Class 11

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Class 11 Political Science Solutions Chapter 9 The World Since 1945 – I Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

Maharashtra State Board Class 11 Political Science Solutions Chapter 9 The World Since 1945 – I

1A. Choose the correct alternative and complete the following statements.

Question 1.
In 1949, China became a communist country under the leadership of ___________ (Khrushchev, Mao Zedong, Joseph Stalin, Ho Chi Minh)
Answer:
Mao Zedong

Question 2.
The principle of peaceful co-existence was put forth by ___________ (Eisenhower, Joseph Stalin, Khrushchev, Jawaharlal Nehru)
Answer:
Khrushchev

1B. State the appropriate concept for the given statement.

Question 1.
Period of the dominance of European powers.
Answer:
Eurocentric

Question 2.
The conflict between America and the Soviet Union.
Answer:
Cold War

1C. Find the odd word in the given set.

Question 1.
Hungary, Romania, Bulgaria, France.
Answer:
France (not from the soviet bloc)

Question 2.
Italy, Poland, Spain, Greece.
Answer:
Poland (Not from the capitalist bloc nations)

2A. Complete the concept maps.

Question 1.

Answer:

2B. Observe the given map and answer the following questions.

See a map of the Division of Europe after World War II.

Question i.
Name two East European countries under influence of the Soviet Union.
Answer:
Poland, Hungary, Czechoslovakia, Bulgaria, Romania.

Question 2.
Name two West European countries under the influence of the United States.
Answer:
France, Spain, Italy, Belgium, England.

3. State whether the following statements are true or false with reasons.

Question 1.
After the Bolshevik Revolution, Soviet Russia became a capitalist nation.
Answer:
This statement is False.

• After the 1917 Bolshevik Revolution. Vladimir Lenin established Socialism based on Marxist doctrine in Russia.
• Thus, Russia became the first communist nation in the world. The USA is an example of a capitalist nation.

Question 2.
The Bandung Conference brought Cold War in Asia.
Answer:
This statement is False.

• In 1955, the Bandung conference had 24 participating countries and sought to broad base the concept of regionalism to Asia and Africa.
• The Bandung conference tried to bring cooperation and stability to the regions.

4. Answer the following.

Question 1.
Explain the term regionalism.
Answer:
Regional organisations are created by countries from a particular geographic region. They form groups to promote their national interest in a cooperative manner. They try to establish their independent identity. This process of regional level cooperation is also called regionalism.

While geographic linkages are important, sometimes some functional issues become the basis of regional cooperation. These can be in areas like transport and communication, energy, health, etc.

The process of regionalism usually begins with a political dialogue amongst the participants. Such a dialogue may lead to the creation of an organisation. Organisations like the European Union (EU), Association of South-East Asian Nations (ASEAN), or South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) are examples of such regional groupings.

Question 2.
Discuss the role of the United Nations (UNO).
Answer:
The UNO was established in 1945. Its main functions include to
(i) Maintain International Peace and Security: The United Nations came into being with one main purpose i.e., the maintenance of international peace and security. The UN does this by working to prevent conflict, helping parties in conflict to make peace, peacekeeping activities, and creating the conditions to allow peace to hold and flourish.

(ii) Protect Human Rights: The promotion and protection of human rights is a key purpose and guiding principle of the UN. On 10th December 1948, the Universal Declaration of Human Rights was adopted.

(iii) Deliver Humanitarian Aid: One of the purposes of the United Nations is “to achieve international cooperation in solving international problems of an economic, social, cultural or humanitarian character.” The international community relies on the UN to coordinate humanitarian relief operations in times of natural and man-made disasters.

(iv) Promote Sustainable Development: The global understanding of development has changed over the years. The UN seeks to promote sustainable development, that is, a development that promotes prosperity and economic opportunity, greater social well-being, and protection of the environment.

(v) Uphold International Law: The development of and respect for international law has been a key part of the work of the UNO. This work is carried out in many ways – by courts, tribunals, multilateral treaties, and by the Security Council and ICJ.

5. Answer the following in detail with reference to the given points.

Question 1.
Elaborate on the dimensions of the Cold War.
(a) political
(b) ideological
(c) economic
(d) security
Answer:
The hostile relations between the USA and its’ allies and the USSR and its allies along with ideological conflict between them is called the ‘Cold War’ or Bipolarity. Its dimensions are
(a) Political dimension: was the aspect of the struggle for political influence over the areas under the control of the two countries. Areas under Soviet influence included East Germany, Poland, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Romania, Bulgaria, and Albania. Areas under the United States’ influence included Netherlands, Denmark, Belgium, West Germany, France, Italy, Spain, Greece, and United Kingdom. Finland was forced to opt for neutrality to ensure that both the United States and the Soviet Union did not clash in the region.

(b) Ideological dimension: Eastern Europe adopted Socialist ideology under the influence of the Soviet Union and followed a Socialist form of government. Western Europe adopted capitalist ideology under the leadership of the United States. These countries had democratic governments.

(c) Economic dimension: East European countries with socialist governments followed the socialist economic system. This meant that the government or the public sector would play a dominant role in the economic system. West European countries that followed the democratic system of government had a capitalist form of economy. Here the private sector played a dominant role in the economic system.

(d) Security dimension: Military alliances were created in Europe to protect these countries. The North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO) was created in 1949 as a military alliance to defend West European countries and the United States from the threat of invasion from the Soviet Union and East Europe. Warsaw Pact was created in 1955 to defend East European countries and the Soviet Union from the threat from Western Europe and the United States.

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Class 11 Political Science Solutions Chapter 8 Development Administration Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

Maharashtra State Board Class 11 Political Science Solutions Chapter 8 Development Administration

1. State the appropriate concept for the given statement.

Question 1.
State that promotes the economic and social well-being of its citizens.
Answer:
Welfare State

Question 2.
Unnecessary delays in administrative work are called.
Answer:
Red Tape

2. Complete the concept maps.

Question 1.

Answer:

3. State whether the following statements are true or false with reasons.

Question 1.
Change and growth-oriented approaches are called Development Administration.
Answer:
This statement is True.

• Development is a complex term that means improvement, growth, or progress. When public administration studies ‘government in action for development’ it becomes development administration.
• According to Edward Weidner, “The process of guiding an organization towards the achievement of progressive political, economic and social objectives that are authoritatively determined in one manner or the other” is development administration.

Question 2.
In post-independent India, the government deliberately invested in the public sector.
Answer:
This statement is True.

• Post-independence India was reeling from the effects of colonial exploitation in the form of poverty and underemployment.
• It needed to modernize the economy towards self-reliance. To establish a welfare state and bring about a socialist pattern of the economy, more emphasis was given to the public sector.

Question 3.
The 73rd amendment act gave constitutional status to municipalities.
Answer:
This statement is False.

• 73rd Amendment Act (1992) gave constitutional status to Panchayati Raj institutions and is considered a landmark in grassroots democracy in India.
• 74th Amendment Act (1992) gave constitutional status to municipalities (urban areas).

4. Explain the co-relation between the following.

Question 1.
Planning Commission and NITI Aayog (Traditional public administration and development administration).
Answer:
Development is a complex term that means improvement, growth, or progress. When public administration studies ‘government in action for development’ it becomes development administration. According to Edward Weidner,” development administration is “the process of guiding an organisation toward the achievement of progressive political, economic and social objectives that are authoritatively determined in one manner or the other”.

An approach to have innovative planning towards growth is called development administration. The need for this was felt due to limitations in the traditional approach to public administration, which covered areas such as

• Organization of the government machinery
• management of different tasks like leadership, planning, etc
• personnel administration i.e., recruitment, training of personnel
• financial administration e.g., budget, audit, etc
• administrative law e.g., tribunals for dispute resolution.

The new approach to public administration and public policy focuses on socio-economic development, political modernization, and adaptation of new technologies in administration.

Development administration has two important aspects viz.

• Administration of development – setting development goals and achieving them through the medium of administration.
• Development of administration – the existing system has to be improved so as the achieve the goals.

5. Answer the following.

Question 1.
Discuss any 4 areas of study in traditional public administration.
Answer:
The main areas of study in traditional public administration include:

• Organization of government machinery.
• Management of different tasks like leadership, planning, etc.
• Personnel administration i.e., recruitment, training of personnel.
• Financial administration e.g., budget, audit, etc.
• Administrative law e.g., tribunals for dispute resolution.

Question 2.
Write in brief about NITI Aayog.
Answer:
NITI Aayog (National Institution for Transforming India). After Independence, the Planning Commission was the apex planning body. India adopted Five Year Plans which identified short-term and long-term goals of development in areas such as agriculture, irrigation, industrialization, infrastructure, social security, etc. In 1991, the New Economic Policy focused on economic liberalization.

The Planning Commission has now been replaced by the NITI Aayog (established on 1st January 2015). The Prime Minister is the ex-officio chairman of NITI Aayog. Since India has moved from centralized planning to decentralized planning, this body proposes grassroots level planning from village and district levels to be harmonized with state-level planning and finally with national planning.

NITI Aayog has Governing Council comprising the Chief Ministers of all 29 states and of Delhi and Puducherry and Lt. Governors of Union Territories. As of 2019 Vice-Chairman is Rajiv Kumar and CEO is Amitabh Kant.

6. Express your opinion of the following.

Question 1.
Citizen participation is necessary in development administration.
Answer:
According to Edward Weidner, development administration is “The process of guiding an organisation toward the achievement of progressive political, economic and social objectives that are authoritatively determined in one manner or the other”.

An approach to have innovative planning towards growth is called Development Administration. The need for this was felt due to limitations in the traditional approach to public administration.

The new approach to public administration and public policy focuses on socio-economic development, political modernization, and adaptation of new technologies in administration.

Development Administration has two important aspects viz.

• Administration of development – setting development goals and achieving them through the medium of administration.
• Development of administration – the existing system has to be improved so as the achieve the goals.
• Citizen participation – Development being a process of social and economic change, it is important that people participate actively in it.

If the process of development is cut off from the grassroots then it eventually fails to materialize the objectives it has set. This necessitates peoples’ participation in the process of planning, implementation, and eventual evaluation.

In a diverse society like India people’s participation is necessary. In India, the needs, requirements, and choices of people may vary vastly according to region. The Indian government had introduced a Community Development Programme in 1952 followed by National Extension Service in 1953. The focus was to promote development in the rural and remote areas. The experience of these programmes helped the government to focus on rural India. The purpose of the participation of the rural and urban citizens was sought through the 73rd and 74th Constitutional Amendment Acts.

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Class 11 Political Science Solutions Chapter 7 Public Administration Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

Maharashtra State Board Class 11 Political Science Solutions Chapter 7 Public Administration

1A. Choose the correct alternative and complete the following statements.

Question 1.
The backbone of any administrative system is _____________ (material resource, human resource, natural resource, geographic resource)
Answer:
human resource

Question 2.
Gullick and _____________ put forth the acronym POSDCORB. (Woodrow Wilson, Herbert Simon, Urwick, Dwight Waldo)
Answer:
Urwick

1B. Identify the incorrect pair in every set, correct it and rewrite.

Question 1.
(a) Kautilya – Arthashastra
(b) Aristotle – The Politics
(c) Machiavelli – Republic
Answer:
Machiavelli – The Prince or Plato – Republic

1C. State the appropriate concept for the given statements.

Question 1.
The systematic management of governmental affairs in 18th century Germany and Austria.
Answer:
Cameralism

Question 2.
Efforts of companies to integrate social and environmental concerns.
Answer:
Corporate Social Responsibility

2. State whether the following statements are true or false with reasons.

Question 1.
The first step in administration is staffing.
Answer:
This statement is False.

• According to Gullick and Urwick, public administration should focus on aspects related to the executive branch of government.
• It is explained by the acronym POSDCORB. Thus, the first step in administration is Planning, followed by Organisation and then Staffing.

Question 2.
Public Administration as an academic discipline was born in India.
Answer:
This statement is False.

• Public Administration as an academic discipline originated in the USA and Woodrow Wilson was the first person to emphasize the need to study it.
• However, Kautilya’s ‘Arthashastra’ was a text on administration and political economy in ancient India.

3. Explain the co-relation between the following.

Question 1.
Narrow and Broad perspective of Public Administration (Private administration and Public administration).
Answer:
Private administration is concerned with achieving the goals of private business organizations. The similarities between private and public administration are that both aim to serve the people, have similar types of hierarchy and management systems, and rely on common skills, techniques, and procedures.

The differences between private and public administration relate to aspects like scope, motive, responsibility, weakness, and financial control. Private administration is business-like with a narrower scope, wealth creation as the motive, responsibility to the owners, fewer chances of red-tapism, and internal financial control.

Public administration is bureaucratic with a very wide scope and motive as public service, responsibility to the ministers, intrinsic weakness of red-tapism, and external financial controls.

Question 2.
National Administration and State Administration (Rural administration and Urban administration).
Answer:
At the local level, the administration is either urban or rural. Urban administration includes political and administrative dimensions. For cities, there are Municipal Corporations (with a population of 3 lakhs and more) headed by the Mayor, Municipal Councils (Nagar Palika), City Councils (Nagar Panchayats), and Cantonment Boards. There is also a Municipal Commissioner who performs administrative functions and a Collector who looks after revenue, law, and order, land records, etc.

Rural administration includes three tiers i.e., Zilla Parishad, Panchayat Samiti, and Gram Panchayat. Developmental administration includes Chief Executive Officer, Block Development Officer, and Gram Sevak. There is also the Collector and Tehsildar.

4. Answer the following.

Question 1.
Explain the functioning of the administration.
Answer:

(i) At the national level, the work of the Central Government is conducted by various ministries (departments). For example, there are ministries of Agriculture, Health, Home, Defence, etc. Each ministry (or department) is headed by a Minister. Below the Minister is the bureaucracy or the administrative machinery. Besides the ministries, there are such institutions as the Election Commission, Union Public Service Commission. NITI Aayog, etc. These also require administrators or a bureaucracy.

(ii) At the State level also, there are various ministries and commissions that do the work of the government. The ministries of the State are also headed by a Minister and staffed by the bureaucracy.

(iii) At the local level, the administration is of two types: urban and rural administration. At the district level_ the highest administrative officer is the collector. In large cities, the Municipal Commissioner is in charge of the Municipality or Municipal Corporation. In rural areas, at the level of the Tehsil, the Tehsildar looks after the administration.

(iv) There is a close link between political leadership and administrative machinery. At the national, state levels and local levels, the political leaders are closely linked to the administrative machinery.

(v) The recruitment for all administrative posts at all levels is done through competitive examinations conducted by the government. At the central government level, the UPSC and Staff Selection Commission are the bodies that conduct these examinations.

Question 2.
Explain the steps in public policymaking.
Answer:
Public Policy refers to the new approach to understanding aspects of government activities for public welfare ‘ that is beyond simple administrative activities for e.g., Ayushman Bharat which aims to provide universal access to good quality health care in India.

Public policy can be understood in three steps.

• Policy Choice: Elected representatives, bureaucrats, and others decide the on which concerns of citizens to deal with, various options available about how to deal with it, and the formulation of a programme are then decided for e.g., anti-malaria programme (its objectives and implementation).
• Policy Output: Actual implementation of the policy takes place and policy output is determined
• Policy Impact (evaluation stage): This involves assessment of the objectives to determine policy impact and any improvements if required.

5. Answer the following in detail with reference to the given points.

Question 1.
Define public administration and explain its scope with reference to the following points.
(a) narrow perspective
(b) wider perspective
Answer:
Public Administration is a sub-discipline of Political Science. It focuses on ‘government in action’ i.e., implementation of government decisions, policies, and programmes in fields of social security and welfare, law and order, transport and communication, health and sanitation, etc.

The executive branch of government consists of the Political Executive (council of ministers) and Permanent/ Non-political Executive or Bureaucracy. Public Administration as a subject studies the activity and process of the government. According to Waldo, ‘Public Administration is the art and science of management as applied to the affairs of the state’.

Public Administration broadly includes the following:

• Activities of all three branches of government, especially that of the executive branch.
• Non-political public bureaucracy operating in a political system.
• Management of public affairs and policy execution.
• Concerned with public welfare and hence provides service and regulatory functions to the people to attain a good life.

Scope of public Administration.
Public Administration can be studied as two categories.
(a) Narrow perspective – It focuses on aspects related only to the executive branch of government. Gullick and Urwick sum this view in the acronym POSDCORB to denote Planning, Organisation, Staffing, Directing, Coordinating, Reporting, Budgeting.

• Planning – working out in broad outline/ blueprint of what is to be done and methods to be adopted for it. e.g., NITI Aayog has adopted the approach of grassroots – national level.
• Organising – establishing the formal structure of authority through which work is delegated, defined, and coordinated e.g. All India services.
• Staffing – recruitment, training, and working conditions of personal e.g., in India this is through UPSC.
• Directing – making decisions and issuing instructions and orders as the administration is a continuous activity.
• Coordinating – interrelating the work of various selections and parts of the organization. eliminate overlapping of work or conflict over responsibility
• Reporting – reporting to superiors/higher authorities any information about ongoing/completed tasks. This ensures responsibility and accountability.
• Budgeting – refers to fiscal planning, control, and accounting.

(b) Broad perspective – This differs from the narrow, managerial view of public administration. It includes activities of all three branches of the government, their interrelationships. Specialized government functions such as defense, finance, health care, etc. as well as collaborations with private groups e.g., NGO’s in providing services to the community. This view is concerned with techniques of administration (POSDCORB) as well as with substantive matters of administration.

According to Woodrow Wilson, ‘Administration is the most obvious part of the government- it is a government inaction, the most visible, operative side of the government.’

Activity (Text Book Page No.63)

Question 1.
Look at the latest Annual Report of the Ministry of Home, Government of India. Make a list of the main activities of the ministry.
Answer:
The main activities of the Ministry of Home, GOI include the maintenance of internal security and domestic policy.
The departments included under this Ministry are-

• Intelligence Bureau (IB)
• Central Reserve Police Force (CRPF)
• Border Security Force (BSF)
• Central Industrial Security Force (CISF)
• Indo-Tibetan Border Police (ITBP)
• National Security Guards (NSG)
• National Investigation Agency (NIA)
• Sashastra Seema Bal (SSB).

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Class 11 Political Science Solutions Chapter 6 Role of the Judiciary Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

Maharashtra State Board Class 11 Political Science Solutions Chapter 6 Role of the Judiciary

1A. Choose the correct alternative and complete the following statements.

Question 1.
___________ is the first country to create independent judiciary. (India, United States, United Kingdom, Soviet Union)
Answer:
United States

Question 2.
The primary function of the judiciary is ___________ (making laws, executing laws, adjudication, make appointments)
Answer:
adjudication

1B. Identify the incorrect pair in every set, correct it and rewrite.

Question 1.
(a) Written Consitution – India
(b) Judicial Review – United Kingdom
(c) Independent Judiciary – United States
Answer:
(b) Judicial Review – USA

1C. State the appropriate concept for the given statement.

Question 1.
Petition regarding important public concerns.
Answer:
Public Interest Litigation (PIL)

Question 2.
The process of removal of judges.
Answer:
Impeachment

Question 3.
Cases can be heard for the first time only in certain courts.
Answer:
Original Jurisdiction

2. Complete the concept map.

Question 1.

Answer:

3. State whether the following statements are true or false with reasons.

Question 1.
There is no need to approve the appointment of judges by the Senate in the United States.
Answer:
This statement is False.

• The Judges of the Supreme Court of America and the courts subordinate to it are appointed by the President of the USA.
• These appointments can be confirmed only after the Senate gives its approval.

Question 2.
In India judiciary is independent.
Answer:
This statement is True.

• Provisions for judicial independence are provided in the Indian Constitution.
• This includes provisions related to appointment, tenure, salary, and allowances, removal from office, etc., of judges so that the judiciary acts in a free and fair manner.

4. Explain the co-relation between the following.

Question 1.
Judiciary and Executive.
Answer:
The judiciary and executive are both organs of the government. The main function of the executive is the implementation of laws and policies while the functions of the judiciary include interpretation of law and adjudication. In India, judges are appointed by the President (nominal executive). Traditionally, these appointments were made after consulting with the existing government (ministry). However, to maintain judicial independence, the collegium of judges recommends names for appointment to the President.

There are many instances where the executive is a party to a dispute either as the plaintiff or as the defendant. Given the power of the Government, any legal dispute between it and one or more citizens is usually unequal. There is a possibility that the Government would use its powers to secure a favourable decision. This is where the independence of the Judiciary becomes important. An independent judiciary ensures that all those who appear before it is treated on an equal plane, and thus makes sure that decisions are in accordance with the law.

Question 2.
Supreme Court and High Court.
Answer:
India has a single integrated judicial system, with the Supreme Court at the apex and followed by the High Courts in the States. The Supreme Court controls all courts and tribunals in the territory of India. The High Court controls and supervises the functioning of the subordinate courts e.g., District Courts, in its territorial jurisdiction. The High Courts have Appellate jurisdiction, regarding decisions of the lower courts while Supreme Court can hear appeals in civil, criminal, and constitutional cases against decisions of the High Courts.

Supreme Court has original Jurisdiction such as in disputes about the election of the President or Vice¬President which are its exclusive jurisdiction. Both, Supreme Court and High Court have Writ Jurisdiction i.e., they can issue directives or writs such as Habeas Corpus in case of violation of a person’s fundamental rights. In case of appointment of judges of High Courts, the President also consults the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court.

5. Express your opinion of the following.

Question 1.
Judiciary must have a leading role in the appointment of judges.
Answer:
One of the main ways to secure judicial independence relates to the appointment of the judges. A judiciary that works under government favour, fear, or pressure i.e., a ‘committed judiciary’ can never give impartial, fair decisions especially when the government is a party in any dispute. The judges of the Supreme Court and High Courts are appointed by the President of India who is expected to be politically neutral.

However, according to the 42nd Amendment Act, the President acts on the aid and advice of the Union Ministry, Hence, executive interference in judicial appointments is a real possibility. Since the 1990s, the Supreme Court ruled that the Judiciary must play a leading role in its judicial appointments.

The Supreme Court set up a Collegium consisting of the Chief Justice of India and the four senior-most judges of the court which would recommend names to the President for appointment to the Supreme Court and the High Courts. The Government’s role in this process has now been minimized.

Question 2.
Judicial activism is significant today.
Answer:
Judiciary in India has started taking a wider view of its functions. For instance, the courts have allowed individuals to file petitions on matters of important public concern. Such cases are known as Public Interest Litigation (PILs). There have been instances where the courts of their own accord, without anyone complaining or filing a petition, have taken note of matters of public concern (Suo moto). This wider view taken by the Judiciary of its functions has been termed as ‘Judicial Activism’.

In recent years, Judicial Activism has led to the courts examining the legality of the decision of the executive over a wide variety of issues including the ones referred to above. Moreover, in many instances, they have also either issued orders on what should be done over many issues or have directed the executive to take action about the same in a specified time period.

There has been much debate over Judicial Activism. Some feel that the judiciary was compelled to intervene because the executive was not discharging its functions properly, while others believe that the courts are exceeding their powers by looking into matters which fall within the jurisdiction of the executive or legislative.

6. Answer the following in detail with reference to the given points.

Question 1.
Explain the process of Judicial Review?
(a) Meaning
(b) Need
(c) When and where it started
(d) Indian context
Answer:
(a) Meaning: Judicial Review means the power of the Judiciary to examine if any law passed by the legislature or any executive policy or action is consistent with the Constitution or not, and if it is not then to declare it as unconstitutional and hence null and void.

(b) Need: It becomes necessary to have an institution that would examine whether the laws are consistent with the Constitution or not. That institution should also have the power to declare any law found inconsistent with the Constitution to be invalid and therefore not to be implemented. This would prevent the Legislature from making laws that violate the Constitution. In democracies with written Constitutions, this power is vested in the Judiciary. The Judiciary is not involved in any way in the law-making process. It is an independent body. Hence it has been assigned this power.

(c) When and where it started: The origins of the power of Judicial Review can be traced to a decision of the Supreme Court of the United States of America given in 1803 in a case known as the Marbury vs Madison case. This was for the first time that the American Supreme Court declared a law passed by the United States Congress to be invalid on the grounds that it was inconsistent with the Constitution of the United States. However, it must be noted that the American Constitution does not have an explicit provision that gives the Judiciary the power of Judicial Review. It is an implied power. To date, the American Supreme Court’s power of Judicial Review has been unchallenged. This is so because it is accepted that such a power is necessary to retain the supremacy of the Constitution.

(d) Indian Context: The Constitution of India does not explicitly provide the judiciary with the power of Judicial Review. However, like in the United States, these powers are implied. The Supreme Court of India has on many occasions declared laws passed by the Legislature as being inconsistent with the Constitution and therefore unconstitutional. In the Indian context, the real issue has been whether the amendments to the Constitution can be held unconstitutional. The issue was settled by the Supreme Court in the Kesavananda Bharati case (1973). In its judgment, the Court stated that the Constitution of India had a ‘Basic Structure’. The Constitutional Amendments passed by the Parliament have to be consistent with this ‘Basic Structure’, and if they are found to be not, then the Supreme Court would declare them unconstitutional. The power to declare any Amendments as unconstitutional rests only with the Supreme Court.

Activity (Text Book Page No. 52)

Make a list of examples of Judicial Activism in India.
Answer:
Judicial Activism refers to the active role of the judiciary in upholding the rights of citizens and preserving constitutional provisions and the legal system of the country. The judiciary takes an active part wherever the legislature of executive fails to perform its duty, especially to dispense social justice.
Some areas of judicial activism include:

• Reforming the BCCI even though it is a private body.
• The Supreme Court insisting on a collegium of judges to suggest names for elevation as judges to the High/Supreme courts.
• Protection of the ecosystem and environmental jurisprudence.
• In regard to the Bhopal Gas Tragedy (1984).
• Conduct NEET exam all over the country.
• The right to privacy is a part of a fundamental right.
• Improving conditions of undertrials.

Maharashtra State Board 11th Std Sociology Textbook Solutions Digest

• Chapter 1 Introduction to Sociology
• Chapter 2 Contribution of Western and Indian Sociologists
• Chapter 3 Basic Concepts in Sociology
• Chapter 4 Social Institutions
• Chapter 5 Culture
• Chapter 6 Socialization
• Chapter 7 Social Stratification
• Chapter 8 Social Change

Maharashtra State Board Class 11 Textbook Solutions

Maharashtra State Board 11th Std Psychology Textbook Solutions Digest

• Chapter 1 Story of Psychology
• Chapter 2 Branches of Psychology
• Chapter 3 Self
• Chapter 4 Human Development
• Chapter 5 Healthy Me – Normal Me
• Chapter 6 Stress
• Chapter 7 Nervous System
• Chapter 8 Memory

Maharashtra State Board Class 11 Textbook Solutions

Maharashtra State Board 11th Std History Textbook Solutions Digest

• Chapter 1 First Farmers
• Chapter 2 First Cities of India
• Chapter 3 Chalcolithic Villages in India
• Chapter 4 Vedic Period
• Chapter 5 Janapadas and Republics
• Chapter 6 Second Urbanisation in India
• Chapter 7 India and Iran (Persia)
• Chapter 8 India During Mauryan Period
• Chapter 9 Post Mauryan India
• Chapter 10 Changing Times
• Chapter 11 Kingdoms in South India
• Chapter 12 India, Nations in the Northwest of the Indian Subcontinent and China
• Chapter 13 India, Sri Lanka and Southeast Asia
• Chapter 14 Delhi Sultanate, Vijayanagar and Bahamani Kingdom
• Chapter 15 India During Mughal Period
• Chapter 16 Swarajya to Empire (Maratha Period)

Maharashtra State Board Class 11 Textbook Solutions

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Class 11 Political Science Solutions Chapter 5 Concept of Representation Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

Maharashtra State Board Class 11 Political Science Solutions Chapter 5 Concept of Representation

1A. Choose the correct alternative and complete the following statements.

Question 1.
Ancient Greece had ___________ (dictatorship, direct democracy, indirect democracy, monarchy)
Answer:
Direct democracy

Question 2.
The oldest representative assembly in the world is ___________ (House of Commons, House of Lords, Senate, House of Representative)
Answer:
House of Commons

1B. State the appropriate concept for the given statements.

Question 1.
The political system is where people elect representatives to govern themselves.
Answer:
Representative Democracy

1C. Find the odd word in the given set.

Question 1.
The Indian National Trade Union Congress, All India Kisan Sabha, National Students Union of India, Indian National Congress
Answer:
Indian National Congress (it is a political party)

2. Complete the concept maps.

Question 1.

Answer:

3. Explain the correlation between the following.

Question 1.
Governmental and Non-Governmental Organizations.
Answer:
Governmental organizations are public organizations that have a formalized structure. They are formed by election or nomination. They have legal status in terms of their jurisdiction. They are more concerned with political and administrative aspects.

However, such organizations due to their structure and scope may not be able to satisfy the concerns of different sections of the population or to represent various interests and causes. This leads to people who are devoted to the cause coming together as non-profit groups and further their cause. NGO’s work in the field of political and environmental awareness, the welfare of the elderly/women/children/disabled, etc., for e.g., Green Peace (environment), Help Age (senior citizens), CRY (children), AGNI (Political awareness), PFA (animals).

4. Express your opinion of the following.

Question 1.
Pressure groups are different from political parties.
Answer:
I agree with the statement.

• The political parties are part of the governmental system. They seek to influence government policy from the inside. A pressure group tries to influence the government from the outside. They do not stand for elections or aim to become members of the legislature/ government.
• Political parties have a broad agenda. They seek to represent the people for political, social, economic, cultural, and other concerns. Pressure groups usually have a narrow focus. They focus on specific issues or agitations for a specific cause e.g., the environment.

5. Answer the following in detail with reference to the given points.

Question 1.
What is meant by representation? Explain the various methods of representation?
(a) Meaning
(b) Electoral
(c) Non-electoral
(d) Non-official
Answer:
(a) Meaning: The concept of representation is important in any democracy.
Today, most countries have large territories and populations. Hence, direct democracy is not possible. The form of democracy today is indirect democracy or representative democracy. People elect representatives among themselves to govern the country for e.g., in India, Members of Parliament (MP’s), Members of State Legislative Assemblies/ Councils (MLA’s, MLC’s), of corporations, etc., are all our representatives.

(b) Electoral Method: Persons are directly or indirectly elected by the citizens to govern them as members of representative assemblies e.g., General elections to Lok Sabha, Assembly elections.

(c) Non-electoral Method: Representatives occupy their position through nomination or appointment for e.g., President of India appoints 12 Members to the Rajya Sabha.

(d) Non-official Method: Civil society represents the people through various pressure groups like trade unions, student groups, peasant organizations.

6. Suggest ways by which you can encourage people to vote in elections.
Answer:

• NGO’s such as AGNI have special programmes designed to encourage people to exercise their franchise.
• Street plays, flash mobs at railway stations, talks in colleges about the importance of voting.
• Voter enrollment drives to encourage youngsters to vote.
• Advertisements, especially involving celebrities as ‘ambassadors’ for the franchise.
• In some countries of the world, the franchise is compulsory.

Activity (Text Book Page No. 44)

Question 1.
Write the history of anyone national political party in India.
Answer:
Indian National Congress
Indian National Congress was founded on 28th December 1885 due to the efforts of A.O. Hume, to act as a platform for civil and political dialogue among educated Indians. The first session, held in Bombay with 72 delegates in attendance, elected W.C. Banerjee as its first President. Members were mainly from the Bombay and Madras Presidencies such as Dadabhai Naoroji, Dinshaw Wacha, Pherozshah Mehta, and others. During its early phase, the Congress was led by the Moderates.

The party first split at the Surat session (1907) into two groups i.e., Moderates and Extremists (led by Bal Gangadhar Tilak). The party began to endorse the policy of “Swaraj” (Self-rule) and “Swadeshi” (of our own country), After the death of Lokmanya Tilak, the leadership of the Congress passed into the hands of Mahatma Gandhi. His philosophy was based on the ideals of Satyagraha and Ahimsa. Various movements were organized by Gandhiji such as Non-Cooperation Movement (1920’s), Civil Disobedience (1930’s), and Quit India Movement (1942).

The INC has dominated most of India’s political landscape since Independence. The period 1947-1967 is described as the One-Party Dominant System (OPDS) of the INC. However, Congress dominance has declined. In the UPA government (2004 – 2014) the INC was one of the major parties. At present, it is the main opposition party (2019).

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Class 11 Geography Solutions Chapter 4 Climatic Regions Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

Maharashtra State Board Class 11 Geography Solutions Chapter 4 Climatic Regions

1. Write the names of climatic regions according to the factors that dominate their characteristics.

Answer:

2. Choose the correct alternative

Question 1.
Monsoon region
(a) annual average temperature around 27° C
>2500 mm annual precipitation
Indonesia
Hard-wood evergreen trees

(b) Average temperature in Summers around 35° C
< 2500 mm annual rainfall
South East Asia
Hard wood deciduous trees

(c) Temperatures in summer around 35° C
1000 mm annual rainfall
Continental part of Indian peninsula
Tall and thick grass

(d) Average temperatures in summer around 27° C
1000 mm rainfall in winter
South Africa
Hard–wooded, waxy, evergreen forests
Answer:
(b) Average temperature in Summers around 35° C
< 2500 mm annual rainfall
South East Asia
Hard wood deciduous trees

Question 2.
The region with high diurnal range of temperature
(a) Tropical rainforests
(b) Tropical grasslands
(c) Tropical desert regions
(d) Tropical Monsoon regions
Answer:
(c) Tropical desert regions

Question 3.
Lumbering flourished as an occupation from Newfoundland to Alaska in North America because
(a) Tundra Climatic Region
(b) Taiga Climatic Region
(c) West European Climatic Region
(d) China-type climatic region
Answer:
(b) Taiga Climatic Region

Question 4.
The main reason behind the months of precipitation in the graphs of Monsoon climatic regions being different is
(a) ITCZ
(b) orographic rainfall
(c) hemispheres are different
(d) apparent movement of the sun
Answer:
(a) ITCZ

3. Give geographical reasons.

Question 1.
In monsoon climate region, rainfall occurs in specific season.
Answer:
In monsoon climate region, rainfall occurs in specific season because-

1. The differential heating and cooling of land and water creates low pressure on the land while the sea experiences high pressure.
2. This is strongly related to shifting of the ITCZ. During the summer the ITCZ moves north to the latitudes of 20°-25°.
3. Several months later, the moisture laden summer monsoon is replaced by dry north-east monsoon.
4. By this time, the ITCZ has shifted to the southern hemisphere.
5. In northern hemisphere, the winds move from sea to land bringing moisture along with them in summers and gives rainfall.
6. In southern hemisphere same conditions prevail when there are winters in the northern hemisphere.

Question 2.
Taiga region is not found in Southern Hemisphere.
Answer:
Taiga region is not found in Southern Hemisphere because-

1. There is not much land at higher altitude in the southern hemisphere (until inside the Antarctic circle) where it is permanently ice covered.
2. Most of the land is fairly close to oceans and thus tempered by marine warming.
3. Whereas, Taiga is found throughout the high Northern latitudes between Tundra and the temperate forest, characterised by coniferous forests.
4. The strong oceanic influence in the southern hemisphere reduces the severity of the winter, thus, affecting the temperature and precipitation.

Question 3.
The diurnal range of temperature is more in desert areas.
Answer:
The diurnal range of temperature is more in desert areas because-

1. Deserts get hot during the day, but cool down rapidly during night. The main reasons for the temperature fluctuation between day and night are the lack of humidity and cloud cover.
2. Because of water’s relatively high specific heat, humid air takes longer to warm or cool, while air on land warms or cools more quickly.
3. Because desert areas receive a large amount of sunlight, the temperatures can get very high, but during night the dry air cools quickly.
4. The lack of cloud cover overhead allows the warmer air to rise into the atmosphere while cooler air settles in its place.
5. Basically, desert temperature varies so much because there is less moisture and cloud to keep the heat there.

Question 4.
There is no concept of season in equatorial regions.
Answer:
There is no concept of season in equatorial regions because-

1. The equatorial region lies between 0° to 10° latitudes in both the hemispheres.
2. The sun is exactly overhead in the equatorial regions throughout the year giving maximum insolation.
3. Thus, constant high temperatures are experienced throughout the year, which gives rise to heavy convectional precipitation.
4. Days and nights are almost of equal length and thus, the concept of summer and winter as being hot and cold seasons do not exist in these parts.

Question 5.
The Savannah region is prone to droughts.
Answer:
The Savannah region is prone to droughts because-

1. The region lies between 10° to 20° N and S latitudes, where the sun’s rays at noon are never far from overhead and thus the insolation is maximum and temperature is constantly high here.
2. Distinct wet and dry seasons of relatively equal duration are found. Most of the regions annual rainfall is experienced during the wet season and very little precipitation falls during the dry season.
3. A lengthy dry season and a relatively short wet season is the characteristic of Savannah region.
4. Thus, in Savannah region the dry season becomes more severe and often drought conditions prevail during the course of the year.

Question 6.
Though Mussoorie and Dehradun are located on the same latitude, why is their climate different?
Answer:
Though Mussoorie and Dehradun are located on the same latitude, their climate is different because-

1. Dehradun lies in the humid sub-tropical climatic region where the summers are long, hot and humid. Whereas, Mussoorie is a hill station in Dehradun district of Uttarakhand which lies in sub-tropical climatic regions that are very wet.
2. Dehradun lies at an elevation of average 450 m above mean sea level whereas Mussoorie is at an elevations of 1880 m above mean sea level.
3. In Dehradun during monsoon season there is often heavy and protracted rainfall, whereas in Mussoorie an average of 660 mm orographic rainfall is experienced.
4. The winter temperature is around 1°C and 20°C in Dehradun with fog commonly experienced. Mussoorie usually receives few spells of snowfall in December, January and February.

4. Differentiate between.

Question 1.
Equatorial Rainforests and Savannah Climatic Regions.
Answer:

	Equatorial Rainforests	Savannah Climatic Regions
Latitudinal extent	It lies between 0° to 10° latitudes in both the hemispheres.	It lies between 10° to 20° latitudes N and S.
Temperature	As it lies near the equators sun rays are perpendicular and hence temperature is constantly high with average temperature around 27°C.	Distinct wet summers and dry winters with summer temperatures around 35°C and winter temperature around 24°C.
Rainfall	Heavy convectional rainfall of 2500 mm to 3000 mm is evenly distributed over the year.	In this region average rainfall of 250 mm to 1000 mm is expected.
Vegetation	Evergreen trees with dense three layered vegetation are found in rainforests.	Tall thick grass (Elephant grass) with scattered drought-resistant trees are found in this region.
Animals	Climbing and jumping animals, reptiles, etc., are found in this region.	Grazing of animals is common. Herbivorous, carnivorous and scavengers are found in this region.
Regions of the world	This type of climate is found in the Amazon basin, Congo basin, east coast of Central America, Madagascar, Malaysia, Indonesia, Philippines and Papua New Guinea.	This type of climate is found in India in peninsular plateau and rain-shadow zone in Maharashtra, Telangana and Karnataka; parts of Mizoram. It is also found along borders of Congo, South Central Africa, llanos of Venezuela, Campos of Brazil, etc.

Question 2.
Taiga Region and Tundra Region.
Answer:

	Taiga Region	Tundra Region
Latitudinal extent	Taiga region is found between 55° to 65° North latitude.	Tundra region is found between 65° to 90° North latitude.
Temperature (Summer)	Brief cool summers with temperature around 15°C to 20° C.	Summer temperature is aroundl0°C.
Temperature (Winter)	Bitterly cold winters with temperature less than 0°C is found in this region.	Winter temperature is around -20°C to -30°C.
Precipitation	Year-round precipitation is around 300 to 500 mm in summers, snowfall in winters.	Precipitation is in form of snow around 300 to 500 mm.
Other Atmospheric phenomenon	Heavy cloud cover, high humidity, drizzle, fog, frost, cold winter poleward are the characteristics of Taiga region.	Low evaporation, coastal fog are the characteristics of Tundra region.
Location	Continental location.	Proximity to coasts.
Vegetation	Coniferous forest with soft wood, vegetables and root crops are found.	Tundra vegetation, swamps during melting is formed.
Animal life	Animals with fur like moose, foxes, bear, etc., are found.	Animals with fur like polar bear, seal, walrus are found.
Human occupation	Hunting and lumbering is the major occupation.	Hunting and fishing is the major occupation.
Regions of the world	Northern part of North America from Newfoundland to Alaska, northern Eurasia from Scandinavia through most of Siberia to the Bering Sea and Sea of Okhotsk are the major regions where Taiga region is found.	Arctic ocean borderlands of North America, Greenland and Eurasia, Antarctic, Peninsula, some polar islands are the major regions under Tundra vegetation.

Question 3.
Monsoon and Mediterranean Regions.
Answer:

	Monsoon Region	Mediterranean Region
Latitudinal extent	Within 10° to 30° North and South of equator.	Western coastal region between 30° to 40° North and South.
Temperature	Summer temperature is around 27°C to 32°C while winter temperature is 15°C to 24°C. High annual range of temperature.	Summers are warm and dry and temperature is around 21°C to 27°C while winters are mild and moist and temperature is around 10°C to 14°C.
Rainfall	Rainfall is between 250 to 2500 mm, excessively wet during rainy season.	Rainfall is around 500 to 1000 mm in winter.
Vegetation	Tropical rainforest, ranges from jungle to thorn forest in drier boundaries.	Scrub, forests have leaves evergreen, hard, thick leathery and small. Coniferous vegetation on higher altitudes and grass in areas of low rainfall is found. Winter- sown grains, olives, grapes, vegetables, citrus fruits are found.
Human Life	Agriculture is the main occupation of people of monsoon region.	Development of tourism and cinema industry.
Regions of the world	Coastal areas of South West India and South East Asia, South West Africa, North East and South East Brazil, Northern part of Australia and parts of Japan come under the monsoon winds.	Central California, borders of Mediterranean Sea, Cape Town (South Africa), Southern and South West Australia, Central part of Chile are the major region under Mediterranean climate.

5. Answer in detail.

Question 1.
Explain, with examples, the effects of latitude on a place’s climate.
Answer:
Latitudes affect the climate of a place in different ways-
Places close to the equator receive more sunlight:

1. The equatorial region lying between 0° to 5° North and South latitudes receive maximum heat as the sunrays are directly falling on the equator.
2. Due to which the region receives heavy rainfall throughout the year.
3. As a result, evergreen forests are found is such regions.
4. Example : Amazon basin.

Places close to the tropical region receives less sunlight:

1. Temperature gradually decreases with increasing distance from the equator, as the angle of sun’s rays decreases from it.
2. In tropical areas the sun rays become slanting and thus it gives less heat but covers more area.
3. Example regions lying between Tropic of Cancer 231/2°N to Tropic of Capricorn 23/4°S. Similarly, in the temperate regions 66X/20N and S and the polar regions the climate become extremely cool as the intensity of heat decreases. These regions are thus covered by snow.

Question 2.
Explain with examples, how winds affect the climate of a place.
Answer:

1. The winds affect the climate because they create the hot and cold air which moves around.
2. Prevailing winds affect the climate of an area. The direction of local winds is determined by the daily temperature of variations.
3. When winds blow from warm areas, they carry higher temperatures while winds blowing from cold areas carry lower temperatures.
4. Thus, winds bring in heat/ cold from the direction it has been blown from and thus changes the temperature of the place which affects the climate. For e.g., cold wind waves from the Himalayas carry coldness to the parts of the Deccan plateau.
5. Winds that blow from the sea often carry moisture and give rain to the coast. For e.g.. south-west monsoon winds give heavy rainfall in the western coastline of India.
6. Some winds are warm and dry, they increase the temperature during winter season. For example, winds that blow to Britain from warm areas such as Africa are warm and dry. Such warm and dry winds increase the summer temperature in some areas.

Question 3.
Russia is larger than Chile in area but does not experience climatic diversity as Chile. Explain.
Answer:

1. The latitude and longitude of Russia is 61.5240°N and 105.3188°E respectively. It is located in northern Asia, between Europe on one side and North Pacific Ocean on the other side.
2. Chile is situated along western margin of South American continent. Its latitude and longitude are 35.6751°S and 71.5430°W respectively.
3. Russia has continental location since it is surrounded to south and west by huge landmass, and to the north lies Arctic ocean which is frozen, so it is like snow covered land.
4. Thus, due to continental location there are dry summer and very cold winters with temperatures of -30° and less and sometimes heavy snowfall.
5. The winter is mostly dry, snow covers the ground from the end of October to mid-March.
6. In Chile the coastal location and the east-west extent is very less.
7. There is a lot of climatic diversity in Chile. There is Atacama Desert in the north, Mediterranean climate at the central part, extreme cold climate in the east.
8. The most important factors that control the climate of Chile are Pacific anticyclone, cold Humboldt ocean current and mountain ranges along the coastline.
9. Thus, though Russia is larger than Chile in area but does not experience climatic diversity as Chile.

Question 4.
Explain the factors affecting climate of a place giving examples.
Answer:

Latitude : Latitude is the primary factor influencing distribution of atmospheric temperature. Generally, latitudes of high degrees are less warm than the low degrees of latitudes. Thus, sun’s rays making a high angle to the ground, experience high temperature throughout the year. Temperature gradually decreases with increasing distance from the equator as the angle of the sun’s rays decreases away from it. Hence, the polar region experiences very low temperature.

Altitude : The atmosphere is indirectly heated by terrestrial radiation from surface of the earth. Therefore, the place near the sea level experiences higher temperature than the places situated at higher altitude. In other words, the temperature generally decreases with increase in height. The rate of decrease of temperature with increase in height is known as Normal Lapse rate. It is 6.4°C per 1000 meters altitude.

Distance from the Sea : The location of place with respect to the sea also determines the temperature of that place. Though, the sun provides same amount of heat over land and water bodies, there is difference in their heating and cooling capacity. Compared to land, the sea (water) gets heated slowly and loses heat slowly. On the other hand, land heats up and cools down faster. Therefore, the variation in temperature over the water bodies is less as compared to land masses. The coastal areas come under the moderating influence of the sea and land breezes and experience moderate or equable climate while interior parts of the continents experience extreme climate.

Prevailing winds : Winds affect the temperature and rainfall of any area. Winds carry with them the temperature of their source regions. Hot winds increase the temperature while cold winds decrease the temperature, e.g., cold wind waves from Himalayas carry low temperature to parts of the Deccan Plateau. Thus, south west monsoon winds in India reduce the temperature after the onset of monsoon in June all over the country.

Some winds carry moisture and give rain to the area they visit. For example, South-west monsoon winds give rainfall to western coastline of India.

Ocean currents : Ocean currents considerably influence temperature of the adjacent land area. Warm currents raise the temperature of the coastal areas, whereas cold currents reduce the temperature near the coast where they flow.

Aspect of slope : In the northern hemisphere the south facing slopes and in the southern hemisphere the north facing slopes always face the sun. Hence, sun facing slopes are warmer and the opposite slopes are cooler.

6. On a world map, show the following areas

(1) Equatorial Rainforests and Savannah Climatic Regions.
(1) Savannah climatic region in Africa
(2) Highland climatic region in India
(3) Chile and Russia
(4) Ice cap climatic region
(5) Desert
Answer:

11th Geography Digest Chapter 4 Climatic Regions Intext Questions and Answers

Use vour brain power!

Question 1.
(i) Have you ever thought why there is difference in the skin colour of various people in the world?
(ii) Why all the people in the world do not eat same food?
(iii) Why there is a variety in clothing pattern and types too? Even our houses are different.
(iv) How come flora and fauna are restricted to a particular region?
(v) Why different fruits are found in different places? (Textbook Page No. 44)
Answer:
(i) There is variation in skin colour of people depending on the latitudes. For. e.g., people near the equator are dark since the sunrays are vertical and hence there is too much heat, while people in temperate or polar region are fair since sunrays in these regions are slanting due to increase in distance from sun. Hence, there is low temperature and colour of skin is fair.

(ii) There is variation in food because food depends on geographical factors like climate, soil, location etc. For example, in extreme cold climate areas soil is covered with snow, so agriculture is not possible, people eat fish and meat of fur bearing animals. The countries located along the coastline eat fish and rice because fishing is carried out at the coastal areas and rice is grown on fertile delta of the river along the coastline.

(iii) People prefer to use clothes according to climate. For example, Inuits in Polar region wear fur clothes due to extreme cold climate, Europeans wear woollen cloths in winter due to cold climate, Asians mostly wear cotton clothes except in winter.

The pattern of house depends upon the climate and availability of material in the surrounding area. For example, in heavy rainfall areas houses have sloping roofs, in hot climatic areas houses are made up of stones or thick walls to prevent the effect of outside hot air.

People use material available in the surrounding area for construction of houses. For example, Inuits in Polar region use snow to build houses, since it is available in plenty. These peculiar houses are called Igloos.

(iv) Particular temperature and rainfall are essential for the growth of flora. For example, coniferous forest grows in cool climate and snowfall. Flora provides food and shelter to fauna, therefore wherever there is thick flora, fauna is bound to be there. In grassland region grass eating animals like dear, antelope, rabbits are seen but the camel is seen only in the desert.

(v) Every fruit crop requires particular type of climate; therefore, different fruits grow in different areas depending upon the climate. For example, apples are grown in Jammu and Kashmir, mangoes, cashew nuts and jackfruits are grown in the Konkan region due to suitable climate.

Question 2.
(i) What would be the annual range of temperature in this region?
(ii) Where is this type of climate found in India? (Textbook Page No. 46)
Answer:
(i) In equatorial region both diurnal and annual range of temperature will be low as it experiences high temperature all year round. The annual range of temperature may be as low as 3°C.

(ii) This type of tropical rainforest climate is found in north eastern states of India, western coast of West Bengal, and Andaman and Nicobar Islands.

Question 3.
Comment upon the type of weathering which will occur in this region. (Textbook Page No. 47)
Answer:
Mechanical and chemical weathering is predominant in this region.

Question 4.
(i) Which agricultural crops are produced here?
(ii) Why are longitudes not given in geographical distribution? (Textbook Page No. 48)
Answer:
(i) Maize and rice are grown all over Savannah region. Sorghum and millets are grown in northern Savannah. Stray crops and vegetables are grown in all regions.

(ii) Temperature is the main element of climate. The temperature varies with latitude and not with longitudes. Geographical distribution is the natural arrangement of the various forms of plants and animals in different regions and localities of the earth. This distribution varies with the latitude as we go away from the equator towards the poles. Thus, longitudes are not given.

Question 5.
Comment upon the rate of weathering in this climate. (Textbook Page No. 49)
Answer:
Mechanical or physical weathering is predominant in arid regions. The rate of weathering is very slow in this region.

Question 6.
Why do people in Europe use olive oil for cooking? (Textbook Page No. 50)
Answer:
Most olives are grown in the southern part and is used for almost every application. It is a healthy type of oil which makes it great for cooking.

Question 7.
What factors make this region agriculturally productive? [Textbook Page No. 51]
Answer:
Year-round precipitation and fertile soil along the rivers make the region agriculturally productive.

Question 8.
(i) Why does Chile recur frequently in examples of geographical distribution?
(ii) Why has fishing developed here? (Textbook Page No. 52)
Answer:
(i) The geography of Chile is extremely diverse as the country extends from a latitude 17° South to Cape Horn at 56° and ocean on the west to Andes on the east. It borders Pacific Ocean towards south and small part of the south is towards the Atlantic Ocean.

(ii) Due to long indented coastlines and cool climate, fishing is done on a large scale. Presence of South Pacific Ocean and small part of South Atlantic Ocean are major fishing regions.

Question 9.
(i) What would be the annual range of temperature in this climate? What could be the occupational activities carried out by humans here?
(ii) What type of weathering will be prominent here? (Textbook Page No. 53)
Answer:
(i) The annual range of temperature in Taiga is 60°, the summer temperature can be 10°C and average winter temperature is -60°C. Hunting and lumbering can be carried out in this region.

(ii) Since the region is covered by snow weathering is slow. Mechanical weathering is prominent here but is very slow. Alternate freezing and thawing takes place here.

Question 10.
What kinds of mass movement may happen here? [Textbook Page No. 54]
Answer:
Slow mass movement takes place here in the form of slumping where snow particles moves short distance down the slope.

Question 11.
(i) What kind of activities will bring people from other regions to this climate?
(ii) What could be the occupations followed here? (Textbook Page No. 55)
Answer:
(i) Since this region is severely covered by snow, scientific research and exploration can be done or fishing and hunting can be done but on a very smaller scale.

(ii) Hunting of aquatic life is the dominant occupation followed here.

Question 12.
(i) What type of human activities will develop in this region?
(ii) In what ways might high latitudes be different from high altitudes? (Textbook Page No. 56)
Answer:
(i) Terrace farming, animal rearing and tourism are the types of human activities that might develop in this region.

(ii) High latitudes are the regions away from the equator. The intensity of sunlight goes on decreasing as we move away from the equator towards the poles. The equatorial and tropical regions will have precipitation in the form of rainfall.

High altitude regions are the regions at an elevation from the mean sea level. In high altitude regions temperature decreases with increase in height therefore they are covered by snow as precipitation is in the form of snowfall.

Can you tell?

Question 1.
Make a list of the human activities you think that are not influenced by climatic elements. (Textbook Page No. 44)
Answer:
There are five major activities of man.
Primary: Agriculture, fishing, lumbering, hunting and gathering.
Secondary: Industries and manufacturing.
Tertiary: Services like transport and communication, teachers, doctors, etc.
Quaternary: Research and development etc.
Quinary: Highly intelligent activities.

2. Read the graphs and answer the following questions. (Textbook Page No. 46)

Question 1.
In which months there is no rainfall?
Answer:
In both Belem and Singapore it rains throughout the year.

Question 2.
In which month is the temperature highest?
Answer:
The temperatures is highest in the month of October in Belem and in the month of May in Singapore.

Question 3.
In which month is the temperature lowest?
Answer:
The temperature is lowest in the months of January and February in Belem and in the month of December and January in Singapore.

Question 4.
What could be the factors which influence the climate of these places?
Answer:
Both Belem and Singapore lie in the equatorial region, i.e., at 1° 27′ S to 48° 30′ W and 1° 17′ N and 103° 51′ E respectively. Thus, in both Belem and Singapore, the climate is characterised by uniform temperature and pressure, high humidity and abundant rainfall as the sunrays are perpendicular on the equator throughout the year.

Question 5.
Write a concluding statement about the climate of both the places based on the questions above.
Answer:
Both cities experiences rainfall throughout the year. These is no dry season month. Average temperature varies little throughout. There is no distinct season, uniform temperature, high humidity and abundant rainfall. They have equatorial type of climate.

3. Read the graph and answer the following questions. (Textbook Page No. 47)

Question 1.
Name the months of highest and lowest rainfall. What is the difference between the values of rainfall?
Answer:
In Mangaluru highest rainfall month is July with around 1143 mm rainfall and lowest rainfall was found in the month of January which is the driest month. Thus, the difference between the values of rainfall is 1143 mm.

In Cairns highest rainfall is 486 mm in the month of February and least amount of rainfall occurs in August around 37 mm. Thus, the difference between the values of rainfall is 449 mm.

Question 2.
Name the months of highest and lowest temperature.
Answer:
Highest and Lowest temperature in Mangaluru is in April around 32.4°C and in January with 21.6°C respectively. Highest and lowest temperature in Cairns is in January at around 27.5° C and July being coldest month 16.4°C respectively.

Question 3.
Are the months of rainfall same in both the places? If not, why?
Answer:
No, the months of rainfall are not same in both the places. It rains in Mangaluru from May to November whereas, in Cairns rainfall is observed in the months from November to May.

Question 4.
What could be the factors which influence the climate of these places?
Answer:
The major factor which influences the climate of Mangaluru and Cairo is that Mangaluru lies in Northern hemispheres and Cairns in Southern hemispheres.

Question 5.
What difference do you find in the graphs in fig and these?
Answer:
There is variation in rainfall and temperature graphs of Mangaluru and Cairo as these lies in different hemispheres while the graphs of Fig. represent same temperature and rainfall throughout the year at Belem and Singapore. Both lie in the equatorial region, so not much variation is observed.

Question 6.
Write a concluding statement about the climate of both the places.
Answer:
The climate of Mangaluru and Cairo is tropical. There is significant rainfall in most of the months of the year with short dry season. In Mangaluru, January is the driest month with 00 mm. of precipitation. Most of the precipitation is in July. While, in Cairo, the least amount of rainfall occurs in August. In February, precipitation is the highest.

4. Read the graph and answer the following questions. (Textbook Page No. 48)

Question 1.
In which months is there no rainfall?
Answer:
It rains throughout the year in both Lagos and Brasilia.

Question 2.
In which month is the temperature highest?
Answer:
Temperature is highest in the month of March in Lagos and in the month of September in Brasilia.

Question 3.
In which month is the temperature lowest?
Answer:
The temperature is lowest in Lagos in the month of August and that in the month of June in Brasilia.

Question 4.
Are the months of rainfall same in both the places? If not, why?
Answer:
It is wettest in June in Lagos and January is the wettest month in Brasilia, Lagos is situated near the equator. Thus, there is significant precipitation difference between the rainy season and summer season.

Brasilia is located at the top of Brazilian highlands. It has milder climate due to elevation and with two distinct seasons, the rainy season and dry season.

Question 5.
What could be the factors influencing the climate of these places?
Answer:
Lagos being near the equator and Brasilia located on the Brasilia highland, influences the climate of these places.

Question 6.
What difference do you find in the previous and these graphs?
Answer:
The total monthly precipitation is light in Mangaluru in the month of June, July, August and that of Cairns in the month of January, February, March whereas in equatorial region precipitation is experienced throughout the year. From this the graph of monsoon climate, we find that maximum precipitation is during the months of June to September.

Question 7.
Write a concluding statement about the climate of both the places.
Answer:
The rainfall is much more in summer than the winters in Lagos. The least amount of rainfall occurs in December while greater amount of precipitation occurs in June. The temperature is higher on an average in March, whereas lowest temperature occurs in August. With regards to Brasilia here too the rainfall is much more in summer than the winters. Precipitation is lowest in June and highest in January, September is the hottest month and lowest temperature is in June.

5. Read the graph and answer the following questions. (Textbook Page No. 48)

Question 1.
Name the months of highest and lowest rainfall. What is the difference between the values of rainfall?
Answer:
In Alice Springs, September is the driest month with around just 10 mm rainfall. Whereas the most precipitation falls in the month of January around 38 mm. The difference between the value is around 28 mm.
Similarly, In Cairo, the driest month is May with no precipitation at all whereas it rains about 5 mm in the month of January. The difference between the values is just 5 mm.

Question 2.
Name the months of highest and lowest temperature.
Answer: The warmest month in Alice Springs is January with an average temperature of 38.7°C while July experiences lowest temperature of about 11.5°C.
In Cairo, July is the warmest month with 27.6°C and lowest temperatures is in January with around 13.1°C temperature.

Question 3.
Are the months of rainfall same in both the place? If not, why?
Answer:
No, the months of rainfall are not same in both the places because Alice Springs lies in the Southern Hemisphere while Cairo lies in the Northern Hemisphere.

Question 4.
What could be the factors which influence the climate of these places?
Answer:
Cairo in Egypt is located to the north of Tropic of Cancer, and Alice Springs is located just south of Tropic of Capricorn. Therefore, both the areas come under subtropical high-pressure belt. The air becomes dry here. The winds in this region blows out of the region, so there is very low rainfall. The region of Alice Springs is part of central Ranges scrub area of dry scrubby grasslands. Majority of the Egypt’s landscape is desert, hence extreme aridity is experienced.

Question 5.
What difference do you find in the previous and these graphs?
Answer:
In the previous graphs rainfall is depicted for almost all the months. But in the graphs representing climate of Alice Springs and Cairo, rainfall is very low or almost negligible.
Temperature variation can also be depicted in the previous graphs and graphs of Alice Springs and Cairo.

Question 6.
Write a concluding statement about the climate of both the places.
Answer:
Rainfall is very less in Alice Springs whereas almost negligible in Cairo. This is due to the latitudinal extent of both the places and subtropical high-pressure belt. Cairo is in or near the subtropical desert biome whereas Alice Springs is in or near subtropical desert scrub biome. The average annual temperature is 35°C warmer. Average monthly temperature varies by 3.7°C in Cairo.

6. Read the graph and answer the following questions. (Textbook Page No. 50)

Question 1.
Name the months of highest rainfall.
Answer:
Perth experiences highest rainfall in the month of June whereas Rome experiences highest rainfall in November.

Question 2.
Name the months of lowest temperatures.
Answer:
The temperature in Perth is the lowest in July and the temperature in Rome is the lowest in January.

Question 3.
Are the answers to 1 and 2 same?
Answer:
No, the answers are not same.

Question 4.
Are the months of rainfall same in both the places If not, why?
Answer:
No, it does not rain in the same months in Perth and Rome. Perth lies on 31°57′ S to 115°51′ E longitude and Rome lies on 41°53′ N to 12°30′ E longitude. It means Perth is located in the Southern | Hemisphere, whereas Rome is in the Northern Hemisphere. Perth is near the Subtropical dry forest biome, whereas Rome is near the warm temperate moist forest biome.

Question 5.
What could be the factors which influence the climate of a place?
Answer:
The special feature of climate of this region is long dry summers and mild and wet winters. This because of subtropical high pressure in summer and westerly wind movement in winter.

Question 6.
What difference do you find in the previous graphs and these graphs?
Answer:
In Mediterranean regions, summers are long and warm and dry whereas winters are mild and wet. They are different from low-latitudinal climates where the temperature is high throughout the year. Rainfall in winter is the characteristic of this region but previous graph shows very meagre rainfall.

Question 7.
Write a concluding statement about the climate of both the places.
Answer:
Rainfall is highest in the month of June, around 175 mm in Perth, while its lowest in the month of January around just 7 mm. Whereas, November experiences highest rainfall of about 114 mm and lowest of about 17 mm in July in Rome. Temperature reaches its highest in February around 24.8°C and lowest in July around 13.6°C in Perth, while July experiences highest temperature of about 24.4° C and least about 7.7° in January in Rome.

7. Read the graph and answer the following questions. (Textbook Page No. 51)

Question 1.
Name the months of highest and lowest rainfall.
Answer:
In Brisbane, highest rainfall occurs in the months of February, while lowest rainfall is in the month of September. In Shanghai, June experiences highest rainfall, while precipitation is lowest in December.

Question 2.
Name the months of highest and lowest temperatures. Relate them with rainfall months.
Answer:
In Brisbane temperature is highest in January and lowest in July, while Shanghai experiences highest temperature in July and lowest in January.
In Brisbane, temperature is highest in January whereas rainfall is highest in February and high in January, whereas in Perth, July records highest temperature and June records highest rainfall. Similarly, temperature is least in January and rainfall is least in December.

Question 3.
Are the months of rainfall same in both the places? If not why?
Answer:
No, both places have rainfall in different months. This is probably because Brisbane is located is Southern Hemisphere. Brisbane is in the south east corner of Queensland. The region is on the coastal plains, east of Great Dividing Range.
Shanghai is located in the Northern Hemisphere, located on Yangtze River Delta on China’s east coast and has proximity to the Pacific Ocean via East China Sea.

Question 4.
What could be the factors which influence the climate of these places?
Answer:
Brisbane and Shanghai, both lie in the eastern parts of the southern and northern hemispheres respectively. Due to proximity to the coral sea of the Pacific Ocean and warm ocean current, Brisbane’s overall temperature variability is somewhat less.

Shanghai is located in the middle of China’s east coast near the mouth of river Yangtze to the North, the East china sea to the east, Hangzhou Bay to the south and Jiangsu and Zhejiang provinces to the west.

Question 5.
What difference do you find in the previous and these graphs?
Answer:
The major difference between Mediterranean and China type is that, the Mediterranean is found on the western margins of the continents while china type is found is the eastern parts almost in same latitudes.
In Mediterranean type winter rainfall is the characteristics feature, while china type experiences rainfall throughout the year.

Question 6.
Write a concluding statement about the climate of both the places.
Answer:
Both the places receive rainfall from convectional showers. Precipitation is year-round. In Brisbane variation in the precipitation between driest and wettest months is 133 mm. During the year, average temperatures vary by 10.3°C.

8. Read the graph and answer the following questions. (Textbook Page No. 52)

Question 1.
In which months do you find temperature the lowest?
Answer:
Temperature is the lowest in the month of January in Portland and in Melbourne it’s in the month of July.

Question 2.
In which month is the precipitation lowest?
Answer:
Precipitation is lowest in the month of July in Portland and lowest precipitation is found in the month of February in Melbourne.

Question 3.
What are the highest values of precipitation?
Answer:
In Portland highest precipitation is in the month of December with an average of 162 mm. While, highest value of precipitation in Melbourne is in October with an average of 71 mm.

Question 4.
Name the months with no precipitation at all.
Answer:
It rains throughout the year in both Portland and Melbourne.

Question 5.
Write a concluding paragraph about this climatic region.
Answer:
Marine west European type of climate is located between 40° and 65° latitudes in both the hemispheres along the western coasts of the continents. This climatic region is surrounded by Mediterranean climate in the south continental dry climate in the east and semi-arctic climate in the north. The temperatures are affected by marine influences, warm ocean currents and prevailing winds. This climate is characterised by cool summer and wild winters. Average temperature during summer season ranges between 15°C and 21°C. It rains throughout the year.

9. Read the graph and answer the following questions. (Textbook Page No. 53)

Question 1.
Note the values of the axes, how different are these graphs from the earlies ones?
Answer:
The values of Taiga or Sub-Arctic regions show the mean annual temperature below freezing point (0°C) that is from 0° to -35° C. These values are not observed in rest of the graphs.

Question 2.
Note the highest and the lowest temperature and their months.
Answer:
In Whitehorse, the highest temperature recorded is around 20.0°C in the month of July, whereas January is the coldest month with average temperature of -23°C.
In Arkhangelsk, the highest temperature is in the month of July around 20°C and lowest in the month of January around -18°C.

Question 3.
Note the highest and lowest rainfall and their months.
Answer:
Highest rainfall recorded is about 35 to 37 mm in the months of July, August in Whitehorse and lowest is in the month of April with just 9 mm.
In Arkhangelsk, the greatest amount of precipitation occurs in August with an average of 66 mm. The lowest amount of rainfall occurs in February. The average is this month in 27 mm.

Question 4.
Why does not a place from Southern Hemisphere appear here?
Answer:
There isn’t much land at higher latitudes in hemisphere (until inside the Antarctic circle where it is permanently ice covered) and most of that land is fairly close to oceans and it has effect of marine warming.

Question 5.
What factors are responsible for this climate?
Answer:
Located in large Continental landmass between 55° to 65° latitude, the Sub-Arctic climate is removed from any moderating influence of an ocean. It therefore, experiences a very large range in annual temperature. During the summer it is dominated by the westerlies and cyclonic activity the winter it is the polar hight and Easterlies. The Sub-Arctic climate has continental polar air
masses.

10. Read the graph and answer the following questions. (Textbook Page No. 54)

Question 1.
Why is it that both the graphs are from the northern Hemisphere?
Answer:
Tundra is located at the top of the world, near the north pole. Tundra is a Finnish word which means barren land. Thus, Tundra region having least vegetation and polar or arctic climate is found in North America and Eurasia between the southern limit of the permanent ice caps in the north and the northern limit of temperate coniferous forest of taiga climate in the south.

Question 2.
Which are the warmest and the coolest months?
Answer:
In Barrow, the warmest month is July while lowest temperature is in the month of February. Same temperature conditions are observed in Barentsburg.

Question 3.
What is the annual range of temperature?
Answer:
The average annual range of temperature in Barrow is -12.2°C while in Barentsburg it is -5.9° C.

Question 4.
Why does not the duration of day (sometimes more than 24 hours) influence its temperatures or precipitation?
Answer:
This is because the sun’s rays are oblique and little insolation is received being at higher latitude -65° to 90° North.

11. Read the graph and answer the following questions. (Textbook Page No. 55)

Question 1.
Which are the warmest and the coolest months?
Answer:
The warmest month is July and the coolest month is February in Eismitte. While in Scott South Station warmest months are December and January and coolest month is August.

Question 2.
Name the months of highest and lowest rainfall.
Answer:
The month with highest rainfall in Eismitte is December and lowest rainfall is in May. While in Scott South Station highest rainfall is in the month of February, while lowest rainfall is observed in July and August.

Question 3.
In what way do you find similarities of this climate with other climate types of high latitudes?
Answer:
Precipitation is very low in high latitude regions and mostly it is in the form of snowfall. Temperature is below freezing point (CPC) in all the high latitude regions. This is because the sun’s rays are oblique and hence temperature is low. These regions are mostly under permanent snow cover.

Question 4.
What factors influence this type of climate?
Answer:
Little or no insolation during most of the months in a year, oblique sunrays are the factors responsible for this type of climate.

12. Read the graph and answer the following questions. (Textbook Page No. 56)

Question 1.
Which are the warmest and the coolest months?
Answer:
The warmest month is June while coolest month is January in Shimla. November is the hottest month and July is the coolest month in El Alto.

Question 2.
Name the months of highest and lowest precipitation.
Answer:
Most of the precipitation is in the months of July, whereas driest month is November is in Shimla. Precipitation is highest in January and lowest in June in El Alto.

Question 3.
In what ways do you find similarities of this climate with other types of high latitudes?
Answer:
In these regions, precipitation is in the form of snowfall. The regions are covered by snow.
Temperature is very low, as the sunrays are oblique and little insolation is received. Temperature decreases with increasing altitude.

Question 4.
Why are the axis showing temperature different in both the graphs?
Answer:
Shimla is located at 31°6 N to 77°10 and its elevation is 2.276 m whereas El Alto is located on 16°31 S to 68°10 W with an elevation of 4.150 mts. Temperature decreases with increasing altitude. Thus, the axis is different temperature in both the graphs.

Question 5.
What factors influence this type of climate?
Answer:
The higher reaches of mountain, altitude, location of leeward or windward side, precipitation are the factors affecting climates of mountain type of climate.

Find out! (Textbook Page No. 44)

Use internet or reference books to find out about the attempts at classification of climates.
Answer:
Classification of climate was given by Wladimir Peter Koppen, Charles Warren Thornthwaite and Glenn Thomas Trewartha.
[Student are required to research and attempt this question on their own]

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Class 11 Political Science Solutions Chapter 4 Constitutional Government Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

Maharashtra State Board Class 11 Political Science Solutions Chapter 4 Constitutional Government

1A. Choose the correct alternative and complete the following statements.

Question 1.
Unwritten Constitution exists in _____________ (United Kingdom, India .South Africa, United States)
Answer:
United Kingdom

Question 2.
In a parliamentary system there is a _____________ of legislative and executive powers. (separation, coordination, merger, centralisation)
Answer:
merger

Question 3.
The ten amendments to the American Constitution are collectively referred to as _____________ (Bills of Rights, Magna Carta, Basic Structure Doctrine, Fundamental Rights)
Answer:
Bill of Rights

1B. Identify the incorrect pair in every set, correct it and rewrite.

Question 1.
(a) Magna Carta – England
(b) Veto – United Kingdom
(c) Kesavananda Bharati Case – Basic structure doctrine
Answer:
(b) Veto – USA

1C. Find the odd word out in the given set.

Question 1.
England, Scotland, Wales, Republic of Ireland.
Answer:
The Republic of Ireland (not part of UK)

Question 2.
India, Australia, Canada, Argentina.
Answer:
Argentina (not a parliamentary system)

2. State whether the following statements are true or false with reasons.

Question 1.
Indian Federation can be described as a ‘quasi-federation’.
Answer:
This statement is True.

• The Indian Constitution provides for dual set of governments i.e Union State governments. There is a distribution of powers on the basis of three lists viz. Union list, State list, and Concurrent list.
• However, India has a federal structure with a powerful central government. The constitution framers felt that a strong Union government was needed to ensure the balanced development of the country.

Question 2.
The parliamentary system exists in the United States.
Answer:
This statement is False.

• In a Parliamentary system, there is a merger of legislative and executive functioning. There are two executives, i.e., real and normal executives. This is noticed in India, United Kingdom, etc.
• the United States follows the Presidential system based on separation of government powers. Here, there is only one executive i.e., President who is directly elected by citizens.

3. Explain the co-relation between the following.

Question 1.
Legislature and Executive in a parliamentary system.
Answer:
In a parliamentary system, there is a fusion of legislative and executive functions. The real executive i.e. the Prime Minister and Council of Ministers is drawn from the Legislature. There are no separate elections for the post of Prime Minister and other Ministers. The Prime Minister and the Ministers play a dual role i.e., they are part of both Legislature and Executive. Thus, they also attend Parliamentary sessions.

The leader of the party or group which commands a majority in the legislature is invited by the nominal executive (President) to form the government and assume the post of Prime Minister. The Ministry stays in power only as long as it enjoys majority support in Parliament. The lower house of the Parliament in England (House of Commons) and in India (Lok Sabha) can pass a vote of no-confidence against the Ministry which means that the Prime Minister and his/her Council of Ministers must resign. This is due to parliamentary sovereignty. Thus, the executive is subordinate to and responsible to the Parliament (legislature).

Question 2.
President and Legislature in a presidential system.
Answer:
In a Presidential system, there is a separation of government powers and a system of checks and balances. The President i.e., head of the executive is directly elected by the citizens for a fixed tenure. He/she enjoys powers granted to the office by the constitution and must conduct his/her administration in accordance with laws passed by the legislature. Members of the executive are prohibited from being members of the legislature.

The legislature is also popularly elected. Its powers are not absolute since the President can exercise ‘Veto Power’ to reject a law passed by the legislature. Similarly, the legislature can also impeach the President if it is proved that the constitution has been violated by him/her. The President continues in office irrespective of whether he/she enjoys majority support in the legislature. However such lack of support may lead to a breakdown or impasse in government functioning.

4. Answer the following questions.

Question 1.
Explain constitutionalism and constitutional morality.
Answer:
Constitutionalism refers to the idea that there should be limitations on the powers of the government which may be specified in the constitution or may arise due to historical developments. The Magna Carta (Great Charter) (1215) and Bill of Rights (1689) in England were attempts to restrict the powers of the Monarchs. As the concept of separation of legislative, executive, judicial powers became popular, so also, the idea of restricting powers of the government as a whole emerged. The origins of constitutionalism can be traced to the Social Contract Theory propounded by John Locke. He believed that people should have the right to change the government if it committed any wrongdoings.

The first ten amendments to the American Constitution (collectively called the Bill of Rights) imposed restrictions on the government. The Indian Constitution also restricts government jurisdiction so that it doesn’t violate Fundamental Rights.
Any constitution is subject to amendments. Thus, it is possible that certain governments may use their amendment powers to remove restrictions, on their policies and actions.

In any democracy, Constitutionalism refers to restrictions on the power of the government and adherence to the spirit of the constitution. It refers to the values which form its foundations and the manner in which those who hold power are expected to behave. This can be described by the term ‘Constitutional Monarchy’.

5. Answer the following in detail with reference to the given points.

Question 1.
Explain Constitution and its three distinct interrelated components.
(i) What is a Constitution?
(ii) set of rules
(iii) set of rights
(iv) set of objectives and values
Answer:
(i) The constitution is the highest law of the country. It reflects the objectives of the state and the rights and aspirations of its citizens. It establishes the rule of law and sets limits on government authority. A constitution is a living document that indicates the way in which a country is governed. The primary function of the constitution is to lay out the basic structure of the government according to which the people are to be governed. A constitution has three distinct but interrelated components.

(ii) Set of Rules – A constitution is a set of rules that describes the structure, powers, and functions of the three organs of government to ensure that each organ functions without its jurisdiction. It lays down the limitations on what the government can do or cannot do.

(iii) Set of Rights – A constitution lists the rights of the citizens, means for the protection of these rights, and the duties of citizens. It also lists the means of protecting the rights e.g., in India, the judiciary is entrusted with protecting the rights. The rights guaranteed by the constitution are not unlimited i.e. they are subject to reasonable limitations.

(iv) Set of Objectives and Values – A constitution enumerates the values and objectives that it seeks to fulfill. For e.g., the Indian Constitution seeks to ensure the values of justice, liberty, and equality.

11th Political Science Digest Chapter 4 Constitutional Government Intext Questions and Answers

Find out! (Text Book Page No. 30)

How many times has the Indian Constitution been amended? What was the latest amendment?
Answer:
Amendments refer to changes in certain provisions of the constitution. In India, Article 368 deals with the amendment procedure. Till March 2019, the Indian Constitution has been amended 103 times. The 101st amendment (July 2017) introduced GST, the 102nd amendment gave constitutional status to National Commission for Backward Classes, and the 103rd amendment provided for a maximum of 10% reservation for economically weaker sections (EWS) by amending Articles 15,16. (Right to Equality)

Find out! (Text Book Page No.32)

Make a list of all Prime Ministers of India with their tenure.
Answer:

1. Jawaharlal Nehru (August 1947 – May 1964)
2. Gulzarilal Nanda – Acting Prime Minister (27 May 1964 – 9 June 1964, 11 January 1966 – 24 January 1966)
3. Lai Bahadur Shastri (June 1964 – January 1966)
4. Indira Gandhi (January 1966 – March 1977, January 1980 – October 1984)
5. Morarji Desai (March 1977 – July 1979)
6. Charan Singh (July 1979 – January 1980)
7. Rajiv Gandhi (October 1984 – December 1989)
8. V. P. Singh (December 1989 – November 1990)
9. Chandra Shekar (November 1990 – June 1991)
10. P. V. Narsimha Rao (June 1991 – May 1996)
11. A. B. Vajpayee (May 1996 – June 1996, March 1998 – May 2004)
12. H. D. Deve Gowda (June 1996 – April 1997)
13. I. K. Gujral (April 1997 – March 1998)
14. Dr. Manmohan Singh (May 2004 – May 2014)
15. Narendra Modi (May 2014 – till date)

Find out! (Text Book Page No. 34)

Name any four American Presidents who belonged to the Republican Party and for who belonged to the Democratic Party
Answer:

• Republican Party – Abraham Lincoln, Richard Nixon, Ronald Reagan, George H. W. Bush, George W. Bush.
• Democratic Party – F. D. Roosevelt, J. F. Kennedy, Bill Clinton, Barack Obama, Donald Trump.

Do this. (Text Book Page No. 35)

Look at the following subjects (Seventh Schedule of the Indian Constitution):

• Law and Order
• Atomic Energy
• Banking
• Agriculture
• Police
• Electricity
• Education
• Railways
• Public health
• Foreign affairs
• Forests.

Find out which of these subjects is in Union, state, or concurrent list.
Answer:

Union List	State List	Concurrent List
Atomic Energy	Police	Education
Foreign Affairs	Agriculture	Electricity
Banking	Law and order	Forest
Railways	Public Health

Activity (Text Book Page No. 36)

What are the rights mentioned in the Bill of Rights of the American Constitution?
Answer:
The Bill of Rights refers to the first ten amendments of the US constitution. Some of the rights include.

• First Amendment prohibits the making of any law impeding the free exercise of religion or restricting the freedom of speech or of the press or to assemble peacefully.
• The Second Amendment protects the individual right to keep arms.
• The Fifth Amendment protects against double jeopardy and self-incrimination.
• The sixth amendment establishes a number of rights of the defendant in a criminal trial such as speedy, public trial by an impartial jury, the assistance of counsel, etc.
• The Tenth amendment reinforces the principles of separation of powers and of federalism.