Important Questions

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Class 12 Political Science Important Questions Chapter 2 Key Concepts and Issues Since 1991: Globalisation Important Questions and Answers.

Maharashtra State Board 12th Political Science Important Questions Chapter 2 Key Concepts and Issues Since 1991: Globalisation

Complete the following statements by selecting the appropriate option.

Question 1.
Some of the important changes that occurred in the economic sphere in the age of globalization are
(a) Free flow of finance capital
(b) Creation of GATT
(c) Rise of Transnational Companies
(d) Focus on intellectual property rights
Answer:
(c) Rise of Transnational Companies

Question 2.
The term ‘socialist market economy’ is used to describe the system in
(a) India
(b) China
(c) France
(d) United States
Answer:
(b) China

Question 3.
Activities like farming, fishing, etc., are included in the ……….. sector.
(a) primary
(b) secondary
(c) service
(d) tertiary
Answer:
(d) tertiary

Question 4.
The Indus Waters Treaty is signed between India and
(a) Bangladesh
(b) Nepal
(c) China
(d) Pakistan
Answer:
(d) Pakistan

Question 5.
At Kundankulam there is opposition to building of the
(a) airport
(b) special economic Zone
(c) nuclear power plant
(d) oil refinery
Answer:
(c) nuclear power plant

Complete the following sentences by selecting the appropriate reason.

Question 1.
Investment in the infrastructure sector is more important than that in the consumer sector because ………………….
(a) there is greater extent of profit in it.
(b) real development will take place only when infrastructure is prevalent.
(c) foreign investments are mostly in the consumer sector.
Answer:
(b) real development will take place only when infrastructure is prevalent.

Question 2.
Prior to the 1990s, foreign investments in India were rare because ………………
(a) government regulations made investments difficult.
(b) cold war was in progress.
(c) India was self reliant and did not need any investments.
Answer:
(a) government regulations made investments difficult..

Question 3.
TRIPs by WTO is a significant treaty because ………………
(a) it has replaced the GATT.
(b) it has extended the multilateral trading systems to services.
(c) it sets down minimum standards for most forms of intellectual property regulation.
Answer:
(c) it sets down minimum standards for most forms of intellectual property regulation.

Question 4.
During the Cold War, India had a mixed economy as ………………….
(a) it was nonaligned.
(b) both public sector and private sector played an important role.
(c) it had adopted the economic pattern of Soviet Union.
Answer:
(b) both public sector and private sector played an important role.

State the appropriate concept for the given statements.

Question 1.
Changes that occurred in the post cold war era due to advanced interconnectedness and technology.
Answer:
Globalisation

Question 2.
A category of property that refers to intangible creations of human intellect such as patents.
Answer:
Intellectual property

Find the odd word.

Question 1.
Wipro, Dabur, Burger King, ONGC.
Answer:
Burger King (not an Indian MNC)

Question 2.
Manufacturing, Farming, Mining, Fishing
Answer:
Manufacturing (not from primary sector)

Question 3.
Copyrights, Insurance, Trademarks, Patents.
Answer:
Insurance (not intellectual property)

Question 4.
Green Peace, Amnesty International, Red Cross, Taliban.
Answer:
Taliban (terrorist outfit)

Expand the following abbreviations.

Question 1.
WTO
NGO
GATT
TRIPs
Answer:
WTO – World Trade Organisation
NGO – Non-Governmental Organisation
GATT – General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade
TRIPs – Trade Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights

State whether the following statements are true or false with reason.

Question 1.
Position of the State is being challenged externally as well as internally.
Answer:
This statement is True.

1. Some analysts argue that in the age of globalisation, the State has become less important. It’s sovereignty is being challenged from both, outside and within.
2. External challenges come from rise of regional organisations, international laws, growing humanitarian concerns, etc. Internal challenges come from growth of ethnic nationalism, relevance of non State actors and a decline of national consensus.

Question 2.
Countries should have the right to interpret human rights according to their situation.
Answer:
This statement is True.

1. In the age of globalisation, protection and promotion of human rights is very significant. The western approach to human rights focuses on civil and political rights while developing countries maintain that economic development must precede full enjoyment of individual rights.
2. Countries have to interpret human rights in accordance to their history, culture, economic and political needs.

Question 3.
In a globalised world, the State has become irrelevant.
Answer:
This statement is False.

1. Many analysts explain that the role of the State is slowly reducing in the economic as well as political sphere. Some of the State’s powers may have reduced due to international treaty obligations but the State’s authority remains the same.
2. The State still remains the key actor in the domestic as well as international sphere. The State remains relevant inspite of the emergence of global civil society and increasing levels of cross border trade and investment.

Question 4.
All countries in the world follow almost the same type of economic system today.
Answer:
This statement is False.

1. Today, in a globalised world, there appears to be only one dominant ideological and economic , system i.e. ‘Market Economy.’ However, the nature of the market economy is determined by the ideology of that country.
2. The USA has a ‘capitalist market’ economy which combines capitalist system with market economics. In most West European nations, the political system is a ‘welfare State’, so they adhere to welfare market economies. China has a socialist market economy and Indian system is described as economic liberalism.

Explain the correlation between the following.

Question 1.
Transnational Corporations – Globalisation
Answer:
Transnational Corporations are a type of Multi National Companies e.g., General Electric, Walmart, Nike etc. It is a borderless entity as it does not consider any particular country as it’s homebase. Globalisation has led to many private sector companies expanding their area of operations in foreign lands. Due to globalisation traditional companies can now spread out their operations in many countries to sustain high levels of responsiveness to the local markets. Transnational Corporations (TNCs) try to make decisions from a global perspective rather than from one centralised base. Actions taken by TNC’s can help in better relationships between nations as well as in the spread of resources.

Express your opinion of the following.

Question 1.
Multi National Companies are both beneficial as well as disadvantageous to developing nations.
Answer:
Multi National Companies (MNC’s) refer to organizations that own or control production of goods or services in at least two or more countries other than it’s home country e.g., Amazon, Coca-Cola Company, eBay, Honda, etc.

The advantages of MNC’s are they improve local infrastructure, provide local employment, diversify local economies, encourage innovation and better standards of production. They provide an inflow of capital and help to utilise the developing nation’s resources.

Disadvantages of MNC’s in developing countries are that natural resources may be overexploited, environment may be damaged, local laws may be ignored, MNC’s import skilled labour and so may not really lead to better employment but may put local outfits out -of business.

Question 2.
The Arab spring in Egypt is sometimes called the ‘Facebook revolution’ in Egypt.
Answer:
The Arab Spring refers to a series of anti-government protests and uprisings that spread across much of the Arab world in the early 2010s. It began in Tunisia and spread to Libya, Egypt, Yemen, Syria and to a smaller extent to Iraq, Lebanon, Sudan, Morocco, etc. It’s main goals were regime change, economic progress and human rights. In Egypt, it began on 25th January 2011 when millions of protestors all over Egypt protested against President Hosni Mubarak’s regime. This was in response to a ‘Day of Revolution’ organized on Facebook on 25th January. It lasted till 11th February 2020.

Answer the following question in 80 to 100 words.

Question 1.
Discuss the political issues in the context of globalisation.
Answer:
Globalisation refers to the rapid spread of goods and services, technology and information, ideas and culture, trade and interactions across the world. It is the connection of different parts of the world resulting in the expansion of international cultural, informational, economic and political activities. In the early 1990s, the term globalisation was used to include economic, political, socio¬cultural, technological and ideological changes that occurred in the world in the post cold war era. The world has become more interconnected due to advances in technology and communication. Events in one part of the world have an impact on other parts of the world. Changes have taken place economically and culturally.

The political issues in the context of globalisation are-
1. Importance of Democracy – Disintegration of the Soviet Union and the revolutions in East European countries was an expression of end of communism and a move towards democratic systems. Today, concepts like ‘Participatory State’, ‘Good governance’, etc., have become important. A participatory State indicates that all sections of society participate in policy making and in the democratic process. Good governance focuses on the role of civil society in the functioning of an accountable, responsible and responsive government.

2. Position of the State – Under globalisation, sovereignty of the State which is closely linked to it’s jurisdiction appears to be challenged internally and externally. Internal challenges include activism of nonstate actors, rise of divisive factors, decline of national consensus, etc while external challenges include rise of regional economic organisations, growing humanitarian concerns, etc.

3. Nonstate actors – Today, not only States but also non-state actors like NGO’s play a significant role in international affairs and in promoting humanitarian issues.

4. Human Rights – Protection and promotion of human rights is an important issue in the age of globalisation. Countries interpret human rights in accordance with their history, culture, economy and polity, Many nations including India lay stress on social justice before full enjoyment of civil and political rights.
It is often argued that the role and importance of the State is slowly reducing, However, the State is still pivot in domestic and international spheres.

Question 2.
Discuss the economic issues in the context of globalisation.
Answer:
Globalisation refers to the rapid spread of goods and services, technology and information, ideas and culture, trade and interactions across the world. It is the connection of different parts of the world resulting in the expansion of international cultural, informational, economic and political activities. In the early 1990s, the term globalisation was used to include economic, political, socio-cultural, technological and ideological changes that occurred in the world in the post cold war era. The world has become more interconnected due to advances in technology and communication. Events in one part of the world have an impact on other parts of the world. Changes have taken place economically and culturally.

The economic issues in the context of globalisation are-
1. Free flow of finance and capital – Investments provide finance and help to build industries. Indian companies both private for e.g., Tatas and government e.g., ONGC have invested in many countries in Asia, Africa and Europe. Foreign companies have also invested in India in sectors like power plants, infrastructure projects, consumer food chains, etc. This free flow of capital is both ways i.e., India to foreign countries and vice-versa. Foreign investment especially in the infrastructure sector is essential.

2. Change in the concept of trade

• WTO – It was established in 1995 to replace GATT. The WTO is the only agency that oversees the rules of international trade, settles trade disputes and organises trade negotiations and agreements.
• The scope of the term ‘trade’ has widened to include not only traditional commodities like fruits, grains, minerals, oil, etc., but also services like banking, insurance and intellectual property like trademarks.
• Use of container cargo ships to carry huge amount of goods all over the world.

3. Rise of Transnational companies for e.g., Nestle, Unilever, etc., operate in India. Even Indian multinational companies like Wipro, Bajaj, etc are doing well. This affects the economy as follows-

• Labour market – MNC’s recruit skilled and semi-skilled employees for eg Indian labour is employed in West Asia, Europe, USA, etc in industrial and service sectors.
• Small shops and industries – Those stores which are efficient, continue to thrive while some industries either sell out to MNC’s or shut down.
• Agricultural sector- Many MNC’s have introduced new technology and opened up direct markets for Indian agricultural products for eg India exports spices, fish, etc. to many nations.

Answer the following question with reference to the given point in 150 to 200 words.

Question 1.
Discuss the following issues in the context of globalisation.
(a) Economic issues
(b) Ideological issues
(c) Socio-cultural issues
(d) Technological issues
Answer:
Globalisation refers to the rapid spread of goods and services, technology and information, ideas and culture, trade and interactions across the world. It is the connection of different parts of the world resulting in the expansion of international cultural, informational, economic and political activities. In the early 1990s, the term globalisation was used to include economic, political, socio¬cultural, technological and ideological changes that occurred in the world in the post cold war era. The world has become more interconnected due to advances in technology and communication. Events in one part of the world have an impact on other parts of the world. Changes have taken place economically and culturally.
(a) Economic Issues
Some economic changes that have occurred due to globalisation.
1. Free flow of finance and capital – Investments provide finance and help to build industries. Indian companies both private for e.g., Tatas and government e.g., ONGC have invested in many countries in Asia, Africa and Europe. Foreign companies have also invested in India in sectors like power plants, infrastructure projects, consumer food chains, etc. This free flow of capital is both ways i.e., India to foreign countries and vice- versa. Foreign investment especially in the infrastructure sector is essential.

2. Change in the concept of trade

• WTO – It was established in 1995 to replace GATT. The WTO is the only agency that oversees the rules of international trade settles trade disputes and organises trade negotiations and agreements
• The scope of the term ‘trade’ has widened to include not only traditional commodities like fruits, grains, minerals, oil, etc., but also services like banking, insurance and intellectual property like trademarks.
• Use of container cargo ships to carry huge amount of goods all over the world.

3. Rise of Transnational companies for e.g., Nestle, Unilever, etc., are operate in India. Even Indian multinational companies like Wipro, Bajaj, etc., are doing well. This affects the economy as follows-

• Labour market – MNC’s recruit skilled and semi-skilled employees for e.g., Indian labour is employed in West Asia, Europe, USA, etc., in industrial and service sectors.
• Small shops and industries – Those stores which are efficient, continue to thrive while some industries either sell out to MNC’s or shut down.
• Agricultural Sector – Many MNC’s have introduced new technology and opened up direct markets for Indian agricultural products for e.g., India exports spices, fish, etc., to many nations.

(b) Ideological Issues – During the Cold War, East European nations, Soviet Union and China followed socialist ideology where the public sector was important. USA and West European countries were capitalist and so the private sector was important. India followed Democratic Socialism and a ‘Mixed Economy’ where both public and private sector coexisted in the economic system.

Today, there is only one dominant ideological and economic system i.e., Market Economy. However, the nature of the market economy is determined by the ideology of that country for e.g., USA has ‘capitalist market economy’, many west European countries have ‘Welfare market economy’, China has ‘socialist market economy’. The Indian system is based on ‘economic liberalism’.

(c) Social and Cultural Issues – Today a ‘global cosmopolitan culture’ has emerged i.e movement of people across the world and public awareness of global issues. This is noticed in matters like values e.g., secularism, clothing, food choices, ways of celebrating festivals, etc. There is international awareness of India’s rich cultural and historical heritage. Similarly, westernisation and urbanisation have influenced Indian society eg breakup of the traditional joint family and rise of individualism and materialism in the country.

(d) Technological issues – Rapid advances in global communication such as Internet, satellite communication etc brought in revolutionary changes in our lives. The internet has provided search engines like ‘Google’ to find out information and has enabled social networking through micro media like Instagram, Skype, etc. All these technologies are transnational and may be positively inclined e.g., NGO’s working for humanitarian issues or negatively inclined such as terrorist organisations.

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Class 12 History Important Questions Chapter 6 Indian Struggle against Colonialism Important Questions and Answers.

Maharashtra State Board 12th History Important Questions Chapter 6 Indian Struggle against Colonialism

1A. Choose the correct alternative and rewrite the statement.

Question 1.
The British East India Company took charge of Khandesh in the year _________
(a) 1816
(b) 1817
(c) 1818
(d) 1819
Answer:
(c) 1818

Question 2.
_________ blocked all supplies coming to the Bhils.
(a) Captain Robinson
(b) Captain Taylor
(c) Captain Evans
(d) Captain Briggs
Answer:
(d) Captain Briggs

Question 3.
In Satara district the Ramoshi community revolted under the leadership of _________
(a) Chitur Singh
(b) Umaji Naik
(c) Santaji Naik
(d) Hansaji Naik
Answer:
(a) Chitur Singh

Question 4.
_________ seized the government treasury at Bhamburde.
(a) Bhujba
(b) Santaji Naik
(c) Yesaji
(d) Umaji Naik
Answer:
(d) Umaji Naik

Question 5.
In Kolhapur state, the keeper of forts was called _________
(a) Gadkari
(b) Ramoshi
(c) Kamgar
(d) Kadam
Answer:
(a) Gadkari

Question 6.
_________ adopted the policy of Doctrine of Lapse.
(a) Lord Wellesley
(b) Lord Dalhousie
(c) Lord Ripon
(d) Lord Lytton
Answer:
(b) Lord Dalhousie

Question 7.
_________ was reinstated as the ruling emperor of India.
(a) Aurangzeb
(b) Shahjahan
(c) Bahadur Shah
(d) Bakht Khan
Answer:
(c) Bahadur Shah

Question 8.
_________ was the queen of Jhansi.
(a) Saraswatibai
(b) Lakshmibai
(c) Radhabai
(d) Parvatibai
Answer:
(b) Lakshmibai

Question 9.
The Madras Mahajan Sabha was established in _________
(a) 1884
(b) 1885
(c) 1886
(d) 1887
Answer:
(a) 1884

Question 10.
_________ was the founder of the Indian National Congress.
(a) Dadabhai Nowrojee
(b) Allan Octavian Hume
(c) Mrs. Annie Besant
(d) George Thompson
Answer:
(b) Allan Octavian Hume

Question 11.
_________ published a poem called ‘Shivajiche Udgar’.
(a) Mahratta
(b) Darpan
(c) Kesari
(d) Young India
Answer:
(c) Kesari

Question 12.
Shyamji Krishna Verma founded _________ in London.
(a) India House
(b) Burma House
(c) Male House
(d) London House
Answer:
(a) India House

1B. Find the incorrect pair from group ‘B’ and write the corrected one.

Question 1.

Group ‘A’	Group ‘B’
(a) Dwarakanath Tagore	Land Holder’s Association
(b) William Adams	British India Society
(c) Surendranath Banerjee	Indian Association
(d) George Thompson	Madras Native

Answer:
George Thompson – Bengal British India Society

Question 2.

Group ‘A’	Group ‘B’
(a) Mitra Mela	Vinayak Damodar Savarkar
(b) Anusheelan Samiti	Rasbihari Bose
(c) Gadar	Lala Hardayal
(d) Hindustan Republican Association	Ashfaqulla

Answer:
Anusheelan Samiti – Aurohindo Cohosh

Question 3.

Group ‘A’	Group ‘B’
(a) Champaranya Satyagraha	1917
(b) Rowlatt Act	1918
(c) Non-Co-operation Movement	1920
(d) Dandi March	1930

Answer:
Rowlatt Act – 1919

Question 4.

Group ‘A’	Group ‘B’
(a) Sucheta Kripalani	Dadi
(b) Aruna Asaf Ali	Kusum
(c) Ram Manohar Lohia	Doctor
(d) S.M. Joshi	Imam Ali

Answer:
Aruna Asaf Ali – Kadam

2A. Write the names of historical places/persons/events.

Question 1.
The state took over by the British from the Bhosale of Nagpur in 1803 –
Answer:
Odisha

Question 2.
Keeper of forts –
Answer:
Gadkari

Question 3.
The British Commander-in-Chief who defeated Tatya Tope –
Answer:
Sir Colin Campbell

Question 4.
A proclamation issued by Queen Victoria –
Answer:
Queen’s Proclamation

Question 5.
Venue of the first session of the Indian National Congress –
Answer:
Mumbai

Question 6.
Founder of the Indian National Congress –
Answer:
Allan Octavian Hume

Question 7.
Year in which the Vernacular Press Act was implemented –
Answer:
1878

Question 8.
Partition of Bengal was planned by –
Answer:
Lord Curzon

Question 9.
The policy of Lokmanya Tilak was known as –
Answer:
Responsive Co-operation

Question 10.
Author of ‘1857 – The First War of Independence –
Answer:
Vinayak Damodar Savarkar

Question 11.
Indian spinning wheel –
Answer:
Charkha

Question 12.
The mantra is given by Gandhiji –
Answer:
Do or Die

Question 13.
Pseudonym took by Achyutrao Patwardhan –
Answer:
Kusum

Question 14.
The Constitution of India was implemented on –
Answer:
26th January 1950

2B. Choose the correct reason from those given below and complete the sentence.

Question 1.
The Sawantwadi aristocracy got together and revolted against the British because _________
(a) they were angered by the British policies
(b) the British were interfering in their internal affairs
(c) the British had taken over their territories
(d) the Sawantwadi aristocracy wanted to be free
Answer:
(a) they were angered by the British policies

Question 2.
The freedom struggle of1857 was the result of mounting pressures because of _________
(a) increasing discontent of Indian soldiers in the British army
(b) political and social reasons
(c) religious and economic reasons
(d) All of the above reasons
Answer:
(d) All of the above reasons

Question 3.
The Doctrine of Lapse was adopted by Lord Dalhousie because _________
(a) the British wanted to annex all the princely states which did not have a rightful heir
(b) the British wanted money from all the princely states
(c) the British did not like the princes
(d) the British considered themselves superior
Answer:
(a) the British wanted to annex all the princely states which did not have a rightful heir

Question 4.
In 1839, William Adams established ‘British India Society’ in London _________
(a) to acquaint the British citizens in England with the culture of India
(b) to acquaint the British citizens in England with the conditions in British India
(c) to acquaint the British citizens in England with the clothes of India
(d) to acquaint the British citizens in England with the diet of India
Answer:
(b) to acquaint the British citizens in England with the conditions in British India

Question 5.
Gandhiji led the Salt Satyagraha in Gujarat because _________
(a) salt was very expensive
(b) salt that was sold in the market was of poor quality
(c) the British government had levied a heavy tax on salt, an essential commodity in daily life
(d) the British government had stopped the sale of salt
Answer:
(c) the British government had levied a heavy tax on salt, an essential commodity in daily life

3A. Observe the map on textbook page 44 and answer the questions based on it.

Question 1.
Name some territories that were under British control.
Answer:
Nagpur, Satara, Jabalpur, Jhansi, Karachi etc.

Question 2.
Name some important centers of freedom struggle.
Answer:
Aurangabad, Kolhapur, Delhi, Agra etc.

Question 3.
Name the islands that lie in the Bay of Bengal.
Answer:
Andaman and Nicobar Islands lie in the Bay of Bengal.

Question 4.
Where are the Lakshadweep Islands located?
Answer:
The Lakshadweep Islands are located in the Arabian Sea.

3B. Complete the following concept map.

Question 1.

Answer:

Question 2.

Leaders	Assumed Pseudonyms
1. Sucheta Kriplani	………………………………..
2. ……………………………..	Kusum
3. Ram Manohar Lohia	………………………………..
4. …………………………….	Sushila, Satya
5. Baba Raghavdas	……………………………….
6. ……………………………	Kadam
7. S.M. Joshi	……………………………….

Answer:

Leaders	Assumed Pseudonyms
1. Sucheta Kriplani	Dadi/Bahanji
2. Achyutrao Patwardhan	Kusum
3. Ram Manohar Lohia	Doctor
4. Sadique Ali	Sushila, Satya
5. Baba Raghavdas	Didi
6. Aruna Asaf Ali	Kadam
7. S.M. Joshi	Imam Ali

Question 3.

Answer:

Question 4.

Answer:

4A. Write short notes.

Question 1.
Sedition Law.
Answer:

• On 25th November 1870, James Stephen added section 124(A) to the Indian Penal Code. It is known as ‘Sedition Law’.
• This law declared that any act leading to insurgencies such as using provocative words, writing, signs, or similar things against the British rule was a crime punishable with a fine or imprisonment or death sentence.
• ‘Bangvasi’, a weekly magazine was the first one to be charged for treason and tried under this law.

Question 2.
Vernacular Press Act of 1878.
Answer:

• On 14th March 1878, the Vernacular Press Act was implemented.
• This act was concerned with writing and printing articles that would lead to insurgence against the British Government or the creation of hatred among people on the basis of race, caste, and creed.
• By applying this law, the British Government had confiscated 210 Marathi books. Lokmanya Tilak, Shivrampant Paranjape, and Ganesh Damodar Savarkar were put under trial for sedition.
• ‘1857-The first war of Independence’ written by Swatantryaveer Savarkar was one of the confiscated books.

4B. Explain the following statements with reasons.

Question 1.
There was discontent among the soldiers in the Indian army which resulted in the freedom struggle of 1857.
Answer:
The freedom struggle of 1857 took place for the following reasons:

• The increasing discontent in the army was not just due to mounting pressures but also due to political, social, religious, and economic reasons.
• The treatment given to Indian soldiers and the restrictions imposed on them was the root cause of their discontent.
• The soldiers felt hurt because of many reasons such as cuts in their allowances, being compelled to cross the sea, frequent humiliation during the daily parade, partiality ruling large in matters of transfers, being left out during promotions, etc.

Question 2.
The Doctrine of Lapse was adopted by Lord Dalhousie.
Answer:
This policy was adopted by Lord Dalhousie.

• According to this policy, an adopted son (Dattak) was not allowed to succeed a deceased ruler of a princely state unless there was a pre-approval to such succession by the British Government.
• By implementing this policy, Lord Dalhousie annexed the states of Satara, Sambalpur, Jaitpur, Udaipur, Jhansi, and Nagpur.
• This policy created a lot of discontent among the rulers of princely states who were subjected to this policy.
• Annexation of the princely states put the soldiers in the army out of jobs.
• Along with annexing the states the British Government also seized inherited landholdings which had made a large number of Indians unhappy.

Question 3.
The ‘Queen’s Proclamation’ was announced after the revolt of 1857.
Answer:
Queen Victoria of England issued a charter known as the ‘Queen’s Proclamation’ on 1st November 1858. The following were the main provisions of the charter:

• Lord Canning was appointed as the first viceroy and Governor-General of India.
• The Indian princes were assured that their territories would not be annexed and they were given the right to adopt sons. Thus, the Doctrine of Lapse was withdrawn.
• The Indian princes were further assured that all the treaties which they had entered into with the East India Company would be honoured by the Crown.
• She further declared that all Indians were her subjects and no one would be discriminated on the basis of race, creed, caste and birthplace, employment on the basis of qualification and skills, no interference in religious matters, fulfillment of the agreements with the rulers of the princely states, etc.

Question 4.
The war of 1857 had a deep impact on Indian society.
Answer:
The following were the effects of the revolt of 1857:

• Provincial and communal loyalties were gradually replaced by a feeling of being united as a nation and national loyalty.
• It dawned on the Indian people that they cannot win in armed combat with the British and a need was felt to find more innovative methods to counter the British rule.
• Becoming aware of the united Indian people during the 1857 revolt, the British adopted a policy of ‘Divide and Rule.

Question 5.
The freedom struggle of 1857 was the result of mounting pressures.
Answer:
The freedom struggle of 1857 was the result of mounting pressures because of:

• Increasing discontent of Indian soldiers in the British army.
• Political social religious and economic reasons.
• Lord Dalhousie’s ‘Doctrine of Lapse’ on the civil front.
• Introduction of new land revenue systems like ‘Kayamdhara or Zamindari’ (permanent settlement) ‘Ryotwari’ and ‘Mahalwari’.
• Religious conversions of the British and British policies with regard to Indian customs and traditions contributed to the increasing discontent among the Indian people.

Question 6.
The differences between the Moderates and Extremists reached their climax in the Surat session in 1907.
Answer:
The Surat session in 1907 witnessed the split of the moderates and the extremists because the moderates wanted to avoid the resolution of ‘Swadeshi’ and ‘Boycott’. The Extremists wanted to stop these attempts of the moderates. This increased the tension during the session. Reconciliation became impossible ultimately the Indian National Congress split into two groups.

Question 7.
The Indian movements against British imperialism took many forms, one of them being the armed revolution.
Answer:
The armed revolution was one of the forms of Indian movements against the British. The main objective of the armed revolutionaries was to weaken the government administration to dispel the fear of the government in people’s minds and thus to uproot the British rule in India.

Question 8.
Parallel governments (Pratisarkar) were established in some parts of India.
Answer:
In 1942, in some parts of India, people were successful in uprooting British Governance. In Midnapur District (Bengal), Balia(U.P), and Bhagalpur, Purnia (Bihar) near Azamgarh the British officers were forced to leave their offices people took charge of the governance at these places. Krantisinha Nana Patil a revolutionist established Pratisarkar (Parallel government) in the Satara district of Maharashtra. He established ‘People’s Government’.

5. State your opinion.

Question 1.
The policy of Lokmanya Tilak is known as ‘Responsive Co-operation’.
Answer:

• The First World War had put the British in a difficult situation.
• Lokmanya Tilak proposed that it was the right time for Indians to take advantage of the situation resulted because of the war and ask for independence.
• The Governor of Bombay called a meeting of Indian leaders for help.
• Lokmanya Tilak in very clear terms told the British that the Indian soldiers would be sent to fight if only, the British Government promise ‘Swaraj’.
• This policy of Lokmanya Tilak is known as ‘Responsive Co-operation’.

6. Answer the following questions in detail.

Question 1.
Write a note on the land revenue system introduced in British India.
Answer:

• The British tried to introduce new land revenue systems like ‘Kayamdhara or Zamindari’ (permanent settlement), ‘Ryotwari’, and ‘Mahalwari’.
• These revenue systems were formed without any concern for the Indian tradition of revenue systems, the Indian cropping cycle, and the Indian climate.
• The new revenue systems introduced by the British made the common farmer penniless while making the Government and the landlords rich.
• Earlier, the farmer could pay land tax by way of food grains and other commodities but now he had to pay in hard cash.
• The farmer had to pay tax despite a good or bad harvest. Moreover, the farmer was driven to a dire condition if there was a famine.
• The farmer was thus caught between the Government and money lenders.

Question 2.
Write a note on the Hindustan Socialist Republican Association.
Answer:

• Bhagat Singh, Chandrashekhar Azad, Raj Guru, and Sukhdev established the Hindustan Socialist Republican Association in 1928 in Delhi.
• Their goal was to free India from British exploitation.
• They wanted to rip off the British system that exploited the farmers and labourers.
• Their organization had an independent department known as the ‘Hindustan Socialist Republican Army’ for collecting arms and executing their plans.
• Chandrashekhar Azad was the chief of that organisation.
• The members of this organisation had completed several adventurous tasks for instance Bhagat Singh and Rajguru avenged the death of Lala Lajpat Rai, Saunders was killed to teach a lesson to British officers.

Question 3.
Discuss the differences between the Moderates and Extremists.
Answer:
The moderates and extremists differed on the following grounds.

• The Extremist’s wing of thinkers insisted that independence should be the natural priority. An independent nation could provide the right set-up for social reformation on the other hand the moderates thought that without social reformation independence was incomplete. They did not mind appealing to the British Government to help in the task of social reforms.
• Gopal Ganesh Agarkar was at the helm of those who insisted on the priority of social reforms. He emphasized reforming oneself. Lokmanya Tilak, leader of the extremists wanted that the home being taken over by others should be recovered first, then only we can reform it.
• Pherozeshah Mehta, Gopal Krishna Gokhale were the leaders of the moderates. They felt that the British Government will not disappoint them if they could, convince the government about their grievances with necessary proofs Lokmanya Tilak on the other hand felt that the British Government will not yield to applications requests and speeches.
• The differences between Moderates and Extremists reached their climax in the Surat session of the Indian National Congress in 1907.
• The Moderates wanted to avoid the resolutions of ‘Swadeshi and Boycott’ while the extremists wanted to stop these attempts of the moderates.
• This increased the tension during the session. Reconciliation became impossible ultimately the Indian National Congress (INC) split into two groups.

7. Answer the following question with the help of the given points.

Question 1.
Discuss Gandhiji’s role in the following:
(a) Champaranya Satyagraha
(b) Rowlatt Act
(c) Non-Co-operation Movement
(d) Salt Satyagraha
(e) Quit India Movement
Answer:
(a) Champaranya Satyagraha (1917):

• After returning to India Gandhiji took up issues of farmers in Champaranya, Bihar in 1917.
• The British plant owners were pressing the farmers to cultivate only indigo. Not only that, they used to buy indigo at very low rates from the farmers.
• Gandhiji decided to protest against this exploitation and to relieve the farmers from their misery by doing satyagraha Gandhiji was successful in his efforts and the British banned the compulsion of cultivating indigo.

(b) Rowlatt Act (1919):

• The British Government formed a committee to suppress the national movement that was spreading rapidly.
• Sir Sydney Rowlatt, the British officer was the president of the committee.
• An act was passed in 1919 known as the Rowlatt Act by which the British Government had the authority to imprison any Indian without a warrant and to put them under trial without any inquiry.
• Mahatma Gandhiji decided to protest against this act through satyagraha.
• He appealed to all people to go for a mass protest on 6th April 1919 by closing down all daily transactions.

(c) Non Co-operation Movement (1920):

• In 1920, in the Nagpur session of the Indian National Congress, a resolution was passed to start the ‘Non-Co-operation Movement’ all over India.
• Mahatma Gandhiji was asked to lead the movement. It was decided to boycott all schools, colleges, legislative bodies, courts, government offices, and imported goods.
• Indian people responded to this call in a commendable way. Students participated in large numbers. Several lawyers stopped their practice and participated in the movement.
• Among them were C. R. Das, Motilal Nehru, M.R. Jaikar, and many other prominent figures.
• In many places clothes were publicly burnt. The farmers gave a tremendous response to Mahatma Gandhi’s appeal of Non-Co-operation. The working class also participated.
• A nationwide series of public strikes were started.
• ‘Charkha’ became the symbol of ‘Swarajya’ and ‘Swadeshi’ became a household term in India.

(d) Salt Satyagraha (1930):

• The British had levied a heavy tax on salt, an essential commodity in daily life. Mahatma Gandhi declared satyagraha to protest against this tax.
• On 12th March 1930, he began a march from his Sabarmati Ashram to Dandi on the Gujarat seacoast against this unjust tax.
• On 6th April on the sea coast at Dandi, he broke the British law of salt with a token act of collecting a handful of salt from there.

(e) Quit India Movement:

• On 8th August 1942, a resolution was passed in the INC session for the British to ‘Quit India’ and it was approved with a great majority. Under the leadership of Mahatma Gandhi, this movement took shape.
• This was the last important step in the struggle for India’s freedom. As a result, all the leaders clapped into jails.
• This agitation took a violent form and the British government perpetrated human atrocities on the people.
• But an awakening had taken place and the people were not prepared to remain under the British on any account.
• Mahatma Gandhi gave the mantra ‘Do or Die. His words created a new spirit among the Indians.

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Class 12 History Important Questions Chapter 4 Colonialism and the Marathas Important Questions and Answers.

Maharashtra State Board 12th History Important Questions Chapter 4 Colonialism and the Marathas

1A. Choose the correct alternative and rewrite the statement.

Question 1.
In __________ Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj attacked the region of Bardesh.
(a) 1667
(b) 1668
(c) 1669
(d) 1670
Answer:
(a) 1667

Question 2.
In 1668, the __________ established their factory at Rajapur.
(a) British
(b) Dutch
(c) French
(d) Portuguese
Answer:
(c) French

Question 3.
The __________ fort was under siege laid by Adilshah’s army.
(a) Panhala
(b) Raigad
(c) Raj gad
(d) Simhagad
Answer:
(a) Panhala

Question 4.
__________ was offered asylum by the British.
(a) Madhavrao Peshwa
(b) Narayanrao Peshwa
(c) Raghunathrao
(d) Vishwasrao
Answer:
(c) Raghunathrao

Question 5.
The third Anglo-Maratha War was fought in __________
(a) 1815
(b) 1816
(c) 1817
(d) 1818
Answer:
(c) 1817

Question 6.
The __________ arrived from Abyssinia.
(a) British
(b) French
(c) Dutch
(d) Siddis
Answer:
(d) Siddis

1B. Find the incorrect pair from group ‘B’ and write the corrected one.

Question 1.

Group ‘A’	Group ‘B’
(a) Ibrahim Khan Gardi	Mercenary
(b) Fazal Khan	Brother of Afzal Khan
(c) Abdul Karim	Subhedar of Rajapur
(d) Henry Oxenden	British agent

Answer:
Fazal Khan – son of Afzal Khan

2A. Write the names of historical places/persons/events.

Question 1.
A book was written by Cosme da Guarda-
Answer:
Vide de Celehro Sevagy (Life of the Celebrated Shivaji)

Question 2.
The Portuguese emissary who met Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj-
Answer:
Gonsalo Martez

Question 3.
A type of revenue collected by the Maratha rulers-
Answer:
Chauthai

Question 4.
The younger brother of Peshwa Bajirao I-
Answer:
Chimajiappa

Question 5.
Treaty signed by the British and Peshwa Bajirao II-
Answer:
Treaty of Vasai

Question 6.
The battle fought between the Marathas and Ahmadshah Abdali in 1761-
Answer:
The Third Battle of Panipat

Question 7.
The northern region of Goa was known as-
Answer:
Bardish

2B. Choose the correct reason from those given below and complete the sentence.

Question 1.
The Portuguese were alarmed because __________
(a) Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj built a strong navy
(b) Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj had a strong army
(c) Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj had the support of other European powers
(d) Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj had a good network of spies
Answer:
(a) Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj built a strong navy

Question 2.
Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj was determined to humble the Portuguese __________
(a) The Portuguese opposing the construction work by the Marathas in Chaul
(b) Forcing their subjects in Goa for religious conversion
(c) Pillaging of the trading ships
(d) All of the above
Answer:
(d) All of the above

3A. Observe the map on textbook page 29 and answer the questions based on it.

Question 1.
Who was in charge of Indore?
Answer:
The Holkars were in charge of Indore.

Question 2.
Where was the seat of the Mughal empire?
Answer:
The seat of the Mughal empire was in Delhi.

Question 3.
Where were the centers of the Maratha empire?
Answer:
Dhar, Indore, Gwalior, Nagpur, and Vadodara were centers of the Maratha empire.

Question 4.
Under whose command was Goa?
Answer:
Goa was under the command of Portuguese.

Question 5.
Name the places that were under British rule.
Answer:
Mumbai (Bombay) and Chennai (Madras) were under the rule of the British.

Question 6.
What is the old name of Kolkata?
Answer:
The old name of Kolkata is Calcutta.

Question 7.
Who captured Janjira?
Answer:
The Siddis captured Janjira.

3B. Complete the following concept map.

Question 1.

Answer:

4A. Write short notes.

Question 1.
Vide de Celebre Sevagy
Answer:
A book written by Cosme da Guarda, a Portuguese historian, is a very important source of the history of Maharashtra. This book is entitled Vide de Celebre Sevagy (Life of the Celebrated Shivaji). He was the first European author to write a biography of Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj.

Question 2.
Dutch and the Maratha Empire
Answer:
The Dutch established a factory at Vengurla in 1649. Their trade flourished there. However, their trade was severely affected when Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj attacked Kudal. In 1665, the Mughal subedar of Surat asked for help for destroying the Maratha naval force. However, the Dutch offered no help. Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj had allowed them to build a factory at Dabhol. The political relations between the Dutch and the Marathas kept changing to suit the need of the time.

The Marathas did not harm the Dutch factory at Surat. Also, during the Karnataka campaign, the Marathas ensured the safety of the Dutch factory and also issued them trading permits. For these favours the Dutch paid tributes to Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj. The Dutch factories at Porto Novo/Parangipettai and Tegnapattam/ Devanapattinam were unharmed by Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj.

4B. Explain the following statements with reasons.

Question 1.
Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj adopted a strong policy against the European colonisers.
Answer:
Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj had foreseen the ulterior motives of the foreigners and their ways of infiltration. He built strategies to arrest their advances in India. He took immediate measures by creating a strong naval force. He levied octroi on British trade salt as a measure to protect the local salt trade. Thus, Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj adopted a strong policy against the European colonisers.

Question 2.
Another Anglo-Maratha War took place in 1803.
Answer:
The relations between Holkar and Peshwa Bajirao II turned bitter. As a result, Yashwantrao Holkar attacked Pune. Bajirao Peshwa II panicked and sought asylum from the British. A treaty was signed by the British and the Peshwa is known as the ‘Treaty of Vasai’. However, this treaty was not acceptable to Shinde and Holkar. Hence, there was another Anglo-Maratha War in 1803.

5. State your opinion.

Question 1.
Ibrahim Khan Gardi was hired by the Marathas.
Answer:
Ibrahim Khan Gardi was a mercenary who had trained under the French. He was hired by Sadashivraobhau Peshwa as the chief of artillery. In the Third Battle of Panipat, Mahadji Shinde had observed Ibrahim Khan’s skills. Inspired by it, he built a trained army with the help of de Boigne, a French military trainer, and also established well-equipped artillery.

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Class 12 History Important Questions Chapter 3 India and European Colonialism Important Questions and Answers.

Maharashtra State Board 12th History Important Questions Chapter 3 India and European Colonialism

1A. Choose the correct alternative and rewrite the statement.

Question 1.
The ____________ established the East India Company in December 1600.
(a) British
(b) French
(c) Dutch
(d) Portuguese
Answer:
(a) British

Question 2.
The Cartaz was a ____________ which the Indian rulers had to get from the Portuguese.
(a) passbook
(b) license
(c) diary
(d) notebook
Answer:
(b) license

Question 3.
The main building of the British factory carried the ____________
(a) Union Jack
(b) American flag
(c) Indian flag
(d) Dutch flag
Answer:
(a) Union Jack

Question 4.
The fort named at Chennai was ‘Fort ____________’.
(a) St. Peter
(b) St. George
(c) St. Francis
(d) St. Xavier
Answer:
(b) St. George

Question 5.
____________was appointed as the Governor of Bombay.
(a) Abraham Shipman
(b) George Oxenden
(c) Jean Baptiste Colbert
(d) Charles II
Answer:
(a) Abraham Shipman

Question 6.
The Dutch established their first colony at ____________
(a) Surat
(b) Machilipatnam
(c) Bombay
(d) Chandranagar
Answer:
(b) Machilipatnam

Question 7.
The wars fought between the British and the French are known as ‘___________’.
(a) Bombay wars
(b) Madras wars
(c) Carnatic wars
(d) Calcutta wars
Answer:
(c) Carnatic Wars

Question 8.
The Dutch established their first factory at ____________
(a) Pondicherry
(b) Pulicat
(c) Port Nova
(d) Petapuli
Answer:
(d) Petapuli

1B. Find the incorrect pair from group ‘B’ and write the corrected one.

Question 1.

Group ‘A’	Group ‘B’
(a) Vasco da Gama	Seafarer
(b) Abraham Shipman	Governor of Bombay
(c) George Oxenden	Governor of Surat
(d) Jean Baptiste Colbert	Italian finance minister

Answer:
Jean Baptiste Colbert – French finance minister

2A. Write the names of historical places/persons/events.

Question 1.
License which the Indian rulers had to get from the Portuguese-
Answer:
Cartaz

Question 2.
Indian king who built his own navy-
Answer:
Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj

Question 3.
The company was established by the British in 1600-
Answer:
The East India company

Question 4.
The staff of factories was called-
Answer:
Factors

Question 5.
Flag of the British-
Answer:
Union Jack

Question 6.
Commander-in-chief of Mumbai-
Answer:
George Oxenden

Question 7.
The company formed by several Dutch companies-
Answer:
United East India

Question 8.
Port city mentioned in ‘Periplus’ of Erythrean sea-
Answer:
Machilipatnam (Mosalia)

Question 9.
Mughal emperor who granted permission to the French to open a factory in Surat-
Answer:
Aurangzeb

Question 10.
The main center of French operations-
Answer:
Pondicherry (Puducherry)

2B. Choose the correct reason from those given below and complete the sentence.

Question 1.
The Indian rulers had to get Cartaz (license) from the Portuguese ____________
(a) for sailing on the Indian Ocean
(b) for carrying on a trade
(c) for enjoyment
(d) for conducting naval exercises
Answer:
(a) for sailing on the Indian Ocean

Question 2.
The British built factories in India because ____________
(a) they wanted to store machines
(b) they wanted to store goods bought at low prices
(c) they wanted to employ Indians in these factories
(d) they wanted to accommodate the staff at these factories
Answer:
(b) they wanted to store goods bought at low prices

Question 3.
Charles II leased Mumbai to the East India Company because ____________
(a) the East India company wanted Mumbai
(b) Mumbai was too far away to administer
(c) the expenditure for its maintenance exceeded the income earned from it
(d) the East India Company was a rich company
Answer:
(c) the expenditure for its maintenance exceeded the income earned from it

Question 4.
A British mint was established in Mumbai because ____________
(a) Mumbai was an ideal place for setting up a mint
(b) the British could keep an eye on the mint
(c) the British had competition from other European powers
(d) this encouraged merchants and artisans to come and settle down in Mumbai
Answer:
(d) this encouraged merchants and artisans to come and settle down in Mumbai

3. Complete the following concept map.

Question 1.

Office Holders	Office Holders
Vice-rei and Capitaon-i-Jaral	…………………………
……………………………	Archbishop
Chancellor	…………………………
……………………………	Captain

Answer:

Office Holders	Office Holders
Vice-rei and Capitaon-i-Jaral	Viceroy and General of the army
Arcebispo	Archbishop
Chancellor	Judge
Capitaon	Captain

Question 2.

Answer:

4A. Write short notes.

Question 1.
Cartaz
Answer:
The Cartaz was a license issued by the Portuguese to the Indian rulers for sailing on the Indian Ocean when they established firm control on the Indian Ocean. It usually carried details like the name of the vessel (ship), the name of the captain of the ship, port of departure and arrival, the list of weaponry on the ship loaded for the purpose of self-defense, etc.

Question 2.
Portuguese Trade
Answer:
The king of Calicut wrote to the King of Portugal in a letter sent with Vasco da Gama “Our state is rich in spices like cloves, ginger, black pepper, and precious stones. We expect you to pay us in gold, silver, corals in exchange for our spices and precious stones”. Vasco da Gama sold the commodities in Portugal, which he carried from India. He could earn a huge amount of money in that trade which was sixty times more than the money he spent for his return journey to Portugal.

Question 3.
Factory
Answer:
The British established factories in India. For this, they used to acquire large plots of land. These plots were used to build warehouses, residential quarters, and offices. The main building of the factory carried the ‘Union Jack’. The staff of these factories was called ‘Factors’. The meals provided to the staff included bread, meat, rice, Khichadi of pulses and rice, pickles, etc. The company had created beautiful gardens for the benefit of the staff at Surat, Karwar, Machilipatnam, Petapuli, Chennai, and Mumbai.

Question 4.
Machilipatnam
Answer:
The Dutch established their first colony at Machilipatnam. This port city came into existence in the 3rd century B.C.E. It is also mentioned in ‘Periplus’ of the Erythrean Sea as ‘Mosalia’.

4B. Explain the following statements with reasons.

Question 1.
The British built ‘Factories’ in India.
Answer:
The British used to acquire large plots of land for their factories. These plots were used to build warehouses, residential quarters, and offices. The British needed a permanent place to store the goods at low prices. It was required of them to stay in India for a period of 9 to 13 months to carry out trading transactions. Hence they decided to build ‘Factories’ or ‘emporiums’ in India. The staff of these factories was called ‘factors’.

Question 2.
The ‘Carnatic Wars’ were fought between the British and the French.
Answer:
Pondicherry which was the main center of French operations was ruled by the Nawab of Karnataka. The members of the Nawab family were fighting amongst themselves for the throne. The British and the French started intervening in the matter which resulted in three battles between the British and the French from 1744 to 1763 C.E. known as the ‘Carnatic Wars’.

5. State your opinion.

Question 1.
Charles II leased Mumbai to the East India Company.
Answer:
Charles II had received the islands of Mumbai as a gift from the King of Portugal on his engagement to Princess Braganza of Portugal. He found it difficult to maintain the islands as the expenditure incurred on its maintenance exceeded the income earned from it. So, he leased it to the East India Company.

Question 2.
In 1602, several Dutch companies got together to form ‘United East India’.
Answer:
The Dutch government issued a license to the company to conduct trading with the eastern countries. The same license permitted them to appoint staff, establish factories, build forts, engage in battles against the eastern countries, and also sign treaties with them. Accordingly, the company appointed a Governor-General to take care of Indian affairs.

6. Answer the following questions in detail.

Question 1.
What rights were ‘the French East India Company’ given by the French King Louis XIV?
Answer:
The French East India Company was established in 1664 by Jean Baptiste Colbert. The company was given the authority to trade with eastern countries to maintain army and navy and also exemption from taxes. The company was also given the authority to enter war or treaty with the eastern rulers. In 1666, the company sent a contingent to the court of Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb and obtained permission to establish a factory in Surat.

Maharashtra State Board HSC 12th Geography Important Questions and Answers

• Chapter 1 Introduction to Micro and Macro Economics Important Questions
• Chapter 2 Utility Analysis Important Questions
• Chapter 3A Demand Analysis Important Questions
• Chapter 3B Elasticity of Demand Important Questions
• Chapter 4 Supply Analysis Important Questions
• Chapter 5 Forms of Market Important Questions
• Chapter 6 Index Numbers Important Questions
• Chapter 7 National Income Important Questions
• Chapter 8 Public Finance in India Important Questions
• Chapter 9 Money Market and Capital Market in India Important Questions
• Chapter 10 Foreign Trade of India Important Questions

Maharashtra Board 12th HSC Important Questions

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Class 12 History Important Questions Chapter 2 European Colonialism Important Questions and Answers.

Maharashtra State Board 12th History Important Questions Chapter 2 European Colonialism

1A. Choose the correct alternative and rewrite the statement.

Question 1.
__________ was a result of Industrial Revolution.
(a) Communism
(b) Colonialism
(c) Capitalism
(d) Imperialism
Answer:
(b) Colonialism

Question 2.
The King of __________ was the supreme authority.
(a) England
(b) Portugal
(c) Russia
(d) Spain
Answer:
(d) Spain

Question 3.
In 1496, __________ was granted permission to establish colonies on American land.
(a) John Abbot
(b) George Washington
(c) Thomas Jefferson
(d) Ferdinand Magellan
Answer:
(a) John Abbot

Question 4.
The Boston Tea Party took place in the year __________
(a) 1771
(b) 1772
(c) 1773
(d) 1774
Answer:
(c) 1773

Question 5.
__________ was earlier known as ‘Brahmadesh’ (Burma).
(a) Cambodia
(b) Vietnam
(c) Thailand
(d) Myanmar
Answer:
(d) Myanmar

Question 6.
The __________ war was fought in the year 1885 C.E.
(a) Third Anglo-Burmese war
(b) Second Anglo-Burmese war
(c) First Anglo Burmese war
(d) Anglo-Nepalese war
Answer:
(a) Third Anglo-Burmese war

Question 7.
The British imprisoned __________ after his defeat.
(a) George Washington
(b) King Thibaw
(c) Thomas Jefferson
(d) John
Answer:
(b) King Thibaw

Question 8.
__________ is the capital of Tibet.
(a) Leh
(b) Ladakh
(c) Lhasa
(d) Laos
Answer:
(c) Lhasa

1B. Find the incorrect pair from group ‘B’ and write the corrected one.

Question 1.

Group ‘A’	Group ‘B’
(a) The Boston Tea Party	1770
(b) Declaration of Independence	1774
(c) The Stamp Act	1765
(d) American Independence	1780

Answer:
The Boston Tea Party – 1773

Question 2.

Group ‘A’	Group ‘B’
(a) Queen of England	Queen Elizabeth I
(b) King of Myanmar	King Thibaw
(c) King of Belgium	Louis XVI
(d) Chancellor of Germany	Bismarck

Answer:
King of Belgium – Leopold II

2A. Write the names of historical places/persons/events.

Question 1.
The people of Asia and Africa were economically exploited by the-
Answer:
Europeans

Question 2.
In 1607 the British built a colony on the banks of the river ‘James’-
Answer:
Jamestown

Question 3.
The country which was earlier known as ‘Brahmadesh’-
Answer:
Myanmar

Question 4.
Governor-General of India who declared war against Myanmar-
Answer:
Lord Amherst

Question 5.
The American revolt of independence is also known as-
Answer:
American Revolution

Question 6.
The book written by Lokmanya Tilak in Mandalay jail-
Answer:
Geetarahasva

Question 7.
Venue of the geographical conference in 1876-
Answer:
Brussels

Question 8.
The Chancellor of Germany who established the first German colony in West Africa in 1883-
Answer:
Bismarck

2B. Choose the correct reason from those given below and complete the sentence.

Question 1.
The American colonies declared boycott on British goods because __________
(a) restrictions were imposed on them and autonomy
(b) British goods were of poor quality
(c) heavy taxes were levied on British goods
(d) American goods were of superior quality
Answer:
(a) restrictions were imposed on them and autonomy.

Question 2.
The British imprisoned King Thibaw because __________
(a) he was an outlaw
(b) he refused to obey the British
(c) he was a cruel king
(d) the British wanted to ensure that he would not be able to rise against the British or have any contact with his subjects
Answer:
(d) the British wanted to ensure that he would not be able to rise against the British or have any contact with his subjects.

Question 3.
The British wanted to bring Bhutan under their control because __________
(a) Bhutan was a beautiful country
(b) Bhutan was a rich kingdom
(c) Bhutan helped to open the trade route from Bengal to Tibet for the British
(d) Bhutan was militarily weak
Answer:
(c) Bhutan helped to open the trade route from Bengal to Tibet for the British.

Question 4.
Sudan was important for England because __________
(a) the Nile, the lifeline of Egypt originates in Sudan
(b) Sudan was rich in minerals
(c) Sudan had a strong army
(d) England had an ulterior motive
Answer:
(a) the Nile, the lifeline of Egypt originates in Sudan.

3A. Observe the map on textbook page 12 and answer the questions based on it.

Question 1.
Write the names of the thirteen colonies.
Answer:
New Hampshire, New York, Massachusetts, Connecticut, Rhode Island, Pennsylvania, New Jersey, Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia.

Question 2.
Name some of the cities in the colonies.
Answer:
Portsmouth, Boston, New York City, Trenton, etc.

Question 3.
What is the name of the ocean that lies to the east of the colonies?
Answer:
The Atlantic Ocean lies to the east of the colonies.

3B. Complete the following concept map.

Question 1.

Important Events	Dates
The Stamp Act	……………………..
………………………..	1773
Declaration of Independence	………………………
……………………….	1780

Answer:

Important Events	Dates
The Stamp Act	1765
The Boston Tea Party	1773
Declaration of Independence	1774
American Independence	1780

Question 2.

Answer:

Question 3.

Answer:

4A. Write short notes.

Question 1.
The Stamp Act (1765).
Answer:

• The Stamp Act was passed in the year 1765. This act made it obligatory to purchase special stamps for important documents.
• British colonies in America like Virginia, Massachusetts put up resistance against the Stamp Act and also other restrictions on the colonies.

Question 2.
The Boston Tea Party (1773).
Answer:

• The British Parliament had granted a monopoly to the East India Company to import and sell tea to the colonies.
• People in the colonies were demanded the removal of restrictions imposed on them and autonomy. The British Government refused to yield to the demands of the colonies and in retaliation America decided to boycott British goods.
• In 1773, as an act of resistance, the local residents of Boston dumped the boxes of tea in the sea belonging to the East India Company. This event is known as the ‘Boston Tea Party.’

Question 3.
‘Declaration of Independence (1774).
Answer:
Thirteen colonies in America came together and declared independence from Great Britain. On 4th July in the meeting known as the ‘Second Continental Congress,’ a document is known as the ‘Declaration of Independence was adopted. This document was drafted by Thomas Jefferson. The crucial part of this document announced that the 13 American colonies were independent sovereign states. The key point of this document is the statement about three basic human rights namely ‘Life, Liberty, and Pursuit of Happiness. It was stated that these three are the natural rights of all humans which nobody can be deprived of.

4B. Explain the following statements with reasons.

Question 1.
Sudan was important for England.
Answer:
Sudan was a vassal state of England. Sudan was important for England because the Nile which was the lifeline of Egypt originates in Sudan. England without paying heed to local opposition established its supremacy over Sudan. To facilitate the moving of the British army in Sudan, the British began to build a railway track from Uganda to Sudan.

5. State your opinion.

Question 1.
The Boston Tea party took place in 1773.
Answer:

• The British Parliament had granted a monopoly to the East India Company to import and sell tea to the colonies.
• People in the colonies were demanded the removal of restrictions imposed on them and autonomy. The British Government refused to yield to the demands of the colonies and in retaliation America decided to boycott British goods.
• In 1773, as an act of resistance, the local residents of Boston dumped the boxes of tea in the sea belonging to the East India Company. This event is known as the ‘Boston Tea Party.’

Question 2.
‘Declaration of Independence was adopted.
Answer:
Thirteen colonies in America came together and declared independence from Great Britain. On 4th July in the meeting known as the ‘Second Continental Congress’ a document known as ‘Declaration of Independence was adopted. This document was drafted by Thomas Jefferson. The crucial part of this document announced that the 13 American colonies were independent sovereign states. The key point of this document is the statement about three basic human rights namely ‘Life, Liberty, and Pursuit of Happiness. It was stated that these three are the natural rights of all humans which nobody can be deprived of.

Question 3.
The British imprisoned King Thibaw of Myanmar.
Answer:
King Thibaw of Myanmar tried to strike a pact with Italy and Germany. These reasons were enough for the British to feel alarmed. They declared war against King Thibaw when he levied a fine on the Bombay-Burma Trading Corporation, a British company. This led to a war being declared against Burma. King Thibaw surrendered and was imprisoned by the British to ensure that he would not be able to rise against the British or have any contact with his subjects.

Question 4.
The First Anglo-Burmese War was fought.
Answer:
Burma was rich in natural wealth and was also a potential market. The royal dynasty had successfully consolidated the country under their rule. It conquered Manipur in 1813 and in 1822 they attacked Assam. The British were alarmed by these attacks. Hence, Lord Amherst, the Governor-General of India declared war against Myanmar. The war continued for two years. This was the First Anglo-Burmese War. The British navy conquered the port of Rangoon (Yangon) in this war. This war ended with a treaty between the British and the Burmese king.

6. Answer the following questions in detail.

Question 1.
Write a note on England’s role in Australia.
Answer:

• England first colonised Australia in the 18th century when the first colony of prisoners was deported from England.
• Later in the 19th century, other regions in Australia were colonised.
• The British also established their colonies in the island of Tasmania and New Zealand.
• In the year 1900, the island of Tasmania and the Republic of Australia was created as an integral nation of the British Empire.
• A bicameral parliament was established and a Governor-General was appointed in Australia by the British king as the viceregal representative.
• Only European immigrants were allowed to enter Australia.

Question 2.
Explain Britain’s interest in conquering Tibet.
Answer:

• Tibet was under the influence of the Dalai Lama.
• The British wanted to gain control over Tibet by arresting Russian advances and increase their own trade.
• The British military had reached Lhasa, the capital of Tibet.
• In 1907 as per the treaty between England and Russia, China’s political rule in Tibet was acknowledged.
• It gave leeway to China to claim Tibet as an integral part of China.

Question 3.
Discuss the consequences of Colonialism.
Answer:
The people in Asia and Africa were economically exploited by the Europeans. People in the colonies lost their independence. Their economic exploitation pushed them into poverty. A new awareness emerged in the political, social, economic, and educational fields. Common people became conscious of democratic systems and their inherent modern values like liberty, equality, and fraternity. People were introduced to principles like administration based on a fundamental legal system, judicial system, availability of education to all.

7. Answer the following question with the help of the given points.

Question 1.
Explain the causes for the rise of Colonialism.
(a) Industrial Consequences
(b) Requirements of Raw Material
(c) Sources of Minerals
(d) Feeling of Racial Superiority
Answer:
(a) Industrial Consequences:
Colonialism was a result of the industrial revolution. Production increased enormously because of the new machines. However, the rate of local consumption was much less compared to the surplus rate of production. Hence, the immediate need of the Europeans was to find new markets for selling their products. It was also necessary that these markets be dependable and easy to dominate.

(b) Requirements of Raw Material:
The desire to create a monopoly in the market and the need to procure raw material at cheaper rates were two major factors that made European nations compete with one another for clear Supremacy.

(c) Sources of Minerals:
The countries in Asia and Africa were rich in minerals like gold, diamonds, silver, coal, etc. This attracted the European nations to Asia and Africa.

(d) Feeling of Racial Superiority:
The Europeans felt it was their responsibility to civilise the people of Asia and Africa. This led to the conversion of Asian and African people to Christianity. It also helped the growth of colonialism.

Question 2.
Write a note on the events that led to the American Revolution.
(a) The Stamp Act of 1765
(b) The Boston Tea Party of 1773
(c) Declaration of Independence in 1774
(d) War at Saratoga
Answer:
(a) The Stamp Act (1765):

• The Stamp Act was passed in the year 1765. This act made it obligatory to purchase special stamps for important documents.
• British colonies in America like Virginia, Massachusetts put up resistance against the Stamp Act and also other restrictions on the colonies.

(b) The Boston Tea Party (1773):

• The British Parliament had granted a monopoly to the East India Company to import and sell tea to the colonies.
• People in the colonies were demanded the removal of restrictions imposed on them and autonomy. The British Government refused to yield to the demands of the colonies and in retaliation America decided to boycott British goods.
• In 1773, as an act of resistance, the local residents of Boston dumped the boxes of tea in the sea belonging to the East India Company. This event is known as the ‘Boston Tea Party.’

(c) ‘Declaration of Independence (1774):
Thirteen colonies in America came together and declared independence from Great Britain. On 4th July in the meeting known as the ‘Second Continental Congress,’ a document is known as ‘Declaration of Independence was adopted. This document was drafted by Thomas Jefferson. The crucial part of this document announced that the 13 American colonies were independent sovereign states. The key point of this document is the statement about three basic human rights namely ‘Life, Liberty, and Pursuit of Happiness. It was stated that these three are the natural rights of all humans which nobody can be deprived of.

(d) American War of Independence:
The colonies got into several battles with the British army even after gaining independence. The colonies finally at Saratoga got a decisive victory over the British army. This victory proved to be a turning point for the colonies as the French agreed to support them in their conflict against the British. Eventually, Spain also joined the conflicts in their struggle for independence.

On 7th October 1780, George Washington defeated the British army. On 19th October, British General Lord Cornwallis surrendered and America became independent. The American revolt for independence is also known as the ‘American Revolution’. America proved to the world that the subjects have a right to fight their rulers who deny them their natural rights.

Maharashtra State Board HSC 12th Political Science Important Questions and Answers

• Chapter 1 The World Since 1991 Important Questions
• Chapter 2 Key Concepts and Issues Since 1991: Globalisation Important Questions
• Chapter 3 Key Concepts and Issues Since 1991: Humanitarian Issues Important Questions
• Chapter 4 Contemporary India: Challenges to Peace, Stability and National Integration Important Questions
• Chapter 5 Contemporary India: Good Governance Important Questions
• Chapter 6 India and the World Important Questions

Maharashtra Board 12th HSC Important Questions

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Class 12 History Important Questions Chapter 1 Renaissance in Europe and Development of Science Important Questions and Answers.

Maharashtra State Board 12th History Important Questions Chapter 1 Renaissance in Europe and Development of Science

1A. Choose the correct alternative and rewrite the statement.

Question 1.
__________ means ‘Rebirth’.
(a) Reformation
(b) Renaissance
(c) Revival
(d) Rejuvenation
Answer:
(b) Renaissance

Question 2.
The first crusade began in the year __________
(a) 1096
(b) 1097
(c) 1098
(d) 1099
Answer:
(a) 1096

Question 3.
__________ is said to have mentioned the sunspots (Tamas Kilakas) in his treatise ‘Brihatsamhita’.
(a) Ibn Batuta
(b) Varahamihir
(c) Alberuni
(d) Arya Bhatt
Answer:
(b) Varahamihir

Question 4.
Edmund Cartwright invented the __________
(a) telescope
(b) printing press
(c) steam engine
(d) power loom
Answer:
(d) power loom

Question 5.
__________ invented the steam engine.
(a) James Watt
(b) Thomas Bell
(c) Robert Fulton
(d) George Stephenson
Answer:
(a) James Watt

Question 6.
__________ landed at the port of Calicut in 1498.
(a) Ferdinand Magellan
(b) Vasco da Gama
(c) Capt. James Cook
(d) Mungo Park
Answer:
(b) Vasco da Gama

Question 7.
__________ is considered to be the father of ‘Hydraulics’.
(a) Ibn Batuta
(b) Amir Khushrow
(c) Alberuni
(d) Abul Fazl
Answer:
(c) Alberuni

1B. Find the incorrect pair from group ‘B’ and write the corrected one.

Question 1.

Group ‘A’	Group ‘B’
(a) Galileo	Telephone
(b) Thomas Bell	Cylinder for printing
(c) Robert Fulton	Steamboat
(d) George Stephenson	Steam engine for transport

Answer:
Galileo – Telescope

Question 2.

Group ‘A’	Group ‘B’
(a) Marco Polo	India
(b) Amerigo Vespucci	Venezuela
(c) Samuel de Champlain	Quebec
(d) Mungo Park	Western Africa expedition

Answer:
Marco Polo – China

2A. Write the names of historical places/persons/events.

Question 1.
Two cities considered holy by Jews, Christians, and Muslims
Answer:
Jerusalem and Bethlehem

Question 2.
Sultan of Egypt who defeated the crusaders by conquering Jerusalem
Answer:
Sultan Saladin

Question 3.
The highest authority of the Catholic Church
Answer:
The Pope

Question 4.
The first printing press was started by
Answer:
Johannes Gutenberg

Question 5.
Author of the epics ‘Iliad’ and ‘Odyssey’
Answer:
Homer

Question 6.
The King who gave trading permission to Vasco da Gama
Answer:
Zamorin

Question 7.
The book written by Louis Antony da Bougainvillea
Answer:
Voyages Around the World

Question 8.
The methodology used in Zoology to classify animals is called
Answer:
Taxonomy

2B. Choose the correct reason from those given below and complete the sentence.

Question 1.
The ‘Medieval’ Period is called ‘Renaissance’ because __________
(a) it saw advances in various fields of life
(b) people wanted change
(c) the rulers imposed restrictions on their thinking
(d) people were tired of fighting wars
Answer:
(a) it saw advances in various fields of life

Question 2.
The ‘Crusades’ was a failure because __________
(a) the Pope and the rulers initiated the wars for their own vested interests
(b) common people losing faith
(c) there was a rift between the Pope and the European rulers
(d) of all of the above reasons
Answer:
(d) of all of the above reasons

Question 3.
The European colonies in the African continent increased because __________
(a) Europeans wanted to settle in Africa
(b) it was rich in diamonds, gold, and copper
(c) the cold climate of Europe made them migrate to Africa
(d) Human labour was very expensive in Europe
Answer:
(b) it was rich in diamonds, gold, and copper

Question 4.
Industrial revolution took place in England because __________
(a) the atmosphere was suitable for the industrial revolution in England
(b) the other nations were weak to compete with England
(c) mechanized production did not take place in the other nations
(d) England wanted to prove her superiority
Answer:
(a) the atmosphere was suitable for the industrial revolution in England

3A. Observe the map on textbook page 05 and answer the questions based on it.

Question 1. Name the ocean that lies in the northern hemisphere.
Answer:
The Arctic

Question 2.
Name the ocean that lies in the southern hemisphere.
Answer:
The Antarctic

Question 3.
Who circumnavigated the earth?
Answer:
Ferdinand Magellan

Question 4.
In which continent lies the Cape of Good Hope?
Answer:
Africa

Question 5.
Where did Vasco da Gama land in India in 1498?
Answer:
Calicut (Kozhikode)

Question 6.
After whom is ‘America’ named?
Answer:
Amerigo Vespucci

3B. Complete the following concept map.

Question 1.

Inventors	Inventions
Galileo	…………………………….
……………………….	Power Loom
James Watt	……………………………
……………………….	Spinning Mule

Answer:

Inventors	Inventions
Galileo	Telescope
Edmund Cartwright	Power Loom
James Watt	Steam Engine
Samuel Crompton	Spinning Mule

Question 2.

Answer:

4. Write Short Notes.

Question 1.
Inventions and Discoveries during the Renaissance period.
Answer:

• In 1543 C.E., Nicolaus Copernicus told the world that the centre of our planetary system is the ‘Sun’ and not the ‘Earth’.
• In 1609, Galileo prepared a sophisticated telescope that supported the theories propounded by Copernicus and Kepler.
• This facilitated research in physical sciences.
• Inventions of gunpowder and printing brought about changes in the techniques of warfare and dissemination of knowledge.
• In the world of printing, the first printing press was started by Johannes Gutenberg in 1440 and the first printing press started in Italy in 1451.

Question 2.
Roman Church.
Answer:

1. In the pre-renaissance period, the Roman church not only controlled the religious life of the people but also the individual life.
2. It exploited the common people in the following ways-
   • By issuing mandates for payments of fees.
   • Put restrictions on free-thinking and its circulation.
   • Anyone who dared to interpret Bible was sentenced to death.
3. The humanist philosophy was instrumental in making a ground for resistance against the powerful church.

Question 3.
Ibn Batuta.
Answer:

• He was a sailor and a famous medieval traveler.
• Ibn Batuta visited several countries like India, Maldives, Sumatra, China, Spain, Sardinia, East, and West Africa.

Question 4.
Alberuni.
Answer:

• accompanied Sultan Mahmud of Ghazni during his visit to India.
• tried to estimate the diameter of the earth.
• determined the latitudes and longitudes accurately.
• prepared a map of the earth indicating its round shape.
• considered as the father of ‘Hydraulics’.

5. Explain the following statements with reasons.

Question 1.
The rise of ‘Economic Nationalism’ was an outcome of the industrial revolution.
Answer:

• Arresting the growth of rival nations along with pursuing the growth of one’s own nation became important.
• Putting economic restrictions on rival nations by devising ways.
• For e.g. Prohibiting the import-export transactions of other countries, levying heavy toll duties on their goods, establishing colonies mainly in Asia and Africa, and fighting with the natives were part of the economic nationalism.
• Thus, economic nationalism led to imperialism.

Question 2.
The number of European colonies in the African continent increased.
Answer:

• The continent was rich in diamonds, gold, and copper.
• It was also rich in fertile land, timber, and forests.
• Later the Portuguese captured them and sold them as slaves.
• Cheap human labour was the need of the Europeans.
• This increased the demand for African slaves and helped them to expand the slave trade.

Question 3.
Galileo is known as the ‘Father of Empirical Sciences’.
Answer:

• Galileo established the rational method of empirical observation and forming a theory based on those observations.
• He proved that the speed of objects of different weights falling down is equal by carrying out actual demonstrations from the heights of the tower of Pisa in Italy.
• He triggered a revolution with his modified telescope which benefited the seafarers to a large extent.
• With his telescope, he discovered four major satellites of the planet Jupiter.
• He proved that there are mountains and valleys on the moon and the light emitted from it are actually the rays of the sun.
• He also calculated that the sun takes 27 days to complete one cycle around itself.
• He was also the first scientist to observe spots on the sun.
• Hence, Galileo is known as the ‘Father of Empirical Sciences’.

6. State your opinion.

Question 1.
Scientific inventions in various fields.
Answer:

• The compass, the barometer, telescope, and the thermometer were invented during this period.
• Microscopes were invented to observe various types of micro-organisms.
• Robert Boyle, an alchemist discovered that that the absolute pressure and the volume of a gas are inversely proportional.
• The research in physics was more focused on heat and sound.
• In zoology, a methodology known as ‘Taxonomy’ was developed to classify animals.
• Benjamin Franklin’s research was on lightning and electricity. He coined many technical terms which are used in science even today.

Question 2.
Galileo is known as the ‘Father of Empirical Sciences’.
Answer:

• Galileo established the rational method of empirical observation and forming a theory based on those observations.
• He proved that the speed of objects of different weights falling down is equal by carrying out actual demonstrations from the heights of the tower of Pisa in Italy.
• He triggered a revolution with his modified telescope which benefited the seafarers to a large extent.
• With his telescope, he discovered four major satellites of the planet Jupiter.
• He proved that there are mountains and valleys on the moon and the light emitted from it are actually the rays of the sun.
• He also calculated that the sun takes 27 days to complete one cycle around itself.
• He was also the first scientist to observe spots on the sun.
• Hence, Galileo is known as the ‘Father of Empirical Sciences’.

Question 3.
In the pre-renaissance period, the Roman Church controlled both the religious as well as the individual life of the people.
Answer:

1. In the pre-renaissance period, the Roman church not only controlled the religious life of the people but also the individual life.
2. It exploited the common people in the following ways-
   • By issuing mandates for payments of fees.
   • Put restrictions on free-thinking and its circulation.
   • Anyone who dared to interpret Bible was sentenced to death.
3. The humanist philosophy was instrumental in making a ground for resistance against the powerful church.

7. Answer the following questions in detail.

Question 1.
Write a detailed note on the industrial revolution in England.
Answer:
‘Industrial Revolution’ indicates the transition from manual production to mechanized production.

• In England, the atmosphere was suitable for the industrial revolution.
• Large amounts of iron ore and coal were available.
• The humid climate of England was suitable for producing yarn.
• These conditions proved to be favourable for the textile industry in England.
• England had also established a large number of colonies by then so England could obtain raw material at cheap rates from these colonies.
• England could also export the processed goods and sell them in their colonies with large profit margins using their navy.
• The availability of cheap labour made it possible for them to maintain an optimum level of costs.
• These factors prepared the ground for the industrial revolution in England thus giving a boost to its economy.
• Because of the above reasons Industrial revolution first began in England.

8. Answer the following questions with the help of given points.

Question 1.
Discuss the scientific inventions that took place in the following fields.
(a) Textile Industry
(b) Metallurgy
Answer:
(a) Textile industry:

• In the year 1738, John Kay made and patented the ‘flying shuttle’ which increased the speed of weaving.
• The ‘spinning jenny’, a spinning frame with multiple spindles were made by James Hargreaves in England. It reduced the amount of labour and time of production.
• In the year 1769, Richard Arkwright made a more advanced spinning frame. It could produce yarns much faster.
• Samuel Crompton invented the ‘spinning mule’ in 1779 C. E..This machine increased the speed of producing cloth two hundred times.
• In 1785, Edmund Cartwright invented the power loom.
• In 1793, a machine called the ‘cotton gin’ was introduced. This machine separated cotton seeds from cotton fibres at a greater speed.

(b) Metallurgy:

• England had a number of iron mines.
• Therefore, it was necessary to advance the technique of smelting iron to acquire purified iron from it.
• The fuel for iron furnaces was replaced from wood to coal.
• Special machines were made to keep the furnaces at a set temperature and to maintain their aeration.
• In 1865, the process of producing steel from molten iron was invented and the nature of the iron industry underwent a major transformation.
• At about the same time, a method was adopted to pour the molten metal into casts for making iron bars (e.g. rails).

Question 2.
Give an account of the geographical discoveries made by the following explorers
(a) Marco Polo
(b) Henry the Navigator
(c) Bartholomew Dias
(d) Christopher Columbus
Answer:
(a) Marco Polo: An Italian traveller who introduced China and other Asian countries to Europe. He stayed at the royal court of Kublai Khan where he studied Mongolian and Chinese languages.

(b) Henry the Navigator: He was the prince of Portugal in the 15th century. He encouraged people to carry out expeditions which resulted in the discovery of ‘Madeira’ and ‘Azores’, two archipelagos near Africa. These are the autonomous regions of Portugal. The Portuguese transported the African people to Portugal and sold them as slaves. The Portuguese also brought African gold with them.

(c) Bartholomew Dias: Dias began his expeditions on the orders of the king of Portugal, John II. He reached the southern tip of Africa which he named the Cape of Storms. Later on, the name was changed to ‘Cape of Good Hope. He was the first to circumnavigate the African continent.

(d) Christopher Columbus: The eastern sea route was closed to the Europeans and it became necessary to search for an alternative trade route to reach Asia. With the help of King Ferdinand and Queen Isabel of Spain, Christopher Columbus, an Italian explorer set sail in search of India. He, however, reached the islands near America instead of India.

Maharashtra State Board HSC 12th History Important Questions and Answers

• Chapter 1 Renaissance in Europe and Development of Science Important Questions
• Chapter 2 European Colonialism Important Questions
• Chapter 3 India and European Colonialism Important Questions
• Chapter 4 Colonialism and the Marathas Important Questions
• Chapter 5 India: Social and Religious Reforms Important Questions
• Chapter 6 Indian Struggle against Colonialism Important Questions
• Chapter 7 Decolonisation to Political Integration of India Important Questions
• Chapter 8 World Wars and India Important Questions
• Chapter 9 World: Decolonisation Important Questions
• Chapter 10 Cold War Important Questions
• Chapter 11 India Transformed Part 1 Important Questions
• Chapter 12 India Transformed Part 2 Important Questions

Maharashtra Board 12th HSC Important Questions

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Class 12 Geography Important Questions Chapter 8 Geography: Nature and Scope Important Questions and Answers.

Maharashtra State Board 12th Geography Important Questions Chapter 8 Geography: Nature and Scope

Choose the correct option by identifying the correct correlation in the sentences.

Question 1.
………………. is not included in the atmosphere.
(a) Weather
(b) Climate
(c) Precipitation
(d) River
Answer:
(d) River

Question 2.
……………….. is not included in the hydrosphere.
(a) Mountain
(b) Ocean
(c) Sea
(d) Lake
Answer:
(a) Mountain

Question 3.
……………….. is not included in lithosphere.
(a) Relief
(b) Drainage
(c) Weather
(d) Slope
Answer:
(c) Weather

Question 4.
…………………. is not included in Human Geography.
(a) GIS
(b) Social Geography
(c) Behavioural Geography
(d) Economic Geography
Answer:
(a) GIS

Question 5.
……………… is not included in Human Geography.
(a) Historical Geography
(b) Statistics
(c) Political Geography
(d) Population Geography
Answer:
(b) Statistics

Question 6.
…………………. is not included in geographical techniques.
(a) Statistics
(b) Cartography
(c) Remote sensing
(d) GIS
Answer:
(a) Statistics

Question 7.
………………… is not included in biosphere.
(a) Food chain
(b) Ecosystem
(c) Macro-organisms
(d) Lakes
Answer:
(d) Lakes

Identify the correct correlation.

A : Assertion, R : Reasoning
Question 1.
A – The Earth is dynamic in nature.
R – The geographical phenomena are not static but dynamic.
(a) Only A is correct.
(b) Only R is correct.
(c) Both A and R are correct and R is correct explanation of A.
(d) Both A and R are correct but R is not correct explanation A.
Answer:
(d) Both A and R are correct but R is not correct explanation A.

Question 2.
A – Geography is dynamic in nature.
R – Geography is a study of space and time.
(a) Only A is correct.
(b) Only R is correct.
(c) Both A and R are correct and R is correct explanation of A.
(d) Both A and R are correct but R is not correct explanation A.
Answer:
(c) Both A and R are correct and R is correct explanation of A.

Question 3.
A – Skills of geographers have enriched the subject as newer branches of geography.
R – Skills acquired by geographers enable them to make observations and describe various elements on the earth.
(a) Only A is correct.
(b) Only R is correct.
(c) Both A and R are correct and R is correct explanation of A.
(d) Both A and R are correct but R is not correct explanation A.
Answer:
(c) Both A and R are correct and R is correct explanation of A.

Question 4.
A – Geography is an integrating and inter disciplinary discipline.
R – Many branches of geography have developed from mainstreams of disciplines.
(a) Only A is correct.
(b) Only R is correct.
(c) Both A and R are correct and R is correct explanation of A.
(d) Both A and R are correct but R is not correct explanation A.
Answer:
(c) Both A and R are correct and R is correct explanation of A.

Identify the incorrect factor.

Question 1.
The main branches of geography are
(a) Physical geography
(b) Economic geography
(c) Pedology
(d) Human geography
Answer:
(c) Pedology

Question 2.
The main branches of Physical geography are
(a) Geomorphology
(b) Climatology
(c) Biogeography
(d) Remote sensing
Answer:
(d) Remote sensing

Question 3.
The cartographic techniques include
(a) Geology
(b) GPS
(c) Cartography
(d) GIS
Answer:
(a) Geology

Question 4.
The subjects related to Human geography are
(a) History
(b) Social geography
(c) Political science
(d) Psychology
Answer:
(b) Social geography

Question 5.
The subjects related to Human geography are
(a) Demography
(b) Sociology
(c) Historical geography
(d) Economics
Answer:
(c) Historical geography

Question 6.
The branches of Human geography are
(a) Economics
(b) Population geography
(c) Behavioural geography
(d) Historical geography
Answer:
(a) Economics

Question 7.
The cartographic techniques include
(a) Computer science
(b) Cartography
(c) Quantification methods in geography
(d) GIS
Answer:
(a) Computer science

Question 8.
The branches of Human geography are
(a) Political geography
(b) Social geography
(c) Psychology
(d) Economic geography
Answer:
(c) Psychology

Question 9.
The subjects related to Physical geography are
(a) Biogeography
(b) Geology
(c) Meteorology
(d) Biology
Answer:
(a) Biogeography

Complete the Chain

Question 1.

A	B	C
(1) Physical Geography	(1) Computer science	(1) GIS
(2) Human Geography	(2) Pedology	(2) Geography of Soils
(3) Geomorphology	(3) Psychology	(3) Behavioural Geography

Answer:

A	B	C
(1) Physical Geography	(1) Pedology	(1) Geography of Soils
(2) Human Geography	(2) Psychology	(2) Behavioural Geography
(3) Geomorphology	(3) Computer science	(3) GIS

Question 2.

A	B	C
(1) Geographic Techniques	(1) Geology	(1) Population Geography
(2) Human Geography	(2) Engineering	(2) Geomorphology
(3) Physical Geography	(3) Demography	(3) Remote Sensing

Answer:

A	B	C
(1) Geographic Techniques	(1) Engineering	(1) Remote Sensing
(2) Human Geography	(2) Demography	(2) Population Geography
(3) Physical Geography	(3) Geology	(3) Geomorphology

Question 3.

A	B	C
(1) Human Geography	(1) Meteorology	(1) Political Geography
(2) Physical Geography	(2) Geodesy	(2) Cartography
(3) Geographic Techniques	(3) Political Science	(3) Climatology

Answer:

A	B	C
(1) Human Geography	(1) Political Science	(1) Political Geography
(2) Physical Geography	(2) Meteorology	(2) Climatology
(3) Geographic Techniques	(3) Geodesy	(3) Cartography

Give geographical reasons.

Question 1.
Geography offers vast scope for career.
Answer:

• Due to the dynamic nature of geography, various advanced statistical techniques and computer programs are used to study and explain the geographical phenomenon.
• Presently, because of global warming, natural disasters occur in various areas of the world. However, different techniques are being used to study the intensity of disasters or provide warnings before a disaster. Hence, disaster management is now a new field for my career.
• Geographers have a wide scope to work as climate analysts, water conservation, water, and air pollution monitoring, environmental conservation, environmental education/awareness, etc., because of the increasing air and water pollution and environmental degradation.
• Maps are essential in geography. Nowadays, maps are not made manually but with the help of GIS software. Thus, there is a wide scope for a career in cartography.
• A population study of a country goes on continuously; therefore, many job opportunities as a surveyor, census officer, or data collector.
• Research is also going on in various branches of geography; therefore, there are career opportunities as a researcher or research analyst.
• There are also career opportunities in book writing, teaching, journalism, freelancing preparing maps and diagrams for textbooks, data scientist, tour guide, report writing, urban planner, travel blogger, data scientist, etc.
• Thus, geography offers vast scope for a career.