Important Questions

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Class 12 Economics Important Questions Chapter 1 Introduction to Micro and Macro Economics Important Questions and Answers.

Maharashtra State Board 12th Economics Important Questions Chapter 1 Introduction to Micro and Macro Economics

1. A. Choose the correct option:

Question 1.
The term ‘Micro’ is derived from the Greek word.
(a) Makros
(b) Maikros
(c) Mikros
(d) Mikrosoft
Options:
(1) a
(2) b
(3) c
(4) d
Answer:
(3) c

Question 2.
The term ‘micro’ and ‘macro’ economics were first coined and used by Norwegian Economist.
(a) Adam Smith
(b) Ragnar Frisch
(c) Dr. Marshall
(d) Prof. Ricardo
Options :
(1) a
(2) b
(3) d
(4) c
Answer:
(2) b

Question 3.
Statements related to features of Micro economics.
(a) The study of individual unit
(b) It deals with income theory
(c) It splits the whole economy
(d) It suggests suitable economic policies to promote economic growth
Options :
(1) a, b, c and d
(2) a and b
(3) a, c and d
(4) b and d
Answer:
(3) a, c and d

Question 4.
Scope of Micro economics.
(a) Theory of factor pricing
(b) Theory of general price level
(c) Theory of product pricing
(d) Theory of economic welfare
Options :
(1) a, b, c and d
(2) a and b
(3) a, c and d
(4) b and d
Answer:
(3) a, c and d

Question 5.
Theory of Economic Welfare.
(a) Efficiency in production
(b) Efficiency in consumption
(c) Overall economic efficiency
(d) Efficiency in social activities
Options :
(1) c and d
(2) a, b and d
(3) a, b and c
(4) b, c and d
Answer:
(3) a, b and c

Question 6.
Main features of macro economics.
(a) Income theory
(b) Lumping method
(c) Price theory
(d) Study of aggregates
Options :
(1) a, b and c
(2) b, c and d
(3) a, b and d
(4) Only b
Answer:
(3) a, b and d

Question 7.
Importance of Micro Economics.
(a) Free market economy
(b) Functioning of an economy
(c) Basis of welfare economy
(d) Foreign Trade
Options :
(1) a, b, c and d
(2) a, b and c
(3) a, b and d
(4) a, c and d
Answer:
(4) a, c and d

Question 8.
Micro Economic is based on certain assumption.
(a) Perfect competition
(b) Pure capitalism
(c) Full employment
(d) Fluctuations in the national income
Options :
(1) b, c and d
(2) c and d
(3) a, b and c
(4) a, c and d
Answer:
(3) a, b and c

Question 9.
Importance of Macro-economics.
(a) National Income
(b) Economic development
(c) Price determination
(d) General level of employment
Options :
(1) b, c and d
(2) a, b and d
(3) a, b, c and d
(4) None of these
Answer:
(2) a, b and d

Question 10.
Scope of Macro economics.
(a) Theory of Income and employment
(b) Theory of General Price level and inflation
(c) Theory of Economic growth and development
(d) Theory of Factor Pricing
Options :
(1) a and b
(2) a, b and c
(3) a, c and d
(4) a, b, c and d
Answer:
(2) a, b and c

Question 11.
Factors of Production which make contribution in production process.
(a) Land
(b) Profit
(c) Labour
(d) Transport
Options :
(1) a, b and c
(2) a and c
(3) b, c and d
(4) All of above
Answer:
(2) a and c

B. Complete the correlation:

1. Macro economic theory : Income and employment:: Micro economics : ………………
2. General equilibrium : Macro economics :: ……………… : Micro economic
3. Macro Economics : Large :: Micro Economics : ………………
4. Classical Economist: ……………… :: Neo-classical Economist: Prof. Alfred Marshall J
5. Prof. Alfred Marshall : Principles of Economics :: ……………… : General theory of Employment, Interest and Money
6. Study of Individual unit: ……………… :: Study of aggregates : Macro economics
7. Theory of Economic welfare : Scope of Micro economics :: ……………… : Scope of Macro economics
8. Land: Rent:: ……………… : Wages
9. Capital: ……………… :: Entrepreneur : Profit
10. ……………… : Demand and Supply Analysis :: Theory of Income and employment : Consumption and Investment function
11. Macro economics : Entire economy :: Micro economics: ………………
12. Study of the whole economy : Lumping ’ method :: Study of small individual unit : ………………
Answers:

1. Price theory
2. Partial equilibrium
3. Small
4. Adam Smith
5. Maynard Keynes
6. Micro economics
7. Theory of Economic growth and development
8. Labour
9. Interest
10. Theory of Product Pricing
11. Small part of economy
12. Slicing method

(C) Give economic terms.

(1) Micro economics derived from the Greek word.
(2) Macro economics derived from the Greek word.
(3) Study of large economic unit.
(4) Study of small or millionth part of economic unit.
(5) Price determination of individual commodity by forces of demand and supply.
(6) Price determination of factor of production for contributing to the production process.
(7) Maximum satisfaction of people due to efficiency in the allocation of resources.
(8) Determination of the prices of goods and services as well as factors of production.
(9) Equal distribution of produce goods and services to the society for consumption.
(10) Production of most desired goods and services.
(11) Equilibrium position of an individual economic unit.
(12) Assumption of Micro economics i.e. other things remaining constant.
(13) Micro economics does not deal with macro problems.
(14) Economic decisions are taken at individual levels without intervention of government.
(15) Explanation of effects of tariffs, exchange rate, etc.
(16) Micro economics explain various complex economic situation with the help of economic models.
(17) Equilibrium position of whole economy.
Answer:
(1) Mikros
(2) Makros
(3) Macro economics
(4) Micro economics
(5) Theory of Product Pricing
(6) Theory of Factor Pricing
(7) Theory of Economic Welfare
(8) Price Theory
(9) Efficiency in Consumption
(10) Overall Economic Efficiency
(11) Partial equilibrium
(12) Ceteris Paribus
(13) Limited scope
(14) Free Market economy
(15) Foreign Trade
(16) Economic Model building
(17) General Equilibrium Analysis

(D) Find the odd word out:

(1) Prof. Pigou, Prof. Samuelson, Adam Smith, J. R. Hicks.
(2) Individual consumer, Individual producer, Particular commodity, Total savings.
(3) Product pricing, Investment function, Factor pricing, Economic welfare.
(4) Efficiency in social activities, Efficiency in production, Efficiency in consumption, Overall economic efficiency.
(5) Price theory, Slicing method, Limited scope, Lumping method.
(6) Aggregate demand, Aggregate supply, Personal income, National income.
(7) National income, National output, National employment, National anthem.
(8) Keynes, Malthus, Fisher, Marshall.
(9) Theory of Economic welfare, Theory of income and employment, Theory of General price level, Theory of Economic growth.
(10) National Income, National Product, Per Capita Income, Gross Salary.
(11) Big, Large, Vast, Tiny.
(12) Microscopic, Massive, Small, Minimum.
(13) Rent, Wages, Capital, Profit.
(14) Land, Labour, Interest, Entrepreneur.
(15) Railways, Reliance, K.E.M. Hospital,
Answer:
(1) Adam Smith
(2) Total savings
(3) Investment
(4) Efficiency in
function social activities
(5) Lumping
(6) Personal income method
(7) National
(8) Marshall anthem
(9) Theory of Economic Income
Welfare
(10) Per Capita
(11) Tiny
(12) Massive
(13) Capital
(14) Interest
(15) Reliance

(E) Complete the following statements.

(1) The term Macro Economics is derived from the Greek word ‘Makros’ which means …………….
(2) The terms ‘Micro economics’ and ‘Macro economics’ were coined by Norwegian Economist …………….
(3) According to Maurice Dobb, Micro economics is in fact a ……………..
(4) The price of all commodity is determined by the forces of …………….
(5) Four main factors contributing to the production process, are …………….
(6) Micro economics deals with the study of behaviour of …………….
(7) Micro economics is based on ‘Ceteris Paribus’ assumptions which means …………….
(8) Micro economics is useful to government in framing …………….
(9) According to Keynes, macro economics is a …………….
(10) Macro economics is known as theory of Income …………….
(11) Macro economics examines the forest …………….
Answer:
(i) study of large unit
(2) Ragnar Frisch
(3) microscopic study of the economy
(4) demand and supply
(5) land, labour, capital and entrepreneur
(6) small individual unit
(7) other things remaining constant
(8) economic policies
(9) policy oriented science
(10) and employment
(11) not a single tree

[F] Choose the wrong pair :

Group ‘A’	Group ‘B’
(1)Macro	Individual unit
(2) Factor pricing	Rent, wages, interest and profit
(3) Ceteris paribus	Other things being constant
(4) Micro	Price theory

Answer:
Wrong pair : Macro – Individual unit

II.

Group ‘A’	Group ‘B’
(1) Slicing method	Micro economics
(2) Economic welfare	Overall economic efficiency
(3)Macro economics	Income theory
(4) Maynard Keynes	Microscopic study of economy

Answer:
Wrong pair : Maynard Keynes Microscopic study of economy

III.

Group ‘A’	Group ‘B’
(1) Lumping method	Macro economics
(2) Product Pricing	Forces of demand and supply
(3) Micro economics	General equilibrium
(4) National income	Study of aggregate

Answer:
Wrong pair : Micro economics – General equilibrium

IV.

Group ‘A’	Group ‘B’
(1) Maynard Keynes	Macro economic approach
(2) Micro	Mikros
(3) Adam Smith	Classical economist
(4) Census	Limited scope

Answer:
Wrong pair : Census – Limited scope

V.

Group ‘A’	Group ‘B’
(1) Macro	(a) Makros
(2) Prof. Alfred Marshall	(b) Neo-classical economist
(3) Lumping method	(c) Splits the whole economy
(4) Partial equilibrium	(d) Micro economics

Answer:
Wrong pair : Lumping method – Splits the whole economy

(G) Assertion and Reasoning

Question 1.
Assertion (A) – Micro of a small part of the national economy.
Reasoning (R) – Micro economics divides the economy into small units.
(1) (A) is true but (R) is false.
(ii) (A) is false but (R) is true.
(iii) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).
(iv) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is not the correct explanation of (A).
Answer:
(iii) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).

Question 2.
Assertion (A) – Micro economics is known as Price theory.
Reasoning (R) – Macro economics is known as Income theory.
(i) (A) is true but (R) is false.
(ii) (A) is false but (R) is true.
(iii) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).
(iv) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is not the correct explanation of (A).
Answer:
(iv) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is not the correct explanation of (A).

Question 3.
Assertion (A) – Macro economics studies overall conditions in the economy.
Reasoning (R) – Micro economics deals with National income and employment.
(i) (A) is true but (R) is false.
(ii) (A) is false but (R) is true.
(iii) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).
(iv) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is not the correct explanation of (A).
Answer:
(i) (A) is true but (R) is false.

Question 4.
Assertion (A) – General equilibrium deals with the behaviour of individual price of commodity.
Reasoning (R) – Lumping method is the study of aggregates.
(i) (A) is true but (R) is false.
(ii) (A) is false but (R) is true.
(iii) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).
(iv) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is not the correct explanation of (A).
Answer:
(ii) (A) is false but (R) is true.

Question 5.
Assertion (A) – Macro economic analyses shows how the general price level is determined.
Reasoning (R) – The study of general price level is important on account of the problems created by inflation and deflation.
(i) (A) is true but (R) is false.
(ii) (A) is false but (R) is true.
(iii) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).
(iv) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is not the correct explanation of (A).
Answer:
(iii) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).

Question 6.
Assertion (A) – In Micro economics decision regarding production of goods can be taken by individual.
Reasoning (R) – Study of macro economics help to understand the problems of developing countries and suggest important steps to achieve economic development.
(i) (A) is true but (R) is false.
(ii) (A) is false but (R) is true.
(iii) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).
(iv) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is not the correct explanation of (A).
Answer:
(iv) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is not the correct explanation of (A).

Question 7.
Assertion (A) – Micro economics is based on assumption of ‘Ceteris paribus’.
Reasoning (R) – Macro economics consists of the story of economic growth and development.
(i) (A) is true but (R) is false.
(ii) (A) is false but (R) is true.
(iii) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).
(iv) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is not the correct explanation of (A).
Answer:
(iv) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is not the correct explanation of (A).

Question 8.
Assertion (A) – Micro economics help to analyse the general level of employment of out put in an economy.
Reasoning (R) – Macro economics helps us to analyse the performance of an economy.
(i) (A) is true but (R) is false.
(ii) (A) is false but (R) is true.
(iii) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).
(iv) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is not the correct explanation of (A).
Answer:
(ii) (A) is false but (R) is true.

(H) Choose the correct pair :

Group ‘A’	Group ‘B’
(1)Macro	(a) Slicing method
(2) Micro	(b) Classical economist
(3) Adam Smith	(c) Neo-classical economist
(4) Prof. Marshall	(d) Inflation
	(e)Lumping method

Answer:
(1)-(e), (2)-(a), (3)-(b), (4) – (c).

II.

Group ‘A’	Group ‘B’
(1) Factor of Production	(a) Other things being equal
(2) Ceteris Paribus	(b) Land
(3) Price theory	(c) Micro economics
(4) Lumping method	(d) Profit
	(e)Whole economy

Answer:
(1)-(b), (2) – (a), (3) -(c), (4) -(e).

III.

Group ‘A’	Group ‘B’
(1) National Income	(a) Rent, wages, interest, etc.
(2) Factor Pricing	(b) Mikros
(3) Micro	(c) Study of aggregate
(4) Slicing method	(d) Makros
	(e)Splits the whole economy

Answer:
(1)-(c), (2)-(a), (3)-(b), (4)-(e).

IV.

Group ‘A’	Group ‘B’
(1) Micro economics	(a) Theory of investment
(2) Macro economics	(b) Key tool of micro economics
(3) Marginalism	(c) Price theory
(4) Aggregate study	(d) Forest
	Income and employment theory

Answer:
(1) – (c), (2) – (e). (3) – (b). (4) – (d).

V.

Group ‘A’	Group ‘B’
(1) Maurice Dobb	(a) Principles of Economics
(2) Ragnar Frisch	(b) Policy oriented science
(3) Alfred Marshall	(c) Microscopic study
(4) Adam Smith	(d) Oslo University
	(e) Classical economist

Answer:
(1)-(c), (2)-(d), (3)-(a), (4)-(e).

2.[A] Identify and explain the concept from given illustrations.

Question 1.
Through public distribution system rationing shops distribute goods to poor people.
Answer:
Concept: Efficiency in consumption.
Explanation : Efficiency in consumption means distribution of produced goods and services to the people for consumption for having maximum satisfaction.
Public distribution system is developed specially to help economically weaker section of society to satisfy their consumption.
Rationing shops provide subsidized food and non food items to below poverty line people.

Question 2.
Mukesh divided his departmental J store into two separate divisions i.e. S food grains and garments to find actual profitability separately.
Answer:
Concept: Slicing method.
Explanation : Micro economics splits or divides the whole economy into small individual units and then studies each unit separately in detail.
Mukesh has divided its business into two separate divisions to understand thedetail cost of operations and profitability separately for food business as well as garment business.
Government collect whole information about population through census.
Concept : Lumping method / Macro economics.
Explanation : Macro economics use lumping method to study the whole economy rather than its part.

Question 6.
Government collect whole information about population through census.
Answer:
Concept : Lumping method / Macro economics.
Explanation : Macro economics use lumping method to study the whole economy rather than its part.
Govern ment collects data through census which gives them details about population such as sex ratio, literacy rate, unemployment rate, age composition, etc.

Question 7.
Reliance industries has created more employment opportunities through its biggest oil refinery in Jamnagar and improved the standard of living of its employee.
Answer:
Concept: Economic development. Explanation : Macro economics help to understand the problems of developing countries and suggest important steps to achieve economic development.
Economic development is a growth of the standard of living of people from low income to high income.
Through developing oil refinery Reliance has created numbers of job opportunities and hence improved the standard of living. Amul has fixed price of ₹ 44 per litre of milk after considering the cost such as machinery cost, labour cost, transportation cost, etc.
Concept: Price determination.
Explanation : Micro economics is known as price theory because it deals with determination of the prices of goods and services as well as factors of production. After considering cost of operations such as machinery cost, raw material cost, labour cost, transportation cost, etc. Amul has fixed price of its product (milk).

B. Distinhbish between

Question 1.
Micro Economics and Macro Economics.
Answer:

Micro Economics	Macro Economics
(a) Micro economics deals with the economic behaviour of small units like particular firm, particular household, individual prices, wages, etc.	(a) Macro economics deals with the economic behaviour of large units or entire economy such as National Income, aggregate demand, aggregate supply, etc.
(b) It studies each unit in depth by using slicing method.	(b) It studies the economy as a whole using lumping method.
(c) It is based on partial equilibrium analysis based on assumptions.	(c) It is based on a general equilibrium analysis.
(d) Micro economic analysis is also called as ‘Price theory.’	(d) Macro economic analysis is also called as ‘Income theory.’
(e) Most of the theories are given by Dr. Alfred Marshall.	(e) Theories are profounded by Lord J. M. Keynes.

Question 2.
Micro Variables and Macro Variables.
Answer:

Micro Variables	Macro Variables
(a) Micro variables refer to individual demand, market demand, individual supply, price of a commodity, etc.	(a) Macro variables refer to inflation rate, aggregate demand, aggregate supply, employment.
(b) Micro variables are mostly independent. It does not affect the whole economy, as they are based on assumptions.	(b) Macro Variables are inter related and inter dependent. It affects the working of the economy as a whole.
(c) E.g., Price and Quantity demanded are universally related. This will hold true only if the income of the consumer, taste, fashion, etc., remain constant.	(c) Change in aggregate demand, aggregate supply will affect income, employment, etc. in the economy.

Question 3.
Partial Equilibrium and General Equilibrium.
Answer:

Partial Equilibrium	General Equilibrium
(a) Micro economics uses Partial Equilibrium analysis based on the assumption, other things remaining constant.	(a) Macro economics uses general equilibrium. It is not based on assumption.
(b) Partial Equilibrium studies the equilibrium of a consumer, a firm, an industry or a market.	(b) It deals with the Equilibrium position of the economy as a whole.
(c) It deals with one or two variables at a time. So it is a simple method. It is independent.	(c) It deals with all the variables of the Economic System simultaneously. So it is sophisticated. There is inter dependence.
(d) Partial Equilibrium is regarded as a worm’s eye-view.	(d) General Equilibrium is a bird’s eye-view.

Question 4.
Micro Theory of Distribution and Macro Theory of Distribution.
Answer:

Micro Theory of Distribution	Macro Theory of Distribution.
(a) Micro Theory of distribution refers to distribution of Factor Income to individual factor owners for their contribution to the production of a commodity or service.	(a) Macro theory of distribution refers to distribution of National Income to factors like wages to the labourers, rent to landlords and interest to capitalist.
(b) It is determined by the market forces of demand and supply.	(b) It is determined by the Aggregate demand and Aggregate supply and Employment level in the country.

Question 5.
Slicing Method and Lumping Method.
Answer:

Slicing Method	Lumping Method
(a) In slicing method the entire economy is cut into individual slices and each unit is studied in depth.	(a) In lumping method, we study the economy as a whole without slicing it.
(b) Micro Economics uses the slicing method.	(b) Macro Economics uses the Lumping Method.
(c) In slicing method, in depth study of the behaviour of an individual unit like a household, a firm, a product, a factor is done.	(c) In lumping method, it deals with the behaviour of large aggregates like National Income, aggregate demand, aggregate supply, employment and their functional relationship is studied.
(d) It relates to the in-depth study of a tree and not the study of forest as a whole.	(d) It relates to the study of the forest as a whole and not a particular tree.
(e) Here we achieve a worm’s eye view.	(e) It gives a bird’s eye view of the whole economy.

3. State with reasons whether you agree or disagree with the following statements:

Question 1.
Micro economics is the study of aggregate.
Answer:
No, I do not agree with this statement.
OR Micro economics studies individual economic units.
Yes, I agree with this statement.

• Micro economics is the microscopic study of individual economic units in great detail.
• It deals with individual firms, individual demand and supply, prices of individual, firms, etc.
• But macro-economics deals with economic behaviour of the whole economy with respect to national income, aggregate demand and supply, general price level, etc.
• Hence, micro economics is the study of individual economic units whereas macro economics is the study of aggregates.

Question 2.
Macro economics is a partial equilibrium analysis.
Answer:
No, I do not agree with this statement.
OR
Macro Economics deals with the whole s economy.
Yes, I agree with this statement.

• Macro economics deals with entire economy.
• Macro economics follow general equilibrium analysis. On the other hand, micro economics follow partial equilibrium analysis.
• Macro economics studies the behaviour of number of aggregate economic variables.
• Macro economics follows general equilibrium. It assumes “everything depends on every thing else.”
• General equilibrium deals with the behaviour of demand, supply and prices in the whole economy.
• Therefore, macro economics is not a partial equilibrium analysis but it is a general equilibrium analysis.

Question 8.
Micro economics is useful to the Government.
Answer:
Yes, I agree with this statement.
Useful to Government : It is useful in formulating and evaluating economic policies including pricing and distribution policies that promote economic welfare. It is useful in determining tax policy, public, expenditure policy, etc.

Question 9.
The scope of macro economics is wide.
Answer:
Yes, I agree with this statement.
(A) Theory of Income and Employment : It ?
explains which factors determine the level of National Income and employment and what causes fluctuations in the level of income, output and employment.
To understand how the level of employment is determined, we have to study the consumption function. It includes theory of business cycles.

(B) Theory of General Price Level and Inflation: Macro economics analyses shows how the general price level is determined and the causes for fluctuations in it. This study is important for understanding the problems created by inflation and deflation.

(C) Theory of Economic Growth and Development : Macro economics studies the causes of under development and poverty in poor countries and suggests strategies for accelerating growth and development in the country.

(D) Macro theory of Distribution : Macro theory of distribution deals with the relative share of rent, wages, interest and profit in the total national income of various classes.

Question 10.
Theories of micro economics are based on certain assumptions.
Answer:
Yes, I agree with this statement.
Based on certain ssumption : Micro economics is based on ‘ceteris paribus’ assumption i.e., other things remaining constant like full employment, laissez faire policy, perfect competition, pure capitalism, etc.

Question 11.
Macro economics is also known as income and employment theory.
Answer:
Yes, I agree with this statement.
Theory of Income and Employment : It ?
explains which factors determine the level of National Income and employment and what causes fluctuations in the level of income, output and employment.
To understand how the level of employment is determined, we have to study the consumption function. It includes theory of business cycles.

4. Study the following table / figures / passages and answer :

Question 1.
Read the passage and answer the following questions.
The census of 1991 was the fifth census of independent India and conducted as usual from 9th to 28th February, 2001 to present census data as on sunrise of 1st March 2001, the reference date. The two phases were continued in the same way like previous two censuses.

In the first phase a house list was canvassed to collect the information on housing data and also amenities available to the households. The scope of house list was enlarged and for the first time a question regarding type of fuel used for cooking was canvassed. In 1981 the question on availability of toilet facility was canvassed for urban areas only. However, in 1991, it was canvassed for rural area also.
During 2nd phase following two schedules were canvassed, (a) Household schedule and (b) Individual slip

1. Between which dates the census for 2001 was conducted.
Answer:
The census for 2001 was conducted between 9th to 28th February 2001.

2. What information was collected in the first phase of census?
Answer:
In the first phase of census a house list was canvassed for collecting information about housing data and amenities available.

3. Which question was canvassed in 1991?
Answer:
In 1991 question on availability of toilet were canvassed – (a) household schedule and facility was canvassed for rural area. I 03) Individual slip.

4. Which two schedule were canvassed in IInd phase?
Answer:
During IInd phase below two schedules were canvassed –
(a) household schedule and
(b) Individual slip.

Question 2.
Go through the following chart and answer the questions.
Answer:

1. Which are the two main sectors in Indian education system?
Answer:
The two main sectors in Indian education system are (a) Public sector (b) Private sector.

2. What does public sector education system includes?
Answer:
Public sector education system includes public schools, central government funded institutions, state government funded institutions and higher education institutions.

3. Where are multimedia schools positioned in Indian education system?
Answer:
Multimedia school comes under non-formal setup of private sector in Indian education system.

4. What are the setups in private sector educational system?
Answer:
There are two setups in private sector educational system i.e. formal setup and non-formal setup.

Question 3.
Study the below table and answer the given questions.

(1) Which state has the highest literacy [ rate?
Answer:
Kerala has the highest literacy rate of 90.92%.

(2) What is the male literacy rate for1 Maharashtra?
Answer:
For Maharashtra the male literacy rate is 86.27%.

(3) What is difference of female literacy rate between Delhi and Rajasthan?
Answer:
There is a difference of 30-66% as a whole in female literacy rate between Delhi and Rajasthan.

(4) Which states has highest male literacy and lowest female literacy rate?
Answer:
Kerala has the highest male literacy rate of 94.20% and Uttar Pradesh has the lowest female literacy rate of 42.98%.

5. Answer in detail:

Question 1.
Explain the scope of Micro economics.
OR
Explain the subject matter of micro economics.
Answer:

(a) Theory of Product Pricing : The price of each commodity is determined by the forces of demand and supply. Micro economics is a study of demand analysis i.e. individual consumer behaviour and supply analysis i.e. individual producer behaviour.
(b) Theory of Factor Pricing : There are four main factors contributing to the production process which are land, labour, capital and entrepreneur. Micro economics helps in determining the factor rewards like land gets rent, labour gets wages, capital gets interest and entrepreneur gets profit.
(c) Theory of Economic Welfare : This theory deals with efficiency in allocation of resources which aim at maximum satisfaction of people. Three economic efficiencies are as follows :

• Efficiency in production : It mean producing maximum amount of goods and services from given amount of goods and j services from given amount of resources.
• Efficiency in consumption : It means distribution of produce goods and services to the society for consumption in such a way to have maximum total satisfaction of people.
• Overall economics efficiency : It means to produce those goods and services which are most desired by the people

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Class 12 History Important Questions Chapter 5 India: Social and Religious Reforms Important Questions and Answers.

Maharashtra State Board 12th History Important Questions Chapter 5 India: Social and Religious Reforms

1A. Choose the correct alternative and rewrite the statement.

Question 1.
The practice of Sati was abolished by a law passed in the year __________
(a) 1829
(b) 1830
(c) 1831
(d) 1832
Answer:
(a) 1829

Question 2.
Raja Ram Mohan Roy started a philosophical discussion circle named ‘ __________’.
(a) Prarthana Samaj
(b) Arya Samaj
(c) Satyashodhak Samaj
(d) Atmiya Sabha
Answer:
(d) Atmiya Sabha

Question 3.
The Brahmo Samaj was founded in the year __________
(a) 1826
(b) 1827
(c) 1828
(d) 1829
Answer:
(c) 1828

Question 4.
The Mughal emperor of India conferred the title of ‘____________’ on Ram Mohan Roy.
(a) Pandit
(b) Raja
(c) Alamgir
(d) Badshah
Answer:
(b) Raja

Question 5.
__________ has its origins in Paramhamsa Sabha.
(a) Prarthana Samaj
(b) Arya Samaj
(c) Brahmo Samaj
(d) Satyashodhak Samaj
Answer:
(a) Prarthana Samaj

Question 6.
__________ established ‘Scientific Society’ for Muslims.
(a) Mahatma Phule
(b) Sir Sayyad Ahmad
(c) Swami Dayanand
(d) Tarabai Shinde
Answer:
(b) Sir Sayyad Ahmad

Question 7.
__________ participated in the Vykom Satyagraha in Travancore against untouchability.
(a) Ramaswamy Naikar
(b) Kamaladevi Chattopadhyay
(c) Dr. Ambedkar
(d) Swami Vivekananda
Answer:
(a) Ramaswamy Naikar

Question 8.
Rajarshi Shahu Maharaj was strongly opposed to __________
(a) Bajubandi
(b) Setubandi
(c) Rajbandi
(d) Rotibandi
Answer:
(d) Rotibandi

1B. Find the incorrect pair from group ‘B’ and write the corrected one.

Question 1.

Group ‘A’	Group ‘B’
(a) Sati Act	1829
(b) Restriction of Press	1830
(c) Arya Samaj	1875
(d) Ramkrishna Mission	1897

Answer:
Restriction of Press – 1824

2A. Write the names of historical places/persons/events.

Question 1.
Governor-General who abolished Sati in 1829 –
Answer:
Lord William Bentinck

Question 2.
The company that put restrictions on the freedom of the press –
Answer:
The British East India Company

Question 3.
The social reformer who severely criticized untouchability in his book ‘Vital Vidhwamsan’ –
Answer:
Gopalbaba Walangkar

Question 4.
Editor of ‘Ain-i-Akbari’ written by Abul Fazl –
Answer:
Sir Sayyad Ahmad Khan

Question 5.
The movement led by Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar at Mahad –
Answer:
Satyagraha of Chavadar Tank

Question 6.
Founder of ‘Independent Labour Party –
Answer:
Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar

Question 7.
The ruler who organised‘Sahabhoj for all castes –
Answer:
Maharaja Sayajirao Gaikwad

Question 8.
The ruler who opposed ‘Vyavasaybandi’ –
Answer:
Rajarshi Shahu Maharaj

2B. Choose the correct reason from those given below and complete the sentence.

Question 1.
The progress of Indian society was stunted because of __________
(a) superstitions
(b) the orthodox way of life
(c) caste discriminations
(d) all of the above
Answer:
(d) all of the above

Question 2.
Sati was abolished in 1829 because __________
(a) a law was passed by Lord William Bentinck abolishing this inhuman practice
(b) the people of India wanted this custom to be abolished
(c) the Brahmin class wanted Sati to be abolished
(d) women wanted to put an end to this custom
Answer:
(a) a law was passed by Lord William Bentinck abolishing this inhuman practice

Question 3.
The Mughal emperor conferred the title of‘Raja’ on Ram Mohan Roy because __________
(a) Ram Mohan Roy was the emperor’s favourite
(b) Ram Mohan Roy had gone to England to plead the case of the Mughal emperor
(c) Ram Mohan Roy was an efficient lawyer
(d) Ram Mohan Roy visited England
Answer:
(b) Ram Mohan Roy had gone to England to plead the case of the Mughal emperor

Question 4.
Swami Vivekanand established the Ramkrishna Mission because __________
(a) he was asked by his Guru to do so
(b) he wanted to compete with other organisations
(c) he wanted to serve the needy people
(d) so that many people join his Mission
Answer:
(c) he wanted to serve the needy people

3. Complete the following concept map.

Question 1.

Answer:

Question 2.

Social Reformers	Participated in Movements
1. Maharshi V.R.Shinde	………………………………..
2. …………………………………	Kala Ram Temple, Nasik
3. Ramaswamy Naikar	………………………………..
4. Kamaladevi Chattopadhyay	………………………………..
5. ………………………………..	Non-Brahmanical Movement, Kolhapur

Answer:

Social Reformers	Participated in Movements
1. Maharshi V. R. Shinde	Parvati Temple, Pune
2. Dr. B. R. Ambedkar	Kala Ram Temple, Nasik
3. Ramaswamy Naikar	Vykom Satyagraha, Travancore
4. Kamaladevi Chattopadhyay	Quit India Movement
5. Rajarshi Shahu Maharaj	Non-Brahminical Movement, Kolhapur

4A. Write short notes.

Question 1.
Arya Samaj.
Answer:
Arya Samaj:

• Founded by Swami Dayanand Saraswati in 1875.
• Regarded Vedas as holy.
• Rejected discrimination based on caste differences.
• Encouraged education of women, widow remarriage, and inter-caste marriage.

Question 2.
Tarabai Shinde.
Answer:
Tarabai Shinde:

• Born in 1839.
• She demanded gender equality.
• She was the first woman to challenge the patriarchal system.
• She was of the opinion that religious systems suppress women because religions are created by men.

4B. Explain the following statements with reasons.

Question 1.
The British wanted to bring progress to Indian society.
Answer:
The progress of Indian society was stunted because of superstitions, an orthodox way of life, caste discriminations, false social notions, lack of curiosity, and rationality that prevailed on a large scale. The British felt the need to create a new society that was based on the values of ‘Freedom, Equality, Fraternity, and Humanism’.

Question 2.
Raja Ram Mohan Roy was the first Indian to oppose the custom of Sati.
Answer:
Raja Ram Mohan Roy witnessed his brother’s wife commit Sati and this disturbed him deeply. He pointed out that none of the religious texts mentioned the practice of Sati as a prescribed religious obligation. It is because of his efforts that a law was passed by Governor-General Lord William Bentinck abolishing the practice of Sati in 1829.

Question 3.
Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar used print media to create public awareness.
Answer:
Dr. B. R. Ambedkar knew the importance of print media. For him, it was the best instrument to create awareness and to build the movement for social equality. Therefore, he began to publish his own newspapers namely ‘Mooknayak’, ‘Bahishkrut Bharat’, ‘Janata’ and ‘Samata’.

5. State your opinion.

Question 1.
Tarabai Shinde was the first Indian woman to challenge the patriarchal system.
Answer:
Tarabai Shinde was of the opinion that religious systems suppress women because religious systems are created by men. Therefore, she took a brave step in expressing her thoughts in a brave manner in her essay on women’s rights. In this essay, she not only discussed reforms like widow remarriage, women’s education, abolition of Sati but demanded greater gender equality.

Question 2.
Arya Samaj was founded by Swami Dayanand Saraswati in 1875.
Answer:
Arya Samaj:

• Founded by Swami Dayanand Saraswati in 1875.
• Regarded Vedas as holy.
• Rejected discrimination based on caste differences.
• Encouraged education of women, widow remarriage, and inter-caste marriage.

6. Answer the following question with the help of the given points.

Question 1.
Discuss the role played by Religious Reform Organisations in the field of religious awakening.
(a) Prarthana Samaj
(b) Satyashodhak Samaj
(c) Arya Samaj
(d) Ramkrishna Mission
Answer:
(a) Prarthana Samaj:

• Had its origins in Paramhamsa Sabha.
• Founded by Dadoba Pandurang Tarkhadkar.
• Founding members like Dr. Atmaram Pandurang, Justice M. G. Ranade, Dr. R. G. Bhandarkar opposed idol worship and emphasized monotheism.
• Opened schools for girls, orphanages, and night schools for workers.
• Focussed on gender equality, wiping outcaste discriminations, and appreciating the values of mundane life.

(b) Satyashodhak Samaj:

• Founded in 1873 by Mahatma Jotirao Phule in Pune.
• Cracked a whip on the social customs and practices which pushed the Indian masses into a miserable state.
• Showed a new path to artisans, workers, and other downtrodden people.
• Characteristics of Satyashodhak Samaj included monotheism, rejection of the authority of Vedas and Puranas, acceptance of rationality, opposition to the dominance of priests and idol worship, etc.
• Mahatma Phule and his wife Savitribai Phule started a school for girls.
• His work was continued by Gopalbaba Walangkar who criticized untouchability in his book ‘Vital Vidhwamsan’.
• Shivram Janba drew attention to the problems of deprived women like Murali, Jagatini, and Devdasi.

(c) Arya Samaj:

• Founded by Swami Dayanand Saraswati in 1875.
• Regarded Vedas as holy.
• Rejected discrimination based on caste differences.
• Encouraged education of women, widow remarriage, and inter-caste marriage.

(d) Ramkrishna Mission:

• Swami Vivekananda founded the Ramkrishna Mission in 1897.
• Focussed on serving needy people, working for people affected by famine, health care for the sick people, education for women, etc.
• It also gave a message to the Indian youth to get up to awaken and keep moving until the goal is achieved.

Question 2.
What role did the following social reformers play in bringing about social change?
(a) Sir Sayyad Ahmad Khan
(b) Tarabai Shinde
(c) Maharshi Vitthal Ramji Shinde
(d) Kamaladevi Chattopadhyay.
(e) Ramaswamy Naikar
Answer:
(a) Sir Sayyad Ahmad Khan:

• Was born in 1817 in Delhi.
• Fluent in Urdu, Persian, Arabic, and English.
• Established ‘Scientific Society’ for Muslims.
• After returning from England he founded the Mohammadan Anglo-Oriental College in 1875 which later developed into ‘Aligarh Muslim University.
• Started a periodical entitled ‘Mohammadan Social Reformer’.
• Worked for the propagation of modern education, science, and technology.

(b) Tarabai Shinde:

• Born in 1839.
• She demanded gender equality.
• She was the first woman to challenge the patriarchal system.
• She was of the opinion that religious systems suppress women because religions are created by men.

(c) Maharshi Vitthal Ramji Shinde:

• Opened Marathi schools and schools for technical training in Parel, Deonar in Mumbai under the umbrella of ‘Depressed Classes Mission’ that was established by him.
• Worked to create public awareness about the issues affecting the depressed classes like entry into temples (for example, protestations for the right of entry in Parvati temple in Pune), agricultural conference, and joint electorate system of depressed classes.

(d) Kamaladevi Chattopadhyay:

• Was an active volunteer of Congress.
• She convinced Mahatma Gandhi to let women participate in salt satyagraha, and she participated in the satyagraha.
• She worked for women’s rights.
• Organized demonstrations to draw attention to the problems of workers and farmers.
• Emphasized justice to female agricultural labourers.
• Insisted that women working in factories should have the necessary facilities.
• Followed up the issue of maternity leave to women.
• Imprisoned by the British for one year for participating in the Quit India Movement.

(e) Ramaswamy Naikar:

• Born in ‘Erode’ in Tamil Nadu in 1879.
• He became a follower of Mahatma Gandhi’s philosophy and worked for propagating the use of ‘Swadeshi’.
• He participated in the Vykom Satyagraha in Travancore against untouchability.
• Started the ‘Swabhiman Andolan’ in Tamil Nadu.
• Fought against the varna system and child marriage.
• He was addressed as ‘Periyar’ or Great Soul because of his magnanimous work.
• Was a great speaker and author.
• Took a radical position on issues like women’s rights and family planning.

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Class 12 History Important Questions Chapter 4 Colonialism and the Marathas Important Questions and Answers.

Maharashtra State Board 12th History Important Questions Chapter 4 Colonialism and the Marathas

1A. Choose the correct alternative and rewrite the statement.

Question 1.
In __________ Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj attacked the region of Bardesh.
(a) 1667
(b) 1668
(c) 1669
(d) 1670
Answer:
(a) 1667

Question 2.
In 1668, the __________ established their factory at Rajapur.
(a) British
(b) Dutch
(c) French
(d) Portuguese
Answer:
(c) French

Question 3.
The __________ fort was under siege laid by Adilshah’s army.
(a) Panhala
(b) Raigad
(c) Raj gad
(d) Simhagad
Answer:
(a) Panhala

Question 4.
__________ was offered asylum by the British.
(a) Madhavrao Peshwa
(b) Narayanrao Peshwa
(c) Raghunathrao
(d) Vishwasrao
Answer:
(c) Raghunathrao

Question 5.
The third Anglo-Maratha War was fought in __________
(a) 1815
(b) 1816
(c) 1817
(d) 1818
Answer:
(c) 1817

Question 6.
The __________ arrived from Abyssinia.
(a) British
(b) French
(c) Dutch
(d) Siddis
Answer:
(d) Siddis

1B. Find the incorrect pair from group ‘B’ and write the corrected one.

Question 1.

Group ‘A’	Group ‘B’
(a) Ibrahim Khan Gardi	Mercenary
(b) Fazal Khan	Brother of Afzal Khan
(c) Abdul Karim	Subhedar of Rajapur
(d) Henry Oxenden	British agent

Answer:
Fazal Khan – son of Afzal Khan

2A. Write the names of historical places/persons/events.

Question 1.
A book was written by Cosme da Guarda-
Answer:
Vide de Celehro Sevagy (Life of the Celebrated Shivaji)

Question 2.
The Portuguese emissary who met Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj-
Answer:
Gonsalo Martez

Question 3.
A type of revenue collected by the Maratha rulers-
Answer:
Chauthai

Question 4.
The younger brother of Peshwa Bajirao I-
Answer:
Chimajiappa

Question 5.
Treaty signed by the British and Peshwa Bajirao II-
Answer:
Treaty of Vasai

Question 6.
The battle fought between the Marathas and Ahmadshah Abdali in 1761-
Answer:
The Third Battle of Panipat

Question 7.
The northern region of Goa was known as-
Answer:
Bardish

2B. Choose the correct reason from those given below and complete the sentence.

Question 1.
The Portuguese were alarmed because __________
(a) Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj built a strong navy
(b) Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj had a strong army
(c) Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj had the support of other European powers
(d) Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj had a good network of spies
Answer:
(a) Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj built a strong navy

Question 2.
Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj was determined to humble the Portuguese __________
(a) The Portuguese opposing the construction work by the Marathas in Chaul
(b) Forcing their subjects in Goa for religious conversion
(c) Pillaging of the trading ships
(d) All of the above
Answer:
(d) All of the above

3A. Observe the map on textbook page 29 and answer the questions based on it.

Question 1.
Who was in charge of Indore?
Answer:
The Holkars were in charge of Indore.

Question 2.
Where was the seat of the Mughal empire?
Answer:
The seat of the Mughal empire was in Delhi.

Question 3.
Where were the centers of the Maratha empire?
Answer:
Dhar, Indore, Gwalior, Nagpur, and Vadodara were centers of the Maratha empire.

Question 4.
Under whose command was Goa?
Answer:
Goa was under the command of Portuguese.

Question 5.
Name the places that were under British rule.
Answer:
Mumbai (Bombay) and Chennai (Madras) were under the rule of the British.

Question 6.
What is the old name of Kolkata?
Answer:
The old name of Kolkata is Calcutta.

Question 7.
Who captured Janjira?
Answer:
The Siddis captured Janjira.

3B. Complete the following concept map.

Question 1.

Answer:

4A. Write short notes.

Question 1.
Vide de Celebre Sevagy
Answer:
A book written by Cosme da Guarda, a Portuguese historian, is a very important source of the history of Maharashtra. This book is entitled Vide de Celebre Sevagy (Life of the Celebrated Shivaji). He was the first European author to write a biography of Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj.

Question 2.
Dutch and the Maratha Empire
Answer:
The Dutch established a factory at Vengurla in 1649. Their trade flourished there. However, their trade was severely affected when Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj attacked Kudal. In 1665, the Mughal subedar of Surat asked for help for destroying the Maratha naval force. However, the Dutch offered no help. Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj had allowed them to build a factory at Dabhol. The political relations between the Dutch and the Marathas kept changing to suit the need of the time.

The Marathas did not harm the Dutch factory at Surat. Also, during the Karnataka campaign, the Marathas ensured the safety of the Dutch factory and also issued them trading permits. For these favours the Dutch paid tributes to Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj. The Dutch factories at Porto Novo/Parangipettai and Tegnapattam/ Devanapattinam were unharmed by Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj.

4B. Explain the following statements with reasons.

Question 1.
Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj adopted a strong policy against the European colonisers.
Answer:
Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj had foreseen the ulterior motives of the foreigners and their ways of infiltration. He built strategies to arrest their advances in India. He took immediate measures by creating a strong naval force. He levied octroi on British trade salt as a measure to protect the local salt trade. Thus, Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj adopted a strong policy against the European colonisers.

Question 2.
Another Anglo-Maratha War took place in 1803.
Answer:
The relations between Holkar and Peshwa Bajirao II turned bitter. As a result, Yashwantrao Holkar attacked Pune. Bajirao Peshwa II panicked and sought asylum from the British. A treaty was signed by the British and the Peshwa is known as the ‘Treaty of Vasai’. However, this treaty was not acceptable to Shinde and Holkar. Hence, there was another Anglo-Maratha War in 1803.

5. State your opinion.

Question 1.
Ibrahim Khan Gardi was hired by the Marathas.
Answer:
Ibrahim Khan Gardi was a mercenary who had trained under the French. He was hired by Sadashivraobhau Peshwa as the chief of artillery. In the Third Battle of Panipat, Mahadji Shinde had observed Ibrahim Khan’s skills. Inspired by it, he built a trained army with the help of de Boigne, a French military trainer, and also established well-equipped artillery.

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Class 12 History Important Questions Chapter 3 India and European Colonialism Important Questions and Answers.

Maharashtra State Board 12th History Important Questions Chapter 3 India and European Colonialism

1A. Choose the correct alternative and rewrite the statement.

Question 1.
The ____________ established the East India Company in December 1600.
(a) British
(b) French
(c) Dutch
(d) Portuguese
Answer:
(a) British

Question 2.
The Cartaz was a ____________ which the Indian rulers had to get from the Portuguese.
(a) passbook
(b) license
(c) diary
(d) notebook
Answer:
(b) license

Question 3.
The main building of the British factory carried the ____________
(a) Union Jack
(b) American flag
(c) Indian flag
(d) Dutch flag
Answer:
(a) Union Jack

Question 4.
The fort named at Chennai was ‘Fort ____________’.
(a) St. Peter
(b) St. George
(c) St. Francis
(d) St. Xavier
Answer:
(b) St. George

Question 5.
____________was appointed as the Governor of Bombay.
(a) Abraham Shipman
(b) George Oxenden
(c) Jean Baptiste Colbert
(d) Charles II
Answer:
(a) Abraham Shipman

Question 6.
The Dutch established their first colony at ____________
(a) Surat
(b) Machilipatnam
(c) Bombay
(d) Chandranagar
Answer:
(b) Machilipatnam

Question 7.
The wars fought between the British and the French are known as ‘___________’.
(a) Bombay wars
(b) Madras wars
(c) Carnatic wars
(d) Calcutta wars
Answer:
(c) Carnatic Wars

Question 8.
The Dutch established their first factory at ____________
(a) Pondicherry
(b) Pulicat
(c) Port Nova
(d) Petapuli
Answer:
(d) Petapuli

1B. Find the incorrect pair from group ‘B’ and write the corrected one.

Question 1.

Group ‘A’	Group ‘B’
(a) Vasco da Gama	Seafarer
(b) Abraham Shipman	Governor of Bombay
(c) George Oxenden	Governor of Surat
(d) Jean Baptiste Colbert	Italian finance minister

Answer:
Jean Baptiste Colbert – French finance minister

2A. Write the names of historical places/persons/events.

Question 1.
License which the Indian rulers had to get from the Portuguese-
Answer:
Cartaz

Question 2.
Indian king who built his own navy-
Answer:
Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj

Question 3.
The company was established by the British in 1600-
Answer:
The East India company

Question 4.
The staff of factories was called-
Answer:
Factors

Question 5.
Flag of the British-
Answer:
Union Jack

Question 6.
Commander-in-chief of Mumbai-
Answer:
George Oxenden

Question 7.
The company formed by several Dutch companies-
Answer:
United East India

Question 8.
Port city mentioned in ‘Periplus’ of Erythrean sea-
Answer:
Machilipatnam (Mosalia)

Question 9.
Mughal emperor who granted permission to the French to open a factory in Surat-
Answer:
Aurangzeb

Question 10.
The main center of French operations-
Answer:
Pondicherry (Puducherry)

2B. Choose the correct reason from those given below and complete the sentence.

Question 1.
The Indian rulers had to get Cartaz (license) from the Portuguese ____________
(a) for sailing on the Indian Ocean
(b) for carrying on a trade
(c) for enjoyment
(d) for conducting naval exercises
Answer:
(a) for sailing on the Indian Ocean

Question 2.
The British built factories in India because ____________
(a) they wanted to store machines
(b) they wanted to store goods bought at low prices
(c) they wanted to employ Indians in these factories
(d) they wanted to accommodate the staff at these factories
Answer:
(b) they wanted to store goods bought at low prices

Question 3.
Charles II leased Mumbai to the East India Company because ____________
(a) the East India company wanted Mumbai
(b) Mumbai was too far away to administer
(c) the expenditure for its maintenance exceeded the income earned from it
(d) the East India Company was a rich company
Answer:
(c) the expenditure for its maintenance exceeded the income earned from it

Question 4.
A British mint was established in Mumbai because ____________
(a) Mumbai was an ideal place for setting up a mint
(b) the British could keep an eye on the mint
(c) the British had competition from other European powers
(d) this encouraged merchants and artisans to come and settle down in Mumbai
Answer:
(d) this encouraged merchants and artisans to come and settle down in Mumbai

3. Complete the following concept map.

Question 1.

Office Holders	Office Holders
Vice-rei and Capitaon-i-Jaral	…………………………
……………………………	Archbishop
Chancellor	…………………………
……………………………	Captain

Answer:

Office Holders	Office Holders
Vice-rei and Capitaon-i-Jaral	Viceroy and General of the army
Arcebispo	Archbishop
Chancellor	Judge
Capitaon	Captain

Question 2.

Answer:

4A. Write short notes.

Question 1.
Cartaz
Answer:
The Cartaz was a license issued by the Portuguese to the Indian rulers for sailing on the Indian Ocean when they established firm control on the Indian Ocean. It usually carried details like the name of the vessel (ship), the name of the captain of the ship, port of departure and arrival, the list of weaponry on the ship loaded for the purpose of self-defense, etc.

Question 2.
Portuguese Trade
Answer:
The king of Calicut wrote to the King of Portugal in a letter sent with Vasco da Gama “Our state is rich in spices like cloves, ginger, black pepper, and precious stones. We expect you to pay us in gold, silver, corals in exchange for our spices and precious stones”. Vasco da Gama sold the commodities in Portugal, which he carried from India. He could earn a huge amount of money in that trade which was sixty times more than the money he spent for his return journey to Portugal.

Question 3.
Factory
Answer:
The British established factories in India. For this, they used to acquire large plots of land. These plots were used to build warehouses, residential quarters, and offices. The main building of the factory carried the ‘Union Jack’. The staff of these factories was called ‘Factors’. The meals provided to the staff included bread, meat, rice, Khichadi of pulses and rice, pickles, etc. The company had created beautiful gardens for the benefit of the staff at Surat, Karwar, Machilipatnam, Petapuli, Chennai, and Mumbai.

Question 4.
Machilipatnam
Answer:
The Dutch established their first colony at Machilipatnam. This port city came into existence in the 3rd century B.C.E. It is also mentioned in ‘Periplus’ of the Erythrean Sea as ‘Mosalia’.

4B. Explain the following statements with reasons.

Question 1.
The British built ‘Factories’ in India.
Answer:
The British used to acquire large plots of land for their factories. These plots were used to build warehouses, residential quarters, and offices. The British needed a permanent place to store the goods at low prices. It was required of them to stay in India for a period of 9 to 13 months to carry out trading transactions. Hence they decided to build ‘Factories’ or ‘emporiums’ in India. The staff of these factories was called ‘factors’.

Question 2.
The ‘Carnatic Wars’ were fought between the British and the French.
Answer:
Pondicherry which was the main center of French operations was ruled by the Nawab of Karnataka. The members of the Nawab family were fighting amongst themselves for the throne. The British and the French started intervening in the matter which resulted in three battles between the British and the French from 1744 to 1763 C.E. known as the ‘Carnatic Wars’.

5. State your opinion.

Question 1.
Charles II leased Mumbai to the East India Company.
Answer:
Charles II had received the islands of Mumbai as a gift from the King of Portugal on his engagement to Princess Braganza of Portugal. He found it difficult to maintain the islands as the expenditure incurred on its maintenance exceeded the income earned from it. So, he leased it to the East India Company.

Question 2.
In 1602, several Dutch companies got together to form ‘United East India’.
Answer:
The Dutch government issued a license to the company to conduct trading with the eastern countries. The same license permitted them to appoint staff, establish factories, build forts, engage in battles against the eastern countries, and also sign treaties with them. Accordingly, the company appointed a Governor-General to take care of Indian affairs.

6. Answer the following questions in detail.

Question 1.
What rights were ‘the French East India Company’ given by the French King Louis XIV?
Answer:
The French East India Company was established in 1664 by Jean Baptiste Colbert. The company was given the authority to trade with eastern countries to maintain army and navy and also exemption from taxes. The company was also given the authority to enter war or treaty with the eastern rulers. In 1666, the company sent a contingent to the court of Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb and obtained permission to establish a factory in Surat.

Maharashtra State Board HSC 12th Geography Important Questions and Answers

• Chapter 1 Introduction to Micro and Macro Economics Important Questions
• Chapter 2 Utility Analysis Important Questions
• Chapter 3A Demand Analysis Important Questions
• Chapter 3B Elasticity of Demand Important Questions
• Chapter 4 Supply Analysis Important Questions
• Chapter 5 Forms of Market Important Questions
• Chapter 6 Index Numbers Important Questions
• Chapter 7 National Income Important Questions
• Chapter 8 Public Finance in India Important Questions
• Chapter 9 Money Market and Capital Market in India Important Questions
• Chapter 10 Foreign Trade of India Important Questions

Maharashtra Board 12th HSC Important Questions

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Class 12 History Important Questions Chapter 2 European Colonialism Important Questions and Answers.

Maharashtra State Board 12th History Important Questions Chapter 2 European Colonialism

1A. Choose the correct alternative and rewrite the statement.

Question 1.
__________ was a result of Industrial Revolution.
(a) Communism
(b) Colonialism
(c) Capitalism
(d) Imperialism
Answer:
(b) Colonialism

Question 2.
The King of __________ was the supreme authority.
(a) England
(b) Portugal
(c) Russia
(d) Spain
Answer:
(d) Spain

Question 3.
In 1496, __________ was granted permission to establish colonies on American land.
(a) John Abbot
(b) George Washington
(c) Thomas Jefferson
(d) Ferdinand Magellan
Answer:
(a) John Abbot

Question 4.
The Boston Tea Party took place in the year __________
(a) 1771
(b) 1772
(c) 1773
(d) 1774
Answer:
(c) 1773

Question 5.
__________ was earlier known as ‘Brahmadesh’ (Burma).
(a) Cambodia
(b) Vietnam
(c) Thailand
(d) Myanmar
Answer:
(d) Myanmar

Question 6.
The __________ war was fought in the year 1885 C.E.
(a) Third Anglo-Burmese war
(b) Second Anglo-Burmese war
(c) First Anglo Burmese war
(d) Anglo-Nepalese war
Answer:
(a) Third Anglo-Burmese war

Question 7.
The British imprisoned __________ after his defeat.
(a) George Washington
(b) King Thibaw
(c) Thomas Jefferson
(d) John
Answer:
(b) King Thibaw

Question 8.
__________ is the capital of Tibet.
(a) Leh
(b) Ladakh
(c) Lhasa
(d) Laos
Answer:
(c) Lhasa

1B. Find the incorrect pair from group ‘B’ and write the corrected one.

Question 1.

Group ‘A’	Group ‘B’
(a) The Boston Tea Party	1770
(b) Declaration of Independence	1774
(c) The Stamp Act	1765
(d) American Independence	1780

Answer:
The Boston Tea Party – 1773

Question 2.

Group ‘A’	Group ‘B’
(a) Queen of England	Queen Elizabeth I
(b) King of Myanmar	King Thibaw
(c) King of Belgium	Louis XVI
(d) Chancellor of Germany	Bismarck

Answer:
King of Belgium – Leopold II

2A. Write the names of historical places/persons/events.

Question 1.
The people of Asia and Africa were economically exploited by the-
Answer:
Europeans

Question 2.
In 1607 the British built a colony on the banks of the river ‘James’-
Answer:
Jamestown

Question 3.
The country which was earlier known as ‘Brahmadesh’-
Answer:
Myanmar

Question 4.
Governor-General of India who declared war against Myanmar-
Answer:
Lord Amherst

Question 5.
The American revolt of independence is also known as-
Answer:
American Revolution

Question 6.
The book written by Lokmanya Tilak in Mandalay jail-
Answer:
Geetarahasva

Question 7.
Venue of the geographical conference in 1876-
Answer:
Brussels

Question 8.
The Chancellor of Germany who established the first German colony in West Africa in 1883-
Answer:
Bismarck

2B. Choose the correct reason from those given below and complete the sentence.

Question 1.
The American colonies declared boycott on British goods because __________
(a) restrictions were imposed on them and autonomy
(b) British goods were of poor quality
(c) heavy taxes were levied on British goods
(d) American goods were of superior quality
Answer:
(a) restrictions were imposed on them and autonomy.

Question 2.
The British imprisoned King Thibaw because __________
(a) he was an outlaw
(b) he refused to obey the British
(c) he was a cruel king
(d) the British wanted to ensure that he would not be able to rise against the British or have any contact with his subjects
Answer:
(d) the British wanted to ensure that he would not be able to rise against the British or have any contact with his subjects.

Question 3.
The British wanted to bring Bhutan under their control because __________
(a) Bhutan was a beautiful country
(b) Bhutan was a rich kingdom
(c) Bhutan helped to open the trade route from Bengal to Tibet for the British
(d) Bhutan was militarily weak
Answer:
(c) Bhutan helped to open the trade route from Bengal to Tibet for the British.

Question 4.
Sudan was important for England because __________
(a) the Nile, the lifeline of Egypt originates in Sudan
(b) Sudan was rich in minerals
(c) Sudan had a strong army
(d) England had an ulterior motive
Answer:
(a) the Nile, the lifeline of Egypt originates in Sudan.

3A. Observe the map on textbook page 12 and answer the questions based on it.

Question 1.
Write the names of the thirteen colonies.
Answer:
New Hampshire, New York, Massachusetts, Connecticut, Rhode Island, Pennsylvania, New Jersey, Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia.

Question 2.
Name some of the cities in the colonies.
Answer:
Portsmouth, Boston, New York City, Trenton, etc.

Question 3.
What is the name of the ocean that lies to the east of the colonies?
Answer:
The Atlantic Ocean lies to the east of the colonies.

3B. Complete the following concept map.

Question 1.

Important Events	Dates
The Stamp Act	……………………..
………………………..	1773
Declaration of Independence	………………………
……………………….	1780

Answer:

Important Events	Dates
The Stamp Act	1765
The Boston Tea Party	1773
Declaration of Independence	1774
American Independence	1780

Question 2.

Answer:

Question 3.

Answer:

4A. Write short notes.

Question 1.
The Stamp Act (1765).
Answer:

• The Stamp Act was passed in the year 1765. This act made it obligatory to purchase special stamps for important documents.
• British colonies in America like Virginia, Massachusetts put up resistance against the Stamp Act and also other restrictions on the colonies.

Question 2.
The Boston Tea Party (1773).
Answer:

• The British Parliament had granted a monopoly to the East India Company to import and sell tea to the colonies.
• People in the colonies were demanded the removal of restrictions imposed on them and autonomy. The British Government refused to yield to the demands of the colonies and in retaliation America decided to boycott British goods.
• In 1773, as an act of resistance, the local residents of Boston dumped the boxes of tea in the sea belonging to the East India Company. This event is known as the ‘Boston Tea Party.’

Question 3.
‘Declaration of Independence (1774).
Answer:
Thirteen colonies in America came together and declared independence from Great Britain. On 4th July in the meeting known as the ‘Second Continental Congress,’ a document is known as the ‘Declaration of Independence was adopted. This document was drafted by Thomas Jefferson. The crucial part of this document announced that the 13 American colonies were independent sovereign states. The key point of this document is the statement about three basic human rights namely ‘Life, Liberty, and Pursuit of Happiness. It was stated that these three are the natural rights of all humans which nobody can be deprived of.

4B. Explain the following statements with reasons.

Question 1.
Sudan was important for England.
Answer:
Sudan was a vassal state of England. Sudan was important for England because the Nile which was the lifeline of Egypt originates in Sudan. England without paying heed to local opposition established its supremacy over Sudan. To facilitate the moving of the British army in Sudan, the British began to build a railway track from Uganda to Sudan.

5. State your opinion.

Question 1.
The Boston Tea party took place in 1773.
Answer:

• The British Parliament had granted a monopoly to the East India Company to import and sell tea to the colonies.
• People in the colonies were demanded the removal of restrictions imposed on them and autonomy. The British Government refused to yield to the demands of the colonies and in retaliation America decided to boycott British goods.
• In 1773, as an act of resistance, the local residents of Boston dumped the boxes of tea in the sea belonging to the East India Company. This event is known as the ‘Boston Tea Party.’

Question 2.
‘Declaration of Independence was adopted.
Answer:
Thirteen colonies in America came together and declared independence from Great Britain. On 4th July in the meeting known as the ‘Second Continental Congress’ a document known as ‘Declaration of Independence was adopted. This document was drafted by Thomas Jefferson. The crucial part of this document announced that the 13 American colonies were independent sovereign states. The key point of this document is the statement about three basic human rights namely ‘Life, Liberty, and Pursuit of Happiness. It was stated that these three are the natural rights of all humans which nobody can be deprived of.

Question 3.
The British imprisoned King Thibaw of Myanmar.
Answer:
King Thibaw of Myanmar tried to strike a pact with Italy and Germany. These reasons were enough for the British to feel alarmed. They declared war against King Thibaw when he levied a fine on the Bombay-Burma Trading Corporation, a British company. This led to a war being declared against Burma. King Thibaw surrendered and was imprisoned by the British to ensure that he would not be able to rise against the British or have any contact with his subjects.

Question 4.
The First Anglo-Burmese War was fought.
Answer:
Burma was rich in natural wealth and was also a potential market. The royal dynasty had successfully consolidated the country under their rule. It conquered Manipur in 1813 and in 1822 they attacked Assam. The British were alarmed by these attacks. Hence, Lord Amherst, the Governor-General of India declared war against Myanmar. The war continued for two years. This was the First Anglo-Burmese War. The British navy conquered the port of Rangoon (Yangon) in this war. This war ended with a treaty between the British and the Burmese king.

6. Answer the following questions in detail.

Question 1.
Write a note on England’s role in Australia.
Answer:

• England first colonised Australia in the 18th century when the first colony of prisoners was deported from England.
• Later in the 19th century, other regions in Australia were colonised.
• The British also established their colonies in the island of Tasmania and New Zealand.
• In the year 1900, the island of Tasmania and the Republic of Australia was created as an integral nation of the British Empire.
• A bicameral parliament was established and a Governor-General was appointed in Australia by the British king as the viceregal representative.
• Only European immigrants were allowed to enter Australia.

Question 2.
Explain Britain’s interest in conquering Tibet.
Answer:

• Tibet was under the influence of the Dalai Lama.
• The British wanted to gain control over Tibet by arresting Russian advances and increase their own trade.
• The British military had reached Lhasa, the capital of Tibet.
• In 1907 as per the treaty between England and Russia, China’s political rule in Tibet was acknowledged.
• It gave leeway to China to claim Tibet as an integral part of China.

Question 3.
Discuss the consequences of Colonialism.
Answer:
The people in Asia and Africa were economically exploited by the Europeans. People in the colonies lost their independence. Their economic exploitation pushed them into poverty. A new awareness emerged in the political, social, economic, and educational fields. Common people became conscious of democratic systems and their inherent modern values like liberty, equality, and fraternity. People were introduced to principles like administration based on a fundamental legal system, judicial system, availability of education to all.

7. Answer the following question with the help of the given points.

Question 1.
Explain the causes for the rise of Colonialism.
(a) Industrial Consequences
(b) Requirements of Raw Material
(c) Sources of Minerals
(d) Feeling of Racial Superiority
Answer:
(a) Industrial Consequences:
Colonialism was a result of the industrial revolution. Production increased enormously because of the new machines. However, the rate of local consumption was much less compared to the surplus rate of production. Hence, the immediate need of the Europeans was to find new markets for selling their products. It was also necessary that these markets be dependable and easy to dominate.

(b) Requirements of Raw Material:
The desire to create a monopoly in the market and the need to procure raw material at cheaper rates were two major factors that made European nations compete with one another for clear Supremacy.

(c) Sources of Minerals:
The countries in Asia and Africa were rich in minerals like gold, diamonds, silver, coal, etc. This attracted the European nations to Asia and Africa.

(d) Feeling of Racial Superiority:
The Europeans felt it was their responsibility to civilise the people of Asia and Africa. This led to the conversion of Asian and African people to Christianity. It also helped the growth of colonialism.

Question 2.
Write a note on the events that led to the American Revolution.
(a) The Stamp Act of 1765
(b) The Boston Tea Party of 1773
(c) Declaration of Independence in 1774
(d) War at Saratoga
Answer:
(a) The Stamp Act (1765):

• The Stamp Act was passed in the year 1765. This act made it obligatory to purchase special stamps for important documents.
• British colonies in America like Virginia, Massachusetts put up resistance against the Stamp Act and also other restrictions on the colonies.

(b) The Boston Tea Party (1773):

• The British Parliament had granted a monopoly to the East India Company to import and sell tea to the colonies.
• People in the colonies were demanded the removal of restrictions imposed on them and autonomy. The British Government refused to yield to the demands of the colonies and in retaliation America decided to boycott British goods.
• In 1773, as an act of resistance, the local residents of Boston dumped the boxes of tea in the sea belonging to the East India Company. This event is known as the ‘Boston Tea Party.’

(c) ‘Declaration of Independence (1774):
Thirteen colonies in America came together and declared independence from Great Britain. On 4th July in the meeting known as the ‘Second Continental Congress,’ a document is known as ‘Declaration of Independence was adopted. This document was drafted by Thomas Jefferson. The crucial part of this document announced that the 13 American colonies were independent sovereign states. The key point of this document is the statement about three basic human rights namely ‘Life, Liberty, and Pursuit of Happiness. It was stated that these three are the natural rights of all humans which nobody can be deprived of.

(d) American War of Independence:
The colonies got into several battles with the British army even after gaining independence. The colonies finally at Saratoga got a decisive victory over the British army. This victory proved to be a turning point for the colonies as the French agreed to support them in their conflict against the British. Eventually, Spain also joined the conflicts in their struggle for independence.

On 7th October 1780, George Washington defeated the British army. On 19th October, British General Lord Cornwallis surrendered and America became independent. The American revolt for independence is also known as the ‘American Revolution’. America proved to the world that the subjects have a right to fight their rulers who deny them their natural rights.

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Class 12 History Important Questions Chapter 1 Renaissance in Europe and Development of Science Important Questions and Answers.

Maharashtra State Board 12th History Important Questions Chapter 1 Renaissance in Europe and Development of Science

1A. Choose the correct alternative and rewrite the statement.

Question 1.
__________ means ‘Rebirth’.
(a) Reformation
(b) Renaissance
(c) Revival
(d) Rejuvenation
Answer:
(b) Renaissance

Question 2.
The first crusade began in the year __________
(a) 1096
(b) 1097
(c) 1098
(d) 1099
Answer:
(a) 1096

Question 3.
__________ is said to have mentioned the sunspots (Tamas Kilakas) in his treatise ‘Brihatsamhita’.
(a) Ibn Batuta
(b) Varahamihir
(c) Alberuni
(d) Arya Bhatt
Answer:
(b) Varahamihir

Question 4.
Edmund Cartwright invented the __________
(a) telescope
(b) printing press
(c) steam engine
(d) power loom
Answer:
(d) power loom

Question 5.
__________ invented the steam engine.
(a) James Watt
(b) Thomas Bell
(c) Robert Fulton
(d) George Stephenson
Answer:
(a) James Watt

Question 6.
__________ landed at the port of Calicut in 1498.
(a) Ferdinand Magellan
(b) Vasco da Gama
(c) Capt. James Cook
(d) Mungo Park
Answer:
(b) Vasco da Gama

Question 7.
__________ is considered to be the father of ‘Hydraulics’.
(a) Ibn Batuta
(b) Amir Khushrow
(c) Alberuni
(d) Abul Fazl
Answer:
(c) Alberuni

1B. Find the incorrect pair from group ‘B’ and write the corrected one.

Question 1.

Group ‘A’	Group ‘B’
(a) Galileo	Telephone
(b) Thomas Bell	Cylinder for printing
(c) Robert Fulton	Steamboat
(d) George Stephenson	Steam engine for transport

Answer:
Galileo – Telescope

Question 2.

Group ‘A’	Group ‘B’
(a) Marco Polo	India
(b) Amerigo Vespucci	Venezuela
(c) Samuel de Champlain	Quebec
(d) Mungo Park	Western Africa expedition

Answer:
Marco Polo – China

2A. Write the names of historical places/persons/events.

Question 1.
Two cities considered holy by Jews, Christians, and Muslims
Answer:
Jerusalem and Bethlehem

Question 2.
Sultan of Egypt who defeated the crusaders by conquering Jerusalem
Answer:
Sultan Saladin

Question 3.
The highest authority of the Catholic Church
Answer:
The Pope

Question 4.
The first printing press was started by
Answer:
Johannes Gutenberg

Question 5.
Author of the epics ‘Iliad’ and ‘Odyssey’
Answer:
Homer

Question 6.
The King who gave trading permission to Vasco da Gama
Answer:
Zamorin

Question 7.
The book written by Louis Antony da Bougainvillea
Answer:
Voyages Around the World

Question 8.
The methodology used in Zoology to classify animals is called
Answer:
Taxonomy

2B. Choose the correct reason from those given below and complete the sentence.

Question 1.
The ‘Medieval’ Period is called ‘Renaissance’ because __________
(a) it saw advances in various fields of life
(b) people wanted change
(c) the rulers imposed restrictions on their thinking
(d) people were tired of fighting wars
Answer:
(a) it saw advances in various fields of life

Question 2.
The ‘Crusades’ was a failure because __________
(a) the Pope and the rulers initiated the wars for their own vested interests
(b) common people losing faith
(c) there was a rift between the Pope and the European rulers
(d) of all of the above reasons
Answer:
(d) of all of the above reasons

Question 3.
The European colonies in the African continent increased because __________
(a) Europeans wanted to settle in Africa
(b) it was rich in diamonds, gold, and copper
(c) the cold climate of Europe made them migrate to Africa
(d) Human labour was very expensive in Europe
Answer:
(b) it was rich in diamonds, gold, and copper

Question 4.
Industrial revolution took place in England because __________
(a) the atmosphere was suitable for the industrial revolution in England
(b) the other nations were weak to compete with England
(c) mechanized production did not take place in the other nations
(d) England wanted to prove her superiority
Answer:
(a) the atmosphere was suitable for the industrial revolution in England

3A. Observe the map on textbook page 05 and answer the questions based on it.

Question 1. Name the ocean that lies in the northern hemisphere.
Answer:
The Arctic

Question 2.
Name the ocean that lies in the southern hemisphere.
Answer:
The Antarctic

Question 3.
Who circumnavigated the earth?
Answer:
Ferdinand Magellan

Question 4.
In which continent lies the Cape of Good Hope?
Answer:
Africa

Question 5.
Where did Vasco da Gama land in India in 1498?
Answer:
Calicut (Kozhikode)

Question 6.
After whom is ‘America’ named?
Answer:
Amerigo Vespucci

3B. Complete the following concept map.

Question 1.

Inventors	Inventions
Galileo	…………………………….
……………………….	Power Loom
James Watt	……………………………
……………………….	Spinning Mule

Answer:

Inventors	Inventions
Galileo	Telescope
Edmund Cartwright	Power Loom
James Watt	Steam Engine
Samuel Crompton	Spinning Mule

Question 2.

Answer:

4. Write Short Notes.

Question 1.
Inventions and Discoveries during the Renaissance period.
Answer:

• In 1543 C.E., Nicolaus Copernicus told the world that the centre of our planetary system is the ‘Sun’ and not the ‘Earth’.
• In 1609, Galileo prepared a sophisticated telescope that supported the theories propounded by Copernicus and Kepler.
• This facilitated research in physical sciences.
• Inventions of gunpowder and printing brought about changes in the techniques of warfare and dissemination of knowledge.
• In the world of printing, the first printing press was started by Johannes Gutenberg in 1440 and the first printing press started in Italy in 1451.

Question 2.
Roman Church.
Answer:

1. In the pre-renaissance period, the Roman church not only controlled the religious life of the people but also the individual life.
2. It exploited the common people in the following ways-
   • By issuing mandates for payments of fees.
   • Put restrictions on free-thinking and its circulation.
   • Anyone who dared to interpret Bible was sentenced to death.
3. The humanist philosophy was instrumental in making a ground for resistance against the powerful church.

Question 3.
Ibn Batuta.
Answer:

• He was a sailor and a famous medieval traveler.
• Ibn Batuta visited several countries like India, Maldives, Sumatra, China, Spain, Sardinia, East, and West Africa.

Question 4.
Alberuni.
Answer:

• accompanied Sultan Mahmud of Ghazni during his visit to India.
• tried to estimate the diameter of the earth.
• determined the latitudes and longitudes accurately.
• prepared a map of the earth indicating its round shape.
• considered as the father of ‘Hydraulics’.

5. Explain the following statements with reasons.

Question 1.
The rise of ‘Economic Nationalism’ was an outcome of the industrial revolution.
Answer:

• Arresting the growth of rival nations along with pursuing the growth of one’s own nation became important.
• Putting economic restrictions on rival nations by devising ways.
• For e.g. Prohibiting the import-export transactions of other countries, levying heavy toll duties on their goods, establishing colonies mainly in Asia and Africa, and fighting with the natives were part of the economic nationalism.
• Thus, economic nationalism led to imperialism.

Question 2.
The number of European colonies in the African continent increased.
Answer:

• The continent was rich in diamonds, gold, and copper.
• It was also rich in fertile land, timber, and forests.
• Later the Portuguese captured them and sold them as slaves.
• Cheap human labour was the need of the Europeans.
• This increased the demand for African slaves and helped them to expand the slave trade.

Question 3.
Galileo is known as the ‘Father of Empirical Sciences’.
Answer:

• Galileo established the rational method of empirical observation and forming a theory based on those observations.
• He proved that the speed of objects of different weights falling down is equal by carrying out actual demonstrations from the heights of the tower of Pisa in Italy.
• He triggered a revolution with his modified telescope which benefited the seafarers to a large extent.
• With his telescope, he discovered four major satellites of the planet Jupiter.
• He proved that there are mountains and valleys on the moon and the light emitted from it are actually the rays of the sun.
• He also calculated that the sun takes 27 days to complete one cycle around itself.
• He was also the first scientist to observe spots on the sun.
• Hence, Galileo is known as the ‘Father of Empirical Sciences’.

6. State your opinion.

Question 1.
Scientific inventions in various fields.
Answer:

• The compass, the barometer, telescope, and the thermometer were invented during this period.
• Microscopes were invented to observe various types of micro-organisms.
• Robert Boyle, an alchemist discovered that that the absolute pressure and the volume of a gas are inversely proportional.
• The research in physics was more focused on heat and sound.
• In zoology, a methodology known as ‘Taxonomy’ was developed to classify animals.
• Benjamin Franklin’s research was on lightning and electricity. He coined many technical terms which are used in science even today.

Question 2.
Galileo is known as the ‘Father of Empirical Sciences’.
Answer:

• Galileo established the rational method of empirical observation and forming a theory based on those observations.
• He proved that the speed of objects of different weights falling down is equal by carrying out actual demonstrations from the heights of the tower of Pisa in Italy.
• He triggered a revolution with his modified telescope which benefited the seafarers to a large extent.
• With his telescope, he discovered four major satellites of the planet Jupiter.
• He proved that there are mountains and valleys on the moon and the light emitted from it are actually the rays of the sun.
• He also calculated that the sun takes 27 days to complete one cycle around itself.
• He was also the first scientist to observe spots on the sun.
• Hence, Galileo is known as the ‘Father of Empirical Sciences’.

Question 3.
In the pre-renaissance period, the Roman Church controlled both the religious as well as the individual life of the people.
Answer:

1. In the pre-renaissance period, the Roman church not only controlled the religious life of the people but also the individual life.
2. It exploited the common people in the following ways-
   • By issuing mandates for payments of fees.
   • Put restrictions on free-thinking and its circulation.
   • Anyone who dared to interpret Bible was sentenced to death.
3. The humanist philosophy was instrumental in making a ground for resistance against the powerful church.

7. Answer the following questions in detail.

Question 1.
Write a detailed note on the industrial revolution in England.
Answer:
‘Industrial Revolution’ indicates the transition from manual production to mechanized production.

• In England, the atmosphere was suitable for the industrial revolution.
• Large amounts of iron ore and coal were available.
• The humid climate of England was suitable for producing yarn.
• These conditions proved to be favourable for the textile industry in England.
• England had also established a large number of colonies by then so England could obtain raw material at cheap rates from these colonies.
• England could also export the processed goods and sell them in their colonies with large profit margins using their navy.
• The availability of cheap labour made it possible for them to maintain an optimum level of costs.
• These factors prepared the ground for the industrial revolution in England thus giving a boost to its economy.
• Because of the above reasons Industrial revolution first began in England.

8. Answer the following questions with the help of given points.

Question 1.
Discuss the scientific inventions that took place in the following fields.
(a) Textile Industry
(b) Metallurgy
Answer:
(a) Textile industry:

• In the year 1738, John Kay made and patented the ‘flying shuttle’ which increased the speed of weaving.
• The ‘spinning jenny’, a spinning frame with multiple spindles were made by James Hargreaves in England. It reduced the amount of labour and time of production.
• In the year 1769, Richard Arkwright made a more advanced spinning frame. It could produce yarns much faster.
• Samuel Crompton invented the ‘spinning mule’ in 1779 C. E..This machine increased the speed of producing cloth two hundred times.
• In 1785, Edmund Cartwright invented the power loom.
• In 1793, a machine called the ‘cotton gin’ was introduced. This machine separated cotton seeds from cotton fibres at a greater speed.

(b) Metallurgy:

• England had a number of iron mines.
• Therefore, it was necessary to advance the technique of smelting iron to acquire purified iron from it.
• The fuel for iron furnaces was replaced from wood to coal.
• Special machines were made to keep the furnaces at a set temperature and to maintain their aeration.
• In 1865, the process of producing steel from molten iron was invented and the nature of the iron industry underwent a major transformation.
• At about the same time, a method was adopted to pour the molten metal into casts for making iron bars (e.g. rails).

Question 2.
Give an account of the geographical discoveries made by the following explorers
(a) Marco Polo
(b) Henry the Navigator
(c) Bartholomew Dias
(d) Christopher Columbus
Answer:
(a) Marco Polo: An Italian traveller who introduced China and other Asian countries to Europe. He stayed at the royal court of Kublai Khan where he studied Mongolian and Chinese languages.

(b) Henry the Navigator: He was the prince of Portugal in the 15th century. He encouraged people to carry out expeditions which resulted in the discovery of ‘Madeira’ and ‘Azores’, two archipelagos near Africa. These are the autonomous regions of Portugal. The Portuguese transported the African people to Portugal and sold them as slaves. The Portuguese also brought African gold with them.

(c) Bartholomew Dias: Dias began his expeditions on the orders of the king of Portugal, John II. He reached the southern tip of Africa which he named the Cape of Storms. Later on, the name was changed to ‘Cape of Good Hope. He was the first to circumnavigate the African continent.

(d) Christopher Columbus: The eastern sea route was closed to the Europeans and it became necessary to search for an alternative trade route to reach Asia. With the help of King Ferdinand and Queen Isabel of Spain, Christopher Columbus, an Italian explorer set sail in search of India. He, however, reached the islands near America instead of India.

Maharashtra State Board HSC 12th Political Science Important Questions and Answers

• Chapter 1 The World Since 1991 Important Questions
• Chapter 2 Key Concepts and Issues Since 1991: Globalisation Important Questions
• Chapter 3 Key Concepts and Issues Since 1991: Humanitarian Issues Important Questions
• Chapter 4 Contemporary India: Challenges to Peace, Stability and National Integration Important Questions
• Chapter 5 Contemporary India: Good Governance Important Questions
• Chapter 6 India and the World Important Questions

Maharashtra Board 12th HSC Important Questions

Maharashtra State Board HSC 12th History Important Questions and Answers

• Chapter 1 Renaissance in Europe and Development of Science Important Questions
• Chapter 2 European Colonialism Important Questions
• Chapter 3 India and European Colonialism Important Questions
• Chapter 4 Colonialism and the Marathas Important Questions
• Chapter 5 India: Social and Religious Reforms Important Questions
• Chapter 6 Indian Struggle against Colonialism Important Questions
• Chapter 7 Decolonisation to Political Integration of India Important Questions
• Chapter 8 World Wars and India Important Questions
• Chapter 9 World: Decolonisation Important Questions
• Chapter 10 Cold War Important Questions
• Chapter 11 India Transformed Part 1 Important Questions
• Chapter 12 India Transformed Part 2 Important Questions

Maharashtra Board 12th HSC Important Questions

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Class 12 Geography Important Questions Chapter 8 Geography: Nature and Scope Important Questions and Answers.

Maharashtra State Board 12th Geography Important Questions Chapter 8 Geography: Nature and Scope

Choose the correct option by identifying the correct correlation in the sentences.

Question 1.
………………. is not included in the atmosphere.
(a) Weather
(b) Climate
(c) Precipitation
(d) River
Answer:
(d) River

Question 2.
……………….. is not included in the hydrosphere.
(a) Mountain
(b) Ocean
(c) Sea
(d) Lake
Answer:
(a) Mountain

Question 3.
……………….. is not included in lithosphere.
(a) Relief
(b) Drainage
(c) Weather
(d) Slope
Answer:
(c) Weather

Question 4.
…………………. is not included in Human Geography.
(a) GIS
(b) Social Geography
(c) Behavioural Geography
(d) Economic Geography
Answer:
(a) GIS

Question 5.
……………… is not included in Human Geography.
(a) Historical Geography
(b) Statistics
(c) Political Geography
(d) Population Geography
Answer:
(b) Statistics

Question 6.
…………………. is not included in geographical techniques.
(a) Statistics
(b) Cartography
(c) Remote sensing
(d) GIS
Answer:
(a) Statistics

Question 7.
………………… is not included in biosphere.
(a) Food chain
(b) Ecosystem
(c) Macro-organisms
(d) Lakes
Answer:
(d) Lakes

Identify the correct correlation.

A : Assertion, R : Reasoning
Question 1.
A – The Earth is dynamic in nature.
R – The geographical phenomena are not static but dynamic.
(a) Only A is correct.
(b) Only R is correct.
(c) Both A and R are correct and R is correct explanation of A.
(d) Both A and R are correct but R is not correct explanation A.
Answer:
(d) Both A and R are correct but R is not correct explanation A.

Question 2.
A – Geography is dynamic in nature.
R – Geography is a study of space and time.
(a) Only A is correct.
(b) Only R is correct.
(c) Both A and R are correct and R is correct explanation of A.
(d) Both A and R are correct but R is not correct explanation A.
Answer:
(c) Both A and R are correct and R is correct explanation of A.

Question 3.
A – Skills of geographers have enriched the subject as newer branches of geography.
R – Skills acquired by geographers enable them to make observations and describe various elements on the earth.
(a) Only A is correct.
(b) Only R is correct.
(c) Both A and R are correct and R is correct explanation of A.
(d) Both A and R are correct but R is not correct explanation A.
Answer:
(c) Both A and R are correct and R is correct explanation of A.

Question 4.
A – Geography is an integrating and inter disciplinary discipline.
R – Many branches of geography have developed from mainstreams of disciplines.
(a) Only A is correct.
(b) Only R is correct.
(c) Both A and R are correct and R is correct explanation of A.
(d) Both A and R are correct but R is not correct explanation A.
Answer:
(c) Both A and R are correct and R is correct explanation of A.

Identify the incorrect factor.

Question 1.
The main branches of geography are
(a) Physical geography
(b) Economic geography
(c) Pedology
(d) Human geography
Answer:
(c) Pedology

Question 2.
The main branches of Physical geography are
(a) Geomorphology
(b) Climatology
(c) Biogeography
(d) Remote sensing
Answer:
(d) Remote sensing

Question 3.
The cartographic techniques include
(a) Geology
(b) GPS
(c) Cartography
(d) GIS
Answer:
(a) Geology

Question 4.
The subjects related to Human geography are
(a) History
(b) Social geography
(c) Political science
(d) Psychology
Answer:
(b) Social geography

Question 5.
The subjects related to Human geography are
(a) Demography
(b) Sociology
(c) Historical geography
(d) Economics
Answer:
(c) Historical geography

Question 6.
The branches of Human geography are
(a) Economics
(b) Population geography
(c) Behavioural geography
(d) Historical geography
Answer:
(a) Economics

Question 7.
The cartographic techniques include
(a) Computer science
(b) Cartography
(c) Quantification methods in geography
(d) GIS
Answer:
(a) Computer science

Question 8.
The branches of Human geography are
(a) Political geography
(b) Social geography
(c) Psychology
(d) Economic geography
Answer:
(c) Psychology

Question 9.
The subjects related to Physical geography are
(a) Biogeography
(b) Geology
(c) Meteorology
(d) Biology
Answer:
(a) Biogeography

Complete the Chain

Question 1.

A	B	C
(1) Physical Geography	(1) Computer science	(1) GIS
(2) Human Geography	(2) Pedology	(2) Geography of Soils
(3) Geomorphology	(3) Psychology	(3) Behavioural Geography

Answer:

A	B	C
(1) Physical Geography	(1) Pedology	(1) Geography of Soils
(2) Human Geography	(2) Psychology	(2) Behavioural Geography
(3) Geomorphology	(3) Computer science	(3) GIS

Question 2.

A	B	C
(1) Geographic Techniques	(1) Geology	(1) Population Geography
(2) Human Geography	(2) Engineering	(2) Geomorphology
(3) Physical Geography	(3) Demography	(3) Remote Sensing

Answer:

A	B	C
(1) Geographic Techniques	(1) Engineering	(1) Remote Sensing
(2) Human Geography	(2) Demography	(2) Population Geography
(3) Physical Geography	(3) Geology	(3) Geomorphology

Question 3.

A	B	C
(1) Human Geography	(1) Meteorology	(1) Political Geography
(2) Physical Geography	(2) Geodesy	(2) Cartography
(3) Geographic Techniques	(3) Political Science	(3) Climatology

Answer:

A	B	C
(1) Human Geography	(1) Political Science	(1) Political Geography
(2) Physical Geography	(2) Meteorology	(2) Climatology
(3) Geographic Techniques	(3) Geodesy	(3) Cartography

Give geographical reasons.

Question 1.
Geography offers vast scope for career.
Answer:

• Due to the dynamic nature of geography, various advanced statistical techniques and computer programs are used to study and explain the geographical phenomenon.
• Presently, because of global warming, natural disasters occur in various areas of the world. However, different techniques are being used to study the intensity of disasters or provide warnings before a disaster. Hence, disaster management is now a new field for my career.
• Geographers have a wide scope to work as climate analysts, water conservation, water, and air pollution monitoring, environmental conservation, environmental education/awareness, etc., because of the increasing air and water pollution and environmental degradation.
• Maps are essential in geography. Nowadays, maps are not made manually but with the help of GIS software. Thus, there is a wide scope for a career in cartography.
• A population study of a country goes on continuously; therefore, many job opportunities as a surveyor, census officer, or data collector.
• Research is also going on in various branches of geography; therefore, there are career opportunities as a researcher or research analyst.
• There are also career opportunities in book writing, teaching, journalism, freelancing preparing maps and diagrams for textbooks, data scientist, tour guide, report writing, urban planner, travel blogger, data scientist, etc.
• Thus, geography offers vast scope for a career.