Bhagya

Maharashtra State Board 11th Std Physics Textbook Solutions Digest

• Chapter 1 Units and Measurements
• Chapter 2 Mathematical Methods
• Chapter 3 Motion in a Plane
• Chapter 4 Laws of Motion
• Chapter 5 Gravitation
• Chapter 6 Mechanical Properties of Solids
• Chapter 7 Thermal Properties of Matter
• Chapter 8 Sound
• Chapter 9 Optics
• Chapter 10 Electrostatics
• Chapter 11 Electric Current Through Conductors
• Chapter 12 Magnetism
• Chapter 13 Electromagnetic Waves and Communication System
• Chapter 14 Semiconductors

Maharashtra State Board Class 11 Textbook Solutions

Maharashtra State Board 12th Std Biology Textbook Solutions Digest

• Chapter 1 Reproduction in Lower and Higher Plants
• Chapter 2 Reproduction in Lower and Higher Animals
• Chapter 3 Inheritance and Variation
• Chapter 4 Molecular Basis of Inheritance
• Chapter 5 Origin and Evolution of Life
• Chapter 6 Plant Water Relation
• Chapter 7 Plant Growth and Mineral Nutrition
• Chapter 8 Respiration and Circulation
• Chapter 9 Control and Co-ordination
• Chapter 10 Human Health and Diseases
• Chapter 11 Enhancement of Food Production
• Chapter 12 Biotechnology
• Chapter 13 Organisms and Populations
• Chapter 14 Ecosystems and Energy Flow
• Chapter 15 Biodiversity, Conservation and Environmental Issues

Maharashtra State Board Class 12 Textbook Solutions

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board 12th Chemistry Textbook Solutions Chapter 1 Solid State Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

Maharashtra State Board 12th Chemistry Solutions Chapter 1 Solid State

1. Choose the most correct answer.

Question i.
Molecular solids are
(a) crystalline solids
(b) amorphous solids
(c) ionic solids
(d) metallic solids
Answer:
(b) amorphous solids

Question ii.
Which of the following is n-type semiconductor?
(a) Pure Si
(b) Si doped with As
(c) Si doped with Ga
(d) Ge doped with In
Answer:
(b) Si doped with As

Question iii.
In Frenkel defect
(a) electrical neutrality of the substance is changed.
(b) density of the substance is changed.
(c) both cation and anion are missing
(d) overall electrical neutrality is preserved
Answer:
(d) overall electrical neutrality is preserved

Question iv.
In crystal lattice formed by bcc unit cell the void volume is
(a) 68%
(b) 74%
(c) 32%
(d) 26%
Answer:
(c) 32%

Question v.
The coordination number of atoms in bcc crystal lattice is
(a) 2
(b) 4
(c) 6
(d) 8
Answer:
(d) 8

Question vi.
Which of the following is not correct ?
(a) Four spheres are involved in the formation of tetrahedral void.
(b) The centres of spheres in octahedral voids are at the a pices of a regular tetrahedron.
(c) If the number of atoms is N the number of octahedral voids is 2N.
(d) If the number of atoms is N/2, the number of tetrahedral voids is N.
Answer:
(c) If the number of atoms is N the number of octahedral voids is 2N.

Question vii.
A compound forms hcp structure. Number of octahedral and tetrahedral voids in 0.5 mole of substance is respectively
(a) 3.011 × 10²³, 6.022 × 10²³
(b) 6.022 × 10²³, 3.011 × 10²³
(c) 4.011 × 10²³, 2.011 × 10²³
(d) 6.011 × 10²³, 12.022 × 10²³
Answer:
(a) 3.011 × 10²³, 6.022 × 10²³

Question viii.
Pb has fcc structure with edge length of unit cell 495 pm. Radius of Pb atom is
(a) 205 pm
(b) 185 pm
(c) 260 pm
(d) 175 pm
Answer:
(d) 175 pm

2. Answer the following in one or two sentences.

Question i.
What are the types of particles in each of the four main classes of crystalline solids?
Answer:
The smallest constituents or particles of various solids are atoms, ions or molecules.

Question ii.
Which of the three types of packing used by metals makes the most efficient use of space and which makes the least efficient use ?
Answer:
fcc has the most efficient packing of particles while scc has the least efficient packing.

Question iii.
The following pictures show population of bands for materials having different electrical properties. Classify them as insulator, semiconductor or a metal.

Answer:
Picture A represents metal conductor,
Picture B represents insulator,
Picture C represents semiconductor.

Question iv.
What is a unit cell?
Answer:

• Unit cell : It is the smallest repeating structural unit of a crystalline solid (or crystal lattice) which when repeated in different directions produces the crystalline solid (lattice).
• The crystal is considered to consist of an infinite number of unit cells.
• The unit cell possesses all the characteristics of the crystalline solid.

Question v.
How does electrical conductivity of a semiconductor change with temperature ? Why?
Answer:

• Since the energy difference between valence band and conduction band in semiconductor is not large, the electrons from valence band can be promoted to conduction by heating.
• Hence electrical conductivity of a semiconductor increases with temperature.

Question vi.
The picture represents bands of MOs for Si. Label valence band, conduction band and band gap.

Answer:

Question vii.
A solid is hard, brittle and electrically non-conductor. Its melt conducts electricity. What type of solid is it?
Answer:
A solid crystalline electrolyte like NaCl is hard, brittle and electrically nonconductor. But its melt conducts electricity.

Question viii.
Mention two properties that are common to both hep and ccp lattices.
Answer:
In hcp and ccp crystal lattices coordination number is 12 and packing efficiency is 74%.

Question ix.
Sketch a tetrahedral void.
Answer:

Question x.
What are ferromagnetic substances?
Answer:

1. The substances which possess unpaired electrons and high paramagnetic character and when placed in a magnetic field are strongly attracted and show permanent magnetic moment even when the external magnetic field is removed are said to be ferromagnetic. They can be permanently magnetised.
2. In the solid state, the metal ions of ferromagnetic substance are grouped together into small regions called domains, where each domain acts as a tiny magnet.

For example : Fe, Co, Gd, Ni, CrO₂, etc.

3. Answer the following in brief.

Question i.
What are valence band and conduction band?
Answer:
There are two types of bands of molecular orbitals as follows :

• Valence band : The atomic orbitals with filled electrons from the inner shells form valence bands, where there are no free mobile electrons since they are involved in bonding.
• Conduction band : Atomic orbitals which are partially filled or empty on overlapping form closely placed molecular orbitals giving conduction bands where electrons are delocalised and can conduct, heat and electricity.

Question ii.
Distinguish between ionic solids and molecular solids.
Answer:

Question iii.
Calculate the number of atoms in fcc unit cell.
Answer:
Number of atoms in face-centred cubic (fcc) unit cell :
In this unit cell, there are 8 atoms at 8 corners and 6 atoms at 6 face centres. Each corner contributes 1/8th atom to the unit cell, hence due to 8 corners,
Number of atoms = \(\frac {1}{8}\) × 8 = 1.
Each face centre contributes half of the atom to the unit cell, hence due to 6 face centres,
Number of atoms = \(\frac {1}{2}\) × 6 = 3.
∴ Total number of atoms present in fee unit cell = 1 + 3 = 4.
Hence the volume of the unit cell is equal to the volume of four atoms.

Face centered unit cell

Question iv.
How are the spheres arranged in first layer of simple cubic close-packed structures? How are the successive layers of spheres placed above this layer ?
Answer:
(i) Stacking of square close packed layers :

Stacking of square close packed layers

In this arrangement, the two dimensional AAAA type square closed packed layers are placed one over the other in such a way that the crests of all spheres are in contact with successive layers in all directions. All spheres of different layers are perfectly aligned horizontally and vertically forming unit cells having primitive or simple cubic structure. Since all the layers are identical and if each layer is labelled as layer A, then whole three dimensional crystal lattice will be of AAAA… type.

Each sphere is in contact with six surrounded spheres, hence the coordination number of each sphere is six.

(ii) Stacking of two hexagonal close packed layers :
A close packed three dimensional structure can be generated by arranging hexagonal close packed layers in a particular manner.

In this the spheres of second layer are placed in the depression of the first layer.
In this if first layer is labelled as A then second layer is labelled as B since they are aligned differently.

Two layers of closed packed spheres

In this, all triangular voids of the first layers are not covered by the spheres of the second layer. The triangular voids which are covered by second layer spheres generate tetrahedral void which is surrounded by four spheres. The triangular voids in one layer have above them triangular voids of successive layers.

The overlapping triangular voids from two layers together form an octahedral void which is surrounded by six spheres.

Question v.
Calculate the packing efficiency of metal crystal that has simple cubic structure.
Answer:
Step 1 : Radius of sphere : In simple cubic lattice, the atoms (spheres) are present at eight corners and in contact along the edge in the unit cell.
If ‘a’ is the edge length of the unit cell and ‘r’ is the radius of the atom, then
a = 2r or r = a/2

scc structure

Step 2 : Volume of sphere :
Volume of one particle = \(\frac{4 \pi}{3}\) × r³
= \(\frac{4 \pi}{3}\) × (a/2)³ = \(\frac{\pi a^{3}}{6}\)

Step 3 : Total volume of particles : Since the unit cell contains one particle. Volume occupied by one particle in unit cell = \(\frac{\pi a^{3}}{6}\)

Step 4 : Packing efficiency :
Packing efficiency

∴ Packing efficiency = 52.36%
Percentage of void space = 100 – 52.36
= 47.64%

Question vi.
What are paramagnetic substances? Give examples.
Answer:
(1) The magnetic properties of a substance arise due to the presence of electrons.
(2) An electron while revolving around the nucleus, also spins around its own axis and generates a magnetic moment and magnetic properties.
(3) If an atom or a molecule contains one or more unpaired electrons spinning in same direction, clockwise or anticlockwise, then the substance is associated with net magnetic moment and magnetic properties. They experience a net force of attraction when placed in the magnetic field. This phenomenon is called paramagnetism and the substance is said to be paramagnetic.
For example, O₂, Cu²⁺, Fe³⁺ , Cr³⁺ , NO, etc.

Question vii.
What are the consequences of Schottky defect?
Answer:
Consequences of Schottky defect :

• Since the number of ions (cations and anions) decreases but volume remains unchanged, the density of a substance decreases.
• As the number of missing cations and anions is equal, the electrical neutrality of the compound remains same.
• This defect arises in ionic crystals like NaCl, AgBr, KCl, etc.

Question viii.
Cesium chloride crystallizes in cubic unit cell with Cl^– ions at the corners and Cs⁺ ion in the centre of the cube. How many CsCl molecules are there in the unit cell ?
Answer:
Number of Cs⁺ ion at body centre = 1
Number of Cl^– ions due to 8 comers = 8 × \(\frac {1}{8}\) = 1
Hence unit cell contains 1 CsCl molecule.

Question ix.
Cu crystallizes in fee unit cell with edge length of 495 pm. What is the radius of Cu atom ?
Answer:
Given : a = 495 pm
Radius, r = ?
For fee structure,
radius = r = \(\frac{a}{2 \sqrt{2}}=\frac{495}{2 \times \sqrt{2}}\) = 175 cm.
Radius of Cu atom = 175 pm

Question x.
Obtain the relationship between density of a substance and the edge length of unit cell.
Answer:
(1) Consider a cubic unit cell of edge length ‘a’.
The volume of unit cell = a³

(2) If there are ‘n’ particles per unit cell and the mass of particle is ‘m’, then
Mass of unit cell = m × n.

(3) If the density of the unit cell of the substance is p then
Density of unit cell = \(\frac{\text { Mass of unit cell }}{\text { Volume of unit cell }}\)
ρ = \(\frac{m \times n}{a^{3}}\)

Question 4.
The density of iridium is 22.4 g/cm³. The unit cell of iridium is fcc. Calculate the radius of iridium atom. Molar mass of iridium is 192.2 g/mol.
Answer:
Given : Crystal structure of iridium = fcc
Molar mass of iridium = 192.2 gmol^-1
Density = ρ = 22.4 gcm^-3
Radius of iridium = ?
In fcc structure, there are 8 Ir atoms at 8 comers and 6 Ir atoms at 6 face centres.
∴ Total number of Ir atoms = \(\frac {1}{8}\) × 8 + \(\frac {1}{2}\) × 6
= 1 + 3
= 4
Mass of Ir atom = \(\frac{192.2}{6.022 \times 10^{23}}\)
= 31.92 × 10^-23 g
∴ Mass of 4 Ir atoms = 4 × 31.92 × 10^-23
= 1.277 × 10^-21 g
∴ Mass of unit cell = 1.277 × 10^-21 g
Density of unit cell = \(\frac{\text { Mass of unit cell }}{\text { Volume of unit cell }}\)
22.4 = \(\frac{1.277 \times 10^{-21}}{a^{3}}\)
∴ a³ = \(\frac{1.277 \times 10^{-21}}{22.4}\)
= 57 × 10^-24 cm³
∴ a = (57 × 10^-24)³ = 3.848 × 10^-8 cm
If r is the radius of iridium atom, then for fcc structure,
r = \(\frac{a}{2 \sqrt{2}}\)
= \(\frac{3.848 \times 10^{-8}}{2 \times 1.414}\)
= 1.36 × 10^-8 cm
= 136 pm
Radius of iridium atom = 136 pm

Question 5.
Aluminium crystallizes in cubic close packed structure with unit cell edge length of 353.6 pm. What is the radius of Al atom ? How many unit cells are there in 1.00 cm³ of Al ?
Answer:
Given : Structure of Al
= Cubic close packed structure
= ccp structure
Edge length of unit cell = a = 353.6 pm
= 3.536 × 10^-8 cm
r = ?
Number of unit cells in 1.00 cm³ of Al = ?
Radius of Al atom = r = \(\frac{a}{2 \sqrt{2}}=\frac{353.6}{2 \sqrt{2}}\)
= \(\frac{353.6}{2 \times 1.414}\) = 125 pm
Volume of one unit cell = a³ = (3.536 × 10^-8)³
= 4.421 × 10^-23 cm³
Number of unit cells = \(\frac{1.00}{4.421 \times 10^{-23}}\)
= 2.26 × 10²²
Radius of Al atom = 125 pm
Number of unit cells = 2.26 × 10²²

Question 6.
In an ionic crystalline solid atoms of element Y form hcp lattice. The atoms of element X occupy one third of tetrahedral voids. What is the formula of the compound?
Answer:
In the given hcp lattice, Y atoms are present at 12 corners and 2 face centres.
∴ Number of Y atoms = \(\frac {1}{2}\) × 12 + 2 × \(\frac {1}{2}\) = 3
There are 6 tetrahedral voids, the number of X atoms = \(\frac {1}{3}\) × 6 = 2
∴ Formula of the compound is X₂Y₃.

Question 7.
How are tetrahedral and octahedral voids formed?
Answer:
Tetrahedral void : The vacant space or void among four constituent particles having tetrahedral arrangement in the crystal lattice is called tetrahedral void.

The arrangement of four spheres around the void is tetrahedral. A tetrahedral void is formed when a triangular void made by three coplanar spheres is in contact with fourth sphere above or below it.

Octahedral void : The vacant space or void at the centre of six spheres (or atoms) which are placed octahedrally is called octahedral void.

Question 8.
Third layer of spheres is added to second layer so as to form hcp or ccp structure. What is the difference between the addition of third layer to form these hexagonal close-packed structures?
Answer:

1. In the formation of hexagonal closed-packed (hcp) structure, the first one dimensional row shows depressions between neighbouring atoms.
2. When a second row is arranged so that spheres fit in these depressions then a staggered arrangement is obtained. If the first row is A then the second row is B.
3. When third row is placed in staggered manner in contact with second row then A type arrangement is obtained.
4. Similarly, the spheres in fourth row can be arranged as B type layer. This results in ABAB… type setting of the layers. This gives hexagonal close packing (hcp) structure.

Hexagonal close packing (hcp)

Question 9.
An element with molar mass 27 g/mol forms cubic unit cell with edge length of 405 pm. If density of the element is 2.7 g/cm³, what is the nature of cubic unit cell ? (fcc or ccp)
Answer:
Given : Molar mass = M = 27 g mol^-1
Nature of crystal = cubic unit cell
Edge length = a = 405 pm = 4.05 × 10^-8 cm
Density = ρ = 2.7 g cm^-3
Nature of unit cell = ?

= 3.997
≅ 4
Hence the nature of unit cell = face-centred cubic unit cell
Radius of Al atom = 125 pm
The nature of cubic unit cell is fcc.

Question 10.
An element has a bcc structure with unit cell edge length of 288 pm. How many unit cells and number of atoms are present in 200 g of the element? (1.16 × 10²⁴, 2.32 × 10²⁴)

Question 11.
Distinguish with the help of diagrams metal conductors, insulators and semiconductors from each other.
Answer:
Conductor:

1. A substance which conducts heat and electricity to a greater extent is called conductor.
2. In this, conduction bands and valence bands overlap or are very closely spaced.
3. There is no energy difference or very less energy difference between valence bands and conduction bands.
4. There are free electrons in the conduction bands.
5. The conductance decreases with the increase in temperature.
6. E.g., Metals, alloys.
7. The conducting properties can’t be improved by adding third substance.

Insulator:

1. A substance which cannot conduct heat and electricity under any conditions is called insulator.
2. In this, conduction bands and valence bands are far apart.
3. The energy difference between conduction bands and valence bands is very large.
4. There are no free electrons in the conduction bands and electrons can’t be excited from valence bands to conduction bands due to large energy difference.
5. No effect of temperature on conducting properties.
6. E.g., Wood, rubber, plastics.
7. No effect of addition of any substance.

Semiconductor:

1. A substance that has poor electrical conductance at low temperature but higher conductance at higher temperature is called semiconductor.
2. In this, conduction bands and valence bands are spaced closely.
3. The energy difference between conduction bands and valence bands is small.
4. The electrons can be easily excited from valence bands to conduction bands by heating.
5. Conductance increases with the increase in temperature.
6. E.g., Si, Ge
7. By doping, conducting properties improve. E.g. n-type, p-type semiconductors.

Question 12.
What are n-type semiconductors? Why is the conductivity of doped n-type semiconductor higher than that of pure semiconductor ? Explain with diagram.
Answer:
n-type semiconductor:

• n-type semiconductor contains increased number of electrons in the conduction band.
• When Si semiconductor is doped with 15^th group element phosphorus, P, the new atoms occupy some vacant sites in the lattice in place of Si atoms.
• P has five valence electrons, out of which four are involved in covalent bonding with neighboring Si atoms while one electrons remains free and delocalised.
• These free electrons increase the electrical conductivity of the semiconductor.
• The semiconductors with extra non-bonding free electrons are called n-type semiconductors.

P atom occupying regular site of Si atom

Question 13.
Explain with diagram. Frenkel defect. What are the conditions for its formation? What is its effect on density and electrical neutrality of the crystal?
Answer:

1. Frenkel defect : This defect arises when an ion of an ionic compound is missing from its regular site and occupies interstitial vacant position between lattice points.
2. Cations have smaller size than anions, hence generally cations occupy the interstitial sites.
3. This creates a vacancy defect at its original position and interstitial defect at new position.
4. Frenkel defect is regarded as the combination of interstitial defect and vacancy defect.

Conditions for the formation of Frenkel defect :

1. This defect arises in ionic compounds with a large difference between the sizes of cation and anion.
2. The ionic compounds must have ions with low coordination number.

Consequences of Frenkel defect :

1. Since there is no loss of ions from the crystal lattice, the density of the solid remains unchanged.
2. The crystal remains electrically neutral.
3. This defect is observed in ZnS, AgCl, AgBr, Agl, CaF₂, etc.

Question 14.
What is an impurity defect? What are its types? Explain the formation of vacancies through aliovalent impurity with example.
Answer:
Impurity defect : This defect arises when foreign atoms, that is, atoms different from the host atoms are present in the crystal lattice.

There are two types of impurity defects namely

1. Substitutional defects and
2. Interstitial defects.

(1) Substitutional defects : These defects arises when foreign atoms occupy the lattice sites in place of host atoms, due to their displacements.
Examples : Solid solutions of metals (alloys). For example. Brass in which host atoms are of Cu which are replaced by impurity of Zn atoms. In this Zn atoms occupy regular sites while Cu atoms occupy substituted sites.

Brass

Vacancy through aliovalent impurity :
By addition of impurities of aliovalent ions :

Vacancy through aliovalent ion

When aliovalent ion like Sr²⁺ in small amount is added by additing SrCl₂ to NaCl during its crystallisation, each Sr²⁺ ion (oxidation state 2+) removes 2 Na⁺ ions from their lattice points, to maintain electrical neutrality. Hence one of vacant lattice site is occupied by Sr²⁺ ion while other site remains vacant.

Interstitial impurity defect :

Stainless steel

A defect in solid in which the impurity atoms occupy interstitial vacant spaces of lattice structure is called interstitial impurity defect.

For example, in steel, normal lattice sites are occupied by Fe atoms but interstitial spaces are occupied by carbon atoms.

12th Chemistry Digest Chapter 1 Solid State Intext Questions and Answers

Try this… (Textbook Page No. 1)

Observe the above figure carefully. The two types of circles in this figure represent two types of constituent particles of a solid.

Question 1.
Will you call the arrangement of particles in this solid regular or irregular ?
Answer:
The arrangement of particles in this solid is regular.

Question 2.
Is the arrangement of constituent particles in directions \(\overrightarrow{\mathbf{A B}}\), \(\overrightarrow{\mathbf{C D}}\) and \(\overrightarrow{\mathbf{E F}}\) same or different?
Answer:
\(\overrightarrow{\mathbf{A B}}\) represents arrangement of identical particles of one type.
\(\overrightarrow{\mathbf{C D}}\) represents arrangement of identical particles of another type.
\(\overrightarrow{\mathbf{E F}}\) represents regular arrangement of two different particles in alternate positions.

Use your brain power ! (Textbook Page No. 2)

Question 1.
Identify the arrangements A and B as crystalline or amorphous.

Answer:
Arrangement in image A indicates the substance is crystalline.
Arrangement in image B indicates the substance is amorphous.

Try this… (Textbook Page No. 3)

Question 1.
Graphite is a covalent solid yet soft and good conductor of electricity. Explain.
Answer:

1. Each carbon atom in graphite is sp² hybridised and covalently bonded to other three sp2 hybridised carbon atoms forming σ bonds and the fourth electron in 2p_z orbital of each carbon atom is used in the formation of a π bond. This results in the formation of hexagonal rings in two dimensions.
2. In graphite, the layers consisting of hexagonal carbon network are held together by weak van der Waal’s forces imparting softness.
3. The electrons in π bonds in the ring are delocalised and free to move in the delocalised molecular orbitals giving good electrical conductance.

Use your brain power ! (Textbook Page No. 13)

Question 1.
Which of the three lattices scc, bcc and fcc has the most efficient packing of particles ? Which one has the least efficient packing ?
Answer:
fcc has the most efficient packing of particles while see has the least efficient packing.

Can you think ? (Textbook Page No. 20)

Question 1.
When ZnO is heated it turns yellow and returns back to original white colour on cooling. What could be the reason ?
Answer:
When colourless ZnO is strongly heated, the metal atoms are deposited on crystal surface and anions O^2- migrate to the surface producing vacancies at anion lattice points.

These anions combine with Zn atoms forming ZnO and release electrons.
Zn + O^2- → ZnO + 2e^–

These released electrons diffuse into the crystal and occupy vacant sites of anions and produce F- centres. Due to these colour centres, ZnO turns yellow.

Can you tell ? (Textbook Page No. 23)

Let a small quantity of phosphorus be doped into pure silicon.

Question 1.
Will the resulting material contain the same number of total number of electrons as the original pure silicon ?
Answer:
Total number of electrons in doped silicon will be more than in original silicon.

Question 2.
Will the material be electrically neutral or charged ?
Answer:
Material will be electrically neutral.

Maharashtra State Board 12th Std Chemistry Textbook Solutions Digest

• Chapter 1 Solid State
• Chapter 2 Solutions
• Chapter 3 Ionic Equilibria
• Chapter 4 Chemical Thermodynamics
• Chapter 5 Electrochemistry
• Chapter 6 Chemical Kinetics
• Chapter 7 Elements of Groups 16, 17 and 18
• Chapter 8 Transition and Inner Transition Elements
• Chapter 9 Coordination Compounds
• Chapter 10 Halogen Derivatives
• Chapter 11 Alcohols, Phenols and Ethers
• Chapter 12 Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic Acids
• Chapter 13 Amines
• Chapter 14 Biomolecules
• Chapter 15 Introduction to Polymer Chemistry
• Chapter 16 Green Chemistry and Nanochemistry

Maharashtra State Board Class 12 Textbook Solutions

Balbharti Yuvakbharati English 11th Digest Chapter 1.1 Being Neighborly Notes, Textbook Exercise Important Questions and Answers.

Maharashtra State Board Class 11 English Yuvakbharati Solutions Chapter 1.1 Being Neighborly

11th English Digest Chapter 1.1 Being Neighborly Textbook Questions and Answers

Read the following statements and mark those that apply to you.

Question 1.
(i) I make friends easily.
(ii) I wish to be friends with someone but my friendship is rejected.
(iii) Someone has extended a hand of friendship towards me and I have not accepted it.
(iv) I have a large group of friends but no best buddy.
(v) I have a small group of close friends and have no wish to interact with anyone else.
(vi) I have cordial relationships with all but I cannot connect with anyone.
Answer:
(i) I make friends easily.
(iv) I have a large group of friends but no best buddy.

Complete the following web diagram.

Question (i)

Answer:

Question (ii)
If you see someone lonely or sad you will –
(a) try to cheer the person by talking something pleasant.
(b) try to distract the person’s attention by doing some activity together.
(c) discuss the problem if the person wants to, give a patient hearing and also try to suggest some possible solutions.

(A1)

Question (i)
Jo’s decision to make friends with the lonely boy next door proves to be a good one. Elaborate. You may begin with ‘Jo was a bold, friendly and warm person…”
Answer:
Jo was bold, friendly and warm person who observed the boy next door closely and came to the conclusion that he was hungry for friends and fun. She was sad for the boy and felt it her neighborly duty to help the boy come out of his loneliness in her own way. She took a quick decision to catch the boys attention by throwing snowballs towards the window from where he was peeping.

She took the initiative to start an immediate conversation which was well-received by the boy. He invited her home and Jo readily accepted. Jo’s friendliness made the boy feel comfortable and he enjoyed Jo’s way of talking, her humour and most importantly, her companionship. He showed her his library and together they had a gala time which he never had before.

Question (ii)
Complete the following statements. (Answers are given directly in bold)
Answer:

1. To Jo the fine house seemed like an enchanted house.
2. Jo swept a path around the garden for Beth to walk in when the sun came out.
3. Jo entered the old stone house carrying her broom.
4. In order to tidy the room, Jo had whisked things into place.

Question (iii)
Bring out the contrast between the two houses with the help of the following points:
Answer:

(A2)

Question 1.
The traits of the characters you meet in the extract are jumbled. Sort them out and write them in the appropriate columns.
(Shy, bold, gruff, friendly, withdrawn, perceptive, empathetic, playful, lonely, happy, gentlemanly, frank, mature, dull, sharp, adventurous.)

(A3)

Question (i)
Write down in your own words the way Laurie confirmed the names of the March sisters.
Answer:
The March family sometimes forgot to put the curtain down at the window and that helped Laurie, their neighbor, to observe minutely inside the March household. The sisters often call one another and lonely Laurie enjoys watching them having good time. That’s how he came to know that Beth is the one who is generally a home-bird but whenever she goes out, she carries a basket with her. Amy’s curly hair and Meg’s pretty face has also caught his attention.

Question (ii)
Give a brief account of the interaction between Grandpa and Jo.
Answer:
Grandpa and Jo had an interesting interaction as Jo had come out of her initial fear after having a closer look at him. Grandpa had overheard Jo’s comments on his portrait and Jo did not even try to deny any one of them. This pleased Grandpa immensely and he remembered Jo’s grandfather who was similarly brave and honest.

Jo frankly told Grandpa about the problem Laurie was facing because of his loneliness. She showed her concern and expressed the March sisters’ eagerness to help Laurie. They started talking informally about Hemmel family, Jo’s mother and he also invited Jo to join for tea which Jo courteously accepted. This interaction made Jo very satisfied as she could find out how good their neighbor was.

(A4)

Question (i)
Find proverbs, maxims and idioms related to ‘friendship’.
Answer:

1. Birds of a feather flock together.
2. A friend in need is a friend in deed.
3. Friendship is love with understanding.
4. To get on like a house on fire (idiom).
5. Like two peas in a pod (idiom).

Question (ii)
The Extract deals with the atmosphere of two homes. Collect the words associated with –

1. Home
2. Library
3. Garden

Answer:

1. Home: old, brown, bare, shabby, stately stone mansion, comfort, luxury, big coach house, lovely things, rich curtains, lifeless, lawn, enchanted, hidden glories, full of splendour.
2. Library: books, pictures, statues, little cabinets, coins, sleepy hollow chairs, queer tables, quaint tiles, open fireplace, bronzes.
3. Garden: large, low hedge, vines, flowers.

(A5)

Change into indirect speech.

Question (a)
“Do you like your school?” asked the boy. “Don’t go to school I’m a businessman – girl, I mean”, answered Jo.
Answer:
The boy wanted to know whether she (Jo) liked school to which Jo answered quite emphatically that she did not go to school. She further added that she was a businessman and jovially corrected the gender.

Question (b)
Jo flourished her broom as she called out… “How do you do? Are you sick?
Laurie opened the window and croaked out as hoarsely as a raven…
“Better, thank you. I’ve had a bad cold, and been shut up a week.”
Answer:
Flourishing her broom Jo asked Laufie about his well-being and enquired whether he was sick. Laurie opened the window and croaked out as hoarsely as a raven thanking Jo for her concern and informed her that he was feeling better. He further added that he had been shut up a week as he had a bad cold.

Question (c)
“The pretty one is Meg, and the curly-haired one is Amy, I believe?” – Laurie.
“How did you find that out?” – Jo.
Answer:
Laurie wanted to confirm from Jo whether the pretty one was Meg and the curly-haired was Amy. With surprise in her voice Jo enquired how he(Laurie) had found that out.

Question (d)
“I’m not afraid of anything”, returned Jo with a toss of the head.
“I don’t believe you are !” exclaimed the boy.
Answer:
With a toss of the head Jo emphatically told that she was not afraid of anything. The boy was not surprised at her claim and agreed with her completely.

(A6)

Question (i)
Narrate in 100 words an incident, that illustrates the way a friend of yours ‘made you feel happy and accepted’, at some point in your life.
Answer:
That was my first day at school. I was just five years old. When my parents left me in school and I entered the classroom. I felt so lonely that I was about to cry. I was looking around, desperately trying to find out a known or a friendly face to talk to. Suddenly, there was a pat on my back and I saw a girl standing behind me.

She held my hand and took me to the bench where she was sitting. We became friends instantly. Till today we are the best friends. I shall be very grateful to her for her acceptance of me on the very first day at school.

Question (ii)
Give reasons, for us being reluctant to make friends with some strangers, but being comfortable with some, even after meeting them for the first time.
Answer:
Strangers are always mysteries for us. But some people have the inherent simplicity which instantly attract us towards them and we long to be friends with them. We feel comfortable in their company. But there is another category of people who have the attention-catching technique of blowing their own trumpets. It is difficult to carry on normal conversation with them as they are obsessed with their ownselves.

Question (iii)
Are friends different from neighbors? Are you friends with your neighbors? Give examples and write.
Answer:
It is not necessary to have one’s friend as one’s neighbor always. If it happens that way, then one is lucky. Friendship does not depend on the residence of a person and it can be different from the friendly relation one can have with one’s neighbor.

I am very fortunate to have a very friendly family as our neighbor. We are always there for one another at the hour of need as well as sharing happiness. For example, the owner of the apartment is a doctor and he is helping us with useful advices whenever anyone in our family falls sick. My mother is a teacher and she guides the children of our neighbor with their difficulties in studies. A good neighbor is always an asset.

Question (iv)
Make a note about how people amused themselves in earlier times without TV, internet or social media for entertainment.
Answer:
In earlier times when TV, internet and social media did not make people slaves of these sorts of entertainments, people used to socialize a lot. They used to meet their friends and relatives, talk to them over a telephone, make enquirers about each other’s well-beings and exchange ideas. The human connections were more and people used to share their joys and sorrows. Gone are those days of personal relationships which have been taken over by the modern technology enslaving people.

(A7)

Question 1.
Use your imagination and extend the story in about 100 to 130 words.
Answer:
Jo had a nice time with Laurie and his grandpa having tea and snacks which she enjoyed thoroughly. Both of them were very interesting characters, nice to talk to and Jo had an entertaining evening. She was excited to be acquainted with a friendly neighbor which she had always longed for. She was happy to go back home with so much of positive feelings about their neighbor who had been a mystery for her and her family.

Her entire family always felt sad for the lonely boy Laurie but nobody could approach him for helping him. She was extremely delighted to know Laurie and his grandpa who were courteous enough to invite her for tea. She was in a hurry to share her excitement with her family. “Ah! what a pleasant day it was !” she whispered.

(A8) Project:

If you are social, like to meet new people, can emphatise and connect with peole easily, make a list of careers available to you and write in brief about them. For example: Human Resource Development or HRD.

Yuvakbharati English 11th Digest Chapter 1.1 Being Neighborly Additional Important Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Jo doesn’t want to be a pussy-cat because –
Answer:
Pussy cat symbolises lethargy. Jo was always on the look out for excitements and thrills. She was an adventurous girl who does not want to idle away her time sleeping like a pussy-cat and enjoy the warmth of the fireplace on a cold winter afternoon. She would rather find out something interesting to spend her time.

Question 2.
Guess the meaning of‘hidden glories’ in the context of the mansion mentioned in the story.
Answer:
The expression has been used in the context of the mansion where Laurie lives. It has glimpses of lovely things and a look of an enchanted house, which probably hides lots of attractions inside.

Question 3.
Explain: “That boy is suffering for society and fun”.
Answer:
The young boy Laurie is lonely and longs for having fun with friends of his age-group, play with them and enjoy life the way a boy of his age does. The absence of company of friends and fun has made him dull which is affecting him like a disease.

Question 4.
Discuss ‘as dull as tombs’ and name the figure of speech.
Answer:
The figure of speech is ‘Simile’ as the dullness of the house is directly compared to the serious and dull atmosphere in a tomb. The boy meant by the expression that his house is very boring.

Question 5.
Complete the sentence: ‘a little gentleman’ means.
Answer:
The young boy is referred to as ‘a little gentleman’ here as he talks and behaves decently with others. He has a good upbringing which has taught him to welcome guests at his place by presenting himself as well as his room tidily.

Question 6.
Make a list of gifts you give/receive to/from your friends.
The gifts I usually give/receive to/from my friends are:

1. books
2. cosmetics
3. various food items
4. accessories

Question 7.
Complete the sentence in your own words : Hunger is related to food. Laurie is ‘hungry’ for –
Answer:
Laurie is a lonely young boy who is hungry for spending happy times both at home and with friends. He belongs to a rich family where he gets everything but suitable companions to have fun with. That is why he longs for food for his mind, that is, happy times with friends.

Question 8.
Laurie has
(i) _________
(ii) _________
(iii) _________
He doesn’t have
(i) __________
(ii) _________
(iii) _________
Answer:
Laurie
(i) a rich house filled with loneliness,
(ii) a kind but indifferent grandpa,
(iii) half a dozen servants and a tutor Mr. Brooke,

He doesn’t have
(i) his mother.
(ii) friends and companions,
(iii) any one to go out with.

Question 9.
Describe the effect of Laurie’s words on Jo.
Answer:
Jo started talking with Laurie frankly. Her words had lots of positive effects on Laurie as he was longing for exactly those things which Jo mentioned. For their first meeting, Jo was a bit blunt but Laurie liked her bluntness since he could recognize Jo’s sincerity and kindness hidden in those words. He started feeling comfortable in Jo’s company and enjoyed every bit of humorous description of Aunt March.

Question 10.
Find out what ‘good breeding’ means.
Answer:
‘Good breeding’ means that a person is well-behaved, polite, cultured and refined, which are the results of his upbringing, training as well as family atmosphere.

Question 11.
List some of the things that you need in order to be happy.
Answer:
Things that I need in order to be happy are –
(i) a supportive family and dependable friends.
(ii) hobbies to occupy myself during my free time.
(iii) a healthy life for me as well as my family members.
(iv) sufficient money earned from a satisfying career.

Question 12.
“A fellow can’t live on books” – Explain.
Answer:
A fellow, of course, cannot live on books though books are his emotional suppdrt and in many ways, his best friend. But he also needs someone, a companion, with whom he can share his feelings, fulfill his curiosities, have fun, etc. Human contact is a necessity in a person’s life since a few words, an exchange of ideas collected from the books can work wonders giving immense pleasure.

Question 13.
List the things that Jo notices in the portrait.
Answer:

1. The gentleman in the portrait is not as handsome as her own grandfather.
2. Though the gentleman is having a grim face, his kind eyes assure that there is nothing to be afraid of him.
3. From his looks, it appears that he has tremendous will-power.

Question 14.
Find out the reason for Jo’s dismay.
Answer:
Jo loudly expressed her opinions on Laurie’s grandfather, while looking at his portrait. When she came to know that the gentleman had heard all her comments, she felt embarrassed. She felt uncomfortable to face the old gentleman and felt like running away.

Question 15.
Complete the sentence.
Answer:
In spite of Jo’s apprehensions, Grandpa is –

1. having kinder eyes than what the painting shows.
2. having a shy twinkle in his eyes which could lessen Jo’s fear.
3. quite a friendly gentleman.

Question 16.
Discuss what Jo meant by –
(i) “only trying to be neighborly, Sir.”
(ii) seems a little lonely.
(iii) splendid Christmas present.
Answer:
(i) By saying, only trying to be neighborly, Sir”. Jo means she just wanted to be friendly with Laurie as he was her neighbor. She strongly felt that neighbors should know each other well.
(ii) Jo had observed Laurie now and again and she felt Laurie badly needed company since he always eagerly looked at his neighbors as if he was missing the fun they were having. To her, he appeared to be a lonely boy longing for enjoyment with friends.
(iii) Jo remembered the beautiful Christmas present that was sent to the March family by their neighbor Mr. Laurence and she felt it was a nice gesture by their neighbor.

Question 17.
Guess the meaning of the phrase “go on being neighborly” in the context.
Answer:
The phrase “go on being neighborly” in the context of the story means being friendly and helpful to the people living in one’s neighborhood.

Question 18.
Bring out the contrast in the lives of Jo and Laurie in a few lines.
Answer:
Jo belonged to a happy family who according to Laurie, had always good times together. Laurie was hungry to have company of friends and was a lonely boy. Jo had a loving mother who used to take care of her children but, Laurie was a motherless child who badly missed his mother. Jo was frank and innocent as any child of her age, whereas, Laurie’s loneliness was sickening for him.

Question 19.
I’m happy as a cricket here. (Name and explain the figure of speech)
Answer:
Simile. The happiness of Jo is directly compared to the happiness of the insect cricket.

Question 20.
Guess the meaning of the word ‘affair’ in the context.
Answer:
The word ‘affair’ in the context means ‘responsibility/matter’.

Comprehension:

Read the extract and complete the activities given below.

Global Understanding:

Question 1.
Complete the table.
The traits of Jo and Laurie are jumbled. Sort them out and write them in appropriate columns.
(companionless, adventurous, empathetic, unenergetic) (Answers are given directly)
Answer:

Question 2.
Pick up the statements which confirm the theme of this passage.
(a) This passage is about Jo’s family not putting down the curtain.
(b) This passage is about Jo’s confirmation about Laurie’s loneliness.
(c) This passage is about Laurie’s habit of peeping at Jo’s family.
(d) This passage brings out the contrast in the lives of Jo and Laurie.
Answer:
(b) This passage is about Jo’s confirmation about Laurie’s loneliness.
(d) This passage brings out the contrast in the lives of Jo and Laurie.

Question 3.
Complete the sentences in column ‘A’ by matching them with the clues in column ‘B’

Answer:

Question 4.
Complete the following statement with four correct information from the extract.
Jo felt Laurie needs cheering up because:

1. ________
2. ________
3. ________
4. ________

Answer:

1. He seemed lonely
2. she was being neighborly
3. She was social and empathetic
4. Laurie looked expectantly at the sisters as they bad good time.

Complex Factual:

Question 1.
What were Jo’s queries to Laurie when they had talked for the first time?
Answer:
Jo wanted to know whether Laurie was sick, how he amused himself, his liking for books and if he had any visitor or not.

Question 2.
Mention any two outcomes of Jo’s visit to Laurie’s place.
Answer:
Jo’s visit made Laurie excited in the expectation of getting a companion which he never had. It also helped him to come out of his shyness and converse with Jo freely.

Question 3.
What was Jo’s suggestion to do away with Laurie’s loneliness.
Answer:
Jo assured Laurie that the curtain at her place would never be drawn so that Laurie can spend time looking at their activities. She also suggested that Laurie could come to their home and get himself entertained by. all the members of her family.

Question 4.
Why was Laurie’s grandfather impressed with Jo?
Answer:
Laurie’s grandfather was impressed by Jo’s spirited answers like her grandfather. He also appreciated that she was brave and honest as her grandfather was.

Question 5.
Mention any four changes that occurred in grandfather after meeting Jo.
Answer:

1. Grandfather shed his strict countenance.
2. He invited Jo to come over for tea.
3. He promised to come over to meet Jo’s mother.
4. He offered Jo his arm with old fashioned courtesy (indicating his gratitude for her neighborly arrival)

Inference / Interpretation / Analysis:

Question 1.
Complete the following statement.
Jo wanted to help Laurie because –
Answer:
Jo wanted to help Laurie because Laurie was unwell and he felt lonely as he had no one of his age at home. He deserved to have fun.
OR
Give reasons
“The big eyes brightened and the mouth began to smile”.
Answer:
The brightness in the eyes of Laurie and his smiling face are proofs of his happiness of having a possible friendship with Jo. When Jo threw snowballs at Laurie, he could feel Jo’s eagerness to talk to him. His loneliness has always made him unhappy and this gesture of Jo is a welcome change for him.

Question 2.
Complete the following sentence Mr. Laurie was a Tittle gentleman’ as …
Answer:
Mr. Laurie was a Tittle gentlemen’ because he was known for offering due respect to the guest who was coming to his place. He prepared himself decently by brushing his pate, pulling on a fresh set of clothing and making an attempt to clean his room. He followed the same routine for Jo’s arrival to his house also.

Question 3.
Point out the reason for Laurie’s minute observation of Jo’s family.
Answer:
Laurie spent his lonely time looking at the fun Jo’s family was having. He enjoyed watching each member of the family eagerly as he missed all those good times at his own home. He did not have his mother and he loved these girls in the company of their mother.

Question 4.
Mention the impact of Jo’s narratives on Laurie –
1. …………….
2. ……………..
Answer:
1. Laurie enjoyed her narrative immensely and he laughed out aloud.
2. He found a sudden merriment in otherwise dull mood owing to his illness.

Question 5.
Jo wasn’t scared of Laurie’s grandfather. Give evidence from the passage quoted to you.
Answer:
Jo was a bold girl who spoke her mind when it was needed. As she looked at Mr. Laurence’s portrait she found his eyes to be kind and grew fond of him instantly. She found him to be compassionate as she spoke to him and was confident that there was nothing to be scared of that gentleman.

Question 6.
Complete the boxes with information.

Answer:

Personal Response:

Question 1.
“Girls are quiet and like to play nurse”. Do you Agree or Disagree? Justify your answer.
Answer:
I do not agree to the statement. There is no hard and fast rule about this impression about girls. There may be many boys who are very quiet and also good at nursing. It depends on the nature of a person whether he/ she is quiet, or noisy or talkative. The ability to nurse somebody is also dependant on the ability of a person irrespective of any gender.

Question 2.
Enlist the gifts that you receive from or give to your friends,
Answer:

1. Books
2. Wind Chimes
3. Coffee mugs
4. Photo frames

Question 3.
Give your suggestions in two sentences. How you will cheer up one of your lonely classmates.
Answer:
I can cheer up my lonely classmate by giving him/her company and involving in some activities together. We can sit together in the classroom, share our tiffins and invite him/her at my place on holidays.

Question 4.
What are you afraid of? Explain your answer.
Answer:
Generally I am not afraid of anything and a carefree type of person. But sometimes I worry about the loss of my near and dear ones as I am very attached to my family and friends.

Question 5.
What do you fear the most? why?
Answer:
As a student I fear examination especially the public exams as they decide the future course of action. There is always an element of uncertainty which brings in fear for exams among students.

Question 6.
How do you help your neighbor?
Answer:
I help my neighbor by making myself available when they need me. I also extend courtesy calls when I meet them.

Language Study:

Question (i)
The idea amused Jo who liked to do daring things
Answer:
Jo liked to do daring things and the idea amused her.

Question (ii)
The boy is suffering for society.
Answer:
The boy has been suffering for society.

Question (iii)
What a cozy room this is! (Rewrite as a statement)
Answer:
This room is indeed very cozy.

Question (iv)
Laurie forgot his bashfulness and grew sociable. (Remove ‘and’ to make it a simple sentence)
Answer:
Forgetting his bashfulness Laurie grew sociable.

Question (v)
Her face was very friendly and her sharp voice unusually gentle.
(Use ‘not only but also’ and rewrite)
Answer:
Her face was not only very friendly but her sharp voice was unusually gentle also.

Question (vi)
She had been so simply taught that there was no nonsense in her head. (Use ‘too’)
Answer:
She had been too simply taught to have any nonsense in her head.

Question (vii)
Laurie enjoyed that immensely. (Use ‘enjoyment’and rewrite)
Answer:
Laurie’s enjoyment at that was immense.

Question (vii)
Jo liked his good breeding. (Frame a Wh-question to get the underlined part as an answer)
Answer:
What did Jo like in him?

Question (viii)
For a minute a wild desire to run away possessed her. (Change the voice)
Answer:
For a minute she was possessed by a wild desire to run away.

Question (ix)
He isn’t as handsome as my grandfather, but I like him. (Use ‘Though’)
Answer:
Though he isn’t as handsome as my grandfather, I like him.

Question (x)
He seems a little lonely. (Frame a question to get the underlined part as answer)
Answer:
How does he seem?

Question (xi)
I shall come and see your mother. (Use a modal auxiliary showing ‘obligation’)
Answer:
I must come and see your mother.

Vocabulary:

Question 1.
Match the words in Column ‘A’ with their meanings in Column ‘B’.
Answer:

Answer:

Question 2.
Mention any 4 adjectives that describe the traits of Jo’s character in the extract.
Answer:
Character
Jo

Adjectives

1. Cheerful
2. Empathetic
3. Sociable
4. Kind

Question 3.
Give antonyms of the following words,

1. rude
2. splendid
3. funny
4. frank

Answer:

1. polite
2. ordinary
3. serious

Question 4.
Give antonyms of the following using prefix.
Answer:
1. interesting × uninteresting
2. afraid × unafraid

Question 5.
Give one word for:
Answer:

1. of a voice: low and rough – Gruff
2. Lacking courage – Cowardly
3. unpleasant – Dreadful
4. very large or great – Tremendous

Glossary:

1. shovel – spade
2. mischievous – naughty
3. to doze – to sleep lightly
4. groves – group of trees
5. hedge – row of bushes
6. shabby – broken down/dilapidated
7. stately – grand
8. mansion – big house
9. betokening – a sign of something
10. glimpses – brief/faint looks
11. frolicked – played fun games
12. enchanted – attractive/ fascinating
13. splendors – richness / luxury
14. behold – look/see
15. scandalizing – shocking /disgusting
16. queer – odd/unusual/funny
17. dismal – dull row – noise
18. flutter – tremendous/full of
19. pate – head
20. parlor – sitting room
21. briskly – quickly
22. comforting – soothing
23. sociable – friendly
24. cozy – comfortable
25. hearth – floor of fireplace
26. whisked – removed
27. beckoned – called
28. twitching – shivering
29. splendid – grand/superb
30. bother- trouble/nuisance
31. acquainted – be familiar
32. blunt – frank/straightforward
33. fidgety – restless
34. poodle – a bread of dog
35. immensely – vastly/very much
36. tweaked – pulled
37. elated – delighted
38. trifle – little
39. quaint – old-fashioned /unusual/attractive
40. velour – woven fabric
41. grim – ill-tempered/stern
42. gruff – rough
43. cowardly – fearful
44. twinkle – shining
45. dreadful – terrible
46. courtesy – politeness
47. colored up – embarrassed
48. to wait on – act as an attendant to
49. pranced – walked in an energetic way
50. wicked – playfully mischievous
51. affair – matter/responsibility
52. good breeding – being raised well/ the result of good upbringing and training for good manners.