in its circular path.

Explanation : A uniform circular motion is an accelerated motion, with a radially inward (i.e., centripetal) acceleration –$$\frac{v^{2}}{r} \hat{\mathrm{r}}$$ or $$-\frac{v^{2}}{r} \hat{\mathrm{r}}$$, where $$\vec{r}$$ is the radius vector and $$\hat{\mathbf{r}}$$ is a unit vector in the direction of $$\vec{r}$$. Hence, a net real force must act on the particle to produce this acceleration. This force, which at every instant must point radially towards the centre of the circle, is called the centripetal force. If m is the mass of the particle, the centripetal force is

Notes :

1. As viewed from an inertial frame of reference, the centripetal force is necessary and sufficient for the particle to perform UCM. At any instant, if the centripetal force suddenly vanishes, the particle would fly off in the direction of its linear velocity at that instant.
2. In case the angular or linear speed changes with time, as in nonuniform circular motion, the force is not purely centripetal but has a tangential component which accounts for the tangential acceleration.

Question 34.
Give any two examples of centripetal force.
Examples of centripetal force :

1. For an Earth-satellite in a circular orbit, the centripetal force is the gravitational force exerted by the Earth on the satellite.
2. In the Bohr atom, the centripetal force on an electron in circular orbit around the nucleus is the attractive Coulomb force of the nucleus.
3. When an object tied at the end of a string is revolved in a horizontal circle, the centripetal force is the tension in the string.
4. When a car takes a turn in a circular arc on a horizontal road with constant speed, the force of static friction between the car tyres and road surfaces is the centripetal force.

Note : The tension in a string or the force of friction is electromagnetic in origin.

Question 35.
Define and explain centrifugal force.
Definition : In the reference frame of a particle performing circular motion, centrifugal force is defined as a fictitious, radially outward force on the particle and is equal in magnitude to the particle’s mass times the centripetal acceleration of the reference frame, as measured from an inertial frame of reference.

Explanation : A uniform circular motion is an accelerated motion, with a centripetal acceleration of magnitude v2/r or ω2r. A frame of reference attached to the particle also has this acceleration and, therefore, is an accelerated or noninertial reference frame. The changing direction of the linear velocity appears in this reference frame as a tendency to move radially outward. This is explained by assuming a fictitious centrifugal, i.e., radially outward, force acting on the particle. Since the particle is stationary in its reference frame, the magnitude of the centrifugal force is mv2/r or mω2r, the same as that of the centripetal force on the particle.

Note : The word ‘centrifugal’ comes from the Latin for ‘fleeing from the centre’. The word has the same root fuge from the Latin ‘to flee’ as does refugee.

Question 36.
Give any two examples of centrifugal force.
Examples of centrifugal force :

1. A person in a merry-go-round experiences a radially outward force.
2. Passengers of a car taking a turn on a level road experience a force radially away from the centre of the circular road.
3. A coin on a rotating turntable flies off for some high enough angular speed of the turntable.
4. As the Earth rotates about its axis, the centrifugal force on its particles is directed away from the axis. The force increases as one goes from the poles towards the equator. This leads to the bulging of the Earth at the equator.

Question 37.
Explain why centrifugal force is called a pseudo force.
A force which arises from gravitational, electromagnetic or nuclear interaction between matter is called a real force. The centrifugal force does not arise due to any of these interactions. Therefore, it is not a real force.

The centrifugal force in the noninertial frame of reference of a particle in circular motion is the effect of the acceleration of the frame of reference. Therefore, it is called a pseudo or fictitious force.

Question 38.
Distinguish between centripetal force and centrifugal force. State any two points of distinction.

 Centripetal force Centrifugal force 1. Centripetal force is the force required to provide centri­petal acceleration to a par­ticle to move it in a circular path. 1. The centrifugal tendency of the particle, in its acceler­ated, i.e., non-inertial, frame of reference, is explained by assuming a centrifugal force acting on it. 2. At every instant, it is directed radially towards the centre of the circular path. 2. At every instant, it is directed radially away from the centre of the circular path. 3. It is a real force arising from gravitational or electromag­netic interaction between matter. 3. It is a pseudo force since it is the effect of the acceleration of the reference frame of the revolving particle.

Question 39.
Solve the following :

Question 1.
An object of mass 0.5 kg is tied to a string and revolved in a horizontal circle of radius 1 m. If the breaking tension of the string is 50 N, what is the maximum speed the object can have?
Solution :
Data : m = 0.5 kg, r = 1 m, F = 50 N
The maximum centripetal force that can be applied is equal to the breaking tension.

This is the maximum speed the object can have.

Question 2.
A certain string 500 cm long breaks under a tension of 45 kg wt. An object of mass 100 g is attached to this string and whirled in a horizontal circle. Find the maximum number of revolutions that the object can make per second without breaking the string, [g = 9.8 m/s2]
Solution :
Data : m = 100 g = 0.1 kg, r = 500 cm = 5 m, g = 9.8 m/s2, F = 45 kg wt = 45 × 9.8 N
The breaking tension is equal to the maximum centripetal force that can be applied.
∴ F = mω2r ,
But ω = 2πf, where/is the corresponding frequency of revolution.

The maximum number of revolutions per second, f = 4.726 Hz

Question 3.
A disc of radius 15 cm rotates with a speed of 33$$\frac{1}{3}$$ rpm. Two coins are placed on it at 4 cm and 14 cm from its centre. If the coefficient of friction between the coins and the disc is 0.15, which of the two coins will revolve with the disc ?
Solution :
Data : r = 15 cm = 0.15 m,
f = 33$$\frac{1}{3}$$ rpm = $$\frac{100}{3 \times 60}$$rev/s = $$\frac{5}{9}$$ Hz, µs = 0.15, r1 = 4 cm = 0.04 m, r2 = 14 cm = 0.14 m

To revolve with the disc without slipping, the necessary centripetal force must be less than or equal to the limiting force of static friction.

Limiting force of static friction, fs = µs N = µs (mg) where m is the mass of the coin and N = mg is the normal force on the coin.
∴ mω2r ≤ µs(mg) or ω2r ≤ µsg
µsg = 0.15 × 9.8 = 1.47 m/s2
For the first coin, r1 = 0.04 m.
∴ ω2r1 = (3.491)2 × 0.04 = 12.19 × 0.04 = 0.4876 m/s2
Since, ω2r1 < µsg, this coin will revolve with the disc. For the second coin, r2 = 0.14 m.
∴ ω2r2 = (3.491)2 × 0.14 = 12.19 × 0.14 = 1.707 m/s2
Since, ω2r2 > µsg, this coin will not revolve with the disc.
Thus, only the coin placed at 4 cm from the centre will revolve with the disc.

Question 40.
Derive an expression for the maximum safe speed for a vehicle on a horizontal circular road without skidding off. State its significance.
Consider a car of mass m taking a turn of radius r along a level road. If µs is the coefficient of static friction between the car tyres and the road surface, the limiting force of friction is fs = µsN = µsmg where N = mg is the normal reaction. The forces on the car, as seen from an inertial frame of reference are shown in below figure.

Then, the maximum safe speed vmax with which the car can take the turn without skidding off is set by maximum centripetal force = limiting force of static friction

This is the required expression.
Significance : The above expression shows that the maximum safe speed depends critically upon friction which changes with circumstances, e.g., the nature of the surfaces and presence of oil or water on the road. If the friction is not sufficient to provide the necessary centripetal force, the vehicle is likely to skid off the road.

[Note : At a circular bend on a level railway track, the centrifugal tendency of the railway carriages causes the flange of the outer wheels to brush against the outer rail and exert an outward thrust on the rail. Then, the reaction of the outer rail on the wheel flange provides the necessary centripetal force.]

Question 41.
Derive an expression for the maximum safe speed for a vehicle on a circular horizontal road without toppling/overturning/rollover.
Consider a car of mass m taking a turn of radius r along a level road. As seen from an inertial frame of reference, the forces acting on the car are :

1. the lateral limiting force of static friction $$\overrightarrow{f_{\mathrm{s}}}$$ on the wheels-acting along the axis of the wheels and towards the centre of the circular path which provides the necessary centripetal force.
2. the weight $$m \vec{g}$$ acting vertically downwards at the centre of gravity (C.G.)
3. the normal reaction $$\vec{N}$$ of the road on the wheels, acting vertically upwards effectively at the C.G. Since maximum centripetal force = limiting force of static friction,

In a simplified rigid-body vehicle model, we consider only two parameters-the height h of the C.G. above the ground and the average distance b between the left and right wheels called the track width.

The friction force $$\overrightarrow{f_{\mathrm{s}}}$$ on the wheels produces a torque T, that tends to overturn/rollover the car about the outer wheel. Rotation about the front-to-back axis is called roll

When the inner wheel just gets lifted above the ground, the normal reaction $$\vec{N}$$ of the road acts on the outer wheels but the weight continues to act at the C.G. Then, the couple formed by the normal reaction and the weight produces a opposite torque $$\tau_{\mathrm{r}}$$ which tends to restore the car back on all four wheels
$$\tau_{\mathrm{r}}$$ = mg.$$\frac{b}{2}$$ … (3)

The car does not topple as long as the restoring torque $$\tau_{\mathrm{r}}$$ counterbalances the toppling torque $$\tau_{\mathrm{t}}$$. Thus, to avoid the risk of rollover, the maximum speed that the car can have is given by

Thus, vehicle tends to roll when the radial acceleration reaches a point where inner wheels of the four-wheeler are lifted off of the ground and the vehicle is rotated outward. A rollover occurs when the gravitational force $$m \vec{g}$$ passes through the pivot point of the outer wheels, i.e., the C.G. is above the line of contact of the outer wheels. Equation (3) shows that this maximum speed is high for a car with larger track width and lower centre of gravity.

Question 42.
A carnival event known as a “well of death” consists of a large vertical cylinder inside which usually a stunt motorcyclist rides in horizontal circles. Show that the minimum speed necessary to keep the rider from falling is given by v = $$\sqrt{r g / \mu_{s}}$$, in usual notations.
The forces exerted on the rider are

1. the normal force $$\vec{N}$$ exerted by the wall, directed radially inward, is the centripetal force,
2. the upward frictional force $$\overrightarrow{f_{\mathrm{s}}}$$ exerted by the wall, since the motorcycle has a tendency to slide down,
3. the downward gravitational force $$m \vec{g}$$.

which is the required expression.

Question 43.
A road at a bend should be banked for an optimum or most safe speed v0. Derive an expression for the required angle of banking.
OR
Obtain an expression for the optimum or most safe speed with which a vehicle can be driven along a curved banked road. Hence show that the angle of banking is independent of the mass of a vehicle.
Consider a car taking a left turn along a road of radius r banked at an angle θ for a designed optimum or most safe speed v0. Let m be the mass of the car. In general, the forces acting on the car are
(a) its weight $$m \vec{g}$$, acting vertically down
(b) the normal reaction of the road $$\vec{N}$$, perpendicular to the road surface
(c) the frictional force $$\overrightarrow{f_{s}}$$ along the inclined surface of the road.

At the optimum speed, frictional force is not relied upon to contribute to the necessary lateral centripetal force. Thus, ignoring $$\overrightarrow{f_{\mathrm{s}}}$$, resolve $$\vec{N}$$ into two perpendicular components : N cos θ vertically up and N sin θ horizontally towards the centre of the circular path. Since there is no acceleration in the vertical direction, N cos θ balances mg and N sin θ provides the necessary centripetal force.

Equation (3) gives the expression for the required angle of banking. From EQ. (3), we can see that θ depends upon v0, r and g. The angle of banking is independent of the mass of a vehicle negotiating the curve. Also, for a given r and θ, the recommended optimum speed is
v0 = $$\sqrt{r g \tan \theta}$$ … (4)

Question 44.
State any two factors on which the most safe speed of a car in motion along a banked road depends.
The angle of banking of the road and the radius of the curved path.

Question 45.
A curved horizontal road must be banked at an angle θ’ for an optimum speed v. What will happen to a vehicle moving with a speed v along this road if the road is banked at an angle θ such that
(i) θ < θ’
(ii) θ > θ’?
(i) For θ < θ’, the horizontal component of the normal reaction would be less than the optimum value and will not be able to provide the necessary centripetal force. Then, the vehicle will tend to skid outward, up the inclined road surface.

(ii) For θ > θ’, the horizontal component of the normal reaction would be more than the necessary centripetal force. Then, the vehicle will tend to skid down the banked road.

Question 46.
A banked circular road is designed for traffic moving at an optimum or most safe speed v0. Obtain an expression for
(a) the minimum safe speed
(b) the maximum safe speed with which a vehicle can negotiate the curve without skidding.
Consider a car taking a left turn along a road of radius r banked at an angle θ for a designed optimum speed v. Let m be the mass of the car. In general, the forces acting on the car are
(a) its weight $$m \vec{g}$$, acting vertically down
(b) the normal reaction of the road $$\vec{N}$$, perpendicular to the road surface
(c) the frictional force $$\overrightarrow{f_{\mathrm{s}}}$$ along the inclined surface of the road.
If µs is the coefficient of static friction between the tyres and road, fs = µsN.

(a) For minimum safe speed : If the car is driven at a speed less than the optimum speed v0, it may tend to slide down the inclined surface of the road so that $$\overrightarrow{f_{\mathrm{s}}}$$ is up the incline.

Resolve $$\vec{N}$$ and $$\overrightarrow{f_{\mathrm{s}}}$$ into two perpendicular components : Ncos θ and fs sin θ vertically up; N sin θ horizontally towards centre of the circular path. So long as the car takes the turn without skidding off, the horizontal components N sin θ and fs cos θ together provide the necessary centripetal force, and N cos θ balances the sum mg + fs sin θ. If vmax is the maximum safe speed without skidding,

(b) For maximum safe speed : If the car is driven fast enough, at a speed greater than the optimum speed v, it may skid off up the incline so that $$\overrightarrow{f_{\mathrm{s}}}$$ is down the incline.

Resolve $$\vec{N}$$ and $$\overrightarrow{f_{\mathrm{s}}}$$ into two perpendicular components : N cos θ vertically up and f<sub>s</sub> sin θ vertically down; N sin θ and f<sub>s</sub> cos θ horizontally towards the centre of the circular path. So long as the car takes the turn without skidding off, the horizontal components N sin θ and f cos θ together provide the necessary centripetal force, and N cos θ balances the sum mg + f sin θ. If v is the maximum safe
speed without skidding,

Ignoring few special cases, the maximum value of µs = 1. Thus, for θ ≥ 45°, vmax = ∞, i.e., on a heavily banked road a car is unlikely to skid up the incline and the minimun limit is more important.

Question 47.
Solve the following :

Question 1.
Find the maximum speed with which a car can be safely driven along a curve of radius 100 m, if the coefficient of friction between its tyres and the road is 0.2 [g = 9.8 m/s2].
Solution :
Data : r = 100 m, µs = 0.2, g = 9.8 m/s2
The maximum speed, v = $$\sqrt{r \mu_{s} g}$$
= $$\sqrt{100 \times 0.2 \times 9.8}$$ = 14 m/s

Question 2.
A flat curve on a highway has a radius of curvature 400 m. A car goes around the curve at a speed of 32 m/s. What is the minimum value of the coefficient of friction that will prevent the car from sliding?
Solution:
Data : r = 400 m, v = 32 m/s, g = 10 m/s2

Question 3.
A car can be driven on a flat circular road of radius r at a maximum speed v without skidding. The same car is now driven on another flat circular road of radius 2r on which the coefficient of friction between its tyres and the road is the same as on the first road. What is the maximum speed of the car on the second road such that it does not skid?
Solution:
Data: v1 = v, r1 = r, r2 = 2r
On a flat circular road, the maximum safe speed is

Question 4.
On a dry day, the maximum safe speed at which a car can be driven on a curved horizontal road without skidding is 7 m/s. When the road is wet, the frictional force between the tyres and road reduces by 25%. How fast can the car safely take the turn on the wet road ?
Solution:
Let subscripts 1 and 2 denote the values of a quantity under dry and wet conditions, respectively.
Data : v1 = 7 m/s, f2 = f1, – 0.25f1 = 0.75f1

On a dry horizontal curved road, the frictional force between the tyres and road is f1 = µ1mg, where m is the mass of the car and g is the gravitational acceleration.

The maximum safe speed for taking a turn of radius r on a dry horizontal curved road is

Question 5.
A coin kept at a distance of 5 cm from the centre of a turntable of radius 1.5 m just begins to slip when the turntable rotates at a speed of 90 rpm. Calculate the coefficient of static friction between the coin and the turntable. [g = π2 m/s2]
Solution:
Data: r = 5 cm = 0.05 m, f = 90 rpm = $$\frac{90}{60}$$ rps = 1.5 rps, g = π2 m/s2

The centripetal force for the circular motion of the coin is provided by the friction between the coin and the turntable. The coin is just about to slip off the turntable when the limiting force of friction is equal to the centripetal force.

Question 6.
A thin cylindrical shell of inner radius 1.5 m rotates horizontally, about a vertical axis, at an angular speed ω. A wooden block rests against the inner surface and rotates with it. If the coefficient of static friction between block and surface is 0.3, how fast must the shell be rotating if the block is not to slip and fall ?

Solution :
Data : r = 1.5 m, µs = 0.3
The normal force $$\vec{N}$$ of the shell on the block is the centripetal force which holds the block in place. $$\vec{N}$$ determines the friction on the block, which in turn keeps it from sliding downward. If the block is not to slip, the friction force $$\overrightarrow{f_{\mathrm{s}}}$$ must balance the weight $$m \vec{g}$$ of the block.
∴ N = mω2r and fs = μsN = mg
∴ μs2r) = mg

This gives the required angular speed.

Question 7.
A motorcyclist rounds a curve of radius 25 m at 36 km/h. The combined mass of the motorcycle and the man is 150 kg.

1. What is the centripetal force exerted on the motorcyclist ?
2. What is the upward force exerted on the motorcyclist?

Solution :
Data : r = 25m, v = 36 km/h = 36 × $$\frac{5}{18}$$m/s = 10 m/s, m = 150 kg, g = 10 m/s2

1. Centripetal force, F = $$\frac{m v^{2}}{r}$$ = $$\frac{150 \times(10)^{2}}{25}$$ = 600 N
2. Upward force = normal reaction of the road surface = mg = 150 × 10 = 1500 N

Question 8.
A motorcyclist is describing a circle of radius 25 m at a speed of 5 m/s. Find his inclination with the vertical. What is the value of the coefficient of friction between the tyres and ground ?
Solution :
Data : v = 5 m/s, r = 25 m, g = 10 m/s2

Question 9.
A motor van weighing 4400 kg (i.e., a motor van of mass 4400 kg) rounds a level curve of radius 200 m on an unbanked road at 60 km/h. What should be the minimum value of the coefficient of friction to prevent skidding ? At what angle should the road be banked for this velocity?
Solution :
Data : m = 4400 kg, r = 200 m,
v = 60 km/h = 60 × $$\frac{5}{18}$$m/s = $$\frac{50}{3}$$ m/s, g = 10 m/s2

[Note : In part (ii), v is to be taken as the optimum speed.]

Question 10.
An amusement park ride (known variously as the Rotor, the Turkish Twist and the Gravitron) consists of a large vertical cylinder that is spun about it axis fast enough such that the riders remain pinned against its inner wall. The floor drops away once the cylinder has attained its full rotational speed. The radius of the cylinder is R and the coefficient of static friction between a rider and the wall is μs.
(i) Show that the minimum angular speed necessary to keep a rider from falling is given by ω = $$\sqrt{g / \mu_{s} R} \text {. }$$.
(ii) Obtain a numerical value for the frequency of rotation of the cylinder in rotations per minute if R =4 m and
µs = 0.4.
Solution:
Data: R = 4 m, µs = 0.4, g = 10 m/s2
The forces exerted on the rider, when the floor
drops away, are

1. the normal force $$\vec{N}$$ exerted by the wall, directed radially inward, is the centripetal force
2. the upward frictional force $$\overrightarrow{f_{\mathrm{s}}}$$ exerted by the wall
3. the downward gravitational force mg .

∴ N = mω2R and fs = µsN = µs (mω2R) where m is the mass of the rider and ω is the angular speed of the Rotor cylinder. For the rider not to fall, $$\overrightarrow{f_{\mathrm{s}}}$$ must balances $$m \vec{g}$$.

This is the minimum angular speed necessary. Since ω = 2πf, the corresponding frequency of rotation of the cylinder is

Question 11.
The two rails of a broad-gauge railway track are 1.68 m apart. At a circular curve of radius 1.6 km, the outer rail is raised relative to the inner rail by 8.4 cm. Find the angle of banking of the track and the optimum speed of a train rounding the curve.
Solution :
Data : l = 1.68 m = 168 cm, r = 1.6 km = 1600 m, h = 8.4 cm, g = 10 m/s2

Question 12.
A metre gauge train is moving at 72 kmph along a curved railway track of radius of curvature 500 m. Find the elevation of the outer rail above the inner rail so that there is no side thrust on the outer rail.
Solution :
Data : r = 500 m, v = 72 kmph = 72 × $$\frac{5}{18}$$ m/s = 20 m/s, g = 10 m/s2, l = 1 m
tan θ = $$\frac{v^{2}}{r g}$$
= $$\frac{(20)^{2}}{500 \times 10}$$ = 0.08
The required angle of banking,
θ = tan-1 (0.08) = 4°4′
The elevation of the outer rail relative to the inner rail,
h = l sin θ
= (1)(sin 4°4′) = 0.0709 m = 7.09 cm

Question 13.
A circular race course track has a radius of 500 m and is banked at 10°. The coefficient of static friction between the tyres of a vehicle and the road surface is 0.25. Compute
(i) the maximum speed to avoid slipping
(ii) the optimum speed to avoid wear and tear of the tyres.
Solution :
Data : r = 500 m, θ = 10°, µs = 0.25, g = 9.8 m/s2, tan 10° = 0.1763

(i) On the banked track, the maximum speed of the vehicle without slipping (skidding) is

(ii) The optimum speed of the vehicle on the track is

Question 48.
Define a conical pendulum.
A conical pendulum is a small bob suspended from a string and set in UCM in a horizontal plane with the centre of its circular path below the point of suspension such that the string makes a constant angle θ with the vertical.
OR
A conical pendulum is a simple pendulum whose bob revolves in a horizontal circle with constant speed such that the string describes the surface of an imaginary right circular cone.

Question 49.
Derive an expression for the angular speed of the bob of a conical pendulum.
OR
Derive an expression for the frequency of revolution of the bob of a corical pendulum.
Consider a conical pendulum of string length L with its bob of mass m performing UCM along a circular path of radius r.
At every instant of its motion, the bob is acted upon by its weight $$m \vec{g}$$ and the tension $$\vec{F}$$ in the string. If the constant angular speed of the bob is ω, the necessary horizontal centripetal force is Fc = mω2r

Fc is the resultant of the tension in the string and the weight. Resolve $$\vec{F}$$ into components F cos θ vertically opposite to the weight of the bob and F sin θ horizontal. F cos θ balances the weight. F sin θ is the necessary centripetal force.
∴ F sin θ = mω2r … (1)
and F cos θ = mg … (2)

is the required expression for ω.
[Note : From Eq. (4), cos θ = g/ω2L. Therefore, as ω increases, cos θ decreases and θ increases.
If n is the frequency of revolution of the bob,

is the required expression for the frequency.

Question 50.
What will happen to the angular speed of a conical pendulum if its length is increased from 0.5 m to 2 m, keeping other conditions the same?
The angular speed of the conical pendulum will become half the original angular speed.

Question 51.
Write an expression for the time period of a conical pendulum. State how the period depends on the various factors.
If T is the time period of a conical pendulum of string length L which makes a constant angle θ with the vertical,
T = 2π$$\sqrt{\frac{L \cos \theta}{g}}$$
is the required expression
(Note: L cos θ = OC = h, where h is the axial height of the cone.
∴ T = 2π$$\sqrt{\frac{h}{g}}$$

where g is the acceleration due to gravity at the place.

From the above expression, we can see that

1. T ∝ $$\sqrt{L}$$
2. T ∝ $$\sqrt{\cos \theta}$$ if θ increases, cos θ and T decrease
3. T ∝ $$\frac{1}{\sqrt{g}}/latex] 4. The period is independent of the mass of the bob. Question 52. Solve the following : Question 1. A stone of mass 2 kg is whirled in a horizontal circle attached at the end of a 1.5 m long string. If the string makes an angle of 30° with the vertical, compute its period. Solution : Data : L = 1.5 m, θ = 30°, g = 10 m/s2 The period of the conical pendulum, Question 2. A string of length 0.5 m carries a bob of mass 0. 1 kg at its end. If this is to be used as a conical pendulum of period 0.4πs, calculate the angle of inclination of the string with the vertical and the tension in the string. Solution : Data : L = 0.5m, m = 0.1 kg, T = 0.4πs, g = 10 m/s2 Question 3. In a conical pendulum, a string of length 120 cm is fixed at a rigid support and carries a bob of mass 150 g at its free end. If the bob is revolved in a horizontal circle of radius 0.2m around a vertical axis, calculate the tension in the string. [g = 9.8 m/s2] Solution: Data : L = 120 cm = 1.2 m, m = 150 g = 0.15 kg, r = 0.2 m, g = 9.8 m/s2 Question 4. A stone of mass 1 kg, attached at the end of a 1 m long string, is whirled in a horizontal circle. If the string makes an angle of 30° with the vertical, calculate the centripetal force acting on the stone. Solution : Data : m = 1 kg, L = 1 m, θ = 30°, g = 10 m/s2 Question 53. What is vertical circular motion? Comment on its two types. Answer: A body revolving in a vertical circle in the gravitational field of the Earth is said to perform vertical circular motion. A vertical circular motion controlled only by gravity is a nonuniform circular motion because the linear speed of the body does not remain constant although the motion can be periodic. In a controlled vertical circular motion, such as that a body attached to a rod, the linear speed of the body can be constant (including zero) so that such a motion can be uniform and periodic. Question 54. A body, tied to a string, performs circular motion in a vertical plane such that the tension in the string is zero at the highest point. What is the linear speed of the body at the 1. lowest position 2. highest position ? Answer: 1. [latex]\sqrt{5 r g}$$
2. $$\sqrt{r g}$$ in the usual notation.

Question 55.
A body, tied to a string, performs circular motion in a vertical plane such that the tension in the string is zero at the highest point. What is the angular speed of the body at the

1. highest position
2. lowest position ?

1. $$\sqrt{g / r}$$
2. $$\sqrt{5 g / r}$$ in the usual notation.

Question 56.
In a vertical circular motion controlled by gravity, derive an expression for the speed at an arbitrary position. Hence, show that the speed decreases while going up and increases while coming down.
OR
In a nonuniform vertical circular motion, derive expressions for the speed and tension/normal force at an arbitrary position.
OR
Show that a vertical circular motion controlled by gravity is a non uniform circular motion.
Consider a small body of mass m tied to a string and revolved in a vertical circle of radius r. At every instant of its motion, the body is acted upon by its weight $$m \vec{g}$$ and the tension $$\vec{T}$$ in the string. At any instant, when the body is at the position P, let the string make an angle θ with the vertical, $$m \vec{g}$$ is resolved into components, mg cos θ (radial) and mg sin θ (tangential).

At point P shown, the net force on the body towards the centre, T-mg cos θ, is the necessary centripetal force on the body. If v is its speed at P,

Let v2 be the speed of the body at the lowest point B, which is the reference level for zero potential energy. Then, the body has only kinetic energy

As the body goes from B to P, it rises through a height h = r – r cos θ = r(1 – cos θ).
Total energy at P = KE + PE

Assuming that the total energy of the body is conserved, total energy at any point = total energy at the bottom.
Then, from Eqs. (2) and (3),

From the above expression, it can be seen that the linear speed v changes with θ. Thus, as θ increases, (while going up) cos θ decreases, 1 – cos θ increases, and v decreases. While coming down, θ decreases and v increases. Hence, a vertical circular motion controlled by gravity is a nonuniform circular motion.

Substituting for v2 from Eq. (4) in Eq. (1),

Equation (6) is the expression for the tension in the string at any instant in terms of the speed at the lowest point.

Question 57.
A body at the end of a rod is revolved in a non-uniform vertical circular motion. Show that
(i) it must have a minimum speed 2$$\sqrt{g r}$$ at the bottom
(ii) the difference in tensions in the rod at the highest and lowest positions is 6 mg.
Consider a body of mass m attached to a rod and revolved in a vertical circle of radius r at a place where the acceleration due to gravity is g. We shall assume that the rod is not rigid so that the tension in the rod changes. As the rod is rotated in a nonuniform circular motion, the tension in the rod changes from a minimum value T1 when the body is at the highest point to a maximum value T2 when the body is at the bottom of the circle. At every instant, the body is acted upon by two forces, namely/its weight $$m \vec{g}$$ and the tension $$\vec{T}$$ in the string.

Question 58.
You may have seen in a circus a motorcyclist driving in vertical loops inside a hollow globe (sphere of death). Explain clearly why the motor-cyclist does not fall down when at the highest point of the chamber.
A motorcyclist driving in vertical loops inside a hollow globe performs vertical circular motion. Suppose the mass of the motorcycle and motorcyclist is m and the radius of the chamber is r. At every instant of the motion, the motorcyclist is acted upon by the weight $$m \vec{g}$$ and the normal reaction $$\vec{N}$$.

At the highest point, let v1 be the speed and $$\vec{N}_{1}$$ the normal reaction. Here, both $$\vec{N}_{1}$$ and $$m \vec{g}$$ are parallel, vertically downward. Hence, the net force on the motorcyclist towards the centre O is N1 + mg. If this force is able to provide the necessary centripetal force at the highest point, the motorcycle does not lose contact with the globe and fall down.

The minimum value of this force is found from the limiting case when N, just becomes zero and the weight alone provides the necessary centripetal force :
$$\frac{m v_{1}^{2}}{r}$$ = mg
This requires that the motorcycle has a minimum speed at the highest point given by $$v_{1}^{2}$$ = gr or v1 = $$\sqrt{g r}$$

[Note : The ‘globe of death’ is a circus stunt in which stunt drivers ride motorcycles inside a mesh globe. Starting from small horizontal circles, they eventually perform revolutions along vertical circles. The linear speed is more for larger circles but angular speed is more for smaller circles as in conical pendulum.]

Question 59.
A car crosses over a bridge which is in the form of a convex arc with a uniform speed,
(i) State the expression for the normal reaction on the car.
OR
How does the normal reaction on the car vary with speed?
(ii) Hence show that the maximum speed with which the car can cross the bridge without losing contact with the road is equal to $$\sqrt{r g}$$.
Suppose a car of mass m, travelling with a uniform speed v, crosses over a bridge which is in the form of a convex arc of radius r.
(i) The forces acting on it at the highest point are as shown in below figure. Their resultant mg-N provides the centripetal force.

is the required expression. It shows that as v increases, N decreases.

(ii) Equation (1) shows that for g – $$\frac{v^{2}}{r}$$ = 0, i.e., for centripetal acceleration equalling the gravitational acceleration, N = 0. That is, for $$\frac{v^{2}}{r}$$ = g or v = $$\sqrt{r g}$$, the
car just loses contact with the road. Therefore, this is the maximum speed with which a car can cross the bridge, irrespective of its mass.

[Data : Take g = 10 m/s2 unless specified otherwise]

Question 60.
Solve the following :

Question 1.
An object of mass 1 kg tied to one end of a string of length 9 m is whirled in a vertical circle. What is the minimum speed required at the lowest position to complete the circle ? [g = 9.8 m/s2]
Solution :
Data : m = 1 kg, r = 9 m, g = 9.8 m/s2
The minimum speed of the object at the lowest position is

Question 2.
A stone of mass 5 kg, tied at one end of a rope of length 0.8 m, is whirled in a vertical circle. Find the minimum velocity at the highest point and at the midway point, [g = 9.8 m/s2]
Solution:
Data : m = 5 kg, r = l = 0.8 m, g = 9.8 m/s2

1. The minimum velocity of the stone at the highest point in its path,
v = $$\sqrt{r g}$$ = $$\sqrt{0.8 \times 9.8}$$ = 2.8 m/s
2. The minimum velocity of the stone at the midway point in its path,
v = $$\sqrt{3 r g}$$ = $$\sqrt{3 \times 0.8 \times 9.8}$$ = 4.85 m/s

Question 3.
A small body of mass 0.3 kg oscillates in a vertical plane with the help of a string 0.5 m long with a constant speed of 2 m/s. It makes an angle of 60° with the vertical. Calculate the tension in the string.
Solution :
Data : m = 0.3 kg, r = 0.5 m, v = 2 m/s, θ = 60°, g = 10 m/s2

Question 4.
A bucket of water is whirled in a vertical circle at an arm’s length. Find the minimum speed at the top so that no water spills out. Also find the corresponding angular speed. [Assume r = 0.75 m]
Solution :
Data : r = 0.75 m, g = 10 m/s2
At the highest point the minimum speed required is v = $$\sqrt{r g}$$ = $$\sqrt{0.75 \times 10}$$ = 2.738 m/s
The corresponding angular speed is 2.738
ω = $$\frac{v}{r}$$ = $$\frac{2.738}{0.75}$$ = 3.651 rad/s

Question 5.
A pendulum, with a bob of mass m and string length l, is held in the horizontal position and then released into a vertical circle. Show that at the lowest position the velocity of the bob is $$\sqrt{2 g l}$$ and the tension in the string is 3 mg.
Solution :
Taking the reference level for zero potential energy to be the bottom of the vertical circle, the initial potential energy of the bob at the horizontal position = mgh = mgl.

Hence, at the bottom where the speed of the bob is v, it has only kinetic energy = $$\frac{1}{2}$$mv2.

This gives the required velocity at the lowest position.
Also, at the bottom, the tension (T) and the centripetal acceleration are upward while the force of gravity is downward.

Equations (1) and (2) give the required expressions for the velocity and tension at the lowest position.

Question 6.
A stone of mass 100 g attached to a string of length 50 cm is whirled in a vertical circle by giving it a velocity of 7 m/s at the lowest point. Find the velocity at the highest point.
Solution :
Data : m = 0.1 kg, r = l = 0.5 m, v2 = 7 m/s, g = 10 m/s2
The total energy at the bottom, Ebot
= KE + PE = $$\frac{1}{2} m v_{2}^{2}$$ + 0 = $$\frac{1}{2}$$(0.1) (7)2 = 2.45 J
The total energy at the top, Etop = KE + PE = $$\frac{1}{2} m v_{1}^{2}$$ + mg (2r)
= $$\frac{1}{2}$$(0.1)$$v_{1}^{2}$$ + (0.1) (10) (2 × 0.5)
= 0.05$$v_{1}^{2}$$ + 1
By the principle of conservation of energy,

Question 7.
A pilot of mass 50 kg in a jet aircraft executes a “loop-the-loop” manoeuvre at a constant speed of 250 m/s. If the radius of the vertical circle is 5 km, compute the force exerted by the seat on the pilot at
(i) the top of the loop
(ii) the bottom of the loop.
Solution :
Data: m = 50 kg, v = 250m/s, r = 5 km = 5 × 103 m, g = 10 m/s2

(i) At the top of the loop : The forces on the pilot are the gravitational force $$m \vec{g}$$ and the normal force $$\vec{N}_{1}$$, exerted by the seat, both acting downward. So the net force downward that causes the centripetal acceleration has a magnitude

(ii) At the bottom of the loop : The forces on the pilot are the downward gravitational force $$m \vec{g}$$ and the upward normal force $$\vec{N}_{2}$$ exerted by the seat. So the net upward force that causes the centripetal acceleration has a magnitude N2 – mg.

The forces exerted by the seat on the pilot at the top and bottom of the loop are 125 N and 1125 N, respectively.

Question 8.
A ball released from a height h along an incline, slides along a circular track of radius R (at the end of the incline) without falling vertically downwards. Show that hmin = $$\frac{5}{2}$$ R.
Solution:
To just loop-the-loop, the ball must have a speed v2 = $$\sqrt{5 R g}$$ at the bottom of the circular track.

If hmin is the minimum height above the bottom of the circular track from which the ball must be released, by the principle of conservation of energy, we have,
mghmin = $$\frac{1}{2} m v_{2}^{2}$$ = $$\frac{1}{2} m(5 R g)$$

Note : 1f the ball rolls all along the track without slipping, its total energy at the top of the circular track should take into account the rotational kinetic energy of the ball.

Question 9.
A block of mass 1 kg is released from P on a frictionless track which ends with a vertical quarter circular turn.

What are the magnitudes of the radial acceleration and total acceleration of the block when it arrives at Q ?
Solution :
Data : m = 1 kg, h = 6 m, r = 2 m, g = 10 m/s2
Let v be the speed of the block at Question Then, the total energy of the block at Q is
E = KE + PE = $$\frac{1}{2} m v^{2}$$ + mgr
By the principle of conservation of energy,

The radial acceleration has a magnitude 40 m/s2. The total acceleration has a magnitude 41.23 m/s2 and makes an angle of 14°2′ with the radial acceleration.

Question 10.
A loop-the-loop cart runs down an incline into a vertical circular track of radius 3 m and then describes a complete circle. Find the minimum height above the top of the circular track from which the cart must be released.
Solution :

Data : r = 3 m
To just loop-the-loop, the cart must have a speed V1 = $$\sqrt{r g}$$ at the top of the loop.

If h is the minimum height above the top of the loop from which the cart must be released, by the principle of conservation of energy, we have, mgh = $$\frac{1}{2} m v_{1}^{2}$$ = $$\frac{1}{2} m g r$$
∴ h = $$\frac{r}{2}$$ = $$\frac{3}{2}$$ = 1.5 m

Question 11.
A motorcyclist rides in vertical circles in a hollow sphere of radius 5 m. Find the required minimum speed and minimum angular speed, so that he does not lose contact with the sphere at the highest point. [g = 9.8 m/s2]
Solution :
Data : r = 5 m, g = 9.8 m/s2
Let v and ω be respectively the required minimum speed and angular speed at the highest point.

Question 12.
The vertical section of a road over a bridge in the direction of its length is in the form of an arc of a circle of radius 4.4 m. Find the maximum speed with which a vehicle can cross the bridge without losing contact with the road at the highest point, if the centre of gravity of the vehicle is 0.5 m from the ground.
Solution :
Data: While travelling along the bridge, the vehicle moves along a vertical circle of radius r = 4.4 + 0.5 = 4.9 m, g = 10 m/s2.
If m is the mass and v is the maximum speed of the vehicle, then at the highest point,

Question 13.
A small body tied to a string is revolved in a vertical circle of radius r such that its speed at the top of the circle is $$\sqrt{2 g r}$$. Find
(i) the angular position of the string when the tension in the string is numerically equal to 5 times the weight of the body.
(ii) the KE of the body at this position
(iii) the minimum and maximum KEs of the body.
[Take m = 0.1 kg, r = 1.2 m, g = 10 m/s2]
Solution :
Data : vtop = $$\sqrt{2 g r}$$, T = 5 mg, m = 0.1 kg, r = 1.2 m, g = 10 m/s2

Let the angular position of the string, θ = 0° when the body is at the bottom of the circle.

We assume total energy to be conserved and take the reference level for zero potential energy to be the bottom of the circle.

Total energy at the top, E

At P, the vertical displacement of the body from the bottom is r(1 – cos θ). Its total energy there is also E.

Question 14.
An object of mass 0.5 kg attached to a rod of length 0.5 m is whirled in a vertical circle at a constant angular speed. If the maximum tension in the rod is 5 kg wt, calculate the linear speed of the object and the maximum number of revolutions it can complete in a minute.
Solution :
Data : m = 0.5 kg, r = l = 0.5 m, g = 10 m/s2,
T2 = 5 kg wt = 5 × 10 N

As the rod is rotated in a vertical circle at a constant angular speed, the linear speed of the object at the end of the rod is constant, say v. However, the tension in the rod changes from a minimum value T1 when the object is at the highest point to a maximum value T2 when the object is at the bottom of the circle.

At the bottom of the circle, the tension and acceleration are upward while the force of gravity is downward.

∴ The maximum number of revolutions the object can complete in a minute is 127.98.

Question 15.
A small body of mass m = 0.1 kg at the end of a cord 1 m long swings in a vertical circle. Its speed is 2 mIs when the cord makes an angle θ = 30° with the vertical. Find the tension in the cord.
Solution:
Data: m = 0.1 kg, r = 1 m, y = 2 m/s, θ = 30°,
g = 9.8 m/s2
When the cord makes an angle θ with the vertical, the centripetal force on the body is

Question 16.
A bucket of water is tied to one end of a rope 8 m long and rotated about the other end in a vertical circle. Find the number of revolutions per minute such that water does not spill.
Solution:
[Important note : The circular motion of the bucket in a vertical plane under gravity is not a uniform circular motion. Assuming the critical case of the motion such that the bucket has the minimum speed at the highest point required for the water to stay put in the bucket, we can find the minimum frequency of revolution. ]
Data :r = 8m, g = 9.8 m/s2, π = 3.142
Assuming the bucket has a minimum speed v = $$\sqrt{r g}$$ at the highest point, the corresponding angular speed is

Question 61.
Derive an expression for the kinetic energy of a body rotating with constant angular velocity.
Consider a rigid body rotating with a constant angular velocity $$\vec{\omega}$$ about an axis passing through the point O and perpendicular to the plane of the figure. Suppose that the body is made up of N particles of masses m1, m2, …, mN situated at perpendicular distances r1, r2, , rN, respectively, from the axis of rotation as shown in below figure.

As the body rotates, all the particles perform uniform circular motion with the same angular velocity $$\vec{\omega}$$. However, they have different linear speeds depending upon their distances from the axis of rotation.

The linear speed of the particle with mass ml is v1 = r1ω. Therefore, its kinetic energy is

where I = $$\sum_{i=1}^{N} m_{i} r_{i}^{2}$$ is the moment of inertia of the body about the axis of rotation.
Equation (2) gives the required expression.

Question 62.
Define moment of inertia. State the factors which it depends on. Obtain its dimensions and state its SI unit.
OR
Define moment of inertia. State its dimensions and SI units.
(1) Moment of inertia : The moment of inertia of a body about a given axis of rotation is defined as the sum of the products of the masses of the particles of the body and the squares of their respective distances from the axis of rotation.

If the body is made up of N discrete particles of masses m1, m2, …,mN situated at respective distances r1, r2, …, rN from the axis of rotation, the moment of inertia of the body is

For a rigid body, having a continuous and uniform distribution of mass, the moment of inertia is
I = $$\int r^{2} d m$$ …(2)
where dm is the mass of an infinitesimal element, situated at distance r from the axis of rotation.

(2) The moment of inertia of a rigid body depends on

1. the mass and shape of the body
2. orientation and position of the rotation axis
3. distribution of the mass about the rotation axis.

(3) Dimensions :
[Moment of inertia] = [mass] [distance]2
= [M] [L2] = [M1L2T0]

(4) SI unit : The kilogram-metre2 (kg.m2).

Question 63.
Explain the physical significance of moment of inertia.
(1) The physical significance of moment of inertia can be understood by comparing the formulae in the following table.

 Linear motion Rotational motion 1. Momentum = mass × velocity 1. Angular momentum = moment of inertia × angular velocity 2. Force = mass × acceleration 2. Torque = moment of inertia × angular acceleration 3. Kinetic energy = $$\frac{1}{2} M v^{2}$$ 3. Kinetic energy = $$\frac{1}{2} I \omega^{2}$$

(2) Force produces acceleration, while torque produces angular acceleration. Force and torque are analogous quantities. Also, momentum and angular momentum are analogous quantities.
(3) By comparing the above formulae, we find that moment of inertia plays the same role in rotational motion as that played by mass in linear motion. The moment of inertia of a body is its rotational inertia, that which opposes any tendency to change its angular velocity. In the absence of a net torque, the body continues to rotate with a uniform angular velocity.

Question 64.
Three point masses M1, M2 and M3 are located at the vertices of an equilateral triangle of side a. What is the moment of inertia of the system about an axis along the altitude of the triangle passing through M1 ?

The moment of inertia of the system about the altitude passing through M1 is

Question 65.
Find the moment of inertia of a hydrogen molecule about its centre of mass if the mass of each hydrogen atom is m and the distance between them is R.
We assume the rotation axis to be a transverse axis through the centre of mass of the linear molecule H2. Then, each of the hydrogen atom is a distance $$\frac{1}{2}$$R from the CM. Therefore, the MI of the molecule about this axis,

Notes :

1. For a H2 molecule, mH = 1.674 × 10-27 kg and bond length = 7.774 × 10-11 m, so that I = 5.065 × 10-48 kg.m2.
2. As atoms are treated as particles, we do not consider rotation about the line passing through the atoms.

Question 66.
Solve the following :

Question 1.
Four particles of masses 0.2 kg, 0.3 kg, 0.4 kg and 0.5 kg respectively are kept at comers A, B, C and D of a square ABCD of side 1 m. Find the moment of inertia of the system about an axis passing through point A and perpendicular to the plane of the square.
Solution :
Data : m1 = 0.2 kg, m2 = 0.3 kg, m3 = 0.4 kg, m4 = 0.5 kg

The axis of rotation passes through point A and is perpendicular to the plane of the square. Hence the distance (r1) of mass ml from the axis is r1 =0, that of mass m2 is r2 = AB = 1 m, that of mass m3 is r3 = $$\sqrt{2}$$AC m and that of mass m4 is r4 = AD = 1 m.
The moment of inertia,

Question 2.
The moment of inertia of the Earth about its axis of rotation is 9.83 × 10 kg.m2 and its angular speed is 7.27 × 10-5 rad/s. Calculate its
(i) kinetic energy of rotation
(ii) radius of gyration. [ Mass of the Earth = 6 × 1024 kg]
Solution :
Data : I = 9.83 × 1037 kg.m2, ω = 7.27 × 10-5 rad/s, M = 6 × 1024 kg

(i) The kinetic energy of rotation of the Earth,

Question 67.
State an expression for the moment of inertia of a thin ring about its transverse symmetry axis.
A thin uniform ring (or hoop) has all its mass uniformly distributed along the circumference of a circle. It is taken to be a two-dimensional body. It is also assumed that the radial thickness of the ring is so small as to be completely negligible in comparison to its radius.

Consider a thin ring (or hoop) of radius R and mass M. The axis of rotation through its centre C is perpendicular to its plane. C is also its centre of mass (CM).

The MI of the ring about the transverse symmetry axis is
ICM = MR2

Question 68.
Derive an expression for the moment of inertia of a thin uniform disc about its transverse symmetry axis.
A thin uniform disc has all its mass homogeneously distributed over its circular surface area. It is taken to be a two-dimensional body, i.e., its axial thickness is small as to be completely negligible in comparison to its radius. Consider a thin disc of radius R and mass M. Its mass per unit area is

The axis of rotation is the transverse symmetry axis, through its centre of mass (CM) and perpendicular to its plane. For rotation about this axis, we consider the disc to consist of a large number of thin concentric rings, having the same rotation axis as the transverse symmetry axis of the disc. One such elemental ring at a distance r from the rotation axis shown in below figure, has mass dm and radial width dr.

Since the disc is uniform, the area and mass of this elemental ring are

and its moment of inertia (MI) about the given axis is dm.r2.
Therefore, the MI of the disc is

This gives the required expression.

Question 69.
Is radius of gyration of a rigid body a constant quantity?
Radius of gyration of a rigid body depends on the distribution of mass of the body about a rotation axis and, therefore, changes with the choice of the rotation axis. Hence, unlike the mass of the body which is constant, radius of gyration and moment of inertia of the body are not constant.

Question 70.
State an expression for the radius of gyration of
(i) a thin ring
(ii) a thin disc, about respective transverse symmetry axis.
OR
Show that for rotation about respective transverse symmetry axis, the radius of gyration of a thin disc is less than that of a thin ring.
(i) The MI of the ring about the transverse symmetry axis is
ICM = MR2 … (1)
Radius of gyration : The radius of gyration of the ring about the transverse symmetry axis is
K = $$\sqrt{I_{\mathrm{CM}} / M}$$ = $$\sqrt{R^{2}}$$ = R …… (2)

(ii) The MI of the disc about the transverse symmetry axis is
ICM = $$\frac{1}{2}$$MR<2 … (3)
Radius of gyration : The radius of gyration of the disc for the given rotation axis is

Question 71.
State and prove the theorem of parallel axis.
Theorem of parallel axis : The moment of inertia of a body about an axis is equal to the sum of

1. its moment of inertia about a parallel axis through its centre of mass and
2. the product of the mass of the body and the square of the distance between the two axes.

Proof : Let ICM be the moment of inertia (MI) of a body of mass M about an axis through its centre of mass C, and I be its MI about a parallel axis through any point O. Let h be the distance between the two axes.

Consider an infinitesimal mass element dm of the body at a point P. It is at a perpendicular distance CP from the rotation axis through C and a perpendicular distance OP from the parallel axis through O. The MI of the element about the axis through C is CP2dm. Therefore, the MI of the body about the axis through the CM is ICM = $$\int \mathrm{CP}^{2} d m$$. Similarly, the MI of the body about the parallel axis through O is I = $$\int \mathrm{OP}^{2} d m$$.

∴ I = ICM + Mh2
This proves the theorem of parallel axis.

Question 72.
State and prove the theorem of perpendicular axes about moment of inertia.
Theorem of perpendicular axes : The moment of inertia of a plane lamina about an axis perpendicular to its plane is equal to the sum of its moments of inertia about two mutually perpendicular axes in its plane and through the point of intersection of the perpendicular axis and the lamina.

Proof : Let Ox and Oy be two perpendicular axes in the plane of the lamina and Oz, an axis perpendicular to its plane. Consider an infinitesimal mass element dm of the lamina at the point P(Y, y). MI of the lamina about the z-axis, Iz = $$\int \mathrm{OP}^{2} d m$$

The element is at perpendicular distance y and x from the x- and y- axes respectively. Hence, the moments of inertia of the lamina about the x- and y-axes are, respectively,

This proves the theorem of perpendicular axes.

Question 73.
About which axis of rotation is the radius of gyration of a body the least ?
The radius of gyration of a body is the least about an axis through the centre of mass (CM) of the body.

From the parallel axis theorem, we know that a given body has the smallest possible moment of inertia about an axis through its CM. The radius of gyration of a body about a given axis is directly proportional to the square root of its moment of inertia about that axis. Hence, the conclusion.
{OR I = ICM + Mh2. ∴ Mk2 = $$[/latexM k_{\mathrm{CM}}^{2}] + Mh2. ∴ k2 = [latex]k_{\mathrm{CM}}^{2}$$ + h2, which shows that k is minimum, equal to kCM when h = 0.}

Question 74.
State an expression for the moment of inertia of a thin uniform rod about an axis through its centre and perpendicular to its length. Hence deduce the expression for its moment of inertia about an axis through its one end and perpendicular to its length.
OR
State an expression for the moment of inertia of a thin uniform rod about its transverse symmetry axis. Hence, deduce the expression for its moment of inertia about a parallel axis through one end. Also deduce the expressions for the corresponding radii of gyration.
(1) MI about a transverse axis through centre : Consider a thin uniform rod AB of mass M and length L, rotating about a transverse axis through its centre C. C is also its centre of mass (CM).

(2) MI about a transverse axis through one end : Let I be its MI about a transverse axis through its end A. By the theorem of parallel axis,
I = ICM + Mh2 … (2)
In this case,

(3) Radii of gyration : The radius of gyration of the rod about its transverse symmetry axis is

The radius of gyration of the rod about the transverse axis through an end is

Question 75.
State the expression for the MI of a thin spherical shell (i.e., a thin-walled hollow sphere) about its diameter. Hence obtain the expression for its MI about a tangent.
Consider a uniform, thin-walled hollow sphere radius R and mass M. An axis along its diameter is an axis of spherical symmetry through its centre of mass. The MI of the thin spherical shell about its diameter is
ICM = $$\frac{2}{3}$$MR2

Let I be its MI about a tangent parallel to the diameter. Here, h = R = distance between the two axes. Then, according to the theorem of parallel axis,

Question 76.
Calculate the moment of inertia by direct integration of a thin uniform rod of mass M and length L about an axis perpendicular to the rod and passing through the ród at L/3, as shown below.

Method of direct integration : Consider a thin uniform rod of mass M and length L. The axis of rotation is perpendicular to the rod and passing through the rod at L/3. We consider the origin of coordinates to be at this point and the x-axis to be along the rod,

Since the mass density is constant, the linear mass density is
λ = M/L
An element of the rod has mass dm and length dl = dx.

If the distance of each mass element from the axis is given by the variable x, the moment of inertia of an element about the axis of rotation is dI = x2dm
Since the rod extends from x= – L/3 to x = 2L/3, the MI of the rod about the axis is

Method of parallel-axis : The MI of the thin rod about a transverse axis through its CM is
ICM = $$\frac{1}{12} M L^{2}$$
The given axis of rotation is at a distance h = $$\frac{L}{2}$$ – $$\frac{L}{3}$$ = $$\frac{L}{6}$$ from the transverse symmetry axis.
Therefore, the MI of the rod about the given axis is

the same as arrived at by direct integration method.

Question 77.
State an expression for the moment of inertia of a thin ring about its transverse symmetry axis. Hence deduce the expression for its moment of inertia about a tangential axis perpendicular to its plane. Also deduce the expressions for the corresponding radius of gyration.
(1) MI about the transverse symmetry axis : Consider a thin ring (or hoop) of radius R and mass M. The axis of rotation through its centre C is perpendicular to its plane. C is also its centre of mass (CM). It is assumed that the radial thickness of the ring is so small as to be completely negligible in comparison to radius R.

The MI of the ring about the transverse symmetry axis is
ICM = MR2 …(1)
Radius of gyration : The radius of gyration of the ring about the transverse symmetry axis is
k = $$\sqrt{I_{\mathrm{CM}} / M}$$ = $$\sqrt{R^{2}}$$ = R …(2)

(2) MI about a tangent perpendicular to its plane : Let I be its MI about a parallel axis, tangent to the ring. Here, h = R = distance between the two axes.
By the theorem of parallel axis,
I = ICM + Mh2 … (3)
= MR2 + MR2 = 2MR2 …(4)
k = $$\sqrt{I / M}$$ = $$\sqrt{2 R^{2}}$$ = $$\sqrt{2} R$$ …(5)

Question 78.
Assuming the expression for the moment of inertia of a ring about its transverse symmetry axis, obtain the expression for its moment of inertia about
(1) a diameter
(2) a tangential axis in its plane. Also deduce the expressions for the corresponding radii of gyration.
Let M be the mass of a thin ring of radius R. Let /CM be the moment of inertia (MI) of the ring about its transverse symmetry axis. Then,
ICM = MR … (1)

(1) MI about a diameter : Let x- and y-axes be along two perpendicular diameters of the ring as shown in below figure. Let Ix, Iy and Iz be the moments of inertia of the ring about the x, y and z axes, respectively.

Both Ix and Iy represent the moment of inertia of the ring about its diameter and, by symmetry, the MI of the ring about any diameter is the same.
∴ Ix = Iy ….. (2)
Also, Iz being the MI of the ring about its transverse symmetry axis,

(2) MI about a tangent in its plane: Let I be its MI about an axis in plane of the ring, i.e., parallel to a diameter, and tangent to it. Here, h = R and
ICM = Ix = $$\frac{1}{2}$$MR2.
By the theorem of parallel axis,
= $$\frac{1}{2} M R^{2}$$ + MR2 = $$\frac{3}{2} M R^{2}$$ … (7)

Question 79.
State an expression for the MI of a thin uniform disc about a transverse axis through its centre. Hence, derive an expression for the MI of the disc about its tangent perpendicular to the plane. Deduce the expressions for the corresponding radii of gyration.
(1) MI about the transverse symmetry axis : Consider a thin uniform disc of radius R and mass M. The axis of rotation through its centre C is perpendicular to its plane. C is also its centre of mass (CM).

Radius of gyration : The radius of gyration of the disc for the given rotation axis is

(2) MI about a tangent perpendicular to its plane : Let I be the MI of the disc about a tangent perpendicular to its plane.

According to the theorem of parallel axis,

Question 80.
Assuming the expression for the moment of inertia of a thin uniform disc about a transverse axis through its centre, obtain an expression for its moment of inertia about any diameter. Hence, write the expression for the corresponding radius of gyration.
Consider a thin uniform disc of mass M and radius R in the xy plane, as shown in below figure. Let Ix, Iy and Iz be the moments of inertia of the disc about the x, y and z axes respectively. But, Ix = Iy, since each

represents the moment of inertia (MI) of the disc about its diameter and, by symmetry, the MI of the disc about any diameter is the same.
As Iz is the MI of the disc about the z-axis through its centre and perpendicular to its plane,
Iz = $$\frac{1}{2}$$MR2 … (1)

According to the theorem of perpendicular axes,

Question 81.
Given the moment of inertia of a thin uniform disc about its diameter to be $$\frac{1}{4}$$MR2, where M and R are respectively the mass and radius of the disc, find its moment of inertia about an axis normal to the disc and passing through a point on its edge.
Consider a thin uniform disc of mass M and radius R in the xy plane. Let Ix, ly and Iz be the moments of inertia of the disc about the x, y and z axes respectively.
Now, Ix = Iy
since each represents the moment of inertia (MI) of the disc about its diameter and, by symmetry, the MI of the disc about any diameter is the same.
∴ Ix = Iy = $$\frac{1}{4}$$MR2 (Given)
According to the theorem of perpendicular axes,
Iz = Ix + Iy = 2($$\frac{1}{4}$$MR2) = $$\frac{1}{2}$$MR2
Let I be the MI of the disc about a tangent normal to the disc and passing through a point on its edge (i.e., a tangent perpendicular to its plane). According to the theorem of parallel axis,
I = ICM + Mh2
Here, ICM = Iz = $$\frac{1}{2}$$MR2 and h = R.
∴ I = $$\frac{1}{2}$$MR2 + MR2 = $$\frac{3}{2}$$MR2
which is the required expression.

Question 82.
Assuming the expression for the moment of inertia of a thin uniform disc about its diameter, show that the moment of inertia of the disc about a tangent in its plane is $$\frac{5}{4}$$MR2. Write the expression for the corresponding radius of gyration.
Let M be the mass and R be the radius of a thin uniform disc. Let ICM be the moment of inertia (MI) of the disc about a diameter. Then,

Question 83.
State the expressions for the moment of inertia of a solid cylinder of uniform cross section about
(1) an axis through its centre and perpendicular to its length
(2) its own axis of symmetry.
OR
State the expressions for the MI of a solid cylinder about
(1) a transverse symmetry axis
(2) its cylindrical symmetry axis. Also deduce the expressions for the corresponding radii of gyration.
Consider a solid cylinder of uniform density, length L, radius R and total mass M.

Notes :

1. For R « L, a solid cylinder can be approximated as a thin rod, and the expression for the MI about its transverse symmetry axis reduces to the corresponding expression for a thin rod, viz., ML2/12.
2. The MI of a solid cylinder about its cylindrical symmetry axis is the same as that of a disc about its transverse symmetry axis and having the same mass and radius.

Question 84.
Assuming the expression for the moment of inertia of a uniform solid cylinder about a transverse symmetry axis, obtain the expression for its moment of inertia about a transverse axis through its one end.
Let M be the mass, L the length and R the radius of a uniform solid cylinder. Let ICM be the moment of inertia (MI) of the cylinder about a transverse symmetry axis. Then,

Question 85.
State an expression for the moment of inertia of a solid sphere about its diameter. Write the expression for the corresponding radius of gyration.
Consider a solid sphere of uniform density, radius R and mass M. An axis along its diameter is an axis of spherical symmetry through its centre of mass.

The MI of the solid sphere about its diameter is
ICM = $$\frac{2}{5}$$MR2
The corresponding radius of gyration is

Question 86.
A uniform solid sphere of mass 15 kg has radius 0.1 m. What is its moment of inertia about a diameter?
Moment of inertia of the sphere about a diameter
= $$\frac{2}{5}$$MR2 = $$\frac{2}{5}$$ × 15 × (0.1)2 = 6 × 10-2 kg.m2

Question 87.
Assuming the expression for the MI of a uniform solid sphere about its diameter, obtain the expression for its moment of inertia about a tangent.
Let M be the mass of a uniform solid sphere of radius R. Let ICM be its MI about any diameter.

Let I be its MI about a parallel axis, tangent to the sphere. Here, h = R = distance between the two axis.
By the theorem of parallel axis, I = ICM + Mh2
= $$\frac{2}{5}$$MR2 + MR2 = $$\frac{7}{5}$$MR2

Question 88.
The moment of inertia of a uniform solid sphere about a diameter is 2 kg m2. What is its moment of inertia about a tangent ?
Moment of inertia of a solid sphere about its 2
diameter, ICM = $$\frac{2}{5}$$MR2.

Question 89.
The radius of gyration of a uniform solid sphere of radius R is $$\sqrt{\frac{2}{5}}$$R for rotation about its diameter. Show that its radius of gyration for rotation about a tangential axis of rotation is $$\sqrt{\frac{7}{5}}$$R.
Let the mass of the uniform solid sphere of radius R be M. Let ICM and kd be its MI about any diameter and the corresponding radius of gyration, respectively. Then,

Let I and kt be its MI about a parallel tangential axis and the corresponding radius of gyration, respectively. Here, h = R = distance between the two axis.
∴ I = $$M k_{\mathrm{t}}^{2}$$
By the theorem of parallel axis,
I = ICM + Mh2

Question 90.
State the expression for the MI of a thin spherical shell (i.e., a thin-walled hollow sphere) about its diameter. Hence obtain the expression for its MI about a tangent.
Consider a uniform, thin-walled hollow sphere radius R and mass M. An axis along its diameter is an axis of spherical symmetry through its centre of mass. The MI of the thin spherical shell about its diameter is
ICM = $$\frac{2}{3} M R^{2}$$

Let I be its MI about a tangent parallel to the diameter. Here, h = R = distance between the two axes. Then, according to the theorem of parallel axis,

Question 91.
Find the ratio of the radius of gyration of a solid sphere about its diameter to the radius of gyration of a hollow sphere about its tangent, given that both the spheres have the same radius.
The radius of gyration of a body about a given axis, k = $$\sqrt{I / M}$$, where M and I are respectively the mass of the body and its moment of inertia (MI) about the axis.

For a solid sphere rotating about its diameter,

Question 92.
Calculate the moment of inertia by direct integration of a thin uniform rectangular plate of mass M, length l and breadth b about an axis passing through its centre and parallel to its breadth.
Consider a thin uniform rectangular plate of mass M, length l and breadth b. The axis of rotation passes through its centre and is parallel to its breadth. We consider the origin of coordinates to be at the centre of the plate and orient the axes as shown in below figure. Since the plate is thin, we can take the mass as distributed entirely in the xy-plane. Then, the surface mass density is constant and equal to

A rectangular element of the plate, shown shaded, has mass dm, length b and breadth dy.
∴ dm = σdA = σ(b dy)

If the distance of each element from the rotation axis is given by the variable y, the moment of inertia of :
an element about the axis of rotation is
dIx = y2dm
Since the rod extends from y = -1/2 to y = 1/2, the MI of the thin plate about the axis is

Notes:

(1) The MI of a thin rectangular plate about an axis passing through its centre and parallel to its length (i.e., about the y-axis) is Iy = $$\frac{1}{12}$$Mb2. Then, by the theorem of perpendicular axes, the MI of a thin plate about its transverse symmetry axis (i.e., about the z-axis) is Iz = Ix + Iy = $$\frac{1}{12} M\left(l^{2}+b^{2}\right)$$

(2) Suppose, for a rectangular bar of sides l, b and w, we take the origin of coordinates at the centre of mass of the bar and the x, y and z axes parallel to the respective sides. Then, Ix = $$\frac{1}{12}$$M(b2 + w2), Iy = $$\frac{1}{12}$$M(w2 + l2) and Iz = $$\frac{1}{2} M\left(l^{2}+b^{2}\right)$$

Question 93.
State the MI of a thin rectangular plate-of mass M, length l and breadth b- about an axis passing through its centre and parallel to its length. Hence find its MI about a parallel axis along one edge.
Consider a thin rectangular plate of mass M, length l and breadth b. The MI of the plate about an axis passing through its centre and parallel to its edge of length l is

For a parallel axis along its one edge, h = $$\frac{1}{2} b$$.

Question 94.
State the MI of a thin rectangular plate-of mass M, length l and breadth b about its transverse axis passing through its centre. Hence find its MI about a parallel axis through the midpoint of edge of length b.
Consider a thin rectangular plate of mass M, length l and breadth b. The MI of the plate about its transverse axis passing through its centre is
ICM = M(l2 + b2)
For a parallel axis through the midpoint of its breadth, h = $$\frac{1}{2} l$$. Therefore, by the theorem of parallel axis, the MI about this axis is

Question 95.
A uniform solid right circular cone of base radius R has mass M. Prove that the moment of inertia of the cone about its central symmetry axis is $$\frac{3}{10} M R^{2}$$.
Consider a uniform solid right circular cone of mass M, base radius R and height h. The axis of rotation passes through its centre and the vertex, Its constant mass density is

We consider an elemental disc of mass dm, radius r and thickness dz. If the distance of each mass element from the axis is given by the variable z,

Question 96.
Solve the following :

Question 1.
Calculate the moment of inertia of a ring of mass 500 g and radius 0.5 m about an axis of rotation passing through
(i) its diameter
(ii) a tangent perpendicular to its plane.
Solution :
Data : M = 500 g 0.5 kg, R = 0.5 m

(i) The moment of inertia of the ring about its

(ii) The moment of inertia of the ring about a tangent perpendicular to its plane
= 2MR2 = 2 × 0.5 × (0.5)2 = 0.25 kg.m2

Question 2.
A thin uniform rod 1 m long has mass 1 kg. Find its moment of inertia and radius of gyration for rotation about a transverse axis through a point midway between its centre and one end.
Solution :
Data : M = 1 kg, L = 1 m
Let ICM and I be the moments of inertia of the rod about a transverse axis through its centre, and a parallel axis midway between its centre and one end.

Question 3.
The moment of inertia of a disc about an axis through its centre and perpendicular to its plane is 10 kg.m2. Find its MI about a diameter.
Solution :
Data : Iz = 10 kg.m2
If the disc lies in the xy plane with its centre at the origin then, according to the theorem of perpendicular axes,
Ix + Iy = Iz
Since, Ix = Iy, 2Ix = Iz
∴ Its MI about a diameter,
Ix = $$\frac{I_{z}}{2}$$ = $$\frac{10}{2}$$ = 5 kg.m2

Question 4.
A solid cylinder of uniform density and radius 2 cm has a mass of 50 g. If its length is 12 cm, calculate its moment of inertia about an axis passing through its centre and perpendicular to its length.
Solution :
Data : M = 50 g, R = 2 cm, L = 12 cm

Question 5.
A compound object is formed of a thin rod and a disc attached at the end of the rod. The rod is 0.5 m long and has mass 2 kg. The disc has mass of 1 kg and its radius is 20 cm. Find the moment of inertia of the compound object about an axis passing through the free end of the rod and perpendicular to its length.
Solution :
Data : L = 0.5 m, R = 0.2 m, Mrod = 2 kg, Mdisk = 1 kg About a transverse axis through CM,

Question 6.
The radius of gyration of a body about an axis at 6 cm from its centre of mass is 10 cm. Find its radius of gyration about a parallel axis through its centre of mass.
Solution :
Let O be a point at 6 cm from the centre of mass of the body.
Let I = MI about an axis through O,
ICM = MI about a parallel axis through the centre of mass of the body,
kCM = radius of gyration about a parallel axis through the centre of mass,
M = mass of the body,
h = distance between the two axes.
Data : h = 6 cm, k = 10 cm
By the theorem of parallel axis,
I = ICM + Mh2
Also, I = Mk2 and ICM = $$M k_{\mathrm{CM}}^{2}$$

The radius of gyration about a parallel axis through its centre of mass is 8 cm.

Question 7.
The radius of gyration of a disc about its transverse symmetry axis is 2 cm. Determine its radius of gyration about a diameter.
Solution :
Data : kCM = 2 cm
Let M and R be the mass and radius of the disc. Let ICM and kCM be the MI and radius of gyration of the disc about its transverse symmetry axis. Let I and k be the MI and radius of gyration of the disc about its diameter. Then

Question 8.
Calculate the MI and rotational kinetic energy of a thin uniform rod of mass 10 g and length 60 cm when it rotates about a transverse axis through its centre at 90 rpm.
Solution :
Data : M = 10 g = 10-2 kg, L = 60 cm = 0.6 m,
f = 90 rpm = 90/60 Hz = 1.5 Hz
The MI of the rod about a transverse axis through its centre is

Angular speed, ω = 2πf = 2 × 3.142 × 1.5 = 9.426 rad/s
Rotational KE = $$\frac{1}{2}$$Iω2 = $$\frac{1}{2}\left(3 \times 10^{-4}\right)(9.426)^{2}$$
= 0.01333 J

Question 9.
A thin rod of uniform cross section is made up of two sections made of wood and steel. The wooden section has length 50 cm and mass 0.6 kg. The steel section has length 30 cm and mass 3 kg. Find the moment of inertia of the rod about a transverse axis passing through the junction of the two sections.
Solution:
Data : L1 =0.5m, M1 =0.6 kg, L2 = 0.3m,
The moment of inertia of a thin rod about a transverse axis through its end is $$\frac{M L^{2}}{3}$$.

Question 10.
The mass and the radius of the Moon are, respectively, about $$\frac{1}{81}$$ time and about $$\frac{1}{3.7}$$ time those of the Earth. Given that the rotational period of the Moon is 27.3 days, compare the rotational kinetic energy of the Earth with that of the Moon.
Solution :
Data : MM = $$\frac{1}{81}$$ME, RM = $$\frac{1}{3.7}$$RE, TM = 27.3 days, TE = 1 day

Let IE and IM be the moments of inertia of the Earth and the Moon about their respective axes of rotation, and ωE and ωM be their respective rotational angular speeds. Assuming the Earth and the Moon to be solid spheres of uniform densities,

Question 11.
A solid sphere of radius R, rotating with an angular velocity ω about its diameter, suddenly stops rotating and 75% of its KE is converted into heat. If c is the specific heat capacity of the material in SI units, show that the temperature of 3R2CO2
the sphere rises by $$\frac{3 R^{2} \omega^{2}}{20 c}$$.
The MI of a solid sphere about its diameters, I = $$\frac{2}{5}$$MR2
where M is its mass.
The rotational KE of the sphere,

If ∆θ is the rise in temperature,

Question 97.
Define the angular momentum of a particle.
Definition : The angular momentum of a particle is defined as the moment of the linear momentum of the particle. If a particle of mass m has linear momentum $$\vec{p}(=m \vec{v})$$), then the angular momentum of this particle with respect to a point O is a vector quantity defined as $$\vec{l}=\vec{r} \times \vec{p}=m(\vec{r} \times \vec{v})$$), where $$\vec{r}$$ is the position vector of the particle with respect to O.

It is the angular analogue of linear momentum.

[Note : As the particle moves relative to O in the direction of its momentum $$\vec{p}(=m \vec{v})$$, position vector $$\vec{r}$$ rotates around O. However, to have angular momentum about O, the particle does not itself have to rotate around O.]

Question 98.
State the dimensions and SI unit of angular momentum.

1. Dimensions : [Angular momentum] = [M1L2T-1]
2. SI unit: The kilogram.metre2/second (kg.m2/s).

Question 99.
Express the kinetic energy of a rotating body in terms of its angular momentum.
The kinetic energy of a body of moment of inertia I and rotating with a constant angular velocity ω is
E = $$\frac{1}{2} I \omega^{2}$$
The angular momentum of the body, L = Iω.
∴E = $$\frac{1}{2}(I \omega) \omega=\frac{1}{2} L \omega$$
This is the required relation.

Question 100.
Why do grinding wheels have large mass and moderate diameter?
A grinding wheel, used for abrasive machining operations (e.g., sharpening), is typically in the form of a heavy disc of moderate diameter. A grinding machine needs to have a high frequency of revolution but the machining operations exert braking torques on its wheel.

Angular momentum is directly proportional to mass. Hence, heavier the wheel, the greater is its angular momentum and lesser is the decelerating effect of the braking torques. Also, angular acceleration is inversely proportional to the moment of inertia. Since the wheel is made heavy, its diameter is kept moderate so that a large angular acceleration and high angular velocity can be achieved with a motor of given power.

Question 101.
Solve the following :

Question 1.
The angular momentum of a body changes by 80 kg.m2/s when its angular velocity changes from 20 rad/s to 40 rad/s. Find the change in its kinetic energy of rotation.
Solution :
If I is the MI of the body, its initial angular momentum is Iω1, and final angular momentum is Iω2.
Change in angular momentum
= Iω2 – Iω12 – ω1)
∴ 80 = I(40 – 20)
∴ I = 4 kg.m2

Question 2.
A wheel of moment of inertia 1 kg.m2 is rotating at a speed of 40 rad/s. Due to the friction on the axis, the wheel comes to rest in 10 minutes. Calculate the angular momentum of the wheel, two minutes before it comes to rest.
Solution :
Data : I = 1 kg.m2, ω1 = 40 rad/s, ω2 = 0 at
t = 10 minutes = 60 × 10 s = 600 s,
t’ = 8 minutes = 60 × 8 s = 480 s

This is the required angular momentum of the wheel.

Question 3.
A flywheel rotating about an axis through its centre and perpendicular to its plane loses 100 J of energy on slowing down from 60 rpm to 30 rpm. Find its moment of inertia about the given axis and the change in its angular momentum.
Solution :
Data : f1 = 60 rpm = 60/60 rot/s = 1 rot/s, f2 = 30 rpm = 30/60 rot/s = $$\frac{1}{2}$$ rot/s, ∆E = – 100 J

This gives the MI of the flywheel about the given axis.

(ii) Angular momentum, L = Iω = I(2πf) 2πIf
The change in angular momentum, ∆L
= L2 – L1 = 2πI(f2 – f1)
= 2 × 3.142 × 6.753$$\left(\frac{1}{2}-1\right)$$
= -3.142 × 6.753= -21.22 kg.m2/s

Question 102.
A torque of 4 N-m acting on a body of mass 1 kg produces an angular acceleration of 2 rad/s2. What is the moment of inertia of the body?
The moment of inertia of the body.

Question 103.
Two identical rings are to be rotated about different axes of rotation as shown by applying torques so as to produce the same angular acceleration in both. How is it possible ?

The MI of ring 1 about a transverse tangent is I1 = 2MR2
The MI of ring 2 about its diameter is
I2 = $$\frac{1}{2}$$MR2
Since, torque T = $$\tau=I \alpha$$, to produce the same angular acceleration in both,

∴ It will be possible to produce the same angular acceleration in both the rings only if $$\tau_{1}=4 \tau_{2}$$.

Question 104.
Two wheels have the same mass. First wheel is in the form of a solid disc of radius R while the second is a disc with inner radius r and outer radius R. Both are rotating with same angular velocity ω0 about transverse axes through their centres. If the first wheel comes to rest in time t1 while the second comes to rest in time t2, are t1 and t2 different? Why?
The moments of inertia of the two wheels about transverse axes through their centres are

Question 105.
Solve the following :

Question 1.
A torque of magnitude 400 N-m, acting on a body of mass 40 kg, produces an angular acceleration of 20 rad/s2. Calculate the moment of inertia and radius of gyration of the body.
Solution :
Data : T = 400 N.m, M = 40 kg, α = 20 rad/s2

Question 2.
A body starts rotating from rest. Due to a couple of 20 N.m, it completes 60 revolutions in one minute. Find the moment of inertia of the body.
Solution :

Question 3.
A wheel of moment of inertia 2 kg-m2 rotates at 50 rpm about its transverse axis. Find the torque that can stop the wheel in one minute.
Solution :
Data : I = 2 kg.m2, f0 = 50 rpm = $$\frac{50}{60}$$ = $$\frac{5}{6}$$ rev/s, t = 60 s

Question 4.
A circular disc of moment of inertia 10 kg.m2 is rotated about its transverse symmetry axis at a constant frequency of 60 rpm by an electric motor of power 31.42 watts. When the motor is switched off, how many rotations does it complete before coming to rest?
Solution :
Data : I = 10 kg.m2, P = 31.42 watts,
f = 60 rpm = 60/60 Hz = 1 Hz
In rotational motion,
power = torque × angular velocity

This torque provided by the motor overcomes the torque of the frictional forces and maintains a constant frequency of rotation.

When the motor is switched off, the disc slows down due to the retarding torque of the frictional forces.

Question 5.
A flywheel of mass 4 kg and radius 10 cm, rotating with a uniform angular velocity of 5 rad/s, is subjected to a torque of 0.01 N.m for 10 seconds.
If the torque increases the speed of rotation, find
(i) the final angular velocity of the flywheel
(ii) the change in its angular velocity
(iii) the change in its angular momentum
(iv) the change in its kinetic energy.
Solution :
Data : M = 4 kg, R = 10 cm = 0.1 m, ω1 = 5 rad/s, $$\tau$$ = 0.01 N.m, t = 10 s

(i) The final angular velocity of the flywheel,
ω2 = ω1 + αt
= 5 + 0.5 × 10 = 10 rad/s

(ii) The change in its angular velocity
= ω2 – ω1 = 5 rad/s

(iii) The change in its angular momentum
= Iω2 – Iω1 = I (ω2 – ω1)
= 0.02 × 5 = 0.1 kg.m2/s

(iv) The change in its kinetic energy

Question 6.
A torque of 20 N.m sets a stationary circular disc into rotation about a transverse axis through its centre and acts for 2π seconds. If the disc has a mass 10 kg and radius 0.2 m, what is its frequency of rotation after 2π seconds ?
Solution :
Data : $$\tau$$ = 20 N.m, t = 2π s, M = 10 kg, R = 0.1 m Let f1 and f2 be the initial and final frequencies of rotation of the disc, and ω1 and ω2 be its initial and final angular speeds. Since the disc was initially stationary, f1 = ω1, = 0 and ω2 = 2πf2.
The MI of the disc about the given axis is

Now, ω2 = ω1 + αt = 0 + α t
∴ 2πf2 = αt
∴ f2 = $$\frac{\alpha t}{2 \pi}$$ = $$\frac{100(2 \pi)}{2 \pi}$$ = 100 Hz

Question 7.
A rope is wound around a hollow cylinder of mass 3 kg and radius 40 cm. If the rope is pulled downwards with a force of 30 N, find
(i) the angular acceleration of the cylinder
(ii) the linear acceleration of the rope.
Solution :
Data : M = 3 kg, R = 0.4 m, F = 30 N
(i) The MI of a hollow cylinder about its cylinder axis, I = MR2

(ii) The linear acceleration of the rope = the tangential acceleration at = αR = 25 × 0.4 = 10 m/s2

Question 106.
State and prove the principle (or law) of conservation of angular momentum.
Principle (or law) of conservation of angular momentum : The angular momentum of a body is conserved if the resultant external torque on the body is zero.
Proof : Consider a moving particle of mass m whose position vector with respect to the origin at any instant is $$\vec{r}$$.
Then, at this instant, the linear velocity of this particle is $$\vec{v}=\frac{\overrightarrow{d r}}{d t}$$, its linear momentum is $$\vec{p}=m \vec{v}$$ and its angular momentum about an axis through the origin is $$\vec{l}=\vec{r} \times \vec{p}$$.

Suppose its angular momentum $$\vec{l}$$ changes with time due to a torque $$\vec{\tau}$$ exerted on the particle.

∴ $$\vec{l}$$ = constant, i.e., $$\vec{l}$$ is conserved. This proves the principle (or law) of conservation of angular momentum.

Alternate Proof : Consider a rigid body rotating with angular acceleration $$\vec{\alpha}$$ about the axis of rotation. If I is the moment of inertia of the body about the axis of rotation, $$\vec{\omega}$$ the angular velocity of the body at time t and $$\vec{L}$$ the corresponding angular momentum of the body, then

∴ $$\vec{L}$$ = constant, i.e., $$\vec{L}$$ is conserved. This proves the principle (or law) of conservation of angular momentum.

Question 107.
What happens when a ballet dancer stretches her arms while taking turns?
When a ballet dancer stretches her arms while pirouetting, her moment of inertia increases, and consequently her angular speed decreases to conserve angular momentum.

Question 108.
If the Earth suddenly shrinks so as to reduce its volume, mass remaining unchanged, what will be the effect on the duration of the day?
If the Earth suddenly shrinks, mass remaining constant, the moment of inertia of the Earth will decrease, and consequently the angular velocity of rotation ω about its axis will increase. Since period $$T \propto \frac{1}{\omega}$$, the duration of the day T will decrease.

Question 109.
Two discs of moments of inertia I1 and I2 about their transverse symmetry axes, respectively rotating with angular velocities to ω1 and ω2, are brought into contact with their rotation axes coincident. Find the angular velocity of the composite disc.
We assume that the initial angular momenta ($$\vec{L}_{1}$$ and $$\vec{L}_{2}$$) of the discs are either in the same direction or in opposite directions. Then,
the total initial angular momentum = $$\vec{L}_{1}+\vec{L}_{2}=I_{1} \overrightarrow{\omega_{1}}+I_{2} \overrightarrow{\omega_{2}}$$

After they are coupled, the total moment of inertia, i.e., the moment of inertia of the composite disc is I = I1 + I2 and the common angular velocity is $$\vec{\omega}$$. Assuming conservation of angular momentum,

Question 110.
A boy standing at the centre of a turntable with his arms outstretched is set into rotation with angular speed ω rev/min. When the boy folds his arms back, his moment of inertia reduces to $$\frac{2}{5}$$th its initial value. Find the ratio of his final kinetic energy of rotation to his initial kinetic energy.
Data : I2 = $$\frac{2}{5}$$I1
L = Iω
Assuming the angular momentum $$\vec{L}$$ is conserved, in magnitude,

This gives the required ratio.

Question 111.
Name the quantity that is conserved when

1. $$\vec{F}_{\text {external }}$$ is zero
2. $$\vec{\tau}_{\text {external }}$$ is zero.

1. Total linear momentum is conserved when $$\vec{F}_{\text {external }}$$ is Zer0
2. Angular momentum is conserved when $$\vec{\tau}_{\text {external }}$$ is zero.

Question 112.
What is the rotational analogue of the equation $$\vec{F}_{\text {external }}$$ = $$\frac{d \vec{p}}{d t}$$?
$$\vec{F}_{\text {external }}$$ = $$\frac{d \vec{L}}{d t}$$

Question 113.
Fly wheels used in automobiles and steam engines producing rotational motion have discs with a large moment of inertia. Explain why?
A flywheel is used as

(i) a mechanical energy storage, the energy being stored in the form of rotational kinetic energy

(ii) a direction and speed stabilizer. A flywheel rotor is typically in the form
of a disc. Rotational kinetic energy, $$E_{\mathrm{rot}}=\frac{1}{2} I \omega^{2}$$, where I is the moment of inertia and ω is the angular speed. That is, Erot ∝ I. Therefore, higher the moment of inertia, the higher is the rotational kinetic energy that can be stored or recovered.

Also, angular momentum, $$\vec{L}=I \vec{\omega}$$, i.e., $$|\vec{L}| \propto I$$. A torque aligned with the symmetry axis of a flywheel can change its angular velocity and thereby its angular momentum. A flywheel with a large angular momentum will require a greater torque to change its angular velocity. Thus, a flywheel can be used to stabilize direction and magnitude of its angular velocity by undesired torques.

Question 114.
Solve the following :

Question 1.
A uniform horizontal disc is freely rotating about a vertical axis passing through its centre at the rate of 180 rpm. A blob of wax of mass 1.9 g falls on it and sticks to it at 25 cm from the axis. If the frequency of rotation is reduced by 60 rpm, calculate the moment of inertia of the disc.
Solution :
Data : f1 = 180 rpm = 180/60 rot/s = 3 rot/s, f2 = (180 – 60) rpm = 120/60 rot/s = 2 rot/s, m = 1.9 g = 1.9 × 10-3 kg, r = 25 cm = 0.25 m
Let I1 be the MI of the disc. Let I2 be the MI of the disc and the blob.

Question 2.
A horizontal disc is rotating about a transverse axis through its centre at 100 rpm. A 20 gram blob of wax falls on the disc and sticks to it at 5 cm from its axis. The moment of inertia of the disc about its axis passing through its centre is 2 × 10-4 kg.m2. Calculate the new frequency of rotation of the disc.
Solution :
Data : f1 = 100 rpm, m = 20 g = 20 × 10-3 kg, r = 5 cm = 5 × 10-2 m, I1 = Idisc = 2 × 10-4 kg.m2
The MI of the disc and blob of wax is
I2 = I1 + mr2

This is the new frequency of rotation.

Question 3.
A ballet dancer spins about a vertical axis at 2.5 π rad/s with his arms outstretched. With the arms folded, the MI about the same axis of rotation changes by 25%. Calculate the new speed of rotation in rpm.
Solution:
Let I1, ω1, and f1, be the moment of inertia, angular velocity and frequency of rotation of the ballet dancer with arms outstretched, and I2, ω2 and f2 be the corresponding quantities with arms folded.
Data : ω1 = 2.5 π rad /s
Since moment of inertia with arms folded is less than that with arms outstretched,

Question 4.
Two wheels, each of moment of inertia 4 kg.m2, rotate side by side at the rate of 120 rpm and 240 rpm in opposite directions. If both the wheels are coupled by a weightless shaft so that they now rotate with a common angular speed, find this new rate of rotation.
Solution :
Data : I = 4 kg.m2, f1 = 120 rpm, f2 240 rpm
Initially, the angular velocities of the two wheels $$\overrightarrow{\omega_{1}}$$, and $$\overrightarrow{\omega_{2}}$$) and, therefore, their angular momenta ($$\vec{L}_{1}$$ and $$\vec{L}_{2}$$) are in opposite directions.

The magnitude of the total initial angular momentum
= – L1 + L2 = -Iω1 + Iω2 (∵ I1 = I2 = I)
= 2πl(f2 – f1) … (1)

After coupling onto the same shaft, the total moment of inertia is 21. Let ω = 2πf be the common angular speed.

The magnitude of the total final angular momentum = 2I.ω = 4πl.f … (2)

From Eqs. (1) and (2), by the principle of conservation of angular momentum,
4πf = 2πl(f2 – f1)
∴ f = $$\frac{f_{2}-f_{1}}{2}$$ = $$\frac{240-120}{2}$$ = 60 rpm
This gives their new rate of rotation.

Question 5.
A homogeneous (uniform) rod XY of length L and mass M is pivoted at the centre C such that it can rotate freely in a vertical plane. Initially, the rod is horizontal. A blob of wax of the same mass M as that of the rod falls vertically with speed V and sticks to the rod midway between points C and Y. As a result, the rod rotates with angular speed ω. What will be the angular speed in terms of V and L?
Solution :
The initial angular momentum of the rod is zero.
The initial angular momentum of the falling blob of wax about the point C is (in magnitude)
= mass × speed × perpendicular distance between its direction of motion and point C
= MV.$$\frac{L}{4}$$
The total initial angular momentum of the rod and blob of wax = $$\frac{M V L}{4}$$ … (1)

After the blob of wax sticks to the rod, and the system rotates with an angular speed ω about the horizontal axis through point C perpendicular to the plane of the figure, the total final angular momentum of the system about this axis

This gives the required angular speed.

Question 6.
A satellite moves around the Earth in an elliptical orbit such that at perigee (closest approach) it is two Earth radii above the Earth’s surface. At apogee (farthest position), it travels with one-fourth the speed it has at perigee. In terms of the Earth’s radius R, what is the maximum distance of the satellite from the Earth’s surface ?
Solution:
Let rp and ra be the distances of the satellite from the centre of the Earth at perigee and apogee, respectively. Let vp and va be its linear (tangential) velocities at perigee and apogee.
Data : rp = 2R + R = 3R, va = $$\frac{1}{4}$$vp

Let Lp and La be the angular momenta of the satellite about the Earth’s centre. Because the gravitational force ($$\vec{F}$$) on the satellite due to the Earth is always radially towards the centre of the Earth, its direction is opposite to that of the position vector ($$\vec{r}$$) of the satellite relative to the centre of the Earth, so that the torque $$\vec{\tau}=\vec{r} \times \vec{F}=0$$. Hence, the angular momentum of the satellite about the Earth’s centre is constant in time.

At apogee, the distance of the satellite from the Earth’s surface is 12R – R = 11R.

Question 7.
A torque of 100 N.m is applied to a body capable of rotating about a given axis. If the body starts from rest and acquires kinetic energy of 10000 J in 10 seconds, find
(i) its moment of inertia about the given axis
(ii) its angular momentum at the end of 10 seconds.
Solution :
Data : $$\tau$$ = 100 N.m, ωi = 0, Ei = 0, Ef = 104J, t = 10 s

Since the body starts from rest, its initial angular momentum, Li = 0.
The final angular momentum,
Lf = τ∆t = (100)(10) = 103 kg.m2/s
The final rotational kinetic energy, Ef = $$\frac{1}{2} L_{\mathrm{f}} \omega_{\mathrm{f}}$$

Question 8.
Two identical metal beads, each of mass M but negligible width, can slide along a thin smooth uniform horizontal rod of mass M and length L. The rod is capable of rotating about a vertical axis passing through its centre. Initially, the beads are almost touching the axis of rotation and the rod is rotating at speed of 14 rad/s. Find the angular speed of the system when the beads have moved up to the ends of the rod. (Assume that no external torque acts on the system.)
Solution :
Data : ω1 = 14 rad/s
The MI of the rod about a transverse axis through its CM,
Irod = $$\frac{M L^{2}}{12}$$
Since the beads are almost particle-like, and initially touching the rotation axis, their MI about the vertical axis is taken to be zero.
When the beads move upto the ends of the rod, r = L/2, their MI about the vertical axis is

Question 115.
Discuss how pure rolling (i.e., rolling without slipping) on a plane surface is a combined translational and rotational motion.
Rolling motion (without slipping) is an important case of combined translation and rotation. Consider a circularly symmetric rigid body, like a wheel or a disc, rolling on a plane surface with friction along a straight path.

The centre of mass of the wheel is at its geometric centre O. For purely translational motion (the wheel sliding smoothly along the surface without rotating at all), every point on the wheel has the same linear velocity $$\vec{v}_{\mathrm{CM}}$$ = $$\vec{v}_{\mathrm{O}}$$ as the centre O. For purely rotational motion (as if the horizontal rotation axis through O were stationary), every point on the wheel rotates about the axis with angular velocity $$\vec{\omega}$$; in this case, every point on the rim has the same linear speed ωR.

We view the combined motion in the inertial frame of reference in which the surface is at rest. In this frame, since there is no slipping, the point of contact of the wheel with the surface is instantaneously stationary, vA = 0, so that the wheel is turning about an instantaneous axis through the point of contact A. The instantaneous linear speed of point C (at the top) is VC = ω(2R) – faster than any other point of the wheel.

Question 116.
Deduce an expression for the kinetic energy of a body rolling on a plane surface without slipping.
OR
Obtain an expression for the total kinetic energy of a rolling body in the form $$\frac{1}{2} M v^{2}\left[1+\frac{k^{2}}{R^{2}}\right]$$
OR
Derive an expression for the kinetic energy when a rigid body is rolling on a horizontal surface without slipping. Hence, find the kinetic energy of a solid sphere.
Consider a symmetric rigid body, like a sphere or a wheel or a disc, rolling on a plane surface with friction along a straight path. Its centre of mass (CM) moves in a straight line and, if the frictional force on the body is large enough, the body rolls without slipping. Thus, the rolling motion of the body can be treated as translation of the CM and rotation about an axis through the CM. Hence, the kinetic energy of a rolling body is
E = Etran + Erot ….. (1)
where Etran and Erot are the kinetic energies associated with translation of the CM and rotation about an axis through the CM, respectively.

Let M and R be the mass and radius of the body. Let ω, k and I be the angular speed, radius of gyration and moment of inertia for rotation about an axis through its centre, and v be the translational speed of the centre of mass.

Equation (4) or (5) or (6) gives the required expression.

Question 117.
A uniform solid sphere of mass 10 kg rolls on a horizontal surface. If its linear speed is 2 m/s, what is its total kinetic energy?
Total kinetic energy of the sphere
= $$\frac{7}{10}$$Mv2 = $$\frac{7}{10}$$ × 10 × (2)2 = 28 J

Question 118.
A disc of mass 4 kg rolls on a horizontal surface. If its linear speed is 3 m/s, what is its total kinetic energy?
Total kinetic energy of the disc
= $$\frac{3}{4}$$Mv2 = $$\frac{3}{4}$$ × 4 × (3)2 = 27 J

Question 119.
Assuming the expression for the kinetic energy of a body rolling on a plane surface without slipping, deduce the expression for the total kinetic energy of rolling motion for
(i) a ring
(ii) a disk
(iii) a hollow sphere. Also, find the ratio of rotational kinetic energy to total kinetic energy for each body.
For a body of mass M and radius of gyration k, rolling on a plane surface without slipping with speed v, its total KE and rotational KE are respectively

[Note : The moment of inertia of all the round bodies above can be expressed as I = βMR2, where β is a pure number less than or equal to 1. β is equal to 1 for a ring or a thin-walled hollow cylinder, $$\frac{1}{2}$$ for a disc or solid cylinder, $$\frac{2}{3}$$ for a hollow sphere and $$\frac{2}{5}$$ for a solid sphere.
All uniform rings or hollow cylinders of the same mass and moving with the same speed have the same total kinetic energy, even if their radii are different. All discs or solid cylinders of the same mass and moving with the same speed have the same total kinetic energy; all solid spheres of the same mass and moving with the same speed have the same total kinetic energy. Also, for the same mass and speed, bodies with small c have less total kinetic energy.

Question 120.
State the expression for the speed of a circularly symmetric body rolling without slipping down an inclined plane. Hence deduce the expressions for the speed of
(i) a ring
(ii) a solid cylinder
(iii) a hollow sphere
(iv) a solid sphere, having the same radii.
Consider a circularly symmetric body, of mass M and radius of gyration k, starting from rest on an inclined plane and rolling down without slipping. Its speed after rolling down through a height h is

[Note : If the inclined plane is ‘smooth’, i.e., there is no friction, the bodies will slide along the plane without any rotation. They will then have only translational kinetic energy, undergo equal acceleration and all three would arrive at the bottom at the same time with the same speed.]

Question 121.
State with reason if the statement is true or false : A wheel moving down a perfectly frictionless inclined plane will undergo slipping (not rolling) motion.
The statement is true.
Explanation : Rolling on a surface (horizontal or inclined) without slipping may be viewed as pure rotation about an horizontal axis through the point of contact, when viewed in the inertial frame of reference in which the surface is at rest. The point of contact of the wheel with the surface will be instantaneously at rest, resulting in a rolling motion, provided the wheel is able to ‘grip’ the surface, i.e., friction is necessary. With little or no friction, the wheel will slip at the point of contact. On an inclined plane, this will result in pure translation along the plane. On a horizontal surface, the wheel will simply rotate about its axis through the centre without translation.

Question 122.
A ring and a disc roll down an inclined plane through the same height. Compare their speeds at the bottom of the plane.

Question 123.
State the expression for the acceleration of a circularly symmetric rigid body rolling without slipping down an inclined plane. Hence, deduce the acceleration of
(i) a ring
(ii) a solid cylinder
(iii) a hollow cylinder
(iv) a solid sphere, rolling without slipping down an inclined plane.
A circularly symmetric rigid body, of radius R and radius of gyration k, on rolling down an inclined plane of inclination θ has an acceleration

Question 124.
A spherical shell rolls down a plane inclined at 30° to the horizontal. What is its acceleration ?
The acceleration of the spherical shell,
a = $$\frac{3}{5} g \sin \theta$$ = 0.6g sin 30° = 0.6g × $$\frac{1}{2}$$ = 0.3g m

Question 125.
A spherical shell and a uniform solid sphere roll down the same inclined plane. Compare their accelerations.
The ratio of the accelerations, in the usual notation,

Question 126.
A solid sphere, starting from rest, rolls down two different inclined planes from the same height but with different angles of inclination θ1 > θ2. On which plane will the sphere take longer time to roll down?
Let L1 and L2 be the distances rolled down by the sphere along the corresponding inclines from the same height h.
∴ L1 sin θ1 = L2 sin θ2 = h

The sphere will take longer time to roll down from the same height on the plane with smaller inclination.

Question 127.
Two circular discs A and B, having the same mass, have four identical small circular discs placed on them, as shown in the diagram. They are simultaneously released from rest at the top of an inclined plane. If the discs roll down without slipping, which disc will reach the bottom first?

The disc A has the smaller discs closer to the centre than disc B. Hence, the moment of inertia of disc A (IA) is less than that of disc B (IB).

[Suppose the larger discs have radius R, the smaller discs have mass m and radius r, and the centre of each smaller disc on disc A is at a distance x from the centre. Then, x = $$\sqrt{2} r$$r and, it can be shown that, IB – IA = 4m[R2 – (x – r)2] > 0.]

Each composite disc is equivalent to a disc of the same radius R and mass M’ = M + 4m, where m is the mass of each smaller disc, but of different thicknesses.

Suppose, starting from rest, the composite discs roll down the same distance L along a plane inclined at an angle θ, their respective accelerations will be

i.e., the disc A will reach the bottom first.

Question 128.
Solve the following :

Question 1.
A lawn roller of mass 80 kg, radius 0.3 m and moment of inertia 3.6 kg.m2, is drawn along a level surface at a constant speed of 1.8 m/s. Find
(i) the translational kinetic energy
(ii) the rotational kinetic energy
(iii) the total kinetic energy of the roller.
Data : M = 80 kg, R = 0.3 m, I = 3.6 kg.m2, v = 1.8 m/s
(i) The translational kinetic energy of the centre of mass of the roller,

Question 2.
A solid sphere of mass 1 kg rolls on a table with linear speed 2 m/s, find its total kinetic energy.
Solution :
Data : M = 1 kg, v = 2 m/s
The total kinetic energy of a rolling body,

Question 3.
A ring and a disc having the same mass roll on a horizontal surface without slipping with the same linear velocity. If the total KE of the ring is 8 J, what is the total KE of the disc?
Solution :
Data : Mring = Mdisc = M, vring = vdisc = v, Ering = 8J
The total kinetic energies of rolling without slipping on a horizontal surface,
Ering = Mv2 and Edisc = $$\frac{3}{4} M v^{2}$$
since they have the same mass and linear velocity.
∴ Edisc = $$\frac{3}{4}$$Ering = $$\frac{3}{4}$$ × 8 = 6J

Question 4.
A solid cylinder, of mass 2 kg and radius 0.1 m, rolls down an inclined plane of height 3 m. Calculate its rotational energy when it reaches the foot of the plane.
Solution :
Data : M = 2 kg, R = 0.1 m, h = 3 m, g = 10 m/s2

Question 5.
A solid sphere rolls up a plane inclined at 45° to the horizontal. If the speed of its centre of mass at the bottom of the plane is 5 m/s, find how far the sphere travels up the plane.
Solution :
Data : v = 5 m/s, θ = 45°, g = 9.8 m/s2
The total energy of the sphere at the bottom of the plane is
E = $$\frac{7}{10} M v^{2}$$
where M is the mass of the sphere.
In rolling up the incline through a vertical height h, it travels a distance L along the plane. Then,

The sphere travels 2.526 m up the plane.

Question 129.
Choose the correct option:

Question 1.
The bulging of the Earth at the equator and flattening at the poles is due to
(A) centripetal force
(B) centrifugal force
(C) gravitational force
(D) electrostatic force.
(B) centrifugal force

Question 2.
A body of mass 0.4 kg is revolved in a horizontal circle of radius 5 m. If it performs 120 rpm, the centripetal force acting on it is
(A) 4π2 N
(B) 8π2 N
(C) 16π2 N
(D) 32π2 N.
(D) 32π2 N.

Question 3.
Two particles with their masses in the ratio 2 : 3 perform uniform circular motion with orbital radii in the ratio 3 : 2. If the centripetal force acting on them is the same, the ratio of their speeds is
(A) 4 : 9
(B) 1 : 1
(C) 3 : 2
(D) 9 : 4.
(C) 3 : 2

Question 4.
When a motorcyclist takes a circular turn on a level race track, the centripetal force is
(A) the resultant of the normal reaction and frictional force
(B) the horizontal component of the normal reaction
(C) the frictional force between the tyres and road
(D) the vertical component of the normal reaction.
(C) the frictional force between the tyres and road

Question 5.
The maximum speed with which a car can be driven safely along a curved road of radius 17.32 m and banked at 30° with the horizontal is [g = 10 m/s2]
(A) 5 m/s
(B) 10 m/s
(C) 15 m/s
(D) 20 m/s.
(B) 10 m/s

Question 6.
A track for a certain motor sport event is in the form of a circle and banked at an angle 6. For a car driven in a circle of radius r along the track at the optimum speed, the periodic time is

(C) $$2 \pi \sqrt{\frac{r}{g \tan \theta}}$$

Question 7.
The period of a conical pendulum in terms of its length (l), semivertical angle (θ) and acceleration due to gravity (g), is

(C) $$4 \pi \sqrt{\frac{l \cos \theta}{4 g}}$$

Question 8.
A conical pendulum of string length L and bob of mass m performs UCM along a circular path of radius r. The tension in the string is

(A) $$\frac{m g L}{\sqrt{L^{2}-r^{2}}}$$

Question 9.
The centripetal acceleration of the bob of a conical pendulum is

(D) $$\frac{r g}{L \cos \theta}$$

Question 10.
A small object tied at the end of a string is to be whirled in a vertical circle of radius r. If its speed at the lowest point is $$2 \sqrt{g r}$$, then
(A) the string will be slack at the lowest point
(B) it will not reach the midway point
(C) its speed at the highest point will be $$\sqrt{g r}$$
(D) it will just reach the highest point with zero speed.
(D) it will just reach the highest point with zero speed.

Question 11.
A small bob of mass m is tied to a string and revolved in a vertical circle of radius r. If its speed at the highest point is $$\sqrt{3 r g}$$, the tension in the string at the lowest point is
(A) 5 mg
(B) 6 mg
(C) 7 mg
(D) 8 mg.
(D) 8 mg.

Question 12.
A small object, tied at the end of a string of length r, is launched into a vertical circle with a speed $$2 \sqrt{g r}$$ at the lowest point. Its speed when the string is horizontal is
(A) > $$3 \sqrt{g r}$$
(B) = $$3 \sqrt{g r}$$
(C) = $$2 \sqrt{g r}$$
(D) 0.
(C) = $$2 \sqrt{g r}$$

Question 13.
Two bodies with moments of inertia I1 and I2 (I1 > I2) rotate with the same angular momentum. If E1 and E2 are their rotational kinetic energies, then
(A) E2 > E1
(B) E2 = E1
(C) E2 < E1
(D) E2 ≤ E1
(A) E2 > E1

Question 14.
The radius of gyration k for a rigid body about a given rotation axis is given by

(B) $$k^{2}=\frac{1}{M} \int r^{2} d m$$

Question 15.
Three point masses m, 2m and 3m are located at the three vertices of an equilateral triangle of side l. The moment of inertia of the system of particles about an axis perpendicular to their plane and equidistant from the vertices is
(A) 2ml2
(B) 3ml2
(C) $$2 \sqrt{3}$$ ml2
(D) 6ml2
(A) 2ml2

Question 16.
The moment of inertia of a thin uniform rod of mass M and length L, about an axis passing through a point midway between the centre and one end, and perpendicular to its length, is
(A) $$\frac{48}{7}$$ML2
(B) $$\frac{7}{48}$$ML2
(C) $$\frac{1}{48}$$ML2
(D) $$\frac{1}{16}$$ML2
(B) $$\frac{7}{48}$$ML2

Question 17.
A thin uniform rod of mass M and length L has a small block of mass M attached at one end. The moment of inertia of the system about an axis through its CM and perpendicular to the length of the rod is
(A) $$\frac{13}{12}$$ ML2
(B) $$\frac{1}{3}$$ ML2
(C) $$\frac{5}{24}$$ ML2
(D) $$\frac{7}{48}$$ ML2
(C) $$\frac{5}{24}$$ ML2

Question 18.
A thin wire of length L and uniform linear mass density λ is bent into a circular ring. The MI of the ring about a tangential axis in its plane is

(C) $$\frac{3 \lambda L^{3}}{8 \pi^{2}}$$

Question 19.
When a planet in its orbit changes its distance from the Sun, which of the following remains constant ?
(A) The moment of inertia of the planet about the Sun
(B) The gravitational force exerted by the Sun on the planet
(C) The planet’s speed
(D) The planet’s angular momentum about the Sun
(D) The planet’s angular momentum about the Sun

Question 20.
If L is the angular momentum and I is the moment of inertia of a rotating body, then $$\frac{L^{2}}{2 I}$$ represents its
(A) rotational PE
(B) total energy
(C) rotational KE
(D) translational KE.
(C) rotational KE

Question 21.
A thin uniform rod of mass 3 kg and length 2 m rotates about an axis through its CM and perpendicular to its length. An external torque changes its frequency by 15 Hz in 10 s. The magnitude of the torque is
(A) 3.14 N.m
(B) 6.28 N.m
(C) 9.42 N.m
(D) 12.56 N.m.
(C) 9.42 N.m

Question 22.
The flywheel of a motor has mass 300 kg and radius of gyration 1.5 m. The motor develops a constant torque of 2000 N.m and the flywheel starts from rest. The work done by the motor during the first 4 revolutions is
(A) 2 kJ
(B) 8 kJ
(C) 8n kJ
(D) 16π kJ.
(D) 16π kJ.

Question 23.
Two uniform solid spheres, of the same mass but radii in the ratio R1 : R2 = 1 : 2, roll without slipping on a plane surface with the same total kinetic energy. The ratio ω1 : ω2 of their angular speed is
(A) 2 : 1
(B) $$\sqrt{2}$$ : 1
(C) 1 : 1
(D) 1 : 2.
(B) $$\frac{c}{1+c}$$
(C) $$\frac{1}{c}$$
(D) $$\frac{1}{1+c}$$
(B) $$\frac{c}{1+c}$$