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Balbharti Yuvakbharati English 12th Digest Chapter 3.6 Group Discussion Notes, Textbook Exercise Important Questions and Answers.

Maharashtra State Board Class 12 English Yuvakbharati Solutions Chapter 3.6 Group Discussion

12th English Digest Chapter 3.6 Group Discussion Textbook Questions and Answers

You must have discussed many things with your friends, classmates in a group. It might be about going on a picnic or selecting a gift for your teacher:

Question (i)
What do you think are the benefits of a group discussion?
Answer:
(a) A Group Discussion allows the participants to share their views and opinions.
(b) It allows each participant to analyse the topic or case.
(c) A Group Discussion allows the participants to reach a general consensus.

Question (ii)
Do you think some people are right and some are wrong in a group discussion? Why?
Answer:
Yes, I do think so. Generally, we hold a view on a topic or a situation. This view is either strengthened or weakened by the ongoing arguments in a Group Discussion. Due to j confirmation bias, we tend to think that the participants who strengthen our views j are right. Similarly, we think of those who go against our views are wrong. (The ideal situation is that we keep an open mind and assess each argument on its own merit but this is easier said than done.)

Question (iii)
People have different views and opinions because:

Answer:

Question (iv)
Complete the web highlighting the uses of ‘Group Discussion’. One is done for you.

Answer:

(A1)

Question 1.
Rama, Asif, Rachana and Aarav are participating in a group discussion. The evaluator has given them a topic. ‘Teenagers are more inclined towards junk food nowadays.’ Write suitable dialogues for each participant giving his/her opinion on the topic.
Evaluator: You’ve all been given a few minutes to think on your topic for today’s group discussion, which is ‘Teenagers are more inclined towards junk food.’ You may now begin the discussion. Who would like to start?
Rama: ………………………………………………. .
Asif: ………………………………………………….. .
Aarav: ……………………………………………….. .
Rachana: ……………………………………………. .
Evaluator: Please conclude.
Aarav: ………………………………………………… .
Answer:
Rama: I think I will. In my opinion it is very true. Junk food leads to obesity and we find more obese teenagers around nowadays.
Asif: I am afraid I can’t agree with that statement. Most of the teenagers in our college look quite fit and active.
Aarav: I think we must see the issue in a wider perspective. The inclination towards junk food among teenagers is a worldwide phenomenon. One can’t jump to a conclusion by just looking around and citing a few examples in our college.
Rachana: It seems to me that Rama made a valid point. Teenagers world over are inclined towards junk food and it poses a great threat. I suggest the teenagers change their food habit and resort more to healthy snacks. Our tradition offers a wide variety of such snacks.
Evaluator: Please conclude.
Aarav: We can conclude by saying that our teenagers are inclined to junk food. They must change their food habit. It is high time they switched to healthy snacks. We need healthy citizens to take our country forward.

(A2)

Question 1.
Read the following statements, if you agree say ‘Yes’ and if you don’t agree, say ‘No’. State the reason for your opinion.
Answer:

Reason: Group discussion helps us realize that there are other possible views and opinions. A receptive and accommodative mind is a prerequisite for anyone who participate in a group discussion. Moreover, the candidate must be able to feel the pulse of the discussion. This, in turn, will help to reach a consensus.

(A3)

Question (i)
Group discussion helps to unravel the following personality traits in a person.

Answer:

Question (ii)
Match the following:

Answer:

(A4)

Question (i)
Write the following sentences in reported/indirect speech:
(a) He said, “If you find my answers satisfactory, will you give me five rupees?”
(b) The astrologer said, “You were left for dead. Am I right?”
(c) “I should have been dead if some passerby had not chanced to peep into the well,” exclaimed Guru Nayak.
(d) He told her, “Do you know a great load is gone from me today.”
Answer:
(a) He asked me whether I would give him five rupees if I found his answers satisfactory.
(b) The astrologer asked whether he was right in saying that I had been left for dead.
(c) Guru Nayak exclaimed that he would have been dead unless some passerby had chanced to peep into the well.
(d) He asked her whether she knew that a great load was gone from him that day.

Question (ii)
Read a part of a conversation between Neha and Nidhi.
Answer:
Neha: Where are you going, Nidhi?
Nidhi: I am going for my music lessons.
The above conversation is written in exact words spoken. If this conversation was to be reported by a third person then it would be written as:

Neha asked Nidhi where she was going. Nidhi replied that she was going for her music lessons. Notice the changes in the reported sentence.
Note the changes in pronouns, tenses, reporting and reported verbs and other changes.
Answer:
1. Table showing tense change:
Simple Present → Simple Past
Present Continuous → Past Continuous
Simple Past → Past Perfect
Past Continuous → Past Perfect Continuous
Simple Future → Conditional

2. Table showing change in Place and Time

1. here – there
2. now – then
3. today – that day
4. tomorrow – the next day
5. yesterday – the day before
6. next week – the following week
7. last night- the previous night

3. Table showing the changes in Pronoun.

Question (iii)
Now find sentences from the text in the direct speech and convert them into the reported speech.
(Students may attempt this on their own.)
Read the following sentences given in the indirect speech and convert them into the direct speech.
(a) Shirish said that he would not be able to solve the problem.
(b) Lata told me to give her a glass of water.
(c) Ananya exclaimed with joy that she had received the Ph.D. degree.
(d) Shilpa asked us if there was any other Rian document to be typed.
(e) Swati said that she would not get the money.
Answer:
(a) Shirish said, “I will not be able to solve the problem.”
(b) Lata said, “Give me a glass of water.”
(c) Ananya said, “Hurrah! I have received the Ph.D. degree.”
(d) Shilpa said, “Is there any other document to be typed?”
(e) Swati said, “I will not get the money.”

(A5)

Question (i)
An economically deprived girl student in your class who has received admission in a reputed college abroad needs monetary help to pursue further studies there. Have a group discussion amongst your friends to seek solutions to help her. Write four/five views in the form of dialogues.
Answer:

• Rian: Well, folks! we need to do something urgently in Tejaswini’s case. Money shouldn’t come in her way to pursue a course abroad. My parents offered 50,000/- right away!
• Eugine: I managed to get a loan of rupees one lakh from my parents. I should take up some part-time job and repay it within three years. I hope I will be able to do it. Anyway, I am quite happy to be of some help to our dear friend.
• Kanika: Only way before me was to ask for an advance from my music troupe. We don’t get much programmes of late. Still they agreed to pay me 75,000. Will that be okay?
• Tabu: We thought you would raise a hefty sum, being ‘a great singer’ and all. Okay, jokes apart, I will present my case. My brother offered a donation of rupees two lakh right away. No conditions! No strings attached!!
• Rian: Okay, folks! Now we have pooled 4.25 lakhs.

That will bankroll Tejaswini’s fee, travel, initial expenses, etc, etc. She can very well take up a summer job and the like to meet her further expenses. Let’s now congratulate ourselves for being such thick friends!

Question (ii)
There is an inter-school cricket match and your school is losing. As you are the captain, have a group discussion with your teammates in the tea-break about the strategy to be followed to save your school from losing the match. Give at least four /five suggestions.
Answer:

• Captain: See, we must break this partnership anyhow. Both the batsmen appear very much settled and they are hitting all over the place.
• Spinner: The pitch doesn’t support many turns. I suggest we bring back the fast bowlers.
• Captain: You have a point there. What we need most now is a wicket. Right now. Otherwise, the game is as good as lost.
• Fast bowler (1): I agree that we resume pace bowling. But remember: it’s a gamble. I think I will need a slip-in position. I will attack, outside the off-stump. Hope I get the right line.
• Captain: What do you think, Sonu?
• Sonu (Fast bowler) (2): Okay then. I will take up from the pavilion end. Think the wind is in favour.
• Captain: Attempt yorkers.
• Sonu: Sure. I suggest you keep a deep third man.
• Captain: Done. Now, guys-no sloppy fielding-no dropped catches. And nothing short of a win. (All go into a huddle.)

Question (iii)
Form four groups in your class and have a group discussion on the following topics.
(a) Role of ICT in education
(b) Clean India

Yuvakbharati English 12th Digest Chapter 3.6 Group Discussion Additional Important Questions and Answers

Other writing skills:

Dos and Don’ts associated with ‘Expansion of Ideas’:

Expand the idea inherent in the following:

Question 1.
Charity begins at home Ans. Charity is the noble deed of giving money, food or other help to people who are in need of these things. The given proverb is a warning to those who seek fame in the name of charity. The proverb reminds us that we must first help the needy people around us – our family and friends. Any deed of charity that forgets this principle goes against the spirit of this high ideal.

Our deeds of charity must begin from the centre and then radiate to the periphery. Or else, it would prove to be a selfish pursuit of chasing fame or other favour. We must first open our eyes to the miseries around us. We must first cater to the needs of these people. Then we can spread our work of charity farther afield.

We see that many people treat their family members and servants very shabbily. But when it comes to a photo opportunity to pose as a philanthropist, they jump at it. This is sheer hypocrisy and the saying serves as an eye opener to these hypocrites.

Question 2.
Make hay while the sun shines
Answer:
Hay making, that is the process of cutting and drying grass, must be done while the sun shines. Rain would spoil everything and the farmer knows it well. In other words, we should make the best use of opportunities and favourable conditions while they last.

When life presents opportunities, we must seize them and not let them go. Everyone in their lifetime gets a chance to move ahead in life. If we miss that opportunity, it may never come our way again. We will live all our life to regret the missed chance. In short, we should seize the chance while it exists. We must always be alert to notice the opportune moment. Grab it and move further in life. To put it in another way : “We must strike while the iron is hot”.

Question 3.
Prevention is better than cure.
Answer:
The proverb stresses the need for foresight and precaution in dealing with any possible eventuality in life. We often ignore the signs of trouble and when the trouble finally, occurs, we regret our neglect.

We must make it a practice to guard ourselves against diseases by taking adequate preventive measures. This will save us the trouble of undergoing costly treatments. Strangely, certain epidemics offer no cure or vaccine for a long time, then prevention becomes the only option before us. Wearing of masks, keeping social distance and maintaining hand-hygiene are the only ways to save us from such a threatening situation.

Metaphorically, the idea can be extended to fields other than disease and medicine. Proper maintenance of machines, roads and bridges can prevent their deterioration and thus forestall disaster. At the political and economical level too, many problems that we face today would not have existed had the authorities acted promptly, firmly and boldly at the very start.

Examples for Practice:

1. Unity is Strength,
2. Books – Our best friends,
3. Honesty is the Best Policy
4. Perseverance is the Key to Success
5. Pollution: Earth’s enemy number one.

Formal Letters:

General Format for a Formal Letter:

1. Sender’s Address
2. Pin Code
3. Date
4. Name and address of the addressee
5. Subject (a phrase about the general content of the letter)
6. Reference (referring to a letter previously received/advertisement etc.)
7. Salutation (Dear Sir/Madam or simply Sir/ Madam)
8. Body of the letter (in 3 or 4 paragraphs)
9. Subscription (Complimentary Close like Yours faithfully, Yours truly, etc.)
10. The name given in the Activity Sheet/XYZ

Write the letters as instructed:

Question 1.
Write a letter to the editor of a newspaper drawing attention to the increasing noise pollution in your area.
Answer:
3 A, Ravikiran,
Chikuwadi,
Borivali (West),
Mumbai – 400 092.
1st September, 2020

The Editor,
The Indian Express,
Nariman Point,
Mumbai – 400 021.

Sir,

I wish to draw the attention of the authorities to the terrible noise pollution in our neighbourhood. There is deafening noise created by heavy traffic on the narrow roads of our locality throughout the day and night. The drivers honk continuously, and the vehicles emit poisonous fumes. The hawkers who sell their goods on the roads and footpaths shout at the top of their voices.

All this is literally making the people sick. With the approaching festival season, the beat of drums and the loud music accompanying it are bound to make life all the more unbearable for all of us who reside here.

I hope the authorities concerned wake up in time to the hazards of noise pollution and take prompt action to stop this menace.

Yours truly,
ABC

Question 2.
You want to visit a sugar factory to know more about the sugar production process. Write a letter to the Manager of the sugar factory near your college seeking permission. Give details about the intended visit.
Answer:
Ideal College,
Vidyapeeth Marg,
Beed – 431 122.
5th February 2020

The Manager,
Sakhar Factory Ltd.,
Beed – 431 122.
Sub: Request to visit your factory.

Dear Sir,

As part of our science project, 10 students of Std. XII (Ideal College) would like to visit your factory during the latter half of this month. We will be accompanied by our Chemistry Professor, Dr Ahirwal. It is our desire to have first hand information about the production of sugar. We believe that a visit to the factory will give us more valuable information than we can ever get out of textbooks.

Do let us know what would be the most suitable day and time for our visit. Since we now have study leave, any day and any time will be suitable for us. Also let us know if there are any special rules or conditions we need to follow during the visit. We do hope that you will not say no to our request.

Yours faithfully,
XYZ

Question 3.
Write a letter to a celebrity who supports a meaningful and innovative campaign and thus has become your idol.
Answer:
7, Vicky Apartments,
J.T. Road,
Nashik – 422 001.
17th September, 2020

Ms. Nandita Das,
Actor and Activist.
Dear Ms. Das,

Your support to the campaign ‘Black is Beautiful’ made a real impact on me. Honestly, I now look upon you as my guide, mentor, pathfinder and idol.

I have always found the discrimination based on colour really disgusting. It is nothing short of racial bias. I wish to join this campaign. I want to fight against the revolting obsession with the skin colour.

As you are a person who lived and proved this bias wrong, I take courage from you. You are a pathfinder and idol for today’s youth. I wish all those who are involved in the campaign the very best.

Yours sincerely,
RST

Question 4.
The New Arts, Science and Commerce College, Karad- 415 101, needs a librarian, They have advertised in the Indian Express, dated 17th October 2020. Write a letter of application to the Principal, with the help of the CV given below:

Curriculum Vitae (cv)
Name: Ms Deepali Rane
Address: A-303, Munir Apartments, Valkumbh, Karad – 415 110.
Email: [email protected]
Nationality: Indian
Date of Birth: 16-5-1990
Qualifications: B.Com., B. Lib. Sc.
Experience: Working as an Associate Librarian at the Karad Public Library.
Languages known: Marathi, English, Hindi
Interests: Reading, painting, music
Answer:
A-303, Munir Apartments,
Valkumbh,
Karad- 415 110.
17th October 2020

The Principal,
The New Arts, Science and Commerce College,
Karad – 415 101.
Sub: Application for the post of Librarian.
Ref: Your advertisement in the ‘Indian Express’, dated 17 October 2020.

Sir/Madam,

This is with reference to your advertisement in the ‘Indian Express’, dated 17 October 2020 for the post of librarian in your college.

I am a qualified librarian. I passed my B.Com. in 2011. I also passed the degree in library science in 2013, from Pune University, with First Class. Since then, I have been working at the Karad Public Library as an Associate Librarian. I can speak English, Hindi and Marathi fluently.

I am applying for the job in your renowned college as I feel that I now have sufficient experience to take up independently the job of a librarian. I get along well with the younger generation, and I can assure you that I will do my best to give you satisfaction, should you appoint me for the post. I enclose photocopies of the necessary certificates.

Thanking you,
Yours faithfully,
Deepali Rane
Enel. : Photocopies of B.Com, B. Lib. Sc. Certificates

Report Writing:

Write the reports as instructed:

Question 1.
During a global pandemic, a nationwide lockdown was announced. Write a newspaper report on this with the help of the following points :

• Declaration of the lockdown
• All movements stopped
• Essential services allowed
• Guidelines for safety laid down

Answer:
Biggest Lockdown Ever

Staff Reporter

New Delhi, March 25: Nation went into a lockdown at the stroke of midnight amidst the ongoing threat of COVID-19 pandemic. Though the scare of the pandemic has been in the air for some time, the lockdown came as a bolt from the blue to citizens all over.

The Prime Minister declared the step of lockdown in a live telecast on TV at 8:00 o’clock last night. The PM in his speech appealed to the citizens to maintain the lockdown rules fully and effectively. “There is no better option before us than going into this strict but painful measure,” he told the country during the telecast.

Flights, domestic as well as international, are now grounded. Railways suspended all services. Public transport came to a halt. Only essential services are allowed and the police are on the streets to ensure that everyone complies with the lockdown measures. Detailed guidelines for the lockdown have been laid down and citizens are advised to venture out only for emergencies. The message of social distancing and hand-hygiene are put across through various media.

“Stay Home and Stay Safe” is the new mantra. As normal life has been hit unlike anything that happened in the past, the citizens are grappling with the new norms. “We must sacrifice our liberty for a greater common good,” a senior citizen told this reporter.

Question 2.
Write a report of Republic Day Celebrations in your college.
Answer:
Republic Day at Model College Malegaon, January 28: This year, Republic Day was celebrated with great fanfare on the campus. It was a special occasion because Narendra Jain of the NCC was to be felicitated for winning the target-shooting gold medal by the Police Academy. The National Flag was unfurled at 7-30 a.m. by the Chairman of the College Management Trust.

The National Anthem was played by the college band while everyone stood respectfully to attention. Meera Pandit of Std. XII recited a poem composed by her, ‘Majha Desh Mahaan’. This was well appreciated by one and all. The Chief Guest spoke to us about our duties as citizens of the Republic of India. Then Narendra Jain was given the award by Senior Inspector Kale of the Police Academy. This was a solemn ceremony. Sweets were distributed and the gathering then dispersed.

Question 3.
Read the following headline of a news item “Cold Wave Sweeps North India”. Write a suitable dateline, lead paragraph and conclusion. Use a byline as well.
Answer:
Cold Wave Sweeps North India By A Special Correspondent Delhi, December 12 : Winter continued to send shivers across northern India, claiming another life in Uttar Pradesh. Delhi recorded the coldest day in the past fifty years on Monday.

A four-month-old boy died in Kanpur. The winter chill also swept through Punjab, x Haryana, Rajasthan, and Himachal Pradesh and minimum temperatures hovered between minus and plus five. The mercury dipped to a record low in many northern cities. In New Delhi, the air traffic has been severely hit by the fog.

Question 4.
Read the following headline of a news item “Milk for Millions” scheme inaugurated. Write a suitable dateline, lead paragraph and conclusion. Add a byline.
Answer:
‘Milk for Millions’ Scheme Inaugurated
By Sonali Mazumdar

New Delhi, August 29: Inaugurating the ‘Milk for Millions’ scheme of the National Dairy Development Board (NDDB) here, the Prime Minister called for a second white revolution to provide milk to the millions of undernourished infants of the country. “We must ensure at all costs that our infants get the basic nourishment, which is their right by birth,” he declared amidst loud applause.

The NDDB chairman said the projected 300 million output for 2020-21 would suffice to support the scheme. “A detailed plan with Panchayat-level participation has been already chalked out for the execution of the scheme,” he added.

Question 5.
Mumbai School Sports Association’s (MSSA) under-14 interschool football championship final was held on 17th November. Write a newspaper report on this with the help of following points :

• Don Bosco School vs Gokuldham School
• Don Bosco won by 3-1
• Goals scored after the half time
• Venue: Brabourne stadium
• Shield awarded

Answer:

Don Bosco Bags Mssa Shield
By Sports Reporter

MUMBAI, November 18: In the Mumbai School Sports Association’s (MSSA) Under-14 interschool football championship final, Don Bosco beat Gokuldham 3-1 at Brabourne here today.

The clash of the old rivals was a sheer delight to the crowd. Till half time, it was anybody’s game. Expectedly, in the second half, Don Bosco went on the offensive hook, line and sinker. Their ace striker Vipul Shetty shot two marvellous goals within the span of six minutes. Later, Mukul Vanik’s header off a corner kick came as the saving grace for Gokuldham. Don Bosco’s captain Melvin D’sa received the shield amidst loud cheering.

Question 6.
An auto driver returns a bag of cash to a passenger who had forgotten the bag in the auto. Write a newspaper report on this with the help of following points :

• Notices the bag after dropping the passenger
• Began the search for the owner
• Ultimately traced the passenger
• Refuses reward
• Honesty is the best policy.

Answer:
Auto Driver Shows The Way – By Aarohi Bokil
PUNE, March 12: Setting yet another example to prove ‘honesty is the best policy’, an auto driver here returned a bag containing two lakhs to its owner.

“I was queuing at the petrol pump after dropping my last passenger when I noticed a leather bag on the back seat. Opening it I found wads of notes; and then my hunt for the owner began,” Abdul Latif – the auto driver – said.

It took Latif two hours and two hundred rupees worth of fuel to trace the owner. “It is nothing short of a miracle that he traced me following such vague leads,” Hiten Vora – the bag’s owner- said with a voice breaking with emotion. Abdul Latif, however, refused to take any reward. When asked about the loss he incurred in the process, the youngster dismissed the issue with a hearty laugh.

Speech Writing

Draft the following speeches as instructed:

Question 1.
Prepare a short speech to be delivered by you in class on the occasion of the send off for students of Std. XII.
Answer:
A Hearty Farewell

Honourable Principal, Respected Professors and dear friends,

Today is an important day for us because it is the day we take leave of you in order to study for the coming HSC examinations. We hope that all of us will pass the examination with resounding success. Some of us may continue with higher education, some of us may seek employment hereafter. But we shall never forget these two years that we spent on this campus. These were years not only of great fun and freedom, but also of successful learning.

We got our first lessons in democracy here. We learnt to live in harmony with all kinds of people. Our professors were patient with us and were always there to clear our doubts. We are grateful to them. We are also grateful to all of you who made these years such a rich experience for us. A heartfelt thanks to you once again, and may God bless our efforts in the coming examinations.

Thank you.

Question 2.
Prepare a short speech to be delivered by you in class on the occasion of the Independence Day.
Answer:
India of My Dreams

Respected Sir/Madam and dear friends,

This is a very special and important day for us. On this day we remember those who fought for our freedom. On this day our National Flag flies atop all important buildings and institutions. I believe that Independence Day is a day when we need to pledge ourselves to the nation anew. It is a day when we need to make fresh commitments to all the ideals of our Constitution; ideals such as freedom, justice, equality and brotherhood. It is a day when we need to put to test whether we truly follow these ideals.

Let us carry forward the torch of freedom. Let us in fact be soldiers who will fight against the evils that this nation now faces; evils such as terrorism, corruption, inequality and superstition. Only when these evils are overcome, will our nation be truly free.

Jai Hind!

Question 3.
Write a speech on ‘Democracy’.
Answer:
Ideal Democracy

Honourable Judges, Respected Teachers and dear friends,

Unfortunately, democracy in India today does not work the way it should. It is limited to the day when the masses go to the polling booths and cast their votes. Then they return to their routine lives.

Most people do not actively participate in serious social issues. They do not react to the injustice happening around. Many among us do not bother to raise our voice against the corrupt practices going on around us. Casting our votes once in five years or so is not the sole idea of being a responsible citizen. A citizen should be always vigilant. Likewise, we also need a responsible media to expose those who are corrupt. Further, the people’s representatives should realize that they are accountable to the voters. If all these things work together then only can we reap the real fruits of democracy.

Thank you!

Dialogue Writing:

Write the dialogues as instructed:

Question 1.
You wish to open a postal savings account in the post office in your locality. Write the conversation between you and the Postmaster in the form of a dialogue.
Answer:

• Myself: Good morning sir. I wish to open a I postal savings account. How do I go about it?
• Postmaster: Just fill this form giving proper details about your name and address and sign on the dotted line there at the bottom.
• Myself: What is the minimum amount that I can put in?
• Postmaster: Oh, you can put in any amount you want. How much do you want to deposit right now?
• Myself: I would like to open the account with 500.
• Postmaster: Then hand over the money to me and I will give you a receipt for it.
• Myself: Here is the form and the money. Postmaster : Here is your receipt. Now you have a postal savings account. You can collect your passbook after half an hour.
• Myself: Thank you sir.
• Postmaster: You’re welcome.

Question 2.
Write a conversation between you and your mother about ‘domestic duties’:
Answer:

• Myself: Mother, do I have to do the dishes every day?
• Mother: Well, dear, you’ve got to learn sometime. You can never tell when the need may arise.
• Myself: But I have so much to study. And I have projects to complete.
• Mother: I understand. But this work has also to be done.
• Myself: Can’t the servant do it?
• Mother: Oh, she will be coming late today and the dishes are all cluttered up. In the future it will be very difficult to get a domestic help. Then you will thank me for training you.
• Myself: Mother, I plan to get a good job and earn a lot of money. I will employ a housemaid permanently in my house to look after everything, including looking after the children.
• Mother: You can never be so sure about the future. So just get down to the dishes, and don’t argue.
• Myself: Ok mother, if you say so.

Question 3.
You are in Std. XII in your college. On the first day of the new academic year you meet a student of Std. XI. Write a conversation you have with the ‘fresher’ :
Answer:

• Myself: Hello. You’re new, aren’t you? What’s your name?
• Fresher: Hello, I’m Nitin.
• Myself: Which school are you from?
• Fresher: I’m from Ideal School.
• Myself: I guess you’ve taken Commerce. Right?
• Fresher: Yes.
• Myself: I’m in Commerce too. Have you found your class? You seem nervous.
• Fresher: Yah. It’s the first day. And they say that the seniors rag the freshers.
• Myself: Oh, nothing. Just a little teasing, that’s all. You don’t have to be scared. It’s only to make you feel at home.
• Fresher: Will you be there?
• Myself: Yes, I’ll be there. Don’t worry. My name is Ketan. I’ll say you’re my friend. No one will do anything to you.
• Fresher: Hey, thanks a lot. You’re a real pal! I have to go and find my class. See you later. Bye.
• Myself: Bye.

View-Counterview

Write the counterviews as instructed:

Question 1.
Write a Counterview for the topic: ‘The Cellphone has given us social networking- not society’. You may consider the following points for the View section of the topic and then write the Counterview. The cellphone has given us social networking – not society View:
– cellphone did not bring in any social change, except instant communication
– instead of being a means of social bonding (e.g. the railways or the loudspeaker earlier), the cellphones make the people live in their own individual islands
– cellphones have just succeeded in making too many people talk for too long a time on matters too silly.
Answer:
Cellphones did usher in a new society (Counterview)

Bringing instant communication to the poor itself is a social revolution. The poor was earlier deprived of both – speedy transport and quick communication. Speedy communication saves time, and time is money for the poor as it is to the rich. More so for the poor who sell their labour by hours and days. In addition, the availability of affordable handsets brought in a sort of socialism. Now even the unlettered can talk directly to his near and dear ones he needn’t pester a ‘babu’ to get his letters written.

When it comes to social bonding, the cellphones have played a major role of late in organizing protest rallies and morchas. It has become so much easier to connect people using cellphones. And about talking too long on things too silly – this is not a new phenomenon. Such people were there in the past, and will be there till the end of the world. For them, if not the cellphone, a pair of apparently listening ears will do. They will chat and chat. We cannot blame it on the cellphones.

Question 2.
Write a Counterview for the topic ‘Junk food should be replaced with organic food’. You may consider the following points for the View section of the topic and then write the Counterview. Junk food should be replaced with organic food (View Section)
– Junk food lacks nutrients
– it leads to obesity
– leads to many diseases
– organic food is a better option always
Answer:
Attacking fast food is the new fad (Counterview)
First of all, I object to the umbrella term ‘junk food’ which we indiscriminately use to brand a variety of food items. The dictionary defines ‘junk food’ as something ‘that is quick and easy to prepare and eat but that is thought to be bad for your health’. Yes, it is thought to be bad. There is no conclusive evidence to prove that the so called junk food is bad beyond doubt. Then again, such one-size-fits- all definition overlooks the fact that many fast food joints sell a variety of salads and greens, One can understand if someone brings out a list of items with their respective nutritional values and says that these are perfectly ‘junk’, But that is not happening. One has also to take into account’ the age and lifestyle of the eater, If you eat organic food and lead a sedentary life, obesity and diseases are assured results.

Moreover, I think, the passion for organic food is just another fad. People attach a sort of sophistication to organic food. To me, organic food is just the ordinary food with a university education socially more acceptable and stylish – nothing much different in essence.

Question 3.
Write a Counterview for the topic: ‘Sports should be optional in colleges’. You may consider the following points for the View section of the topic and then write the Counterview:
Sports should be optional in colleges (view section)
– Difficult syllabus; students need to prepare for entrance tests to competitive examinations
– Very little time for activities other than study -Not enough infrastructure to accommodate
all students
– Students have little sports background in schools
Answer:
Every student in college should take up some kind of sport (Counterview)
The College is the last chance that the student has to learn some game or sport that will stand him or her in good stead for the rest of his or her life. If a student hasn’t already played some sport during his or her school days, he or she should be encouraged to take up some activity during his or her college days. This will have the effect of bringing discipline into the campus, and providing students at that age with the much needed vent for their energies.

College campuses are usually large and can accommodate many games such as badminton, table tennis, squash, boxing and lawn tennis. Football, cricket and hockey are usually encouraged as a rule. Colleges can allot more funds to sports. This will help in the long run and will give to the nation citizens who have developed an all-round personality. It will reduce the time spent by students on undesirable activities such as eve-teasing, smoking and indulging in campus violence. Sports is never a waste, and the more students are encouraged to take part, the better.

Leaflet

Write the following leaflets as instructed:

Question 1.
Prepare a leaflet about a Tree Plantation Ceremony that your class is organizing. Give details about the venue and time. You may ask for help by way of manure, saplings, ideas, etc. Give details about whom the students should contact.
Answer:

Question 2.
Prepare a leaflet on ‘Save the Earth’. Make use of the foUowing points:
– make the slogan attractive
– make a persuasive appeal
– give information about the programmes to be undertaken
– ask for contributions
– explain the need to save the environment
– add other ideas of your own
Answer:

Question 2.
Prepare a short tourist leaflet on any seaside resort you have visited with the help of points given below :
1. How to reach there?
2. Accommodation.
3. Places worth-seeing.
4. Specialities.
5. Add your own points.
Answer:
Devbagh

Devbagh, a seaside resort, is a tiny island off the west coast of Karwar, in Karnataka. It is near the confluence of the Kali river and the sea.

1. Ways to reach: Devbagh is well- connected to Mumbai and Bengaluru by road. It is 2 hours by road from Goa and a 20-minute boat ride from Karwar.
2. Accommodation available : Devbagh forest beach resort offers cozily furnished tents and log cabins.
3. Sight-seeing : Shivganga Falls, Magod Falls, Lalguli Falls, Dandeli Wildlife Sanctuary, Temples, Historical spots, Beautiful beaches, etc.
4. Specialities : Spicy crab curry is the region’s speciality. Most food preparations are liberally garnished with coconut.
5. Most suitable time for visits : Throughout the year, though the best season is from October to May.
6. Additional information: Plenty of interesting activities for the adventurous – water sports, cruises to neighbouring uninhabited islands, snorkelling trips, sea kayaking, rafting trips, etc.

Appeal

Write the following appeals as instructed:

Question 1.
A student in your college seeks immediate medical help. His parents are unable to afford the huge amount needed for the operation. Prepare an appeal to be put on the college noticeboard requesting the students to donate generously. Take the help of the following points:
– the name of the illness
– the cost of the operation
– how the contributions can be made
Answer:

Question 2.
Prepare an appeal based on the information given below:
The Khadi and Village Industries Commission proposes to promote Khadi wear. They would like people to buy and wear Khadi for natural feel and elegant texture. The cloth also promotes good health and ensures quality. They propose to give a special discount on cotton, silk (spun), silk (reeled), woollen and polyvastra varieties of Khadi. Every metre of Khadi purchased by each of you will help provide employment to many.
Answer:

Interview

Write interview questions based on the given situation:

Question 1.
Imagine that you have to interview a social campaigner of your choice. Frame a set of 8-10 questions to interview him/ her as per the following points :

• Introducing the guest
• Background of the campaign
• Setbacks/Criticism
• Support/Achievements
• Dreams/Message

Answer:
Good morning, Ms. Nandita Das! Glad to have you on our show. Your ‘Black is Beautiful’ campaign has been a great success and I think our viewers would like to know something more about it.

1. Let me begin by asking you the most relevant question first: What had prompted you to take up such a radical campaign?
2. What were the initial setbacks that you had faced?
3. Were you apprehensive of the reaction from traditional society?
4. How do you explain our deep-rooted obsession with skin colour?
5. Has the Western World changed their attitude of “White supremacy” over the years?
6. Does this “colour bias” affect the boys as much as the girls?
7. Who supported you most during the campaign?
8. Certain print media groups and television channels stopped accepting advertisements for the so called ‘fairness creams’ after your campaign. Do you expect many more such positive initiatives?
9. Many people, especially young girls, look up to you as their idol. How do you hope to live up to their expectations?
10. Is there any special message for our youth?

Question 2.
Imagine that yon have to interview the District Medical Officer during the outbreak of a serious epidemic. Frame a set of 8-10 questions to interview him/her as per the following points:

• introduction
• the gravity of the situation
• briefing on technical terms
• importance of precautions
• preparedness to combat the disease

Answer:
Today we have with us our DMO to reassure us about the safety measures taken by the district authorities. Good morning Madam! Could you spare a few moments to enlighten our viewers about the unprecedented situation we face now.

1. Thank you. Let me first ask you how grave is the situation as of now?
2. There are many new term in currency now as quarantine, self-isolation, tracing contacts, etc. Could you briefly explain these terms for the benefit of our general viewers?
3. How important is social-distancing in the present scenario?
4. Should masks to be preserved for the frontline workers or is it a must for each and everyone?
5. Do we have enough testing kits now?
6. What is the difference between rapid test and RT-PCR test?
7. What are the elementary precaution to be taken other than social-distancing and hand- hygiene?
8. Do you have enough medical staff to tide over such an emergency?
9. Do we have enough ventilators and ICU beds?
10. How is the coordination between the various departments of the district administration?

Question 3.
Imagine that you have to interview a “Save the Trees” campaigner. Frame a set of 8-10 questions to interview him/her as per the following points:

• introduction
• success so far
• forest conservation laws
• attitude of people to climate change
• factors working for and against the campaign

Answer:
Good evening Sir! I think it is the need of the time that our young generation realize the importance of your campaign. I am very glad to have you on our special “Environment Day” programme.

1. How do you evaluate the success of your campaign so far?
2. Do you think that people still show a callous disregard towards the threat of climate change?
3. Why is there a lack of awareness among our countrymen about the importance of trees?
4. Why doesn’t the government enforce the forest conservation laws effectively?
5. What are the substitutes for timber in the construction industry?
6. Have you ever felt that you are defending a lost cause?
7. How far does the Indian tradition of worshipping trees help you in your campaign?
8. Do you get enough funds to carry on your campaign?
9. Is the younger generation more receptive to environmental issues?
10. What piece of advice would you like to give to the school children?

Question 4.
Imagine that you have to interview a teacher who has received the President’s award. Prepare a set of 8-10 questions to interview him/her as per the following points:

• Introducing the guest
• Feeling during the moment
• Reason for taking up teaching
• Contentment/Satisfaction
• Opinion about young teachers
• Setback and reward of the profession

Answer:
Good morning Madam! I take it as a great privilege to be with you and have a chat. Thank you very much for sparing your valuable time.

1. How did you feel during those brief moments with the President?
2. Do you think that you have lived a complete life and it is time to retire?
3. At what point of time in your life did you find that teaching is your calling?
4. Many teachers find teaching a thankless job : What is your opinion about that?
5. Was there any conflict between your personal life and professional life?
6. Do you think teaching attracts real talent in this materialistic world?
7. What, in your view, are the most essential qualities of a teacher?
8. Do you find the young cro0p of teachers as great promise?
9. What were the setbacks that you faced in your long career?
10. How did your students, who are spread far and wide, react to this honour?

E-Mails:

Question 1.
Read the following advertisement and prepare a letter of application to be sent by email. (Do not give your bio-data.)
Situation Vacant
Wanted: A Computer Engineer
Candidate must have passed B.E. in
Computer Engineering.
Experience holder will be preferred.
Write giving details to:
Email: [email protected]

Sir/Madam,I have recently passed my B.E. in Computer Engineering from J L M Engineering College, Ratnagiri with a pass percentage of 61.1 also have three months of experience developing software for Pragati Electronics in Ratnagiri. The project was for the maintenance of accounts of MHEL Pvt. Ltd.

I do hope that you will consider me for appointment in your esteemed company. I shall be able to arrange my own accommodation in Pune. I anticipate an early call for an interview. My details are in the CV that I have attached.

I assure you of dedicated service, should I be considered for the post.

Yours truly,
XYZ

Blog Writing

A List of Blogging Sites/Apps.
Given below is a list of blogging sites/ apps from where you can begin blogging.

1. https://zapier.com/blog/best-blog-sites/
2. https://www.wpbeginner.com/beginners- guide/how-to-clioose-the-best-blogging- platform/
3. https: / /www. say ansamanta. com/best- android-apps-blogger.html
4. https://www.excellentwebworld.com/latest- blogging-trend/
5. https://www.livejournal.com
6. https:// www.wordpress.com
7. https://www.blogger.com
8. https://www.blogs.myspace.com.

Question 1.
Write blogs on the following topics
Say no to tobacco.
Answer:

Question 2.
Man v/s Nature.
Answer:

Film Review:

Students are advised to read film reviews that appear in periodicals and online. This will familiarize them with the technical terms and expressions used in reviews.

After viewing a film, attempt to write your own review based on the guidelines given above. It is always a good practice to make a first draft and revise it after some time. This will help you eliminate any personal bias that has distorted the review. Revising the text also enables you to write comprehensive but concise reviews.

The Art of Compering

Imagine that you are a compere of the ‘Annual Day Celebrations’ of your college. Write a script for the same. You can take the help of the following points.

• Brief introduction
• Lighting of the Lamp
• Welcome Speech
• Speech of the Chief Guest
• Entertainments
• Vote of thanks

Answer:
1. Introduction and lighting the lamp: Good evening to all present here today on this special occasion. We have been awaiting this day with great anticipation. And finally here we are gathered to usher in that great day! Let’s begin the function with the lighting of the traditional lamp and I request our honourable Chief Guest Shri Ganesh Narvekar to inaugurate the function by lighting the lamp. [The chief guest together with certain other dignitaries on the dais lit the lamp.]
2. Welcome speech: Next we go to the Welcome Speech. Our respected Principal will now address the audience and welcome the Chief Guest. [Principal’s speech – 8-10 minutes.]
3. Speech of the Chief Guest: Now I request the honourable Chief Guest to take the podium.
[Chief Guest comes to the podium and delivers his speech – about 10 minutes.]
4. Entertainments: Now the curtains will be down for a few moments in preparation for the entertainment programme.
[Curtains down. The chief guest and other dignitaries are ushered to their seats in the audience. Stage is cleared. Curtain raises.]

(a) Now the college orchestra will delight you with their musical programme.
/Musical programme for 45 minutes]
(b) Yes, that was a big round of applause and a greatly deserved one! Let’s move on to our next item. Students of Std. XI will now perform a fusion dance. Welcome them with a warm applause!
[Dance lasts about 30 minutes.]
5. Vote of thanks: Now I call upon our Vice-principal to propose a vote of thanks. [About 2-3 minutes]
Now I thank you all once again. Special thanks to our talented artist-friends who made this evening a memorable one.

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Class 11 Psychology Solutions Chapter 1 Story of Psychology Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

Maharashtra State Board Class 11 Psychology Solutions Chapter 1 Story of Psychology

1A. Complete the following statements.

Question 1.
Psychology is a study of ______________
(A) mind
(B) behaviour
(C) soul
Answer:
(B) behaviour

Question 2.
processes include thinking, memory, emotions, etc.
(A) Mental
(B) Cognitive
(C) Spiritual
Answer:
(B) Cognitive

1B. Match the following pairs.

Question 1.

Answer:
1 – f, 2 – d, 3 – a, 4 – b, 5 – c, 6 – e

1C. State whether the following statements are true or false.

Question 1.
Psychology is a study of the mind.
Answer:
False

Question 2.
The first mental hospital in India was established in Mumbai.
Answer:
False

Question 3.
There was no study of mental processes in India till the formal discipline of Psychology was recognized as a science.
Answer:
False

Question 4.
Dr. Sigmund Freud proposed the concept of the unconscious.
Answer:
True

Question 5.
Control is one of the objectives of Psychology.
Answer:
True

1D. Identify the odd item from the following and give reasons for the same.

Question 1.
Soul, Mind, Feeling, Consciousness, Behaviour.
Answer:
Feeling
Reason: Rest is the term used in the definition of Psychology.

Question 2.
Walking, dancing, playing, thinking, eating.
Answer:
Thinking
Reason: The rest are overt behaviours.

Question 3.
Yam, Niyam, Karya, Aasana, Pratyahar.
Answer:
Karya
Reason: The rest are the aspects of Ashtanga Yoga.

Question 4.
Feeling, memory, attention, perception
Answer:
Feeling
Reason: The rest are the processes in the study of cognition.

1E. Complete the following table.

Question 1.

Answer:
1. Greek word: Psyche – Soul
2. John Locke – Empty slate
3. First Psychological Laboratory
4. Sigmund Freud – Founder of Psychoanalysis
5. John Watson OR Organism’s response to stimuli – Behaviour

2. Explain the following concepts.

Question 1.
Psychology
Answer:
The word Psychology is derived from Greek words – ‘Psyche’ and ‘Logos’. It is denoted by the Greek Alphabet “Psi” and the symbol is 4L Wilhelm Wundt defined it as “the study of consciousness”. Dr. Sigmund Freud defined it as “the study of unconsciousness”. John B. Watson defined it as “the science of human behaviour”. The latest definition of Psychology is ‘The study of human behaviour and mental processes.

For your understanding

• Conscious mind: It is the level of mind that someone is aware of at any particular point in time.
• Unconscious mind: It contains thoughts, memories, and desires that are buried deep in us. Although we are not aware of their existence, they exert great influence on our behaviour.

Question 2.
Behaviour
Answer:
In general, behaviour is an organism’s response to various internal and external stimuli.
John Watson defined behaviour as ‘anything that can be observed, recorded and studied in human beings and animals.’ Behaviour is either overt (seen) or covert (hidden).

Question 3.
Overt behaviour
Answer:
Overt behaviour is that behaviour that is directly noticeable or observable. It includes responses such as walking, talking, dancing.

Question 4.
Covert behaviour
Answer:
Covert behaviour is that which is not directly noticeable but can be inferred from behaviour like thinking, feeling. It basically includes mental processes.

Question 5.
Stimulus
Answer:
Stimulus is defined as any physical event or condition that gives rise to a reaction. It can be external or internal.
In simple words, it is an object or event that elicits a sensory or behavioural response in an organism.

Question 6.
Response
Answer:
A response is defined as a reaction of the organism to a given stimulus. All organisms respond differently to the same stimulus.
Example:
Stimulus (S): A teacher asks students to prepare a presentation.
Organism (O): All students present in class.
Response (R):

• Some students actively participate in presentations.
• Some students remain silent as they are scared to talk in front of the entire class.

3. Answer the following questions in 35-40 words.

Question 1.
Psychology is a science: explain why?
Answer:

• Psychology is the scientific study of human behaviour and mental processes.
• Through experiments and observations, Psychologists try to analyze and predict human behaviour. This shows the empirical nature of Psychology.
• Wilhelm Wundt used scientific methods to study fundamental psychological processes. John Watson also conducted scientific research on animal behaviour and child-rearing.

Ques 2.
Explain the S-O-R model, with your own experience.
Answer:

• The S-O-R model explains how organisms respond differently to the same stimulus. It can be explained as follows:
  
• Example: Suppose Neha is an excellent orator while her friend Seema is afraid of public speaking.
  • Stimulus: The teacher asks Neha and Seema to give speeches.
  • Organism: Neha and Seema.
  • Response: Neha will confidently give her speech.
    Seema is likely to get cold feet and become nervous.
• This shows that different organisms (Neha and Seema) react differently to the same situation.

Question 3.
Explain the goals of Psychology.
Answer:

1. Describe
   • To precisely identify and classify behaviours and mental processes
   • Involves recording behaviour using various tools
2. Explain
   • To understand the causes of behaviour through meaningful explanation of facts
   • Involves the use of standardized tests
   • Behaviour observed in most people can be generalized
3. iii. Predict
   • To predict how given conditions will lead to a particular behaviour and mental processes.
   • b. Involves knowledge of possible outcomes
4. Control
   • To mould behaviour in a particular direction
   • Involves the use of psychological principles and psychotherapeutic techniques

4. Give a historical account of the emergence of Psychology as a science.
Answer:

• Psychology is a vast field studying behavioural aspects of mankind and it started as a branch of Philosophy. It evolved as a separate branch in the 19th century.
• The first attempt to define Psychology was made based on the terminology. The word ‘Psychology’ is derived from two Greek words: ‘Psyche’ (soul or mind) and ‘Logos’ (science or branch of knowledge).
• Rational sciences establish facts based on observation and experimentation. However, neither soul nor mind can be observed. Hence, the definition of Psychology changed over time.
• In the late 19th century, Wilhelm Wundt established the first psychological laboratory at Leipzig University. He defined Psychology as the study of consciousness.
• Sigmund Freud defined Psychology as the study of the unconscious while John Watson defined it as ‘Science of human behaviour’.
• The latest definition of Psychology is the ‘Study of human behaviour and processes.’
• Psychology as a discipline evolved over time.

5. Describe the goals of Psychology.
Answer:

1. Describe
   • To precisely identify and classify behaviours and mental processes
   • Involves recording behaviour using various tools
2. Explain
   • To understand the causes of behaviour through meaningful explanation of facts
   • Involves the use of standardized tests
   • Behaviour observed in most people can be generalized
3. Predict
   • To predict how given conditions will lead to a particular behaviour and mental processes.
   • Involves knowledge of possible outcomes
4. Control
   • To mould behaviour in a particular direction
   • Involves the use of psychological principles and psychotherapeutic techniques

Activities

Activity 2. (Textbook Page No. 3)

Do you agree with the definition of Psychology as the Science which deals with the soul? If yes why? If no, why?
Answer:

• No, I don’t agree with this definition since the soul refers to the spiritual part of a person; which is believed to exist in some form even after death.
• Psychology is not a spiritual science. Since it studies the mental activities and behaviour of living beings, this definition seems to be incorrect.

Activity 3 (Textbook Page No. 3)

Collect information about Bahinabai Chaudhari: Mana (description of Mind)
Answer:

• Bahinabai Chaudhari (11 Aug 1880 – 3 Dec 1951) was an illiterate cotton farmer from the Jalgaon district in Maharashtra.
• She was a famous Marathi poet. Her poems captured the essence of her life, reflect the culture of the village and farming life, and present her wisdom.
• She has beautifully compared the mind with different aspects of nature such as wind, waves, butterflies, small particles, etc. The poet stressed that the mind is a unique creation of God and nothing in this world compares to it.

Activity 5 (Textbook Page No. 4)

Do you agree with the definition that Psychology is the study of the unconscious? What could be the limitations of this definition?
Answer:
I agree with the above definition because Psychology studies unconscious behaviour. A person himself may not be aware of unconscious aspects of his personality even when it may have a significant impact on his thoughts and behaviour. Psychology enables us to understand this unconscious side of human beings and hence, I agree with this definition. However, the limitation of the definition is the unconscious mind. It can’t be observed directly and hence is difficult to study it. Furthermore, Psychology is also concerned with the study of the conscious mind.

Activity 6 (Textbook Page No. 5)

Make a note of how your friends react to the same stimulus in a different way. Example: examination.
Answer:

• Nisha and Seema are two of my friends. During the examination, Seema gets extremely tensed. She is not able to concentrate. She even fails to sleep and eat peacefully.
• She needs the constant emotional support of her parents and friends to overcome her fear.
• Conversely, Nisha views the exam as a challenge. She does not get worked up.
• Instead, her moderate tension motivates her to study sincerely.
• She also knows that failure is a part and parcel of life and tries to learn from each mistake.
• Hence, she remains calm and confident even during the exam period.

Activity 8 (Textbook Page No. 6)

Find out more attributes of Vata, Kapha, and Pitta.
Answer:
Vata:

• Elements: Air + Space
• Body Type: Slim, lean
• Properties: Energetic, Moody, Creative

Kapha:

• Elements: Earth + Water
• Body Type: Average build, moderate weight
• Properties: Strong build, Affectionate, Cool

Pitta:

• Elements: Fire + Water
• Body Type: Large frame, heavy
• Properties: Smart, Fiery nature

Activity 9 (Textbook Page No. 6)

Find out different characteristics of Rajas, Tamas, and Sattva Guna.
Answer:
Rajas represent passion, action, energy, and motion. Tamas manifests itself as impurity, laziness, and darkness. Sattva manifests itself as purity, knowledge, and harmony.

Activity 10 (Textbook Page No. 7)

Look at the statements given below. Analyze each one of them and come up with goats of Psychology or the role that Psychology plays in real life.

Question 1.
A group of Psychologists observed 1000 individuals and recorded their behaviour and reactions.
Answer:
The goal of description (What): Describing what happens in a particular situation

Question 2.
After analyzing their responses, they tried to understand the reasons behind their behaviours.
Answer:
The goal of explanation (Why): Explaining why a particular instance happened

Question 3.
These observations can be generalized to the entire population. Therefore behaviour of an individual under stressful situations can be predicted.
Answer:
The goal of prediction (Anticipate): Predicting how people will behave under a given situation

Question 4.
The Psychologists came up with some conclusions so that people can change their responses to stressful situations for the better.
Answer:
The goal of control (Modify): Controlling actions of human beings with the help of psychological techniques.

Activity 11 (Textbook Page No. 8)

Find more examples of each of the above goals of Psychology. They could be real examples that you know or you have read about or they could be fictional examples.
Answer:

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Class 11 History Solutions Chapter 12 India, Nations in the Northwest of the Indian Subcontinent and China Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

Maharashtra State Board Class 11 History Solutions Chapter 12 India, Nations in the Northwest of the Indian Subcontinent and China

1A. Choose the correct alternative and write the complete sentences.

Question 1.
The coin hoards found in ____________ had Roman gold coins in it.
(a) Tamil Nadu
(b) Maharashtra
(c) Karnataka
(d) Kerala
Answer:
(a) Tamil Nadu

Question 2.
The famous king Hammurabi had ruled the kingdom of ____________
(a) Syria
(b) Babylon
(c) China
(d) Greece
Answer:
(b) Babylon

Question 3.
The route that links Asia and ____________ is referred as the ‘Silk Route’.
(a) Europe
(b) Africa
(c) America
(d) Russia
Answer:
(a) Europe

Question 4.
‘White Horse Temple is the first Buddhist temple built in ____________
(a) India
(b) Japan
(c) China
(d) Egypt
Answer:
(c) China

1B. Find the incorrect pair from set B and write the correct ones.

Question 1.

Answer:
(3) Hippalus – Periplus of the Erythrean Sea

1C. Write the names.

Question 1.
A place in the Gandhara region enlisted as a World Cultural heritage.
Answer:
Takht-i-Bahi

Question 2.
Buddhist monks in the 4th century B.C.E. translated many Buddhist texts into the Chinese language.
Answer:
Kumarjeeva

2. Complete the concept maps.

Question 1.

Answer:

3. Explain the following statements with reasons.

Question 1.
Buddhism reached China during the Kushana period.
Answer:

• The Ancient Kapisha (Begram)was an additional capital of the Kushanas which was located on the silk route at a vantage point.
• The trade route from Afghanistan to China was under the rule of the Kushanas.
• This route starting from Taxila crossing through Khyber Pass to Bamiyan in Afghanistan and from there to China through the plateau of Pamir.
• In the Kushana period, Buddhism reached China by this trade route.

Question 2.
The merchants rarely used the shorter line of the Silk Route.
Answer:

• One of the major lines of the Silk Route linked China and India and then extended further to Central Asia linking one oasis to the other in the desert.
• It was easier for the merchants and travellers to find accommodation and food in the oasis cities. They also found a ready market for their merchandise.
• Another line crossed through the stepped to the north of the mainline. The journey on this line is relatively shorter.
• It was rarely used by merchants as it was infested by troublesome pastoral tribes and hardly have any accommodation and food facilities on route.

4. State your opinion.

Question 1.
There was a close cultural association between the Gandhara region and India before the advent of Islam.
Answer:

• Gandhara was favourably situated on the trade route that linked India and Central Asia.
• It had close cultural connections with India from the ancient period of Janapadas till the introduction of Islam.
• Whether it was the invaders from Central Asia, or the Buddhist monks sent out by Emperor Ashoka, or the Chinese monks traveling to India, all had to pass through Afghanistan.
• Thus, there were close cultural associations between the Gandhara region and India before the advent of Islam.

5. Write short notes.

Question 1.
Shahji-ki-Dheri
Answer:

• The Chinese monks like Fa-Hien, Yuan Chwang, who travelled through India have described the Buddhist viharas and stupas in India.
• There are numerous remains of viharas and stupas in Afghanistan. Among them, a place called ‘Shahji-ki-Dheri’ near Peshawar in Pakistan was excavated.
• This stupa was built during Kanishka’s period.
• It is also known as ‘Kanishaka’s Stupa’. According to prevailing tradition, the sacred remains in the box (karandaka) found there are of Gautama Buddha.
• The box has an inscription. It also mentions the name ‘Agnishala’, the main supervisor of the building work of ‘Kanishka Vihara’.
• This box is in the Peshawar museum at present.

Question 2.
The Bamiyan Buddhas.
Answer:

• The Bamiyan Buddhas are in Bamiyan, 250 km away from Kabul.
• About 750 caves have been hewn out in one of the cliffs of the mountain ranges known as ‘Kuh- e-Baba’.
• Beautiful murals have been painted inside these caves.
• The same cliff has niches of two standing Buddha statues in stucco. One of them was 53 meters tall the other was 38 meters.
• The core was plastered with several layers of mud mixed with straw. The folds of Gautama Buddha’s robes were modeled in this clay plaster.
• Buddha’s forearms were supported with the help of wooden armatures and fixed with wooden pegs.
• According to Yuan Chwang, the statues were surrounded by colourful murals and even the statues were painted with gold coating and precious stones.
• The ‘Bamiyan Statues of Buddha’ are declared as the World Cultural Heritage.

6. Answers the following questions with the help of given points.

Question 1.
Write about the ties between ancient India and China.
(a) Trade relations
(b) The spread of Buddhism in China
(c) Serendian art style
Answer:
(a) Trade relations:

• The Silk Route links Asia and Europe. It runs more than 6000 km.
• It was easier for Merchants and travellers to find facilities of accommodation and food in the oasis cities.
• They also found a ready market for their merchandise.
• Another line crossed through the steppes to the north of this mainline. The journey on this line was relatively shorter.
• However, it was rarely used by merchants as it was infested by troublesome pastoral tribes and it hardly had any accommodation and food facilities en route.

(b) The spread of Buddhism in China:

• Buddhism spread in the 1st century C.E. This also introduced a new trend in Chinese art.
• Many of the Mahayana Buddhist monks who arrived in China hailed from Central Asia.
• Their presence in China inspired the making of images of Gautama Buddha and Bodhisattva.

(c) Serendian art style:

• Serendian art style that originated in the Xinjiang province is known as ‘Serendian Art Style’ (Seres meaning China + India).
• This art was influenced by Gandhara art. It presents a combination of Greek, Persian, and Chinese art forms.
• Many styles were brought to light during excavations by Sir Aurel Stein.

Activity

Collect more information about the ‘Silk Route’ with the help of the internet.
Answer:

• The Silk Road was a network of trade routes that went along the northern borders of China, India, and Persia and ended up in Eastern Europe near today’s Turkey and the Mediterranean Sea.
• The Silk Road was important because it helped to generate trade and commerce between a number of different kingdoms and empires.
• The route included a group of trading posts and markets that were used to help in the storage, transport, and exchange of goods.

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Class 11 History Solutions Chapter 16 Swarajya to Empire (Maratha Period) Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

Maharashtra State Board Class 11 History Solutions Chapter 16 Swarajya to Empire (Maratha Period)

1A. Choose the correct alternative and complete sentences.

Question 1.
___________ is known as the Father of Indian Navy.
(a) Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj
(b) Chhatrapati Sambhaji Maharaj
(c) Chhatrapati Rajaram Maharaj
(d) Chhatrapati Shahu Maharaj
Answer:
(a) Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj

Question 2.
The Pathans from Afghanistan had settled in ___________ the province at the foothills of the Himalayas.
(a) Varanasi
(b) Mathura
(c) Ayodhya
(d) Delhi
Answer:
(c) Ayodhya

Question 3.
Chhatrapati Sambhaji Maharaj wrote the Sanskrit text ___________
(a) Nayikabhed
(b) Budhabhushan
(c) Nakhshikh
(d) Satasattka
Answer:
(b) Budhabhushan

1B. Find the incorrect pair from set B and write the correct ones.

Question 1.

Answer:
(c) Kalaram Temple – Nashik

1C. Write the names.

Question 1.
He was the Chief of the intelligence network of Chh. Shivaji Maharaj
Answer:
Bahirji Naik

Question 2.
He assisted in the provincial affairs
Answer:
Subhedars/Deshadhikari

Question 3.
Leader of the Rohillas
Answer:
Najib Khan

2. Complete the concept map.

Question 1.

Answer:

3. Explain the statement with reasons.

Question 1.
Shahajiraje is known as the visionary of Swarajya.
Answer:

• Shahajiraje Bhosale was a prominent Sardar in the Nizamshahi kingdom. After the end of Nizamshahi’s rule, he accepted the rank of a Mansabdar in the Adilshahi court.
• Shahajiraje was valiant, courageous, wise, and well-versed in the science of statehood.
• He had successfully handled many Adilshahi expeditions in Maharashtra, Karnataka, and Tamil Nadu.
• The provinces of Pune, Supe, Shirwal, Indapur, and Chakan were given to Shahajiraje as Jahangir.
• He personally aspired to establish Swarajya. He is regarded as the visionary of Swarajya.
• The concept of Swarajya was visualized by Shahajiraje and it was turned into reality by Chh. Shivaji Maharaj.
• Chh. Shivaji Maharaj laid the foundation of Swarajya from the Mawal region. Several factors like the topography of Maharashtra, valour of the local Mawalas, the administrative and military experience gained by the Maratha sardars while working with Nizamshahi, and Adilshahi and above all these the able leadership of Chh. Shivaji Maharaj could make it possible.

Question 2.
Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj built the naval force.
Answer:

• In the year 1657 C.E., after conquering Kalyan and Bhiwandi, the boundaries of Swarajya extended up to the coastline.
• The British and the French were involved in the Salt trade. Chh. Shivaji Maharaj wanted to establish control over the sea waters.
• Chh. Shivaji Maharaj was the only king in medieval India who attempted to build a navy.
• He realized to check the activities of foreign traders so having a Navy was important.
• It was necessary for his military strategy also. During the second sack of Surat, Chh. Shivaji Maharaj brought those ships to the coast of Surat and loaded the huge booty on them acquired from Surat.
• It is apparent that Chh. Shivaji Maharaj wanted to establish complete control over the land as well as on the sea.

Question 3.
Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj charged heavy duty on the salt imported from the Portuguese territory.
Answer:

• Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj was keen on protecting the local industries.
• He protected the salt industry in Konkan. At that time, traders imported salt from the Portuguese territory and sold it in Swarajya.
• That affected the local trade in the Konkan areas.
• Chh. Shivaji Maharaj charged heavy duty on the salt imported into Swarajya from the Portuguese territory.
• The intention was that the salt imported from the Portuguese territory would then cost more and as a result, its import would be discouraged and the sale of the local salt would increase.

4. Write short notes.

Question 1.
Maratha Art:
Answer:

• Developments of Maratha miniature paintings can be seen through illustrations on the manuscripts such as pothis, pattachitra, and patrikas. For example, the wooden stands of pothis have pictures of Ganapati, Riddhi-Siddhi, Gopalkrishna in dark red, green, and yellow colours.
• Miniature paintings include human portraits and themes like ragamalas, talamala, processions, etc.
• Murals are found on the fagade of the Wadas, as well on the walls of reception areas (Diwankhana) and bedrooms.
• The 18th-century murals have survived till today at places like Naik-Nimbalkar Wada at Vathar, Rangamahal at Chandwad, Mayureshwar Mandir at Morgaon, Shiva Temple of Pandeshwar, and Matha at Benawadi.
• The main theme of murals is mythological stories. They include scenes from Ramayana, Mahabharata, and Puranas.
• The subjects of contemporary social life were also reflected in the paintings. The royal court, royal meetings, processions were also included in them.

Question 2.
Maratha Architecture:
Answer:

• Chh. Shivaji Maharaj built forts, the tradition of which was prevalent in the Deccan for three centuries.
• The Kasaba temple in Pune and Vitthal temple in Vitthalwadi were reconstructed by Veermata Jijabai.
• During the Peshwa period, the Maratha kingdom regained its prosperity and all forms of art and architecture received patronage.
• The construction of temples began on a large scale during the later Peshwa.
• Period. These temples are of three types. Examples of temple architecture of this period are found at Saswad, Mahuli, Jejuri, etc.
• These are huge in size. The plan of these temples is in star design, the foundation of the temple was multi-layered and was named accordingly.
• The shikhara is made in bricks and stucco method.
• The Kalaram, Goraram, and Sundarnarayan temples at Nasik and Mahadev temple at Trimbakeshwar, Mohiniraj temple at Nevasa is similar to the temples in Malwa and Rajasthan.
• These temples are constructed in stone. These temples are embellished extensively with sculptures.
• The third type of temple can be found at Pune, Satara, Wai, etc.
• It included arches, a wooden hall, and a sanctum sanctorum(gabhara). The Shikhara slopes inwards at the top.
• The stone ‘Deepamala’ is a remarkable feature of these temples. The stone deepamalas at Jejuri were built by Shahajiraje.
• The Chhatris (Samadhis) at various places are noteworthy.

Activity

Collect information about capable women in the medieval period and present it in class. Arrange a discussion on it.
Answer:

• In Indian history, we find only a few women actively participating in public affairs.
• In the Muslim period, Razia Sultan was the only woman who conducted the affairs of the government for a short time.
• And in later times, Rani of Jhansi rose into prominence during the revolt of 1857.
• During the Maratha period, there were women like Jijabai and Maharani Tarabai who performed public duties in the absence of their husbands.

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Class 11 History Solutions Chapter 15 India During Mughal Period Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

Maharashtra State Board Class 11 History Solutions Chapter 15 India During Mughal Period

1A. Choose the correct alternative and write the complete sentences.

Question 1.
Mughal Emperor Babur was born in ___________
(a) Baluchistan
(b) Kazakhstan
(c) Uzbekistan
(d) Afghanistan
Answer:
(c) Uzbekistan

Question 2.
Mughal Emperor Humayun was defeated by ___________
(a) Ibrahim Lodi
(b) Shershah Sur
(c) Babur
(d) Akbar
Answer:
(b) Shershah Sur

Question 3.
Akbarnama was written by ___________
(a) Mohammad Qasim
(b) Abul Fazl
(c) Mirza Hyder
(d) Badauni
Answer:
(b) Abul Fazl

1B. Find the incorrect pair from set B and write the correct ones.

Question 1.

Answer:
(1) Khafi Khan – Tarikh-i-Khafikhan

1C. Write the names.

Question 1.
He defeated Ibrahim Lodi.
Answer:
Babur

Question 2.
She successfully resisted the attack of Akbar and saved the Nizamshahi kingdom.
Answer:
Chand bibi

2. Explain the statements with reasons.

Question 1.
The Rajput rulers united against Babur.
Answer:

• The grand army of Ibrahim Lodi could not survive in front of Babur in the battle of Panipat.
• Babur defeated Ibrahim Lodi on the strength of configuration skills, strong artillery, a system of secret intelligence, and strong leadership. This was a direct threat to the Rajputs in Rajasthan.
• Rajputs were brave warriors and proud advocates of their religion.
• Babur established his rule in Delhi.
• The Rajput kings came together under the leadership of Mewar King Rana Sangha to counter him.
• Babur defeated the Rajputs in the Battle of Khanwa.

Question 2.
Shershah Sur was well-known for his ideal administration.
Answer:

• Humayun was deprived of the kingdom due to the defeat at the hands of Shershah Sur of Bihar.
• Shershah Sur made some reforms in the administrative setup. He also made changes in the land revenue system.
• He erected the hierarchical setup of administrative units and officers.
• He brought together the Afghan sardars scattered in North India and established Afghan rule.
• The descendants of Shershah were not efficient. Thus, his power declined.

Question 3.
Emperor Akbar strengthened the foundation of his rule in India.
Answer:

• After Humayun, his son Akbar ascended the throne.
• He proved to be the greatest Mughal Emperor because of his qualities such as high intelligence, tolerance, firmness, and courage.
• The kingdom established by Babur was transformed into a great empire by Akbar.
• He established his rule from Kabul to Bengal and Kashmir to Varhad-Khandesh.
• He entered into political matrimonial relations with the Rajputs in order to strengthen his kingdom.
• He erected an efficient administrative setup.

Question 4.
Mughal art declined during the period of Aurangzeb.
Answer:

• During the period of Aurangzeb, the royal patronage of the art of painting was withdrawn.
• Aurangzeb was a fanatic ruler. Under Aurangzeb’s rule, art declined, since he had banned all art forms.
• The artists were forced to seek patronage elsewhere under various rulers in Rajasthan, Bundelkhand, Gujarat, and the provinces of the Himalayan ranges.
• New local styles of paintings emerged there.

3. Write short notes.

Question 1.
Mughal Art
Answer:

• The reign of the three emperors, Akbar, Jahangir, and Shahjahan was a period of peace, order, and prosperity. Arts flourish when there is stability.
• A new era began in the field of art and architecture.
• The etched designs on the marble walls of mosques, tombs, and palaces are evidence of the highly advanced styles of art and architecture.
• The influence of the Persian style of architecture was more prominent till Akbar’s period.
• In the later period, it evolved by absorbing Indian elements, which came to be known as the Indo-Islamic style of architecture.
• During the period of Akbar and Jahangir, the art of ivory carving received royal patronage.
• The Mughal paintings originated from the Persian styles of painting.
• There are miniature paintings of Persian style in the manuscript of ‘Baburnama’. The art of painting received encouragement during the period of Akbar. He appointed skilled painters in his court.
• During the period of Jahangir, paintings were done based on the court and hunting scenes. The paintings of this period were done in a more realistic style, which is vibrant and attractive. These paintings, portray birds and animals, cloud formations, human figures, and natural scenery.
• During the Mughal period, the art of music seems to have received royal patronage.

Question 2.
Mughal Literature
Answer:

• During the Mughal period, excellent literature was created in the Persian language.
• Babur himself knew Persian and Turkish languages. His autobiography known as ‘Baburnama’ is well known.
• Another important text is ‘Tarikh-i-Rashidi’ by Mirza Hyder written during the period of Humayun.
• Akbar got many Sanskrit texts translated in Persian which includes ‘Rajatarangini’, ‘Lilavati’, ‘Ramayana’, ‘Mahabharata’, ‘Harivamsh’ and ‘Panchatantra’. Abul Fazal wrote the famous ‘Akbarnama’ and ‘Ain-i- Akbari’.
• Dara Shukoh, the son of Shahjahan, was a Sanskrit scholar. He translated the text of several Upanishads texts in the Persian language from Sanskrit.
• During the Mughal period, a number of biographical, historical texts were written. Among them Khafi Khan’s ‘Tarikhi- Khafikhan’ is well-known.
• During the Mughal period, a number of literary works of high quality were created in local north Indian dialects. To mention a few, ‘Ramacharitamanas’ written by Goswami Tulsidas, the compositions of Surdas and Meerabai, Padmavat composed by Malik Muhammad Jaysi, dohas of Saint Kabir.

4. Answer the following questions in detail.

Question 1.
During the Mughal period, what were the changes made in the revenue system?
Answer:

• Akbar made further reforms in the revenue system implemented by Shershah Sur.
• This bought a certain discipline in the Mughal revenue system.
• He graded the cultivable land based on the systematic land survey.
• The land was classified into four types on the basis of annual yield, i.e. fertile (supik), infertile (napik), irrigated (bagayat), and dry crop (jirayat) land.
• Individual land holdings of farmers were registered.
• An average of the annual yield in the last ten years was calculated and one-third of this average yield was fixed as the base for the tax to be paid.
• The tax, thus fixed, was applicable for the span of ten years. This offered considerable respite to farmers for a span of ten years.
• Documents are known as ‘Kabulayat’ and ‘Patta’ were prepared by the farmers after the fixing of the tax rate. The tax was collected in cash or in kind.

Question 2.
Elaborate on the features of Mughal architecture.
Answer:

• The architectural style during the Sultanate period had great implements on strength and simplicity.
• But during the Mughal period, the focus shifted to aesthetics.
• During the period of Babur, the Kabulbag mosque at Panipat and Jama Masjid at Sambhal in Uttar Pradesh were built in Persian style.
• The memorial built during the period of Shershah Sur at Sahastram (Bihar) is an excellent example of the Indo-Islamic style of architecture.
• The Purana Qila was built by Shershah in Delhi. The city of Fatehpur Sikri was set up during Akbar’s period.
• Later the buildings like Jama Masjid, Buland Darwaza were built in Fatehpur-Sikri.
• Akbar built important forts like Agra fort, Lahore fort, Allahabad fort, and Attock fort.
• The use of Red stone and marble, huge domes, arches were the salient features of the architecture of this period.
• The period of Shahjahan was the most glorious period of Mughal architecture.
• ‘Diwan-i-Aam’ and ‘Diwan-i-Khaas’ in Red fort, ‘Jama masjid’, ‘Moti Masjid’, were built during his period.
• The ‘Taj Mahal’ of Agra built by him is incomparable and immortal.
• Later, Mughal architecture began to decline.

Activity

Collect information about the expansion of Mughal rule by Emperor Akbar and the contemporary cities.
Answer:

• Akbar was an Imperialist.
• The first conquest of Akbar was that of Malwa.
• His empire extended from Kabul in the west to Bengal in the east and from Kashmir in the north to Vindhyas in the south.
• Had consolidated the whole of north India under his administration.
• The following is the link for additional information: https://www.historydiscussion.net

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Class 11 History Solutions Chapter 14 Delhi Sultanate, Vijayanagar and Bahamani Kingdom Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

Maharashtra State Board Class 11 History Solutions Chapter 14 Delhi Sultanate, Vijayanagar and Bahamani Kingdom

1A. Choose the correct alternative and write the complete sentences.

Question 1.
The royal poet in the court of Balban was _________________
(a) Al-Beruni
(b) Tuli
(c) Amir Khusrow
(d) Husen Shah Sharukhi.
Answer:
(c) Amir Khusrow

Question 2.
The first ruler who built the buildings in Indo-Islamic style of architecture was _________________
(a) Ferozshah Tughluq
(b) Qutubuddin Aibak
(c) Alauddin Khalji
(d) Akbar
Answer:
(b) Qutubuddin Aibak

1B. Find the incorrect pair from set B and write the correct ones.

Question 1.

Answer:
(d) Tripuri – Kalachuris

2. Complete the concept Maps.

Question 1.

Answer:

3. Explain the statements with reasons.

Question 1.
The Arab rule did not expand in India.
Answer:

• There was political instability in India in the 13th century and the Turkish invaders took advantage of this instability.
• Muhammad bin Qasim of the Ummayad dynasty attacked Sindh in the year 712 C.E.
• He conquered the entire region from Sindh to Multan. After Muhammad bin Qasim, the Arabs rule in India grew unstable.

Question 2.
The Rajput rulers had to accept defeat in front of the Turkish invaders.
Answer:

• In the 13th century, many petty rulers existed such as Chauhans of Rajasthan, Pratiharas, and Gadhwals (Rathod) of Kanauj, Chandellas of Bundelkhand, Parmars of Malwa, Kalachuris of Gorakhpur, Kalachuris of Tripuri (Madhya Pradesh), Chalukyas (Solanki) of Gujarat, Palas of Bengal, etc.
• They did resist the invasions of the Turks individually but they did not unite for it.

4. State your opinion.

Question 1.
The textile industry flourished during the Sultanate’s rule.
Answer:

• The textile industry flourished on large scale.
• Delhi, Agra, Lahore, Multan, Banaras, Patna, Khambayat, Burhanpur, Devgiri were the main centers of the textile industry during this period.
• The cotton cloth was exported on a large scale from Bengal to Gujarat.
• The textile exports included muslin, linen cloth, satin, and jari cloth.
• The textile dyeing industry gained importance. Golconda, Ahmedabad, Dhaka, etc. were the centers of this industry.

5. Write short notes.

Question 1.
Khyber Pass.
Answer:

• The Khyber Pass has proved to be very important in Indian history.
• During the ancient period, the trade between India and Central Asia was carried via. this pass.
• After the Persian Emperor Darius, Alexander came, to India, via. this pass and so did Mahmud Ghazni, Babur, Nadir Shah, and Ahmed Shah Abdali.
• The British built a railway line with its last destination at a place called ‘Jamrud’ near Peshawar in Pakistan, Jamrud in the doorway of Khyber Pass.

Question 2.
Coins during Sultanate period.
Answer:

• During the sultanate period, there were major changes in the coinage system.
• The names of the Khalifa and the Sultan were inscribed on the coins.
• Details regarding the year of issue, place of minting, etc. were inscribed on it in the Arabic script.
• ‘Tola’ came to be considered as a standard unit for the weight of the coin.

6. Answer the following questions with help of given points.

Question 1.
Write down the information about the invasion of Alauddin Khilji on Yadavas of Devgiri with the help of points given below.
(a) Reasons of invasion
(b) Invasion and events
(c) Effects of invasion
Answer:
(a) Reasons of invasion:

• Devgiri was a prosperous city in the South.
• King Ramadevarai Yadava was ruling over Devgiri.
• Alauddin attacked Devgiri in 1296 C.E.
• In face of the sudden attack, Ramadevarai took shelter in the fort of Devgiri (Daulatabad). Alauddin seized the fort and plundered the city.
• Alauddin conquered nearby provinces of Devgiri as well and collected a large booty as part of the treaty.

(b) Invasion and events:

• Ramadevarai, the ruler of Devgiri had stopped paying tribute to Alauddin for some time.
• So Alauddin sent his commander Malik Kafur to the South.
• There were political and economic reasons behind this campaign.
• The most important reason was to subdue the Yadavas and to collect tribute from them.

(c) Effects of invasion:

• Alauddin had increased his army in size.
• He was the first Sultan to set up a permanent standing army on a large scale.
• He devised new economic reforms for controlling market prices.
• These new measures created a heavy strain on the state treasury.
• It was also necessary to keep the newly increased army and its officers are busy by planning new campaigns.