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Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Class 12 Economics Important Questions Chapter 4 Supply Analysis Important Questions and Answers.

Maharashtra State Board 12th Economics Important Questions Chapter 4 Supply Analysis

1.[A] Choose the correct option.

Question 1.
Net addition made to the total revenue by selling an extra unit of a commodity is
(a) total revenue
(b) marginal revenue
(c) average revenue
(d) marginal cost
Answer:
(b) marginal revenue

Question 2.
Determinants of supply are …………………..
(a) cost of production
(b) short period
(c) constant price
(d) local market
Answer:
(a) cost of production

Question 3.
Statement related to reservation price are
(a) maximum price
(b) constant price
(c) same for all seller
(d) differ from seller to seller
Answer:
(d) differ from seller to seller

Question 4.
Exceptions to the law of supply are
(a) need for cash
(b) upward sloping supply curve
(c) factory products
(d) future expectation of high price
Answer:
(a) need for cash

Question 5.
Average Revenue is obtained when .
(a) price is multiplied with quantity
(b) last unit is sold
(c) total revenue is divided by quantity sold
(d) all of these
Answer:
(c) total revenue is divided by quantity sold

Question 6.
Increase in supply is shown by
(a) price change only
(b) movement on the same supply curve
(c) shift of supply curve to the left
(d) shift of supply curve to the right
Answer:
(d) shift of supply curve to the right

(B) Complete Correlation

1. Rare goods : Exception to Law of Supply :: Assumption of Law of Supply : ……………….
2. ………………. : Individual supply :: Macro concept: Total supply
3. Marginal Revenue : TR_n – TR_n-1 :: ……………….: TR/TQ
4. Single seller : Individual Supply :: All sellers : ……………….
5. Movement on same supply curve : ……………….:: Shift of supply curve: Change in supply.

Answers:

1. No change in Government Policy
2. Micro concept
3. Average Revenue
4. Market Supply
5. Variation in supply

(C) Give economic terms.

1. Creation of utility.
2. Outcome of the process of production.
3. Total quantity available with the producer for sale at time.
4. Sum total of individual supply.
5. Cost incurred on fixed factors like land, machinery etc.
6. Minimum price below which a seller will not sell a single unit.
7. Expansion and contraction of supply due to change in price.
8. Rise in supply due to fall in taxes.
9. Fall in supply due to fall in taxes.
10. Cost incurred on variable factor like raw material.
11. Net revenue earned by selling an additional unit.

Answer:

1. Production
2. Output
3. Stock
4. Market Supply
5. Fixed Cost
6. Reservation Price
7. Variation in Supply
8. Increase in Supply
9. Decrease in Supply
10. Variable Cost
11. Marginal Revenue

(D) Find the odd word out:

(1) Land, Labour, Capital, Rent.
(2) Rent, Wages, Profit, Capital.
(3) AC, TC, TFC, AR.
(4) Samuelson, Marshall, Robbins, Abdul Kalam.
(5) [ncrease in supply, Decrease in supply, Extension in supply, Market supply.
Answer:

1. Rent
2. Capital
3. AR
4. Abdul Kalam
5. Market supply

(E) Complete the following statements.

1. Production consists of various processes through which ………………
2. Stock determines ………………
3. Stock and supply are same in case of ………………
4. Sum total of individual supply is called ………………
5. Graphical representation of market supply schedule is called ………………
6. When quantity supplied rises due to an increase in price of a commodity, it is called ………………
7. When more quantity is supplied at the same price of a commodity, it is called ………………
8. Per unit cost of production is called ………………
9. Total expenditure incurred by a firm on factors of production for the production of goods and services is called ………………
10. An addition made to TR by selling one additional unit of a commodity is called ………………

Answer:

1. utility is created
2. potential supply
3. perishable goods
4. market supply
5. market supply curve
6. extension or expansion in supply
7. increases in supply
8. Average Cost
9. Total Cost
10. Marginal Revenue

(F) Choose the wrong pair:

I.

Answer:
Wrong pair : Stock – Reservation price

II.

Answer:
Wrong pair : Increase in supply – Part of variation in supply

III.

Wrong pair : Average Cost – TR x TQ

(G) Choose the correct pair:

I.

Answer:
Correct pair : Increases in supply – Technology up gradation

II.

Answer:
Correct pair : Determinations of the law of supply – Infrastructural facility

III.

Answer:
Correct pair : MC_n – TC_n – TC_n-1

2.[A] Identify and explain the concept from given illustration.

Question 1.
All the seller of a similar product are willing to sell their product at a particular price in a given time.
Answer:
Concept: Market Supply
Explanation : Market supply refer to the quantity that all the producers are willing to produce and offer for sale at a particular price in a given time.
As all sellers are ready to sell their product at a particular price, each seller is price taker.
Thus, this concept is of market supply.

Question 2.
Price of old coins, antiques increases as demand increases, but supply cannot be increased.
Answer:
Concept: Exception to the law of supply
Explanation : As per the law of supply, when the price of a product rises, supply increases, but in this case supply cannot be increased.
So, this is an exception to the law and its supply curve is a vertical straight line instead of upward sloping. Thus, this is an exception to the law.

Question 3.
A seller is in urgent need for cash. Therefore, he sell more at lower price.
Answer:
Concept: Exception to the law of supply
Explanation : As per the law of supply, at higher price more is offered for sale.
In this case a seller is selling more at lower price because he is an urgent need for cash.

Question 4.
Due to the improvement in technology, supply of cell phones have increased even though price remains same.
Answer:
Concept: Increase in supply Explanation : Increase in supply is a situation when producers are willing to supply a larger quantity of a commodity at the same price.
Due to improvement in the technology of cell phone, producers cost of production falls and they can sell more in the market at the same price.
This is shown with graph.

At the same price OP, quantity supplied increases from 0Q to 0Q₁
Thus, this is a case of increase in supply.

Question 5.
Mr. Kriplani produced 2000 bales of cloth during the year 2018-19.
Answer:
Concept: Total Output.
Explanation : Total Output is the sum total of the commodity produced at a given period of time.
So, total output of Mr. Kriplani is taken as total output for the year 2918-19.

Question 6.
Mr. Kriplani had 200 apples in hand. He bought 500 apples from wholesaler.
Answer:
Concept: Stock
Explanation : Stock is the total quantity of commodity available for sale with a seller at a particular point of time.
Now in our case, Mr. Kriplani has total stock of 700 apples (200+500) which he can offer for sale at particular price.

Question 7.
Mr. Chaturvedi has 5000 kg rice at his disposal. He offered 2000 kg rice in market at Rs. 25 per kg.
Answer:
Concept: Stock and Supply
Explanation : Supply means the various quantities of a commodity offered for sale by
producer during a given period of time at a particular price.
In above case, total stock is 5000 kg rice and total supply is 2000 kg rice.

Question 8.
At price Rs. 30 per kg Rameshbhai ( supplied 100 kg of wheat, Bhaveshbhai i supplied 150 kg of wheat and Dharmesh bhai supplied 200 kg of rice. ;
Answer:
Concept : Individual Supply and Market Supply.
Explanation : Individual supply means quantity offer by a single seller at a given price while market supply means total quantity supplied by all the seller in the market a given price.
In above case, 100kg, 150kg and 200 kg is called as individual supply while 450kg is called as market supply.

Question 9.
A seller has go to village urgently. So, he sells his product at low price even if other seller are selling similar product at higher price. Given economic reason in what way it is related to the law of supply.
Answer:
This is an exception to the law of supply. As per the law, more is sold at higher price and less at lower price. In this case an individual seller is in need of cash, as he has to go to village urgently, so he has to sell his product at lower price.

(B) Distinguish between:

Question 1.
Output and Supply
Answer:

Question 2.
Individual Supply and Market Supply
Answer:
Individual Supply:
(a) Individual Supply schedule refers to various quantities of a commodity that an individual seller is willing to sell in the market at different prices during given period of time.
(b) Individual Supply is a narrow concept. It is a part of market_supply.
(c) Schedule:

(d) As price rises, a seller likes to sell more.

Market Supply:
(a) Market Supply schedule refers to various quantities of a commodity that all sellers are willing to sell in the market at different prices during given period of time.
(b) Market Supply is a broader concept. It is sum total of individual supply.
(c) Schedule:

(d) As price rises total quantity supplied in the market increases.

Question 3.
Individual Supply Curve and Market Supply Curve
Answer:
Individual Supply Curve:

1. Individual Supply Curve An individual supply curve is a graphical representation of various quantities of a commodity offered for sale by an individual seller at different prices during a given period of time.
2. It is a narrow concept, as it is a part of market supply.
   
3. The above supply curve shows that as price rises quantity supplied increases to 10, 20, 30 kg.

Market Supply Curve:

1. Market supply curve is the graphical representation of the various quantities of a commodity offered for sale by all the sellers at different prices during a given period of time.
2. It is a broader concept, as it sum total of individual supply.
   
3. The above supply curve shows that as price rises, total supply in the market rises to a greater extent to 100, 200, 300 kg.

Question 4.
Extension of Supply and Contraction of Supply.
Answer:
Extension of Supply:

1. When the supply of a commodity rises only due to increase in the price of that commodity, then it is said to be extension of supply.
2. Extension in supply is shown by an upward movement to right on the same supply curve.
   
3. When price rises from OP to 0P1, Supply extends from 0Q to 0Q₁.

Contraction of Supply :

1. When supply of a commodity falls only due to fall in the price of that commodity, then it is said to be contraction of supply.
2. Contraction is shown by the downward movement to left on the same supply curve.
   
3. When prices falls from 0P to 0P₂, Supply contracts from 0Q to 0Q₂.

Question 5.
Variation in supply and Changes in Supply.
Answer:
Variation in Supply:

1. Variation in supply refers to expansion and contraction of supply which takes place due to change in price.
2. Expansion means more quantity is supplied at a high price while contraction means less quantity is supplied at a lower price.
3. Variation in supply is caused by change in price.
4. Variation is shown by a upward or downward movement on the same supply curve.

Changes in Supply:

1. Changes in supply refers to increase and decrease in supply which takes place due to changes in factors other than price.
2. Increase in supply means more quantity is supplied at same price and decrease means less quantity supplied at the same price.
3. Changes in supply occurs due to change in factors like.
   (1) change in cost of production
   (2) change in techniques of production
   (3) change in government policy.
   (4) change in goal of producer.
   (5) change in climatic condition etc.
4. Changes in supply is shown by a shift in supply curve to the right or left of the original supply curve.
   

Question 6.
Total Cost (TC) and Total Revenue (TR).
Answer:
Total Cost (TC) :

1. TC is the total expenditure incurred by a firm on the factors of production required for production of goods and services.
2. TC is sum total of Total Fixed Cost (TFC) and Total Variable Cost (TVC). TC=TFC+TVC
3. TC increases with the increase in output.
4. TC depends on factors like cost of raw material, cost of factors like labour, land, capital, technology, cost of advertisement, management, etc.
5. When TC > TR firm faces loss.

Total Revenue (TR) :

1. TR refers to the amount received (income earned) by a firm from the sale of given quantity of a commodity at different price.
2. TR is calculated by multiplying price with the quantity sold. TR = Price X Total Quantity
3. TR increases with increase in sale.
4. Total Revenue (TR) depends on the price of product, demand for the product, etc.
5. When TR > TC firm earns profit.

Question 7.
Demand Curve and Supply Curve.
Answer:
Demand Curve:

1. Demand curve is the graphical representation of a given demand schedule.
2. The demand curve slopes downward from left to right.
3. The demand curve has a negative slope as price and demand are inversely related.
4. The demand curve indicates the consumer’s behaviour in response to change in its price.

Supply Curve:

1. Supply curve is a graphical representation of a given supply schedule.
2. The supply curve slopes upward from left to right.
3. The supply curve has a positive slope as price and supply are directly related.
4. The supply curve indicates the seller’s behaviour in response to change in its price.

Question 8.
Increase in Supply and Decrease in Supply.
Answer:
Increase in Supply :

1. The supply is said to increase if at the same price more is supplied.
2. Increase in supply is a case of changes in supply.
3. Supply increases due to
   (1) fall in cost of production
   (2) improvement in transport facility
   (3) introduction of modern technology
   (4) government subsidies
   (5) more imports etc.
4. When there is an increase in supply, the supply curve shifts to the right of original supply curve.

Decrease in Supply

1. Decrease in supply occurs when less quantity is supplied at the same price.
2. It is a case of changes in supply.
3. Supply decreases due to –
   (1) increase in cost of production
   (2) transport strike
   (3) outdated technique
   (4) heavy taxes imposed by government.
   (5) more exports etc.
4. When there is curve shifts to curve.
   

Question 9.
Demand and Supply.
Answer:
Demand:

1. Demand is a desire backed by ability and willingness to pay.
2. Demand is inversely related to price.
3. Demand curve has negative slope.

Supply:

1. Supply means the various quantities offered for sale by a producer at a given price and at a given period of time.
2. Supply is directly related to price.
3. Supply curve has positive slope.

3. Answer the following questions.

Question 1.
What are the exceptions of the law of supply?
Answer:
There are some exceptions to the law of s supply. Following are such cases when supply may fall with the rises in price or rise with the fall in price.

(1) Labour supply : Supply of labour in the terms of hours of work is an important exception pointed out by economists. Generally when wages rise, workers work more, but after a certain point if wages continue to rise, supply of labour falls i.e. workers wish to earn more by work in for less hours and supply curve of labour would bend backwards as shown below :

In this figure as wage rate rises up to 0W, ;i supply of labor also rises up to ON, but when wage rate rises to 0W₁, labour supply falls from ON to 0N₁ Hence an exception.

(2) Saving : In case of savings generally it is observed that as the rate of interest rises, savings also rises but some people want to have a fixed regular income by way of interest. They may save less at a higher rate ( of interest and save more at a lower rate of interest. For example : suppose a person is interested in earning a fixed income of ? 800 p.a. then he saves ₹ 10,000/- at 8% rate of interest but when rate of interest increases to 10%, he will save only ₹ 8,000/-.

(3) Future Expectations: If the seller expects a fall in price in future, then he will supply more today even at a low price. But if he expects the prices to rise further in future he will withhold the supply today to supply more in future at a high price.

(4) Need for Cash : When the sellers are in urgent need of liquid cash, then even at a lower price they will offer more goods for sale.

(5) Rare Goods : In case of rare collections such as rare painting, old coins, antique, the law is not applicable as the supply remains fixed. The supply curve is a vertical straight line parallel to Y axis.

(6) Agricultural Goods: Supply of agricultural product is influenced by natural factors like climatic conditions, rainfall etc., which cannot be controlled by man. So in bad weather condition, even at a higher price the supply of agricultural commodities will not increase.

Question 2.
Explain in detail labour supply as an exception to the law of supply.
Answer:
Labour Supply : An interesting exception to the law of supply is provided by the supply curve of labour. In case of supply of labour we come across an unusual phenomenon of the backward bending supply curve. In the beginning, the supply curve of labour slopes upwards as usual from left to right because at higher wage, the units of labour are tempted to offer more hours of work. This continues till the time wage rates have risen sufficiently. When wage rate goes beyond a particular level the worker prefers to substitute work by leisure and cut short the supply of labour. Hence, beyond a certain wage rate the supply curve of labour slopes backwards. This is called the backward bending supply curve of labour and is an exception to the law of supply as shown in the diagram.

In the above schedule, the supply of labour rises from 8 hours to 10 to 12 hours as the wage rate rises from ₹5 per hour to ₹7 to ₹10 per hours. But thereafter when wage rate – becomes ₹12 per hour the supply of labour ; falls to 10 hours. So the supply curve has a backward bend from point ‘A’. Initially, it slopes upwards i.e., SA then A to S₁ upto it has a backward slope.

Question 3.
Explain variation in supply with the help of diagram.
Answer:
When quantity supplied of a commodity changes due to change in its price, other factors remaining constant, it is known as variation in supply. Variation in supply can be of two types :
(A) Expansion (or Extension) of Supply
(B) Contraction of Supply

(A) Expansion (or Extension) of Supply : It refers to a rise in the quantity supplied due to an increase in price of a commodity, other factors remaining constant. Extension of supply leads to an upward movement on the same supply curve due to a rise in price as shown in the diagram :

In the above diagram, when price increases from P to P₁, the quantity supplied rises or expands from Q to Q₁ resulting in an upward movement from point A to point B along the same supply curve. It is known as extension of supply.

(B) Contraction of Supply : It refers to fall in quantity supplied due to fall in price, other things remaining constant. Contraction of supply leads to a downward movement on the same supply curve due to a fall in price as shown in the diagram.

In the diagram when price falls from P₂ to P₁, the quantity supplied falls or contracts from Q₂ to Q₁ resulting in a downward movement from point B to A along the same supply curve. It is known as contraction of supply.

Question 4.
Explain change in supply with the help of diagram.
OR
Explain increase in supply and decrease in supply.
Changes in supply occurs when the quantity supplied changes due to changes in factors other than price.
Changes in Supply are of two types :
(A) Increase in Supply
(B) Decrease in Supply

(A) Increase in Supply : It means when more quantity is supplied at the same price. Increase in supply occurs due to changes in factors other than change in price. It takes place when –

1. There is decrease in price of inputs
2. There is technological upgradation
3. Imports are more
4. There is decrease in tax, etc.

Increase in supply is shown by a shift in i the supply curve to the right of the original; supply curve.

In the diagram, at OP price when quantity supplied rises from OQ to OQ₁ it indicates) an increase in supply. This is shown by a c shift in supply curve from SS to S₁S₁ to the right.

(B) Decrease in Supply : It means when less quantity is supplied at the same price.
Decrease in supply occurs due to change in factors other than change in price. It takes place when –

1. there is increase in price of inputs,
2. technological degradation or out dated technology used.
3. exports are more.
4. there is increase in taxes etc.

Decrease in supply is shown by a shift in the supply curve to the left of the original supply curve.

At OP price when quantity supplied falls from OQ to OQ₂, it indicates a decrease in supply. This is shown by a shift in supply curve from SS to S2S2 to the left.

Question 5.
Explain concept of TC, AC and MC.
Answer:
Cost of production is an important factor in governing the supply of a product. Following are the three main types of costs :

(A) Total Cost (TC): It is the total expenditure incurred by a fir m on the factors of production required for the production of goods and services. Total cost is the sum of Total Fixed Cost (TFC) and Total Variable Cost (TVC). Total Fixed Cost is the cost incurred on fixed factors of production like land, factory, building, capital, etc. These factors cannot be changed in the short period. They remain constant. Total Variable Cost is the cost incurred on variable factors such as raw – materials, labour, etc. These factors can be varied or changed according to the change in output level. So the variable cost varies. Total Cost = Total Fixed Cost + Total Variable Cost i.e., TC = TFC + TVC
TC increases as the level of output increases.

(B) Average Cost (AC) : Refers to per unit total cost of production. The average cost is obtained by dividing Total Cost of production by the number of units of that commodity produced
i.e. AC = \(\frac{\mathrm{TC}}{\text { Total Output }}\)
Suppose the total cost of producing 100 units of commodity X is ₹ 1000. Then the average cost is
AC = \(\frac{\mathrm{TC}}{\text { Total Output }}=\frac{1000}{100}\) = 10
∴ AC = ₹ 10

(C) Marginal Cost (MC) : It is net addition made to the total cost (TC) by producing one ( more unit of output.
Suppose the total cost of producing 2 units is ₹ 200 and TC of producing 3 unit is ₹ 240.
MC_n = TC_n – TC_n-1 = ₹ 240 – ₹ 200 = ₹ 40
Where,
n = Number of unit produced ?
MC_n = Marginal Cost of the nth unit ?
TC_n = Total Cost of n unit

Question 6.
Explain the concepts of TR, AR, and MR.
Answer:
Revenue refers to the income earned by a firm from the sale of given quantity of a commodity in the market at different prices. Following are the three main types.

(A) Total Revenue (TR) : Total Revenue (Income) refers to total receipts of the firm from its sales of commodity. It is obtained i by multiplying the price per unit of the commodity with the total number of units!; of commodity sold to the consumers. Thus, Total Revenue = Price per unit x Total Number of units of commodity sold.
TR = Price x Quantity Sold

Example : If the firm sells 10 units of) a commodity at ₹100 per unit then total?
revenue will be TR = 100 x 10. TR = ₹1000

(B) Average Revenue (AR): Average Revenue refers to the revenue (income) per unit of the commodity sold. It can be easily calculated by dividing Total Revenue (TR) by the number of units sold to the consumers. Thus, Average Revenue = Total Revenue + Number of units sold.
i.e., AR = \(\frac{\mathrm{TC}}{\text { Total Quantity Sold }}\)

For example : If the Total Revenue from? the sale of 10 units of commodity is ₹ 1000; then Average Revenue will be
AR = \(\frac{\mathrm{TR}}{\mathrm{Q}}=\frac{1000}{10}\) = ₹100

(C) Marginal Revenue (MR) : Marginal Revenue is the net addition made to TR by selling an additional unit of the commodity. In other words, marginal revenue is the addition made to the total revenue by selling one more unit of a commodity.

Example : If the total revenue from the sale of 10 units is ?1000 and that from the sale of 11th unit the total revenue is 1020 then the MR of 11th unit will be
MR_n = TR_n – TR_n-1 = 1020 – 1000 = 20
Or we can also calculate Marginal Revenue as –
MR = \(\frac{\text { Change in Total Revenue }}{\text { Change in total number of units sold }}\)
MR = \(\frac{\Delta \mathrm{TR}}{\Delta \mathrm{T} Q}=\frac{20}{1}\) = 20
MR = 20

Question 7.
What are the assumptions to the law of supply?
Answer:
Assumptions of the Law of Supply : The law of supply is conditional. It is based on certain assumptions. They are as follows:

1. No change in Cost of Production: The law will hold true only if the cost of production remains constant.
2. No change in Technique of Production : It is assumed that there is no change in the method of production. If there is any improvement in the technique of production then supply will increase at the same price.
3. 3. No change in Weather condition : Changes in weather and climatic condition would affect supply especially of agricultural products, so it is assumed to remain constant.
4. No change in Government Policies : Any change in government policies will affect the supply, so it is assumed that there is no change in government tax policies, subsidies or industrial policy.
5. No Speculations about Future Prices : It is assumed that the producers do not speculate about future changes in price.
6. No change in Transport Cost : It is assumed that there is no change in transport facility and transport cost.
7. Prices of Other Goods : It is assumed that the prices of competitive goods remain constant. If the price of competitive goods rises then it is quite likely that producer may transfer his resource to the production of those goods, whose price has arisen.
8. No change in the quantity of goods kept for Self – consumption : If sellers keep more goods for their personal use then supply cannot be increased even at a high price.
9. Constant Scale of Production : It is assumed that the scale of production remains constant during the given period of time.

4. State with resons whether you agree or disagree with the following statements.

Question 1.
Supply is directly related to price.
Answer:
Yes, I agree with this statement.

• According to the Law of Supply, other things being equal, the supply varies directly with its price.
• More quantity is offered for sale at a higher price and less is offered for sale at a lower price.
• So supply is directly related to its price.
• In order to earn a reasonable profit, the sellers tries to sells more at a higher price and less at a lower price.
  So the supply curve slopes upwards. It has a positive slope.
• Thus, the supply is directly related to price.

Question 2.
Stock can exceed supply.
OR
Supply cannot exceed stock.
Answer:
Yes, I agree with this statement.

• Stock is the entire quantity of a commodity, which is in the custody of the seller.
• Supply refers to that part of stock of a commodity which is offered for sale at prevailing market price during a period of time.
• Thus supply is a part of stock. c
• Stock is the potential supply. It is a fund or reservoir from which supply flows.
• Stock determines the ability of seller to supply.
  Thus, stock exceeds supply.

Question 3.
When price rises supply expands.
Answer:
Yes, I agree with this statement.

• According to the Law of Supply “Other things remaining constant more is supplied < at a higher price and less at a lower price.”
• The rise in price causes an expansion in supply because (i) the existing sellers will supply more than before in order to get larger profit and (ii) new suppliers with high reservation price will also now enter S the market.
• So supply expands when price rises.

Question 4.
The supply curve has a positive slope..
OR
The supply curve slopes upwards from left to right.
OR
The relationship between price and supply is positive.
OR
There is direct relation between price and quantity supplied.
Answer:
Yes, I agree with this statement.
OR The supply curve slopes downward from left to right.
Answer:
No, I do not agree with this statement.

• According to the Law of Supply “Other things remaining constant supply varies directly with price i.e., more quantity will be offered for sale at a higher price and less at a lower price. So there is a positive relationship between price and supply.”
  S = f(P)
• The supply curve which is a graphical representation of supply schedule slopes upward from left to right indicating a positive slope.
• In order to earn reasonable profit, the sellers try to sell more at higher prices and less at lower prices.
• The sellers earn more profit when market price is greater than their reservation price.
• Thus, the above statement is true.

Question 5.
Agricultural products are exceptions to the law of supply.
Answer:
Yes, I agree with this statement.

• The law of supply states that the supply of a commodity varies directly with its price.
• But in case of agricultural goods supply does not vary directly with price.
• Agricultural product being perishable in nature cannot be stored for long time. The sellers cannot wait for price to rise. They have to sell off the whole stock even at a low price. Here supply coincides with stock.
• Also agricultural production depends on unforeseen changes in weather. So even at higher price supply cannot be increased during drought or flood situation.
• So, the above statement is true.

Question 6.
Due to speedy transport supply falls.
Answer:
No, I do not agree with this statement.

• Transport facilities are one of the important determinants of supply.
• Modern speedy transport facilities in widening r the market.
• It increases the mobility of goods and helps in creating place utility for goods and services.
• Speedy transport helps in domestic as well; as international trade of goods and services.
• Thus, the above statement is false.

Question 7.
Reservation price is very low in respect of perishable commodities.
Answer:
Yes, I agree with this statement. ;

• Reservation price is sellers minimum price, below which the seller will not supply any unit of the commodity.
• Whether the sellers reservation price will be high or low depends upon number of factors. One of them is the durability of the commodity.
• If the commodity is durable like TV set, car etc., then sellers reservation price will be high.
• But if the commodity is perishable like fish, flowers, vegetables, milk etc., then reservation price will be low.
• As perishable commodities cannot be stored for long, it can become stale and useless.
  Therefore, sellers are forced to clear stock as early as possible.
  So the reservation price is low.

Question 8.
Supply depends on many factors.
OR
Market Supply depends on many factors.
Answer:
Yes, I agree with this statement.
OR
Price is the only determinant of Supply.
Answer:
No, I do not agree with this statement.
Supply depends on many factors. Price is the main factor. There is a direct relationship between price and supply. Besides price there are many other factors such as

• Cost of production and supply are indirectly related. Higher the cost, lesser will be the supply.
• State of technology i.e., advanced technology increases supply.
• Government policy like subsidies encourage production and increases supply, whereas heavy taxation decreases supply.
• Natural conditions like favourable weather condition increases supply.
• Exports decreases supply and imports increases supply.
  Better infrastructure facility increases supply.
• Nature of market like competitive market increases supply.
  Thus, the above statement is true.

Question 9.
Total cost includes Total Fixed Cost and Total Variable Cost.
Answer:
Yes, I agree with this statement.

• Total cost is the total cost incurred by a firm on the factors of production required for production of goods and services. Total cost is the sum total of fixed cost and variable cost.
• Total fixed cost includes cost incurred on fixed factors like factory building, plant size, machinery etc. Fixed cost remains fixed in the short run but changes in the long period. Total variable cost includes cost on variable factors like raw materials, fuel, labour etc., which changes according to the output in the short period also. So while calculating Total Cost we include Total Fixed Cost (TFC) and Total Variable Cost (TVC). So, TC = TFC + TVC. Thus, the above statement is true.

Question 10.
Supply of perishable goods is equal to its production.
OR
There is no difference between stock and supply of perishable goods.
Answer:
Yes, I agree with this statement.

• The stock of perishable goods like vegetables, flowers, fruits, milk, etc., is equal to supply.
• This is because perishable goods cannot be stored for long time. They become stale.
• They need to be sold within a short period of time irrespective of the price.
• Also the cost of storage is high.
• So, the above statement is true.

Question 11.
The supply curve of labour is backward bending.
Answer:
Yes, I agree with this statement.

• When the wage rate in the industry rises, the supply of labour (i.e., hours of work) rises upto a certain limit.
• Beyond certain limit with further rise in wages, supply of labour tends to fall.
• This is because the labour prefers leisure to work i.e., he substitutes work with leisure,
• With the increased wage rate he is able to satisfy his needs.
• So the supply curve instead of rising upwards
  starts sloping backward as he reduces the hours of work.

Question 12.
AR is always more than TR.
Answer:
No, I do not agree with this statement.

• TR or Total Revenue refers to total income earned by a firm from the sale of a given quantity of a commodity in the market of different price. It is derived by Price x l Quantity sold.
• AR or Average Revenue refers to the income earned per unit of a commodity sold. It is derived by TR Quantity sold.
• Hence, TR will always be greater than AR.
  Hence, the above statement is false.

Question 13.
Demand and Supply are opposite forces.
Answer:
Yes, I agree with this statement.
Both demand and supply are opposite forces.

• Demand explains the consumer’s behaviour with respect to change in price of a commodity. Supply explains the producer’s behaviour with respect to change in price of a commodity.
• Demand is inversely related to price of a commodity i.e., when price of a commodity rises the demand for it falls and when price falls the demand rises. Supply is directly related to the price i.e., when price rises, supply expands and when price falls, supply falls or contracts.
• The demand curve slopes downwards. It has a negative slope. The supply curve slopes upwards from left to right. It has a positive slope. Both opposite forces together determine the equilibrium price.
• A consumer aims at maximum satisfaction with his limited income. So he demands more at a lower price and less at a higher price. Whereas a producer aims at maximum profit so he supplies more at a higher price and less at a lower price.
• Thus, the above statement is true.

Question 14.
There is difference between stock and supply.
Answer:
Yes, I agree with this statement.
OR
There is no difference between stock and supply.
Answer:
No, I do not agree with this statement.

Question 15.
There are no exceptions to law of supply.
Answer:
No, I do not agree with this statement.
There are some exceptions to the law of s supply. Following are such cases when supply may fall with the rises in price or rise with the fall in price.

(1) Labour supply : Supply of labour in the terms of hours of work is an important exception pointed out by economists. Generally when wages rise, workers work more, but after a certain point if wages continue to rise, supply of labour falls i.e. workers wish to earn more by work in for less hours and supply curve of labour would bend backwards as shown below :

In this figure as wage rate rises up to 0W, ;i supply of labor also rises up to ON, but when wage rate rises to 0W₁, labour supply falls from ON to 0N₁ Hence an exception.

(2) Saving : In case of savings generally it is observed that as the rate of interest rises, savings also rises but some people want to have a fixed regular income by way of interest. They may save less at a higher rate ( of interest and save more at a lower rate of interest. For example : suppose a person is interested in earning a fixed income of ? 800 p.a. then he saves ₹ 10,000/- at 8% rate of interest but when rate of interest increases to 10%, he will save only ₹ 8,000/-.

(3) Future Expectations: If the seller expects a fall in price in future, then he will supply more today even at a low price. But if he expects the prices to rise further in future he will withhold the supply today to supply more in future at a high price.

(4) Need for Cash : When the sellers are in urgent need of liquid cash, then even at a lower price they will offer more goods for sale.

(5) Rare Goods : In case of rare collections such as rare painting, old coins, antique, the law is not applicable as the supply remains fixed. The supply curve is a vertical straight line parallel to Y axis.

(6) Agricultural Goods: Supply of agricultural product is influenced by natural factors like climatic conditions, rainfall etc., which cannot be controlled by man. So in bad weather condition, even at a higher price the supply of agricultural commodities will not increase.

Question 16.
Price is the only determinant of supply.
Answer:
No, I do not agree with this statement.

1. Cost of Production : Changes in the price of factors of production like rent, wages, interest affects the cost of production. When cost of production increases, supply decreases.
2. Price of Other Goods : The supply of a given commodity depends on the price of other commodity. E.g. if the price of wheat rises and that of rice remains the constant, then the producer will think of producing more of wheat. This will affect the supply of rice.
3. price of the Commodity : Price is an important factor influencing the supply. More is supplied at a higher price and less at a lower price. So price and supply are 5 directly related.
4. Climatic Conditions : The supply of commodity is also influenced by the forces
5. Government Policy : Government policies like taxation, subsidies, industrial policies etc., may encourage or discourage production and supply. A tax on the commodity will raise the cost of production and reduce the supply while a subsidy on the other hand will provide an incentive to increase production and supply.
6. Exports and Imports : When the
   government resort to imports, supply expands, at the same time heavy exports would reduce the supply in the domestic market.
7. Nature of Market : In a competitive market, the supply would be more but in a monopoly market the seller may create artificial scarcity to raise the price.
8. Future Expectation : If future trends indicate a rise in price, the supply decreases at present. On the other hand if the sellers expect the future price to fall, supply would increase in the current period.
9. Technique of Production : Improvement in the technique of production will lead to increase in supply. Application of advanced technology enables the producer to produce goods on large scale at a lower cost and lesser price.
10. Infrastructure Facility : If means of transport and communication are well developed, the extent of market would be wide. i.e. supply will increase.
11. Natural and Man-made Calamities : Natural calamities like earthquake, cyclone, flood etc., will affect the supply in the market. Even man-made calamities like a bomb-blast, affects supply. Even a strike call can affect supply in the market.

5. Study the following table / figures and answer the questions :

Question 1.
TFC (Total Fixed Cost) of a commodity ‘x’ of a firm is ₹ 20 Calculate (a) TVC and (b) TC from the following data.

Answer:

Question 2.
Find TR of a firm if it sells 500 units of £ commodity ‘X? at 25 ₹ per unit.
Answer:
TR is the revenue derived by a firm by multiplying total units sold by its price.
Hence, TR = P x Q
= 25 x 500
= 12, 500₹

Question 3.
Calculate MC at each level of output of the following data.

Answer:

Question 4.
Workout : Price of oranges is ₹ 200 per dozen. During festival time at the same price 2 dozen, oranges are offered for sale. On the basis of this answer the following

1. Draw the figure for this.
Answer:

2. Is it the case of variation or change in supply. Give reason.
Answer:
It is a case of change in supply, as here the price remains the same at ? 200, while quantity increases from 1 dozen to 2 dozen. So, here supply changes due to festival season and due to change in price.

Question 5.
Demand in world market for Indian antique goods have increased but supply of these are fixed even though buyers are ready to pay high price for it. On the basis of this answer the following :

1. Draw figure for this.
Answer:

Question 6.
Does this justify the law of supply? Give reason for your answer.
Answer:
No, it does not justify the law of supply. As per law of supply, as the price increases, supply of a commodity should increase. But in above case even though the price is increasing supply remains the same. So it is an exception to the law of supply.

6. Answer in detail:

Question 1.
State and explain the law of supply. What are its assumptions?
Answer:
Law of Supply :
(A) Introduction : The law of supply was introduced by Dr. Alfred Marshall in his book “Principles of Economics” published in 1890. The law establishes a functional relationship between the price of a commodity and quantity supplied of that commodity. It explains the general tendency of the sellers in offering more goods for sale at a higher price than at a lower price.

(B) Statement of the Law : According to Prof. Alfred Marshall “Other things remaining constant, the higher the price of the commodity, greater is the quantity supplied and lower the price of the commodity, smaller is the quantity supplied.”In other words, quantity supplied of a commodity varies directly with price i.e., with a fall in price supply contract and with a rise in price supply expands.
S = f (P) [S = Supply, P = Price, f = Function of
The law can be better understood with the help of a market supply schedule and market supply curve.

(C) Market Supply Schedule : Market supply schedule is a tabular representation of various quantities of a commodity offered for sale by all the sellers in the market at different prices during a given period of time. The schedule is a hypothetical one except one price rest are imaginary prices.

The above schedule clearly shows that sellers in general want to sell more at high prices and less at low price. E.g., at a low price of ₹10 per unit the seller supplies only 100 units per day and at high price of ₹ 50 the supply rises to 500 units of ‘X’ per day.

(D) Market Supply Curve : It is graphical representation of the above market supply schedule. Price is measured on ‘Y’ axis and quantity supplied on ‘X’ axis and above schedule is plotted. We derive a supply curve SS. ’

In the diagram, supply curve SS is a linear supply curve (straight – line). It slopes upwards from left to right. It has a positive slope indicating direct relationship between price and quantity supplied.

(E) Assumptions of the Law of Supply : The law of supply is conditional. It is based on certain assumptions. They are as follows:

• No change in Cost of Production: The law will hold true only if the cost of production remains constant.
• No change in Technique of Production : It is assumed that there is no change in the method of production. If there is any improvement in the technique of production then supply will increase at the same price.
• No change in Weather condition : Changes in weather and climatic condition would affect supply especially of agricultural products, so it is assumed to remain constant.
• No change in Government Policies : Any change in government policies will affect the supply, so it is assumed that there is no change in government tax policies, subsidies or industrial policy.
• No Speculations about Future Prices : It is assumed that the producers do not speculate about future changes in price.
• No change in Transport Cost : It is assumed that there is no change in transport facility and transport cost.
• Prices of Other Goods : It is assumed that the prices of competitive goods remain constant. If the price of competitive goods rises then it is quite likely that producer may transfer his resource to the production of those goods, whose price has arisen.
• change in the quantity of goods kept for Self – consumption : If sellers keep more goods for their personal use then supply cannot be increased even at a high price.
• Constant Scale of Production : It is assumed that the scale of production remains constant during the given period of time.

Question 2.
State and explain the law of supply with exceptions.
Answer:
Law of Supply :
(A) Introduction : The law of supply was introduced by Dr. Alfred Marshall in his book “Principles of Economics” published in 1890. The law establishes a functional relationship between the price of a commodity and quantity supplied of that commodity. It explains the general tendency of the sellers in offering more goods for sale at a higher price than at a lower price.

(B) Statement of the Law : According to Prof. Alfred Marshall “Other things remaining constant, the higher the price of the commodity, greater is the quantity supplied and lower the price of the commodity, smaller is the quantity supplied.”In other words, quantity supplied of a commodity varies directly with price i.e., with a fall in price supply contract and with a rise in price supply expands.
S = f (P) [S = Supply, P = Price, f = Function of]
The law can be better understood with the help of a market supply schedule and market supply curve.

(C) Market Supply Schedule : Market supply schedule is a tabular representation of various quantities of a commodity offered for sale by all the sellers in the market at different prices during a given period of time. The schedule is a hypothetical one except one price rest are imaginary prices.

The above schedule clearly shows that sellers in general want to sell more at high prices and less at low price. E.g., at a low price of Rs. 10 per unit the seller supplies only 100 units per day and at high price of Rs. 50 the supply rises to 500 units of ‘X’ per day.

(D) Market Supply Curve : It is graphical representation of the above market supply schedule. Price is measured on ‘Y’ axis and quantity supplied on ‘X’ axis and above schedule is plotted. We derive a supply curve SS. ’

In the diagram, supply curve SS is a linear supply curve (straight – line). It slopes upwards from left to right. It has a positive slope indicating direct relationship between price and quantity supplied.

There are some exceptions to the law of s supply. Following are such cases when supply may fall with the rises in price or rise with the fall in price.

(1) Labour supply : Supply of labour in the terms of hours of work is an important exception pointed out by economists. Generally when wages rise, workers work more, but after a certain point if wages continue to rise, supply of labour falls i.e. workers wish to earn more by work in for less hours and supply curve of labour would bend backwards as shown below :

In this figure as wage rate rises up to 0W, ;i supply of labor also rises up to ON, but when wage rate rises to 0W₁, labour supply falls from ON to 0N₁ Hence an exception.

(2) Saving : In case of savings generally it is observed that as the rate of interest rises, savings also rises but some people want to have a fixed regular income by way of interest. They may save less at a higher rate ( of interest and save more at a lower rate of interest. For example : suppose a person is interested in earning a fixed income of ? 800 p.a. then he saves ₹ 10,000/- at 8% rate of interest but when rate of interest increases to 10%, he will save only ₹ 8,000/-.

(3) Future Expectations: If the seller expects a fall in price in future, then he will supply more today even at a low price. But if he expects the prices to rise further in future he will withhold the supply today to supply more in future at a high price.

(4) Need for Cash : When the sellers are in urgent need of liquid cash, then even at a lower price they will offer more goods for sale.

(5) Rare Goods : In case of rare collections such as rare painting, old coins, antique, the law is not applicable as the supply remains fixed. The supply curve is a vertical straight line parallel to Y axis.

(6) Agricultural Goods: Supply of agricultural product is influenced by natural factors like climatic conditions, rainfall etc., which cannot be controlled by man. So in bad weather condition, even at a higher price the supply of agricultural commodities will not increase.

Question 3.
What is meant by Supply? State its determinants.
Answer:
Law of Supply :
(A) Introduction : The law of supply was introduced by Dr. Alfred Marshall in his book “Principles of Economics” published in 1890. The law establishes a functional relationship between the price of a commodity and quantity supplied of that commodity. It explains the general tendency of the sellers in offering more goods for sale at a higher price than at a lower price.

(B) Statement of the Law : According to Prof. Alfred Marshall “Other things remaining constant, the higher the price of the commodity, greater is the quantity supplied and lower the price of the commodity, smaller is the quantity supplied.”In other words, quantity supplied of a commodity varies directly with price i.e., with a fall in price supply contract and with a rise in price supply expands.
S = f (P) [S = Supply, P = Price, f = Function of]
The law can be better understood with the help of a market supply schedule and market supply curve.

(C) Market Supply Schedule : Market supply schedule is a tabular representation of various quantities of a commodity offered for sale by all the sellers in the market at different prices during a given period of time. The schedule is a hypothetical one except one price rest are imaginary prices.

The above schedule clearly shows that sellers in general want to sell more at high prices and less at low price. E.g., at a low price of Rs. 10 per unit the seller supplies only 100 units per day and at high price of Rs. 50 the supply rises to 500 units of ‘X’ per day.

(D) Market Supply Curve : It is graphical representation of the above market supply schedule. Price is measured on ‘Y’ axis and quantity supplied on ‘X’ axis and above schedule is plotted. We derive a supply curve SS. ’

In the diagram, supply curve SS is a linear supply curve (straight – line). It slopes upwards from left to right. It has a positive slope indicating direct relationship between price and quantity supplied.

1. Cost of Production : Changes in the price of factors of production like rent, wages, interest affects the cost of production. When cost of production increases, supply decreases.
2. Price of Other Goods : The supply of a given commodity depends on the price of other commodity. E.g. if the price of wheat rises and that of rice remains the constant, then the producer will think of producing J more of wheat. This will affect the supply of rice.
3. price of the Commodity : Price is an important factor influencing the supply. More is supplied at a higher price and less at a lower price. So price and supply are 5 directly related.
4. Climatic Conditions : The supply of commodity is also influenced by the forces
5. Government Policy : Government policies like taxation, subsidies, industrial policies etc., may encourage or discourage production and supply. A tax on the commodity will raise the cost of production and reduce the supply while a subsidy on the other hand will provide an incentive to increase production and supply.
6. Exports and Imports : When the
   government resort to imports, supply expands, at the same time heavy exports would reduce the supply in the domestic market.
7. Nature of Market : In a competitive market, the supply would be more but in a monopoly market the seller may create artificial scarcity to raise the price.
8. Future Expectation : If future trends indicate a rise in price, the supply decreases at present. On the other hand if the sellers expect the future price to fall, supply would increase in the current period.
9. Technique of Production : Improvement in the technique of production will lead to increase in supply. Application of advanced technology enables the producer to produce goods on large scale at a lower cost and lesser price.
10. Infrastructure Facility : If means of transport and communication are well developed, the extent of market would be wide. i.e. supply will increase.
11. Natural and Man-made Calamities : Natural calamities like earthquake, cyclone, flood etc., will affect the supply in the market. Even man-made calamities like a bomb-blast, affects supply. Even a strike call can affect supply in the market.

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Class 12 History Important Questions Chapter 12 India Transformed Part 2 Important Questions and Answers.

Maharashtra State Board 12th History Important Questions Chapter 12 India Transformed Part 2

1A. Choose the correct alternative and rewrite the statement.

Question 1.
Sundarlal Bahuguna started ___________ movement.
(a) Civil Disobedience
(b) Right to Information
(c) Chipko
(d) Water conservation
Answer:
(c) Chipko

Question 2.
Rahibai Popere is popularly known as ___________
(a) Beejmata (seed mother)
(b) Adimata
(c) Narishakti
(d) Strishakti
Answer:
(a) Beejmata (seed mother)

Question 3.
As a result of work of ‘Sahyadri Nisarga Mitra’ ___________ were included in schedule I of the ‘Wildlife Protection Act – 1972.’
(a) Indian Blackege
(b) Sherpalite
(c) Indian Turtlelets
(d) Indian Swiftlets
Answer:
(d) Indian swiftlets

Question 4.
“Lets’s all learn, Let’s all progress” was the motto of ___________ programme.
(a) Khelo India
(b) Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan – SSA
(c) Padhega India
(d) Mid-day Meal
Answer:
(b) Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan – SSA

Question 5.
Indian wrestler ___________ earned fame in international wrestling.
(a) Kling Chang
(b) Muhammad Ali
(c) Bruce Lee
(d) Khashaba Jadhav
Answer:
(d) Khashaba Jadhav

Question 6.
Sachin Tendulkar was awarded the highest award of ___________
(a) Paramveer Chakra
(b) Bharat Ratna
(c) Dronacharya
(d) Padmacharya
Answer:
(b) Bharat Ratna

Question 7.
In 2011, Government of India announced a scheme named as ___________
(a) Play and music
(b) Play and chat
(c) Come and play
(d) run for India
Answer:
(c) Come and play

Question 8.
The Government of India established National Sports University at ___________ in 2018.
(a) Delhi
(b) Manipur
(c) Pune
(d) Kolkata
Answer:
(b) Manipur

Question 9.
___________ was an advertisement campaign designed to boost tourism.
(a) Mahan Bharat
(b) Atulya Bharat
(c) Enriched India
(d) The Indian Charisma
Answer:
(b) Atulya Bharat

Question 10.
On 6th July 2019, ___________ city in Rajasthan was inscribed as ‘World Heritage’ by UNESCO.
(a) Bikaner
(b) Jaipur
(c) Aajamghad
(d) Kotta
Answer:
(b) Jaipur

1B. Find the incorrect pair from group ‘B’ and write the corrected one.

Question 1.

Answer:
Department of Ayurveda, Yoga, and Naturopathy, Unani Medicine, Siddha, and Homeopathy – AYUSH

Question 2.

Answer:
Dr. Rajendra Singh – Water Conservation

Question 3.

Answer:
Sakharshala – Schools for the seasonal workers harvesting sugarcane

2A. Write the names of historical places/persons/events.

Question 1.
This programme was launched by the State Government of Maharashtra to save girl child –
Answer:
Lek Ladki

Question 2.
The fuel which is used for vehicles to overcome pollution problem –
Answer:
CNG – Compressed Natural Gas

Question 3.
Rahibai Popere was felicitated by the President of India by this award on 8th March 2018 –
Answer:
Nari Shakti Award

Question 4.
The annual event celebrated by ‘Sahyadri Nisarg Mitra’ every year –
Answer:
Turtle Festival

Question 5.
To achieve universalisation of education in India, this satellite was launched in 2004 –
Answer:
EDUSAT (GSAT-3)

Question 6.
The travel show was released on the discovery channel to boost tourism to places of unique nature and culture in the northeastern states of India –
Answer:
GO NORTHEAST

Question 7.
The founder of ‘Muslim Satyashodhak Samaj’ –
Answer:
Hamid Dalwai

Question 8.
The act which was formed to provide protection to women from domestic violence in 2005 –
Answer:
Domestic Violence Act

Question 9.
The movement started by Sunadarlal Bahuguna for the protection of the environment –
Answer:
Chipko Movement

Question 10.
The person who started first night school in Maharashtra –
Answer:
Mahatma Jotiba Phule

Question 11.
The schools started by the government for the children of seasonal workers harvesting sugarcane –
Answer:
Sakharshala

Question 12.
The programme is specially meant to benefit the students who work in the daytime –
Answer:
Ratrashala

Question 13.
The motto of Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan – SSA –
Answer:
“Let’s all learn, Let’s all progress”

Question 14.
The satellite launched in 2004 to achieve universalisation of education –
Answer:
EDUSAT (GSAT-3)

Question 15.
An institution established in Delhi, in 1984 which is working for heritage conservation –
Answer:
INTACH – Indian National Trust for Art and Cultural Heritage

Question 16.
The fund which was established for the development of sports in India –
Answer:
The ‘National Sports Development Fund’

Question 17.
The scheme launched by the Ministry of Tourism of the Indian government to chalk out tours to the pilgrim and spiritual centers –
Answer:
‘Swadesh Darshan’ or ‘Prasad’

Question 18.
The Samiti in which Rahibai Popere worked for the conservation of seeds –
Answer:
Kalasubai Parisar Biyanee Samvardhan Samiti

Question 19.
Bhau Katdare and his associates work for the conservation of nature through this institute –
Answer:
Sahyadri Nisarg Mitra

Question 20.
A non-governmental organisation in which Premsagar Mestri and his associates work for the conservation of vultures –
Answer:
SEESCAP ‘Society for Eco Endangered Species Conservation and Protection’.

2B. Choose the correct reason from those given below and complete the sentence.

Question 1.
The main objective of National Human Rights Commission is ___________
(a) to protect the girl child
(b) to protect fundamental human rights
(c) to provide shelter to all middle-class people
(d) to establish committee far environment conservation
Answer:
(b) to protect fundamental human rights

Question 2.
The pollution of water and food is increasing because ___________
(a) of artificial and non-biodegradable materials like plastic and pesticides
(b) increasing air pollution
(c) using oil for making food
(d) use of natural ingredients for the preparation of food
Answer:
(a) of artificial and non-biodegradable materials like plastic and pesticides

3. Complete the following concept map.

Question 1.

Answer:

4A. Write short notes.

Question 1.
AYUSH
Answer:

• For developing alternate medicine a new department was established by the ‘Ministry of Health and Family Welfare of the Government of India.
• In 2009, this department was renamed as ‘Department of Ayurveda, Yoga, and Naturopathy, Unani Medicine, Siddha and Homeopathy (AYUSH).
• This department is also working for the development of syllabi and education of these branches of medicine, advanced research, standardisation of medicine, etc.

Question 2.
Hamid Dalwai.
Answer:

• Hamid Dalwai was a social reformer inspired by the work and thoughts of Mahatma Jotiba Phule.
• He founded ‘Muslim Satyashodhak Samaj’ in 1970. His main concern was the rights of Muslim women.
• He opposed the custom of ‘Triple Talaq’. The law passed by the Indian Parliament in 2019, has declared this custom illegal.
• He was of the opinion that in Secular India uniform civil code should be applicable to all.

4B. Explain the following statements with reasons.

Question 1.
The Indian government launched a new scheme named ‘Khelo India’.
Answer:

• The Indian government launched a new scheme named ‘Khelo India’ by combining some old schemes with some new objectives.
• The main objective of this scheme was to establish excellence in sports by creating a larger popular platform.
• The scheme also aimed at creating interest among the students about sports from early days in schools and to increase girl’s participation in sports.
• For the development of sports, the ‘National Development Fund’ was established and donation to this fund is eligible for 100% exemption of income tax.
• The Indian Government gives various awards for different sports each year. Some of them are the ‘Arjun Award’, ‘Rajiv Gandhi Khel Ratna award, Lifetime Achievement Award, Dronacharya’, etc.
• ₹ 75,00,000 was given to the player who wins the gold medal in Olympics. Similarly visually impaired are given a good amount of rewards and jobs.
• There is a provision of pension for a retired sportsperson. A winner of the Olympics is given a pension of ₹ 20,000 since 2018 and the winner of the Asian games gets ₹ 12,000 per month.
• In this way, the Indian government launched various schemes for making the youth aware of sports as a life career.

Question 2.
The Government of Maharashtra decided to teach English from the 1st standard.
Answer:

• The Government of Maharashtra decided to teach English from 1st standard so that the children could master the English language along with their mother tongue.
• Emphasis was given on listening, speaking, reading, and writing skills with the emphasis on children enjoying the learning of English as a language.
• Following the syllabus, the Maharashtra State Textbook Bureau (Balbharati) took up the responsibility of preparing best-illustrated textbooks. The initiative was appreciated by the national knowledge commission.

5. Answer the following question with the help of the given points.

Question 1.
Explain different policies implemented by the Indian Government in the field of education.
(a) Primary Education
(b) Mid-day Meal
(c) Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan
Answer:
The transformation of India is seen in the field of education as well. 1990 was declared as the ‘International Year of Literacy.’ During this year Kerala became the first state in India to achieve a 100% literacy rate. The government of India has started different innovative programmes to educate people:
(a) Primary Education:

• District Primary Education Programme (DPEP) was started in 1994 aiming at providing access to primary education to all.
• This programme was financially supported by the world bank and started in seven states including Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Kerala, Haryana, and Assam.
• The main objective of this programme was to achieve 100% registration and attendance of children in primary schools and bringing down the number of drop-outs.

(b) Mid-day Meal (Shaley Poshan Ahar):

• A programme was implemented by the government on 15th August 1995, to provide mid-day meals to children in primary schools.
• If the facility to cook the food in schools was not available then food grains were distributed to each child to ensure his/her attendance in school.

(c) Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan:

• This programme was launched in 2001. The motto of this programme was “Let’s all learn, Let’s all progress”.
• By the 86th Amendment in the Constitution of India, the right to free education was granted to children in the age group of 6-14.
• This programme was launched by combining the earlier programme of ‘Khadu-Phala Yojana’ and ‘Mid-day Meal’.
• The programme gives special attention to the education of girl children and children with special needs (Divyang).

Question 2.
Explain the contribution of the following environment activists in the context of conservation and preservation of the environment with special reference to Maharashtra:
(a) Rahibai Popere
(b) Bhau Katdare
(c) Premsagar Mestri
Answer:
Efforts of a number of environmental activists have contributed to environmental conservation and preservation. In Maharashtra, the following three people worked tirelessly to further the goal of environmental conservation and to protect endangered animal species.
(a) Rahibai Popere:

• She was facilitated by the ‘Nari Shakti Award’ by the President of India on 8th March 2018.
• She is popularly known as ‘Beejmata’ (seed mother) for her work in ‘Kalasubai Parisar Biyanee Samvardhan Samiti.’
• She has worked relentlessly to preserve seeds of native cultivars for the future generation.
• The food made with hybrid varieties of food grains and vegetables caused many problems in the human body so thought to preserve native varieties of food grains to overcome the problems.
• She began to cultivate native varieties of food grains and store the seeds of those landraces. She did not confine her efforts to only to her family, but through micro banking groups (bachat gat) she spread this movement into other villages.
• This movement was supported by ‘Bharatiya Agro Industries Foundation (BAIF)’.
• She preserves these seeds in an earthen pot which is covered by the plaster of soil and cow dung in order to save the seeds from ants and insects.
• She has a collection of more than 50 landraces of food grains and 30 landraces of vegetables.
• She is one of the three Indian women selected as ‘Women of the year 2018’ by BBC among 100 women from various countries.

(b) Bhau Katdare:

• Bhau Katdare and his associates worked to save an endangered species of ‘White-breasted Sea Eagle’ through an institute called ‘Sahyadri Nisarg Mitra’.
• He created public awareness to save and conserve this bird by trekking the sea coast of Ratnagiri district.
• The nests of this bird were smuggled out and sold in foreign countries. Due to the efforts of Bhau Katdare and his associate’s Indian swiftlets were included in schedule ‘I’ of the ‘Wildlife Protection Act’ – 1972, which was a remarkable contribution of ‘Sahyadri Nisarg Mitra’.
• Through his institution, he also worked to save Olive Ridley turtles. In the first year, they successfully protected 50 nests and 2734 baby turtles. From these 50 nests were released back into the sea. Hundreds of tourists come every year to watch the ‘Turtle festival’ to watch the occasion of baby turtles returning to sea.
• To accommodate them, facilities of ‘Home Stay’ were developed and the peasants were trained in this.
• Now, they started the protection of the endangered ‘Pangolin’ (anteater / Khavalya Manjar)

(c) Premsagar Mestri:

• Prem Sagar Mestri and his associates are working for the protection of two species of vultures, ‘Long-billed vultures’ and ‘White back vultures’ which are observed in the region around Raigad.
• They are also working for increasing the number of these species of vultures and to make available safe food for them through ‘Society for Eco Endangered Species Conservation and Protection – SEESCAP a non-governmental organisation.
• The number of vultures is decreasing because of the painkillers given to animals which have proved to be toxic for these scavengers. Besides the dearth of trees with adequate height, scarcity of food, etc., are the causes responsible for the decrease in the vulture population. People working for SEESCAP are successful in saving the vultures of this vicinity.

Question 3.
Explain in detail India’s transformation in the social domain.
(a) Human Rights Protection Act-1993
(b) Establishment of Human Rights Commission
(c) The ‘Domestic Violence Act of 2005
(d) Low sex ratio of girls
(e) Government schemes to overcome this problem
Answer:
A lot of changes have been taken place in the field of the social domain. These changes are as follows:
(a) Human Rights Protection Act 1993: The government is trying hard to reduce the social disparity and to bring all the classes of people in the society into the mainstream of economic development. Human Rights Protection Act was passed in 1993.

(b) Establishment of Human Rights Commission: National Human Rights Commission was established under this act. The main objective of this act is to protect fundamental human rights like the right to life, equality, etc., and to see that nobody is deprived of these rights. According to this act, the commission can act on the basis of a report of a case of deprivation of fundamental rights, published in a newspaper or other media (‘Sui Moto cognizance’). A complaint can be lodged by a social activist or a social institute on behalf of the victim.

(c) The ‘Domestic Violence Act of 2005: The domestic violence act was passed in 2005 to provide protection to women from domestic violence. The most important provision of this act is the right of a woman to the house where she has been residing even if she doesn’t own the house.

(d) Low sex ratio of girls: According to the 2011 census, the sex ratio of girls in India is very low. In the age group of 0-6 years, the number of girls is 914 against 1000 boys. This is really an alarming situation and several women organizations raised a voice expressing their concern over this matter.

(e) Government schemes to overcome this problem: The state government of Maharashtra implemented different schemes to overcome the problem of the low sex ratio of girls. The Maharashtra state government banned sex/gender prediction tests of a fetus and launched a programme called ‘Lek Ladki’. After all these programmes, awareness has been created among the people and the social loathing for the birth of a girl is diminishing.

Question 4.
Explain the changes that took place in the field of education with special reference to Maharashtra.
(a) Need for modification in the school syllabi
(b) The guidelines for the new syllabi
(c) Recommendation of ‘Acharya Ram Murti committee
(d) Objectives of ‘Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan’
(e) Establishment of central schools with uniform syllabi
(f) The programs of ‘Ratrashala’ and ‘Sakharshala’
Answer:
Different positive changes that took place in the education field are as follows:
(a) Need for modification in the school syllabi: The National Council of Educational Research and Training, Delhi suggested some modifications in the school syllabi and the structure of school textbooks.

(b) The guidelines for the new syllabi: The guidelines in the new syllabi were based on democratic principles, social justice, awareness of duties and responsibilities, gender equality, protection of the environment, eradication of superstition, population education as also norms of individual behaviour. The syllabi were also formed for creating awareness among the students regarding unity in diversity. Several training programs are arranged for teachers all over Maharashtra for intensifying the effects to fulfill the objectives of the new syllabi. It helped to create awareness regarding the state-level training and school textbooks, comparable to the awareness created at the time of the ‘National Literacy Mission’.

(c) Recommendation of‘Acharya Ram Murti Committee: In 1990, the report of‘Acharya Ram Murti Committee was received by the Government of India. The committee examined the National Educational Policy (NEP). This committee emphasised on universalisation of education, education for women and backward classes, and educational democracy. The most important recommendation of this committee was to include education in fundamental rights and to raise the government funds allotted to education. The directives were issued related to the weight of school bags of children which leads to a reduction in the weight of a school bag. The practices of interviewing children before school admission were banned.

(d) Objectives of ‘Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan’:

• To enroll every child in school to raise the standard of education.
• To eliminate gender discrimination in education.
• To achieve 100% attendance in school by 2010.

(e) Establishment of Central Schools with uniform syllabi: Central schools with uniform syllabi were created throughout the country so that the wards of Central Government’s and Armed forces employee may not have to suffer. The central schools focus on sports and extracurricular activities along with the academic syllabi.

(f) The programmes of ‘Ratrashala’ and ‘Sakharshala’: The Government started the programmes like ‘Ratrashala’ and ‘Sakharshala’. Mahatma Jotirao Phule started first night school in Maharashtra in the 19th century. A number of night schools are opened in Maharashtra inspired by Mahatma Phule’s work. This programme is specially meant to benefit the students who work in the daytime. In the season of sugarcane harvesting, many labourers migrate temporarily to the sites of various sugar factories. To facilitate the education of their children special schools known as ‘Sakharshala’ were started. The State Government also take help of voluntary organization to increase literacy rate. This has helped in increasing the literacy rate. The districts of Sindhudurg and Wardha achieved a 100% literacy rate. It provided an impetus to adult education. The government provided books to school children for supplementary reading.

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Class 12 Economics Important Questions Chapter 3B Elasticity of Demand Important Questions and Answers.

Maharashtra State Board 12th Economics Important Questions Chapter 3B Elasticity of Demand

1.[A] Choose the correct option.

Question 1.
When percentage change in quantity demanded is less than the percentage change in price, the demand curve is ……………..
(a) flatter
(b) steeper
(c) rectangular
(d) vertical
Answer:
(b) steeper

Question 2.
When changes in price does not affect demand at all, it is called as ……………..
(a) unitary elastic
(b) perfectly inelastic
(c) relatively elastic
(d) perfectly elastic
Answer:
(b) perfectly inelastic

Question 3.
When slight change in price brings infinite change in demand, then ……………..
(a) Ed = 0
(b) Ed = ∞
(c) Ed <1 (d) Ed > 1
Answer:
(b) Ed = ∞

Question 4.
When percentage change in quantity demanded is equal to changes in price, the demand curve is …………
(a) steeper
(b) flatter
(c) rectangular hyperbola
(d) vertical
Answer:
(c) rectangular hyperbola

Question 5.
Demand for salt is …………….
(a) elastic
(b) inelastic
(c) perfectly elastic
(d) perfectly inelastic
Answer:
(d) perfectly inelastic

Question 6.
Demand for Medicine is ……………
(a) elastic
(b) inelastic
(c) relatively elastic
(d) relatively inelastic
Answer:
(d) relatively inelastic

Question 7.
Demand for cosmetics is ……………..
(a) relatively elastic
(b) relatively inelastic
(c) perfectly elastic
(d) perfectly inelastic
Answer:
(a) relatively elastic

Question 8.
Demand for air conditions is ………….
(a) elastic
(b) inelastic
(c) vertical
(d) horizontal
Answer:
(a) elastic

Question 9.
Demand for essential commodities in life is …………..
(a) elastic demand
(b) relatively inelastic
(c) perfectly elastic
(d) perfectly inelastic
Answer:
(b) relatively inelastic

Question 10.
Demand for school uniform is……………..
(a) relatively elastic
(b) relatively inelastic
(c) perfectly elastic
(d) none of the above
Answer:
(b) relatively inelastic

Question 11.
Demand for not habituated goods is ………….. demand.
(a) relatively inelastic
(b) perfectly inelastic
(c) perfectly elastic
(d) relatively inelastic
Answer:
(c) perfectly elastic

Question 12.
Specific uses of a commodity demand is …………………..
(a) relatively elastic
(b) relatively inelastic
(c) perfectly elastic
(d) none of the above
Answer:
(b) relatively inelastic

Question 13.
In case of inferior goods the income elasticity of demand is ………………..
(a) positive
(b) negative
(c) infinite
(d) zero
Answer:
(b) negative

Question 14.
In case of necessary goods the income elasticity of demand is ………………..
(a) positive
(b) negative
(c) infinite
(d) zero
Answer:
(d) zero

Question 15.
In case of substitute goods the cross elasticity of demand is ………………..
(a) negative
(b) positive
(c) zero
(d) infinite
Answer:
(b) positive

(B) Complete the Correlation . (1 mark each)

(1) Demand for pins : Inelastic :: Demand for perfume : ……………….
(2) Demand for specialised labour : ………………. :: Demand for luxury goods : Relatively Elastic
(3) The demand for durable goods : ………………. :: Demand for perishable goods : inelastic
(4) Normal goods the income elasticity of demand is : Positive :: Complementary goods the cross elasticity of demand is : ……………….
(5) After devaluation exports become : ………………. :: Devaluation succeeds when exports have elastic demand
(6) Demand for luxury goods : Elastic :: Demand for food grain : ……………….
(7) Rectangular hyperbola curve : Ed = 1 :: Steeper demand curve : ……………….
(8) Total outlay remains same : Ed = 1 :: Total outlay increases : ……………….
(9) Total outlay decreases : Ed < 1:: Total outlay remains same : ……………….
Answer:

1. Elastic
2. Inelastic
3. Relatively elastic
4. Negative
5. Cheaper
6. inelastic
7. Ed < 1
8. Ed > 1
9. Ed = 1

(C) Give economic terms.

1. Elasticity resulting from changes in price does not affect demand at all.
2. Product of price and quantity demanded.
3. Elasticity resulting from changes in demand is more than change in price.
4. Elasticity of demand is measured with the following formula:
   \(\frac { Lower segment of demand curve below a given point }{ Upper segment of demand curve above a given point }\)
5. A fall in the price of mobile handsets may lead to rise in the demand for sim cards.

Answer:

1. Perfectly inelastic
2. Total Expenditure
3. Relatively elastic
4. Point I Geometric method
5. Complementary goods

[D] Find the odd word out.

1. Types of price elasticity of demand:
   Perfectly elastic demand, Perfectly inelastic demand, Relatively inelastic demand, Cross elasticity of demand.
2. Types of elasticity of demand:
   Total outlay, Cross elasticity, Income elasticity, Price elasticity.
3. Methods of measuring price elasticity of demand:
   Ratio method, Geometric method, Total outlay method, Unitary elastic demand.
4. Types of Income Elasticity of demand:
   Positive, Negative, Cross, Zero
5. Examples of Substitute Goods:
   Coca-cola, Pepsi, Thumsup, Fanta
6. Examples of Complementary Goods:
   Tea – Sugar, Car – Petrol, Tea – Coffee

Answers:

1. Cross elasticity of demand
2. Total outlay
3. Unitary elastic demand
4. Cross
5. Fanta
6. Tea – Coffee

(E) Complete the following statements.

(1) Price multiplied by quantity = …………………
(2) Demand for luxuries is ………………… demand.
(3) The life saving medicines have ………………… demand.
(4) A unitary elastic demand curve is a …………………
(5) The demand for necessaries is …………………
(6) The demand for durable goods tends to be …………………
(7) Degree of responsiveness of a change in quantity demanded to a change in the income is called as …………………
(8) Normal goods for which demand increases with increases in income …………………
(9) Inferior goods for which demand decreases with increase in income of consumer …………………
(10) Necessary goods for which demand remain constant with increase in income of the consumer …………………
(11) explained the concept of elasticity ………………… of demand.
(12) Demand for perishable goods is …………………
Answers:

1. Total outlay
2. elastic
3. inelastic
4. rectangular hyperbola
5. inelastic
6. elastic
7. income elasticity
8. positive income elasticity
9. negative income elasticity
10. zero income elasticity
11. Prof. Alfred Marshall
12. inelastic

(F) Choose the wrong pair

Answer:
Wrong pair : Unitary elastic – Steeper curve

II.

Answer:
Wrong pair: BMW Car – Inelastic demand

(G) Assertion and Reasoning

Question 1.
Assertion (A) Degree of Price Elasticity is less than one in case of relatively inelastic demand.
Reasoning (R) – Change in demand is less than the change in price.
(i) (A) is true but (R) is false.
(ii) (A) is false but (R) is true.
(iii) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).
(iv) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is not the correct explanation of (A).
Answer:
(i) (A) is true but (R) is false.

Question 2.
Assertion (A) – Substitute goods have positive elasticity.
Reasoning (R) – Increase in price of tea leads to increase in demand of coffee.
(i) (A) is true but (R) is false.
(ii) (A) is false but (R) is true.
(iii) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).
(iv) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is not the correct explanation of (A).
Answer:
(iii) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).

Question 3.
Assertion (A) – Cross elasticity of non – related goods is more than one.
Reasoning (R) – Tea and books are the examples of non-related goods.
(i) (A) is true but (R) is false.
(ii) (A) is false but (R) is true.
(iii) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).
(iv) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is not the correct explanation of (A).
Answer:
(ii) (A) is false but (R) is true.

Question 4.
Assertion (A) – Perfectly Elastic demand is infinite.
Reasoning (R) – 10 % fall in price leads to 200% increase in demand.
(i) (A) is true but (R) is false.
(ii) (A) is false but (R) is true.
(iii) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).
(iv) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is not the correct explanation of (A).
Answer:
(iii) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).

Question 5.
Assertion (A) – Unitary elastic demand has rectangular hyberbola curve.
Reasoning (R) – 50% decrease in price, brings 50% increase in demand of a commodity.
(i) (A) is true but (R) is false.
(ii) (A) is false but (R) is true.
(iii) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).
(iv) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is not the correct explanation of (A).
Answer:
(iii) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A)’.

(H) Choose the correct pair

I.

Answer:
(1) – (d), (2) – (e), (3) – (a), (4) – (b), (5)-(c).

II.

Answer:
(1) – (e), (2) – (c), (3) – (d), (4) – (a), (5)-(b).

2. (B) Distinguish between :

Question 1.
Income Elasticity and Cross Elasticity.
Answer:
Income Elasticity:

1. Income elasticity of demand is the proportionate change in quantity demanded of a commodity to a given change in the consumer’s income.
2. Income Elasticity of demand are of three types –
   • Positive Income Elasticity is found in case of Normal Goods.
   • Negative Income Elasticity for inferior goods cheap bread, rice, etc.
   • Zero Income Elasticity.

Cross Elasticity:

1. Cross Elasticity of demand is the proportionate change in the quantity demanded of a commodity to a given change in the price of substitute or complementary goods.
2. Cross Elasticity of demand are of three types –
   • Positive Cross Elasticity is found in case of substitute goods like tea and coffee.
   • Negative Cross Elasticity is seen in case of Complementary Goods.
   • Zero Cross Elasticity in case of unrelated goods like cup and book.

Question 2.
Positive Income Elasticity and Negative Income Elasticity.
Answer:
Positive Income Elasticity

1. When a change in income brings about change in demand in the same direction the Income Elasticity of demand is positive.
2. When income rises demand also rises and fall in income brings a fall in demand.
3. In case of normal goods, the Income Elasticity is positive.
4. The slope of  Income Curve is positive. It slopes upward indicating that as income rises the demand also rises
   

Negative Income Elasticity:

1. When a change in income of the consumer brings about a change in demand of the commodity in the opposite direction then Income Elasticity is negative.
2. When income increases the demand decreases and when income decreases demand increases.
3. In case of inferior goods, the Income Elasticity is negative.
4. The slope of the Income Curve is negative. It slopes downward indicating that as income increases, demand decreases.
   

Question 3.
Perfectly Inelastic Demand and Perfectly Elastic Demand.
Answer:
Perfectly Inelastic Demand:

1. When a change in price brings no change in quantity demanded, then demand is said to be Perfectly Inelastic demand.
2. The numerical co-efficient is zero (e = 0).
3. The demand curve is vertical straight line parallel to Y-axis.
   

Perfectly Elastic Demand:

1. When a small change in price brings infinite change in the quantity demanded, then demand is said to be Perfectly Elastic demand.
2. The numerical co-efficient is infinity (e = ∞).
3. The demand curve is a horizontal straight line parallel to X-axis.
   

Question 6.
Price Elasticity and Income Elasticity.
Answer:
Price Elasticity:

1. Price Elasticity of demand refers to the degree of responsiveness of quantity demanded of a commodity to given change in price.
2. Symbolically:
   
3. There is inverse relation between price and demand.
4. Price Elasticity of demand are of five type :
   1. Relatively elastic demand
   2. Relatively inelastic demand
   3. Unitary elastic demand
   4. Perfectly elastic demand
   5. erfectly inelastic demand

Income Elasticity:

1. Income elasticity of demand refers, to the degree of responsiveness of quantity demanded of the commodity to a given change in income.
2. Symbolically :
   
3. There is direct relation between Income and demand.
4. Income elasticity of demand are of three types:
   • Positive Income elasticity
   • Negative Income elasticity
   • Zero Income elasticity

Question 7.
Perfectly Inelastic Demand and Relatively Inelastic Demand.
Answer:
Perfectly Inelastic Demand:

1. When a change in price brings no change in quantity demanded then, demand is said to be Perfectly Inelastic demand.
2. The numerical co-efficient is zero (e = 0).
3. The slope of the demand curve is straight line parallel to Y-axis.
   
4. Example : life saving drugs, salt, etc

Relatively Inelastic Demand:

1. When percentage change in quantity demanded is less than percentage change in price then, demand is said to be Relatively Inelastic demand.
2. The numerical co-efficient is less than one (e < 1).
3. The slope of the demand curve is steeper.
   
4. Example: food grains

Question 8.
Perfectly Elastic Demand and Relatively Elastic Demand.
Answer:
Perfectly Elastic Demand:

1. When with a small change in price brings infinite change in the quantity then it is said to be Perfectly Elastic demand.
2. The numerical co-efficient is infinity (e = ∞).
3. The demand curve is a horizontal straight line parallel to X-axis.
   

Relatively Elastic Demand :

1. When percentage change in quantity demanded is greater than the percentage change in price demand then it is said to be Relatively Elastic demand.
2. The numerical co-efficient is greater than one (e > 1)
3. The demand curve slope is flatter.
   

Question 9.
Percentage Method and Total Outlay Method.
Answer:
Percentage Method:

1. According to this method elasticity of demand is equal to the ratio of percentage change in the quantity demanded to percentage change in the price.
2. (1) If the result in one, the Elasticity is unitary.
   (2) If the result is > 1 the demand is relatively elastic and
   (3) If the result is < 1 then demand is relatively Inelastic.

Total Outlay Method:

1. Under this method Elasticity is measured by observing the changes in outlay in response to change in price.
2. Elasticity of demand is measured by the kind of changes in total expenditure.
   • When with increase or decrease in price, the outlay remain constant the elasticity is equal to one.
   • If outlay and price are inversely related then demand is relatively elastic.
   • If outlay and price are directly related then demand is relatively Inelastic.

3. Answer the following questions:

Question 1.
Explain the concept of Elasticity of Demand?
Answer:
The concept of Price Elasticity was developed by great neo-classical economist Dr. Alfred Marshall in the year 1890.

According to Dr. Alfred Marshall, “The elasticity or responsiveness of demand in a market is great or small, according to the amount demanded which increases much or little for a given fall in price, and diminishes much or little for a given rise in price. ”
Elasticity of demand in fact refers to the degree of responsiveness of the quantity demanded of a commodity to change in the variable on which demand depends.

Question 2.
Which are the types of Elasticity of Demand.
Answer:
Types of Elasticity of Demand :

1. Price Elasticity of Demand
2. Income Elasticity of Demand
3. Cross Elasticity of Demand

1. Price Elasticity of Demand : It is a ratio of proportionate change in the quantity demanded of a commodity to a given proportionate change in its price.
ed = \(\frac { Percentage change in Quantity Demanded }{ Percentage change in Price }\)
There are 5 types of Price Elasticity of demand i.e.

1. Perfectly Elastic demand (Ed = ∞)
2. Perfectly Inelastic demand (Ed = 0)
3. Unitary Elastic demand (Ed = 1)
4. Relatively Elastic demand (Ed > 1)
5. Relatively Inelastic demand (Ed < 1)

2. Income Elasticity of demand : It refers to the degree of responsiveness of a change in the quantity demanded to a change in the income only, other factors including price remaining unchanged.
\(\frac { Percentage change in Quantity Demanded }{ Percentage change in Income }\)
There are 3 types of Income elasticity i.e.:

1. Positive Income elasticity
2. Negative Income elasticity
3. Zero Income elasticity

3. Cross Elasticity of Demand :
It refers to a change in quantity demanded of one commodity due to a change in the price of other commodity i.e. complementary goods or substitute goods.
\(\frac { of commodity ‘X’ }{ Percentage change in Price of commodity ‘Y’ }\)

Cross elasticity of demand are of 3 types i.e.

1. Positive Cross elasticity
2. Negative Cross elasticity
3. Zero Cross elasticity

Question 3.
Explain any two types of price elasticity of demand.
Answer:
Types of price elasticity of demand :
(a) Perfectly Elastic Demand (Ed = ∞) :

When a change in price leads to infinite change in quantity demanded of a commodity it is called as perfectly elastic demand. It is an extreme case, which is very rare. It is a theoretical concept not found in real life.

In the diagram demand curve ‘DD’ is horizontal straight line parallel to X-axis,

(b) Perfectly Inelastic Demand (Ed = 0) : When a change in price has no effect on the quantity demanded of that commodity then it is called Perfectly Inelastic Demand. The demand does not respond to the change in price at all. For instance, if price changes by 10% and the demand does not change at all then e = 0.

In this case the numerical coefficient value is zero. It is also extreme case which rarely exists. Salt and life saving medicine are a ) few example of Perfectly Inelastic Demand as they are absolute necessity. The demand ) curve ‘DD’ is a vertical straight line parallel to Y-axis.

Question 4.
Explain the types of Income Elasticity.
Answer:
(a) Positive Income Elasticity (Normal goods)
(b) Negative Income Elasticity (Inferior goods
(c) Zero Income Elasticity

(a) Positive Income Elasticity : In case of normal goods the income elasticity of demand is positive. When a change in income brings about a change in demand in same direction then income elasticity is positive. There is a direct relationship between income and quantity demanded. Normal goods which include necessities, comforts and luxuries have positive Income Elasticity.

(b) Negative Income Elasticity : Inferior goods have a negative income elasticity. As income increases the demand for inferior goods fall. There is an inverse relation between income and quantity demanded of inferior commodity. Inferior goods are substituted by superior goods.

(c) Zero Income Elasticity : When change in income does not have any effect on the demand for a commodity then the income elasticity is Zero – for E.g. goods like salt, pins etc.

Question 5.
Explain the types of Cross Elasticity of Demand.
Answer:
(a) Positive Cross Elasticity (Substitutes)
(b) Negative Cross Elasticity (Complementary)
(c) Zero Cross Elasticity (Unrelated goods)

(a) Positive Cross Elasticity : Positive cross elasticity of demand takes place in the case of substitute such as tea and coffee, pepsi and coke. If the price of coffee rises it will lead to an increase in the demand for tea. Similarly a fall in price of coffee will cause a decrease in demand for tea. Thus price and demand move in the same direction in case of substitute.

(b) Negative Cross Elasticity : Negative cross elasticity takes place in the case of complementary goods. It takes place when a change in the price of (petrol) one complementary good brings about a change in demand for (car) another commodity in the opposite direction. For e.g. a rise in petrol prices may lead to fall in demand for car and vice-versa.

(c) Zero Cross Elasticity: Zero cross elasticity of demand takes place in case of unrelated goods. For instance a rise or fall in price of car may not affect the demand for books.

Question 6.
Explain the importance of the concept of Elasticity of Demand.
Or
Give the significance of Price elasticity of demand.
Answer:
Importance of Concept of Elasticity of Demand:
1. To a Producer : It helps the producer to decide the price for his product. If the demand for his product is relatively inelastic, he will fix higher price and vice versa.

2. To Government : In order to raise additional revenue by means of new taxes like excise duties on commodities Govt, has to keep in mind the elasticity of demand for a commodity. So a high tax can be imposed on commodities like petrol or cigarettes, the demand for which is relatively inelastic.

3. In International Trade : If the foreign demand for exportable products of a country is relatively elastic, its export will rise much after a slight reduction in their prices. But if foreign demand is relatively inelastic, the exporters can raise their prices without much fall in exports.

4. Trade Union : Knowledge of elasticity of demand can help the trade union in wage bargaining. They can ask the employees { to pay higher wages to the workers by changing the price policy of their product. If the demand for the product produced by them is inelastic then the trade unionist may suggest the employer to raise the price, so as to earn higher profit. Which then can be used to pay higher wages.

5. Public Utility Services : It is the Government who takes the decision to distribute certain essential goods and services, which have inelastic demand. For eg. Indian Railways, bank service, water supply, etc. If such services are left to private sector they will exploit the consumers by charging high prices.

6. Devaluation : Devaluation measure is adopted by the government to promote exports and correct deficit in the balance of payment. Devaluation makes our goods cheaper in the foreign market. However, devaluation is successful only if exports have elastic demand.

7. Factor Pricing: It is helpful in determining the prices of various factors of production like rent for land, wages or salary for labour, interest for capital, etc.

4. State with reasons whether you agtae or disagree with the following statements;

Question 1.
Various factors influence elasticity of demand.
Answer:
Yes, I agree with this statement.

• Nature of Commodity : By nature, commodities are classified as necessaries, comforts and luxuries. Normally demand for necessaries like food grains are relatively inelastic and for comforts and luxuries like diamond, perfumes, etc is relatively elastic.
• Availability of Substitutes : The larger the number of substitutes available for a commodity, the greater would be the elasticity. Demand for products like soap, soft drinks, detergents, tooth paste, etc. have many substitute so demand is elastic, ‘However, salt, garlic, onions have no substitute so demand is inelastic.
• Durability of the Commodity : The demand for durable goods like T.V., car, fridge, etc is relatively inelastic in the short run and elastic in the long run. Whereas the demand for perishable goods is relatively inelastic.
• Uses of Commodity : Single use commodities have less elastic demand and multi-use goods like coal, electricity, sugar, etc. have relatively elastic demand.
• Range of Price : The demand for commodities which are highly priced and will have a inelastic demand like AC, car, etc. Even very low priced goods have inelastic demand.
• Consumer’s Income : Generally if income is very high, the demand for over allcommodities tends to be relatively inelastic. The demand pattern of the rich people is rarely affected even when there is significant price change.

Question 2.
The price elasticity of demand depends only on the nature of commodity.
Answer:

• Nature of Commodity : By nature, commodities are classified as necessaries, comforts and luxuries. Normally demand for necessaries like food grains are relatively inelastic and for comforts and luxuries like diamond, perfumes, etc is relatively elastic.
• Availability of Substitutes : The larger the number of substitutes available for a commodity, the greater would be the elasticity. Demand for products like soap, soft drinks, detergents, tooth paste, etc. have many substitute so demand is elastic, ‘However, salt, garlic, onions have no substitute so demand is inelastic.
• Durability of the Commodity : The demand for durable goods like T.V., car, fridge, etc is relatively inelastic in the short run and elastic in the long run. Whereas the demand for perishable goods is relatively inelastic.
• Uses of Commodity : Single use commodities have less elastic demand and multi-use goods like coal, electricity, sugar, etc. have relatively elastic demand.
• Range of Price : The demand for commodities which are highly priced and will have a inelastic demand like AC, car, etc. Even very low priced goods have inelastic demand.
• Consumer’s Income : Generally if income is very high, the demand for over allcommodities tends to be relatively inelastic. The demand pattern of the rich people is rarely affected even when there is significant price change.

Question 3.
The Income Elasticity of Demand is only positive.
Answer:
No, I do not agree with this statement, s Income Elasticity of demand is not only positive but can also be negative or zero.

• Negative Income Elasticity : Inferior goods have a negative income elasticity. As income increases the demand for inferior goods fall. There is an inverse relation s between income and quantity demanded of inferior commodity. Inferior goods are substituted by superior goods.
• Zero Income Elasticity : When change in income does not have any effect on the demand for a commodity then the income elasticity is Zero – for E.g. goods like salt, pins etc.

Question 4.
Elasticity of Demand cannot be measured.
Answer:
No, I do not agree with this statement,
Elasticity of demand can be measured in 3 methods i.e. Percentage method, Point method or Total Outlay method.

(i) Percentage Method : This method is also known as Arithmetic Method. In this method we compare the percentage of change in demand with percentage of change in price. When we divide the percentage of change in demand by the percentage of change in price, we get Elasticity of demand.

By applying the above formula we can calculate and find the type of elasticity. If the result is one, then elasticity is unitary, if it is more than one, then it is relatively elastic and if it is less than one, it is relatively inelastic.
Ed = \(\frac { Percentage change in Quantity demanded }{ Percentage change in Price }\)

(ii) Point Method : In this method we can find elasticity of demand at a point on a given demand curve by using the following formula –
Ed = \(\frac { Lower segment of the demand curve }{ Upper segment of the demand curve }\)

(iii) Total Outlay Method : According to this method, elasticity of demand is measured on the basis of expenditure incurred by consumer when the price of a commodity changes.
Total outlay can be calculated by multiplying the price with the quantity demanded i.e. Total Outlay = Price x Quantity Demanded

5. Answer in detail:

Question 1.
What is Elasticity of demand? Explain the types of Elasticity of Demand.
Answer:

The concept of Price Elasticity was developed by great neo-classical economist Dr. Alfred Marshall in the year 1890.

According to Dr. Alfred Marshall, “The elasticity or responsiveness of demand in a market is great or small, according to the amount demanded which increases much or little for a given fall in price, and diminishes much or little for a given rise in price. ”
Elasticity of demand in fact refers to the degree of responsiveness of the quantity demanded of a commodity to change in the variable on which demand depends.

Types of Elasticity of Demand :

1. Price Elasticity of Demand
2. Income Elasticity of Demand
3. Cross Elasticity of Demand

1. Price Elasticity of Demand : It is a ratio of proportionate change in the quantity demanded of a commodity to a given proportionate change in its price.
ed = \(\frac { Percentage change in Quantity Demanded }{ Percentage change in Price }\)
There are 5 types of Price Elasticity of demand i.e.

1. Perfectly Elastic demand (Ed = ∞)
2. Perfectly Inelastic demand (Ed = 0)
3. Unitary Elastic demand (Ed = 1)
4. Relatively Elastic demand (Ed > 1)
5. Relatively Inelastic demand (Ed < 1)

2. Income Elasticity of demand : It refers to the degree of responsiveness of a change in the quantity demanded to a change in the income only, other factors including price remaining unchanged.
\(\frac { Percentage change in Quantity Demanded }{ Percentage change in Income }\)
There are 3 types of Income elasticity i.e.:

1. Positive Income elasticity
2. Negative Income elasticity
3. Zero Income elasticity

3. Cross Elasticity of Demand :
It refers to a change in quantity demanded of one commodity due to a change in the price of other commodity i.e. complementary goods or substitute goods.
Percentage change in Quantity demanded
\(\frac { of commodity ‘X’ }{ Percentage change in Price of commodity ‘Y’ }\)

Cross elasticity of demand are of 3 types i.e.

1. Positive Cross elasticity
2. Negative Cross elasticity
3. Zero Cross elasticity

Question 2.
What is Price Elasticity of Demand? Explain the types of Price Elasticity of Demand?
Answer:
(A) Price Elasticity of Demand :
Price Elasticity of demand refers to the degree of responsiveness of quantity demanded of a commodity to the change in its price, other factors remaining constant. According to Marshall Price Elasticity of Demand (Ed) is the ratio of proportionate change in quantity demanded of a commodity to a \ given proportionate change in its price.

∆ (delta) = Stands for change
∆Q = Change in Quantity demanded (New Qty. – Old Qty. demanded)
AP = Change in Price (New price – Old price)
P & Q = Original Price and Original Quantity Demanded

Using this formula price Elasticity of demand can be calculated for any set of data of demand and price. The value obtained may range from zero to infinity. Since quantity demanded has a negative relationship with price, the elasticity of demand so obtained will have negative sign, we ignore the negative sign altogether.

(B) Types of price elasticity of demand :
Answer:
Types of price elasticity of demand :
(a) Perfectly Elastic Demand (Ed = ∞) :
When a change in price leads to infinite change in quantity demanded of a commodity it is called as perfectly elastic demand. It is an extreme case, which is very rare. It is a theoretical concept not found in real life.

In the diagram demand curve ‘DD’ is horizontal straight line parallel to X-axis,

(b) Perfectly Inelastic Demand (Ed = 0) : When a change in price has no effect on the quantity demanded of that commodity then it is called Perfectly Inelastic Demand. The demand does not respond to the change in price at all. For instance, if price changes by 10% and the demand does not change at all then e = 0.

In this case the numerical coefficient value is zero. It is also extreme case which rarely exists. Salt and life saving medicine are a ) few example of Perfectly Inelastic Demand as they are absolute necessity. The demand ) curve ‘DD’ is a vertical straight line parallel to Y-axis.

(c) Relatively Elastic Demand (Ed > 1):
When the proportionate or percentage change in the quantity demanded of a commodity is greater than proportionate or percentage change in its price then, demand is said to the relatively elastic.
Here the amount demanded of a commodity rises much after a slight fall in its price. For instance a 5% fall in price will bring a 10% rise in demand for that commodity.

The numerical coefficient value is greater than one and lies between 1 and ∞.

Example : Luxury goods BMW Car, air – conditioners, LED TV etc. will have relatively elastic demand. In the diagram the demand curve DD has a flatter slope. It slopes gradually.

(d) Relatively Inelastic Demand (Ed < 1):
When the proportionate or percentage change in quantity demanded of a commodity is less than proportionate or percentage change in its price then demand is said to be relatively inelastic. Here the degree of responsiveness of demand is very little to a given change in its price. For instance, if price falls by 10% then quantity demanded may rise by say 5%.

The numerical coefficient value is less than one and lies between 0 and 1.
Example : The demand for necessary goods like wheat, rice, sugar etc. is said to be relatively inelastic as the demand is less responsive to a given change in price. In the diagram the demand curve DD has a rapid and steep slope.

(e) Unitary Elastic Demand (Ed = 1) :
When proportionate or percentage change in quantity demanded is exactly equal to proportionate or percentage change in price, then demand is said to be unitary elastic. For instance a 10% fall in price of a commodity leads to 10% rise in demand of that commodity.

In this case the demand curve slopes downwards uniformly. This demand curve is called a rectangular hyperbola as shown in the figure. The unity elasticity of demand is a dividing line to distinguish between relatively elastic demand and relatively inelastic demand.

Question 3.
Explain the different method of measuring Price Elasticity of Demand.
Answer:
(A) Percentage Method or Ratio Method : This method is also known as Arithmetic Method. In this method} we compare the percentage of change in demand with percentage of change in price. When we divide the percentage of change in demand by the percentage of change in price, we get Elasticity of demand.

ΔQ = Change in demand (Original – new ( quantity)
ΔP = Change in price (Original – new price)
Q = Original quantity
P = Original price
By applying the above formula we can ( calculate and find the type of elasticity. If the ) result is one, then elasticity is unitary. If it

[ ΔQ (Change in Qty) = (10 -14) = -4, Original Qty = 10, ΔP (Change in price) = (6 – 8) = -2, Original price = 8 ]
= \(\frac{-4}{-2} \times \frac{8}{10}=\frac{8}{5}\)
= 1.6 (e > 1)
So the commodity has Relatively Elastic Demand e > 1.
If the Answer was < 1 then it would have been relatively inelastic.

(B) Total Outlay Method : This method was introduced by Dr. Alfred Marshall. The limitation of this method is that in this method unlike ratio method, the exact numerical value of the elasticity of demand cannot be determined. According, to this method, the elasticity of demand is measured on the basis of expenditure incurred by consumer when the price of a commodity changes.

Total outlay or total expenditure can be calculated by multiplying the price with the quantity demanded (Price x Quantity demand = Total Expenditure). Depending upon the kind of change in total outlay, whether it increases, or decreases, or remain constant with the change in price we will be able to decide the type of elasticity. This can be explained with the following example:-

(1) If the total outlay remains the same with a rise or fall in price then the demand is said to be unitary (e = 1) elastic.
(2) If the total outlay decreases with a rise in price and increases with a fall in price, the elasticity of demand is greater than one or Relatively Elastic e > 1.
(3) If the total outlay increases with a rise in price and decreases with a fall in price, then elasticity is less than one or relatively inelastic, e < 1.

(C) Point Method : In this method given by Prof. Marshall we will be able to find out elasticity at a point on a given demand curve.
To find out elasticity at any given point ‘P on a linear demand curve DD (Straight Line) extend the demand curve towards Y axis and X axis to meet at point A and B respectively as shown in the diagram. Then measure the distance of segment PA and segment PB. Then divide the distance of lower segment PB by upper segment PA.
Point Elasticity of demand = \(\frac { Lower segment of the demand curve }{ Upper segment of the demand curve }\)

Suppose the distance of lower segment PB is 6 cm and upper segment PA is 4 cm.
\(\frac{6}{4}=\frac{\mathrm{PB}}{\mathrm{PA}}\) = 1.5
Then Elasticity at point “P” is 1.5 which is e > 1. So demand is Relatively Elastic. On a given linear demand curve elasticity of demand at different point is different as shown in the diagram.
Now to find elasticity of demand on a non-linear demand curve on a given point “P” as shown in the diagram. First draw a tangent line AB to meet Y and X axis at Point A and B. Then divide the
PB
lower Seg PB by the upper Seg PA i.e. \(\frac{\mathrm{PB}}{\mathrm{PA}}\)

Suppose distance PA’is 8 cm and PB is 4 cm, then ED = \(\frac{4}{8}\) = 0.5 i.e. e < 1. It is a case of Relatively Inelastic demand.

Question 4.
Explain Ratio method and Geometric method of measuring price elasticity of demand.
Answer:
(A) Percentage Method or Ratio Method : This method is also known as Arithmetic Method. In this method} we compare the percentage of change in demand with percentage of change in price. When we divide the percentage of change in demand by the percentage of change in price, we get Elasticity of demand.

ΔQ = Change in demand (Original – new ( quantity)
ΔP = Change in price (Original – new price)
Q = Original quantity
P = Original price
By applying the above formula we can ( calculate and find the type of elasticity. If the ) result is one, then elasticity is unitary. If it

[ ΔQ (Change in Qty) = (10 -14) = -4, Original Qty = 10, ΔP (Change in price) = (6 – 8) = -2, Original price = 8 ]
= \(\frac{-4}{-2} \times \frac{8}{10}=\frac{8}{5}\)
= 1.6 (e > 1)
So the commodity has Relatively Elastic Demand e > 1.
If the Answer was < 1 then it would have been relatively inelastic.

(C) Point Method : In this method given by Prof. Marshall we will be able to find out elasticity at a point on a given demand curve.
To find out elasticity at any given point ‘P on a linear demand curve DD (Straight Line) extend the demand curve towards Y axis and X axis to meet at point A and B respectively as shown in the diagram. Then measure the distance of segment PA and segment PB. Then divide the distance of lower segment PB by upper segment PA.
Point Elasticity of demand = \(\frac { Lower segment of the demand curve }{ Upper segment of the demand curve }\)

Suppose the distance of lower segment PB is 6 cm and upper segment PA is 4 cm.
\(\frac{6}{4}=\frac{\mathrm{PB}}{\mathrm{PA}}\) = 1.5
Then Elasticity at point “P” is 1.5 which is e > 1. So demand is Relatively Elastic. On a given linear demand curve elasticity of demand at different point is different as shown in the diagram.
Now to find elasticity of demand on a non-linear demand curve on a given point “P” as shown in the diagram. First draw a tangent line AB to meet Y and X axis at Point A and B. Then divide the
PB
lower Seg PB by the upper Seg PA i.e. \(\frac{\mathrm{PB}}{\mathrm{PA}}\)

Suppose distance PA’is 8 cm and PB is 4 cm, then ED = \(\frac{4}{8}\) = 0.5 i.e. e < 1. It is a case of Relatively Inelastic demand.

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Class 12 Sociology Important Questions Chapter 1 Introduction to Indian Society Important Questions and Answers.

Maharashtra State Board 12th Sociology Important Questions Chapter 1 Introduction to Indian Society

1A. Complete the following statements by choosing the correct alternative given in the brackets and rewrite it.

Question 1.
Law of _________ is also known as the law of cause and effect. (artha, dharma, karma)
Answer:
karma

Question 2.
_________ is the ultimate goal of salvation according to Hinduism. (Moksha, Artha, karma)
Answer:
Moksha

Question 3.
_________ refers to the acquisition of wealth through the path of righteousness through hard work. (Moksha, Artha, karma)
Answer:
Artha

Question 4.
Ahimsa and tapas are integral components of the _________ way of life. (Jain, Hindu, Buddhist)
Answer:
Jain

Question 5.
The society in the _________ Vedic period was less rigid with respect to occupation-based divisions. (Later, Early, Medieval)
Answer:
Early

Question 6.
_________ advocated an austere and strict lifestyle based on penance. (Jainism, Buddhism, Hinduism)
Answer:
Jainism

Question 7.
_________ is the sacred literature of Buddhism. (Puranas, Tripitkas, Vedas)
Answer:
Tripitkas

Question 8.
_________ promoted the spread of Buddhism across ancient Asia. (Akbar, Harshvardhan, Ashoka)
Answer:
Ashoka

Question 9.
The _________ period is the period of history of ancient peninsular India. (Ancient, Sangham, Vedic)
Answer:
Sangham

Question 10.
_________ do not permit proselytisation. (Zoroastrianism, Judaism, Islam)
Answer:
Zoroastrianism

Question 11.
The _________ movement brought religious reform in Hinduism during the medieval period. (Peasant, Tribal, Bhakti)
Answer:
Bhakti

Question 12.
Some important exponents of _________ are Kabir, Rahim and Guru Nanak. (Jainism, Sufism, Buddhism)
Answer:
Sufism

Question 13.
During the early Vedic period, those women who pursued their education until they were married were known as _________ (Sadyavadhu, Brahmavadinis, Sola Sati)
Answer:
Sadyavadhu

Question 14.
In the _________ Vedic period, the caste system became entrenched. (Early, Later, Medieval)
Answer:
Later

Question 15.
The _________ Vedic period witnessed a decline in the status of women in society. (Early, Later, Medieval)
Answer:
Later

Question 16.
_________ Jains believe that the principle of nudity is an essential element in the path of liberation. (Digambara, Swetambara, Hinayana)
Answer:
Digambara

Question 17.
The _________ learnt the art of warfare and administration. (Shudras, Kshatriyas, Brahmins)
Answer:
Kshatriyas

Question 18.
Education during the medieval period is centred on the _________ (Vedas, Bible, Quran)
Answer:
Quran

Question 19.
_________ included comprehensive study of the Quran. (Maktabs, Madrasas, Khanqahs)
Answer:
Madrasas

Question 20.
_________ literature makes reference to tribes and traditional castes. (Sangham, Vedic, Puranic)
Answer:
Sangham

Question 21.
_________ referred to the four stages in the life of a Hindu. (Purusharthas, Ashramvyavastha, Varna)
Answer:
Ashramvyavastha

Question 22.
Path of knowledge is _________ marg. (Bhatki, Jnana, Raja)
Answer:
Juana

Question 23.
Sadhus are people who choose the path of _________ (Bhatki, Jnana, Asceticism)
Answer:
Asceticism

Question 24.
The _________ Dynasty believed to be the “Golden Age”. (Maurya, Gupta, Kushan)
Answer:
Gupta

Question 25.
_________ wrote on astronomy and astrology during the classical period. (Aryabhatta, Varahamihira, Dhanvantri)
Answer:
Varahamihira

Question 26.
_________ wrote on medicine during the classical period. (Aryabhatta, Varahamihira, Dhanvantri)
Answer:
Dhanvantri

Question 27.
_________ wrote on geometry and cosmology. (Aryabhatta, Varahamihira, Dhanvantri)
Answer:
Aryabhatta

Question 28.
During the _________ society experienced a synthesis of Indian and Islamic culture. (Maurya dynasty, Gupta dynasty, Delhi Sultanate)
Answer:
Delhi Sultanate

Question 29.
_________ gave India a strong and stable political administration. (Akbar, Ashoka, Chandragupta Maurya)
Answer:
Akbar

Question 30.
_________ is referred to as first urbanisation. (Harappa, Mesopotamia, Malwa)
Answer:
Harappa

Question 31.
The small Indo-Aryan chieftaincies are called _________ (Mahajanpadas, Janapadas, Republics)
Answer:
Janapadas

Question 32.
In the year _________ the Suez Canal was opened to promote trade interests. (1869, 1969, 1828)
Answer:
1869

Question 33.
The _________ century saw the emergence of the Indian National Congress. (18th, 19th, 20th)
Answer:
19th

Question 34.
The abrogation of Article _________ in August 2019 gave special status to Jammu and Kashmir. (371, 370, 374)
Answer:
370

Question 35.
The Juvenile Justice Act was passed in the year _________ (2019, 2015, 2005)
Answer:
2015

Question 36.
The Transgender Persons Act was passed in the year _________ (2019, 2015, 2005)
Answer:
2019

1B. Correct the incorrect pair and rewrite it.

Question 1.
(a) Doing one’s duties – Dharma
(b) Sensuous pleasure – Kama
(c) Acquisition of wealth – Dharma
(d) Ultimate goal of salvation – Moksha
Answer:
(c) Acquisition of wealth – Artha

Question 2.
(a) Priests, teachers, intellectuals – Brahmin
(b) Rulers and warriors – Jajman
(c) Menial work – Shudra
(d) Traders, farmers – Vaishya
Answer:
(b) Rulers and warriors – Kshatriya

Question 3.
(a) Studenthood and celibacy – Brahmacharyaashram
(b) Householder – Grihasthashram
(c) Hermithood and retirement – Dharmashastras
(d) Renunciation – Sanyasashram
Answer:
(c) Hermithood and retirement – Vanaprasthashram

Question 4.
(a) Path of Knowledge – Moksha Marg
(b) Path of Devotion – Bhakti Marg
(c) Path of Meditation – Raja Marg
(d) Path of Action – Karma
Answer:
(a) Path of Knowledge – Jnana Marg

Question 5.
(a) Skyclad – Digambaras
(b) White clad – Shvetambaras
(c) Lesser vehicle – Hinayana
(d) Greater vehicle – Vajarayan
Answer:
(d) Greater vehicle – Mahayana

Question 6.
(a) Advisory and supervisory powers – Sangham priests
(b) Nomadic ballad singers – Khema
(c) Hunter and highway robbers – Vedars
(d) Warrior section – Marrakudi
Answer:
(b) Nomadic ballad singers – The Bards

Question 7.
(a) Sultans and their relatives – Aristocrats and nobles
(b) Ulemas and Brahmin – Peasants
(c) Urban wealthy merchants, traders – Townspeople
(d) Rural agriculturalists – Peasants
Answer:
(b) Ulemas and Brahmin – Priests

Question 8.
(a) Brahmo Samaj – Raja Rammohan Roy
(b) Arya Samaj – Swami Dayanand Saraswati
(c) Prathana Samaj – Mahatma Jyotirao Phule
(d) Harijan Sevak Sangh – Mahatma Gandhi
Answer:
(c) Prathana Samaj – Aatmaram Pandurang

Question 9.
(a) The Sati Prohibition Act – 1829
(b) The Indian Slavery Act – 1843
(c) The Caste Disabilities Removal Act – 1850
(d) The Hindu Widow Remarriage Act – 1870
Answer:
(c) The Hindu Widow Remarriage Act – 1856

1C. Identify the appropriate term from the given options in the box and rewrite it against the given statement.

Puranas, Purusharthas, Jati System, Vardhaman Mahavir, Sola Sati, Ardhamagadhi, Jainism, Holy Sabbath, Din-i-Ilahi, Langar, Brahmo Samaj, Social Legislations, Dr. B. R. Ambedkar, Viharas, Buddhism, Animism, Guru Granth Sahib, Lopamudra

Question 1.
Tribal belief system.
Answer:
Animism

Question 2.
Code of Conduct based on the Law of Karma.
Answer:
Puranas

Question 3.
The four aims of Hindu life.
Answer:
Purusharthas

Question 4.
It is based on the principle of “purity and pollution”.
Answer:
Jati system

Question 5.
24th Tirthankar of Jainism.
Answer:
Vardhaman Mahavir

Question 6.
The language of teachings of Mahavir.
Answer:
Ardhamagadhi

Question 7.
It advocated an austere and strict lifestyle based on penance.
Answer:
Jainism

Question 8.
It spread because of the patronage of the Mauryan emperor, Ashoka.
Answer:
Buddhism

Question 9.
A sacred observance of Jews.
Answer:
Holy Sabbath

Question 10.
A religion started by Akbar.
Answer:
Din-i-Ilahi

Question 11.
The sacred literature of Sikhs.
Answer:
Guru Granth Sahib

Question 12.
The Punjabi term for a community kitchen.
Answer:
Langar

Question 13.
One of the notable Vedic and Upanishadic woman scholars.
Answer:
Lopamudra

Question 14.
It highlights exemplary religious qualities which are emulated as role models by Jain women.
Answer:
‘Sola Sati’

Question 15.
Buddhist monasteries.
Answer:
Viharas

Question 16.
It refers to laws passed to promote social justice.
Answer:
Social Legislation

1D. Correct underlined words and complete the statement.

Question 1.
Widow remarriage was permitted in the Later Vedic period.
Answer:
Widow remarriage was permitted in the Early Vedic period.

Question 2.
The Yajur Veda states that “all classes have an equal right to study the Veda”.
Answer:
The Atharva Veda states that “all classes have an equal right to study the Veda”.

Question 3.
Those who never married and continued studying and imparting education throughout their lives were known as Sadyavadhu.
Answer:
Those who never married and continued studying and imparting education throughout their lives were known as Brahmavadinis.

Question 4.
Puducherry had gained prominence and formed the base of the Mauryan Empire.
Answer:
Magadha had gained prominence and formed the base of the Mauryan Empire.

Question 5.
The drainage system is one indicator of the collective life of the Harrapan people.
Answer:
The Great Bath is one indicator of the collective life of the Harrapan people.

Question 6.
Great Traditions include folk art, folklore, and the religious traditions of the local people.
Answer:
Little Traditions include folk art, folklore, and the religious traditions of the local people.

Question 7.
The period c.500 BCE to c.200 BCE is considered the period of First urbanization’.
Answer:
The period c.500 BCE to c.200 BCE is considered the period of Second urbanization’.

Question 8.
The Portuguese entered India for trade in the 17th century CE.
Answer:
The Portuguese entered India for trade in the 16th century CE.

Question 9.
The implementation of the Judiciary system during the time of the British was carried out on a traditional basis.
Answer:
The implementation of the Judiciary system during the time of the British was carried out on a secular basis.

Question 10.
The Wahabi Movement was the Initiative of Behramji Malabari.
Answer:
The Wahabi Movement was the Initiative of Syed Waliullah.

Question 11.
The Constituent Assembly of India was founded on 6th December 1947.
Answer:
The Constituent Assembly of India was founded on 6th December 1946.

Question 12.
The Female Infanticide Prevention Act was passed in the year 1870.
Answer:
The Female Infanticide Prevention Act was passed in the year 1872.

Question 13.
The Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances Act was enacted in the year 1920.
Answer:
The Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances Act was enacted in the year 1985.

Question 14.
The economic growth of India until recently was guided by Planned Development, through ten Five-Year Plans till 2017.
Answer:
The economic growth of India until recently was guided by Planned Development, through twelve Five-Year Plans till 2017.

2. Write short notes.

Question 1.
Education during the Later Vedic period.
Answer:
During the Later Vedic period, women were denied access to the Upanayana ceremony, which then denied them access to learning. There was an emphasis on the institution of sacrifice and this led to the growth of large amounts of literature related to sacrifice. The first millennium CE saw the disintegration of tribal units and chieftains were overthrown. In this situation of hopelessness emerges asceticism as a means for salvation from worldly life which was now preached by the Upanishads.

In eastern parts of India, there was the rise of free speculation and the emergence of humanitarian and theistic movements, which in turn led to new centers of spiritual leadership – the ascetics and wanderers (Sramanas or Parivrayakas) who rejected the authority of the Vedas and of Vedic priests. They criticized blood sacrifices which became a part of Brahminic ritual and gave importance to the practice of ahimsa or non-injury of living beings.

After Mahavir became a Kevalin (omniscient), a Jina (conqueror), and Mahavir (a great hero), he now became part of the sect called Nirgranthas, which came to be referred to as Jainas (following of Jina). Mahavir was a religious teacher for three decades.

Buddha borrowed and adapted from the popular beliefs of the region. The Buddhist system of education was conducted through Buddhist monasteries (viharas). The center of the Buddhist system of learning revolved around the Order (Sangh) of monks (bhikkus); later Buddha permitted the entry of women as nuns (bhikkhunis). Religious instruction was imparted in the viharas and like the Brahmanical system of education, there was a special relationship between the learner and teacher; the student had to live with the teacher (Upajjhaya or Acharya) and serve him.

Just as Vedic culture centred on sacrifices, Buddhist education and learning revolved around monasteries. Education in the Sangham period was a widespread social activity. It was a secular factor and not the privilege of any one community. Works on grammar, poetry, mathematics, astronomy, and fine arts (music, dance, drama, painting, sculpture), and architecture were the specializations.

The decline of Buddhist Viharas resulted in the decline of an organized system of education.

Question 2.
Nature of education during Medieval Period.
Answer:
Education during the Medieval Period is centred on the Quran. Without the ability to read and write, it would have been impossible to study the Quran, the Hadith, and other sciences. The Prophet Mohammed exhorts all people of faith to acquire knowledge.

However, unlike the previous systems of learning, there was no requirement for the strictness associated with Vedic schools nor renunciation (rejection) of the world. The Islamic system of education is open to all followers of the faith irrespective of one’s status.

Education was imparted in three ways:

• Maktab (for elementary education)
• Madrasa (for higher learning and generally attached to a mosque)
• Khanqah (theological training)

Maktabs had an age of admission around four years, which was marked by a religious ceremony. Early training focused on the R’s of learning – reading, recitation, writing, and arithmetic. The study of the Quran would start from around age seven.

Madrasas included a comprehensive study of the Quran and its commentary by established theologians alongside practical subjects like agriculture, accountancy, astrology, astronomy history, geography, mathematics, Islamic law and jurisprudence and statecraft i.e., the art of administration) and languages such as Arabic and Persian. Akbar enabled the study of Sanskrit and Upanishads for Hindu students who wished to learn at the Madrasa. The education was based upon the political, social and economic needs of the community at large. Students had the freedom to choose subjects according to one’s interests and their aims in life.

Post-madrasa training could be followed up by engaging the services of a learned teacher (for example, Abdul Qadir Badaoni, Abul Fazl, Faizi). Madrasas provided facilities for residence for both, students and teachers. In this regard, they were similar to Buddhist Viharas and temple colleges of South India from after the 7th century CE. Khanqahs can be linked to monasteries of Medieval Europe and they were often linked to the tombs of celebrated, much loved, and respected saints. These came to be regarded as Dargahs.

In the course of time, the arts themselves came to be influenced by the tast.es, ideas, and interests of the patrons, namely, Muslim rulers in Medieval India.

During the Medieval Period, education suffered a setback due to changed political circumstances. Educational work was carried out in the villages and towns by private individuals and institutions. The mediums of instruction were Sanskrit, Arabic, and Persian. Education, however, was made available to only a small section of people e.g., the elite and the ulema, the Brahmins, and a few upper caste groups. The education of girls was perceived as being a personal matter to be decided by their fathers or guardians. Women from the Muslim nobility were permitted to receive education in their homes at the hands of teachers who were presented with expensive gifts. Since, only a relatively small number of people belonging to the upper strata of society, it is reasonable to assume that the education of girls and women during the Medieval period was bleak.

Question 3.
Urbanisation during the ancient and medieval periods.
Answer:
The archaeological evidence from the Harappan civilization suggests that Harappa was indeed a well-planned town with a ‘way of life that can be referred to as ‘first urbanisation’. The city had a covered drainage system and a well-developed drainage system underground. The social conditions were well-advanced like other contemporary civilizations.

Towards the end of the Later Vedic period, after the pastoral and nomadic Indo-Aryans spread from Punjab to the Gangetic Plain; they deforested large areas of land to pave way for agriculture.

The period c.500 BCE to c.200 BCE is considered the period of ‘second urbanisation’ which brought a large-scale beginning of town life in the middle Gangetic basin. Magadha had gained prominence and formed the base of the Mauryan Empire.

Sixteen monarchies and “republics” known as Mahajanpadas, stretched across the Indo- Gangetic Plain from modern-day Afghanistan to Bengal and Maharashtra.

This period saw the second major rise of urbanism in India after the Harappan civilisation. Evidence for it comes through archaeological excavations, especially those of the Northern Black Polished Ware (NBPW) culture. Jain, Buddhist, and Sutra literature are among the important sources of information about cities and socio-political life of this period.

The beginning of coinage (metallic coins) started in this period. These cities became the centres of administration as well as of trade and commerce. This led to the emergence of city-based artisan and merchant guilds. A network of routes for internal and distant trade developed in both eastern and western regions. The position of ‘king’ gained much strength and respect the king was assisted by ministers and officials, who often came from the Brahmin and Kshatriya caste.

Question 4.
Religious beliefs and practices during the ancient and medieval periods.
Answer:
The impact of three ancient indigenous religions – Hinduism, Jainism, and Buddhism are significant especially up to the end of the Later Vedic period. The Vedic period is usually divided into – Early Vedic Period (c.1500 BCE to c.1000 BCE) and the Later Vedic Period (c.1000 BCE to c.500 BCE).

For Hindus, the Puranas and Dharmashastras laid out a Code of Conduct based on the Law of Karma (Action) rebirth, until it can attain moksha (salvation). The four aims of Hindu life (Purusharthas) are:

• Dharma
• Kama
• Artha
• Moksha

Jainism is said to have been revealed by 24 Tirthankaras of which Vardhaman Mahavir was the last. Similar to the Hindu Doctrine of Karma, Jain teachings are also based on the Theory of Karma. However, ahimsa (non-harming) and tapas (penance) are important and integral components of the Jain way of life. Buddha, with his teachings, advocated the middle path based on the Four Noble Truths and the Eightfold Path.

The Medieval Period (c. 650 CE – c. 1500 CE), saw several religions come to India from outside. These include Judaism, Christianity, Islam, and much later Zoroastrianism. The Sangham Period (6th century BCE to 3rd century CE) is the period of the history of ancient peninsular India.

The roots of Zoroastrianism are found in the Middle East region. People of the Jewish faith are believed to be one of the early foreign religions to come to India. It is in the 1st century CE that Saint Thomas, an Apostle of Jesus Christ, brought Christianity to the shores of Malabar in South India the essential foundation of the Christian faith is the principle of love and all Christians believe in the Death and Resurrection of Jesus Christ, their Saviour.

Islam first came to India in the 8th century CE, the impact and influence of the religion is seen only much later. Like Judaism and Christianity, Islam also preaches monotheism, and the faith centers on the Holy Quran. Muslims believe in the Five Pillars of Faith.

Sikhism emerged in the late 15th century CE and was founded by Guru Nanak (1469 CE – 1539 CE). Like Hinduism, Jainism, and Buddhism, Sikhism too preached the Karma theory.

The Bhakti Movement emerged with the need to bring religious reform in Hinduism during the medieval period.

Question 5.
The Islamic system of education.
Answer:
The Islamic system of education is open to all followers of the faith irrespective of one’s status.

Education was imparted in three ways:

• Maktab (for elementary education)
• Madrasa (for higher learning and generally attached to a mosque), and
• Khanqah (theological training)

Maktabs had an age of admission around four years, which was marked by a rite of entry. Early training focused on the R’s of learning – reading, recitation, writing, and arithmetic.

Several hours were spent on developing the art of writing. The study of the Quran would start from around age seven.

Madrasas included a comprehensive study of the Quran and its commentary by established theologians alongside practical subjects like agriculture, accountancy, astrology, astronomy, history, geography, mathematics, Islamic law and jurisprudence and statecraft (i.e., the art of administration) and languages such as Arabic and Persian (which were languages also taught elsewhere in the contemporary Islamic world). Noted scholar Abul Fazl informs us that Akbar enabled the study of Sanskrit and Upanishads for Hindu students who wished to learn at the Madrasa. The education was based upon the political, social and economic needs of the community at large students had the freedom to choose subjects according to one’s interests and their aims in life.

Khanqahs can be likened to monasteries of Medieval Europe and they were often linked to the tombs of celebrated, much loved, and respected saints. These came to be regarded as Dargahs.

Education of women: Muslim rulers at the imperial capitals at Delhi and Agra did not do anything remarkable for the promotion of the education of women.

The education of girls was perceived as being a personal matter to be decided by their fathers or guardians. Women from the Muslim nobility were permitted to receive education in their homes at the hands of teachers who were presented with expensive gifts.

Art: In the course of time, the arts themselves came to be influenced by the tastes, ideas, and interests of the patrons, namely, Muslim rulers in Medieval India. The mediums of instruction were Sanskrit, Arabic, and Persian. Education, however, was made available to only a small section of people e.g., the elite and the ulema, the Brahmins, and a few upper caste groups.

Question 6.
Zoroastrianism.
Answer:
The roots of Zoroastrianism are found in the Middle East region. Persecution of the people of this faith brought them to the Western coast of India, near present-day Gujarat, into which they culturally assimilated.

Zoroastrianism is the only outside religious community that still practices endogamy; it did not permit proselytization i.e., conversions into their faith. Fire temples are their place of worship and entry into their Fire temples is restricted to members of the community.

It is one of the world’s oldest and continuously practiced religions. It is centered on a dualistic cosmology of good and evil (Heaven and Hell).

Their sacred scripture is Avesta in which it is stated that the supreme creator is Ahura Mazda, from whom Asha (cosmic order) originates. Fire and clean water are agents of ritual purity. The Holy Flame was brought by priests from Persia to Navsari in Gujarat (c. 9th century CE).

While maintaining their strong sense of identity and culture, despite their diminishing numerical strength, Parsis has contributed in all walks of life.

Question 7.
Social life during the ancient and medieval periods.
Answer:
Harappan civilisation was known for its well-planned towns covered drainage system, its granary which was used for storing and trading surplus grain. The Great Bath is one indicator of the collective life of the people. Thus, there were peasants, artisans, traders, fishermen, priests, administrators, artists, weavers, etc.

Sangham literature makes reference to tribes and traditional castes. This indicates their coexistence. Though the Brahmins constituted a numerical minority, they played an important role in the development of Tamilian culture. Sangham priests though not dominating were in the process of assuming advisory and supervisory powers. The Bards (nomadic ballad singers) were a special class. Vedars (hunter and highway robbers) were much feared. The Marrakudi was a separate warrior section that had its own traditions and beliefs. Then, there were the fishermen, salt manufacturers, weavers, agriculturalists, shepherds, and cowherds who were also important.

The Varna System during the Vedic period referred to the social order or class of people. There was flexibility and fluidity with respect to occupation. It was only towards the end of the Vedic period that Varna turned into a rigid jati (caste) hierarchy based on the ideology of purity and pollution.

• Brahmin – priests, teachers, intellectuals
• Kshatriya – rulers, and warriors
• Vaishya – merchants, traders, farmers
• Shudra – menial work

The first three varnas began to call themselves the upper varnas. They became the ‘twice-born (dvija) because they were entitled to the initiation ceremony (upanayana).

Ashramvyavastha was prescribed for the so-called twice-born castes. This referred to the four stages in the life of a Hindu.

• Brahmacharyashram – Student hood, single status, and celibacy
• Grihasthashram – Householder
• Vanaprasthashram – hermithood and retirement.
• Sanyasashram – renunciation

The Classical Period (i.e. the period of the Gupta Dynasty) believed to be the ‘Golden Age, is when Indian society grew and thrived, setting the foundations in arts, science, politics, religion, philosophy, and economics that define Indian culture to this day. It became a global trade center arid an epicenter of artistic and intellectual achievement. Eventually, the smaller kingdoms broke away. This allowed the Huns of Central Asia to invade and defeat the Gupta dynasty around 550 CE and finally, the classical period declined by 650 CE.

Many texts (Nitishastras and Dharmashastras) were written during a period of ‘second urbanisation’, which elaborated on socio-political laws.

The Medieval Period of India witnessed the Muslim invasion of India’s material resources. During the Delhi Sultanate, society experienced a synthesis of Indian and Islamic culture Amir Khusro, used a form of Hindustani, which he called Hindavi. At the same time, the Delhi Sultanate was also responsible for the large-scale destruction and desecration of temples.

During this period also, a rigid caste system was followed. Efforts of Emperor Akbar gave India a strong and stable political administration.

The Medieval Period is often stated to be the darkest period in the history of India however, there emerged several changes that transformed Indian society also. Performing arts, architecture and sculpture flourished alongside internal and foreign trade and commerce. The establishment of Din-I-Ilahi by Akbar was a new religion based on ethical rationalism. Towards the 19th century CE there emerged a widening gap between liberals and orthodox groups from various faiths.

3. Write differences.

Question 1.
Status of women in the Early Vedic period and medieval period.
Answer:

Question 2.
Buddhism and Jainism.
Answer:

4. Explain the following concepts with examples.

Question 1.
Social Reform Movements
Answer:
It was the educated Indians, often from the upper social strata, who campaigned the agenda for change at the micro-socio levels. The 19th century is witness to the emergence of many social and religious reform movements.

All these groups struggled to bring about changes at the local level in which they operated. They aimed in solving social problems which were socio-religious-cultural in nature.

They worked towards reforming obsolete, repressive, and regressive religious practices. The urge for reform was generated largely as a result of their interaction with the West.

Many groups worked to promote education among the ‘weaker sections – especially women and so-called lower castes. Organisations like the Arya Samaj aimed at restoring Vedic traditions and integrating Vedic knowledge with the modern curriculum.

Examples of some movements of social reforms:

• Brahmo Samaj – Raja Rammohan Roy
• Arya Samaj – Swami Dayanand Saraswati
• Prathana Samaj – Aatmaram Pandurang
• Harijan Sevak Sangh – Mahatma Gandhi
• Theosophical Society – Annie Besant

Question 2.
Westernisation
Answer:
Many of the educated elite took to the lifestyle of the British with respect to food habits, dressing, customs, mannerisms, attitudes, beliefs, language, sports, and entertainment, etc. Eminent Indian sociologist, M. N. Srinivas referred to this process of imitation of the British, as ‘Westerisation’.

The impact of Western culture has been classified into four types by Alatas. They are :

• eliminative changes (i.e., fading out of cultural elements)
• additive changes (i.e., new cultural additions)
• supportive changes (i.e., changes that support existing cultural traits)
• synthetic changes (i.e., the synthesis of old and new culture)

Examples: Drinking tea and coffee, changes in eating habits, using the dining table, crockery, and cutlery, hugging and kissing as a form was adopted universally, western sports like cricket, became popular.

5A. Complete the concept map.

Question 1.

Answer:

Question 2.

Answer:

Question 3.

Answer:

Question 4.

Answer:

Question 5.

Answer:

Question 6.

Answer:

5B. State whether the following statements are True or False with reasons.

Question 1.
The Bhakti Movement brought religious reform to Hinduism during the medieval period.
Answer:
This statement is True.

The Bhakti Movement rejected the caste system. It criticized excessive ritualism and advocated simplicity in worship. It professed that all human beings were equal in the eyes of God. The focus was on devotional singing and the repetition of his name.

Sufism also preached the unity of humanity and believed in the equality of all human beings in the eyes of God. Some important exponents of this are Kabir, Rahim, and Guru Nanak. Kabir and Rahim denounced external observances of religion such as rituals, superstitious practices, idolatry. Guru Nanak decried the caste system, ritualism, and idol worship.

Bhakti Movement in Maharashtra began in the 13th century CE with Dnyaneshwar. Namdev was his contemporary who criticized fasts, pilgrimages, and all other external forms of religious practices.

Question 2.
After Independence, the goals and programmes of the country have not seen many changes.
Answer:
This statement is False.

After Independence, the goals and programmes of the country have seen numerous changes. Some significant factors that have affected India after 1947.

Constitution of India:

• The Constitution of India was framed by the Constituent Assembly which was founded on 6th December 1946 to write the Constitution of India.
• The head of the Drafting Committee of the Constitution was Dr. B. R. Ambedkar.
• It is a document based on the strengths of the diversity of Indian society. It cherishes the goals of liberty, equality, and fraternity. It supports secularism.
• There have been numerous amendments to the Indian Constitution. A recent change has been the abrogation of Article 370 in August 2019 which gave special status to Jammu and Kashmir.

Economy: The economic growth of India recently was guided by Planned Development, through twelve Five-Year Plans till 2017. Each plan period has had its own objectives. It was in 1991, globalisation was introduced in India which has its share of positives and negative sides.

Since 2014, changes such as demonetization, single taxation policy under GST, welfare schemes, borderless trade practices, Swachh Bharat drives, promoting entrepreneurship, etc. have been key points.

Education: There has been a significant expansion of the number of anganwadis, schools, universities, deemed universities, autonomous institutions, IITs (Indian Institute of Technology), IIMs (Indian Institute of Management), IIITs (Indian Institute of Information Technology), NITs (National Institute of Technology), vocational programmes, open learning, online education, self-learning opportunities and so on.

• Enrolment numbers have been swelling beyond control in several cases.
• The number of teachers has also risen.
• The Draft New Education Policy has been formulated in 2019.

Question 3.
India is the most populous democracy in the world. –
Answer:
This statement is True.

In Post-Independent India, we have taken on a system of governance based on the principle of democracy. The three arms of government are the Executive, Assembly Legislature as well as Judiciary. We have the principle of democratic decentralization where power percolates down to the grassroots level.

The Indian political system no longer recognizes the former statuses of prince, nawab, raja or rani. All citizens are equal in the eyes of law. Modern India has embraced the principles and practice of free and fair elections. Voting rights are given to all citizens of India, on the attainment of age 18. India also has a multi-party system – and parties may be national, state or regional in character. Individuals also have the right to contest in elections. We also have a federal system of governance – Centre, and State/Union Territory.

The goals, policies, and agenda of each government are guided by its own principles or ideologies. There are differences and multiple views (for example, Left, Right, and Centre). The role of the opposition is the responsibility of keeping a check on the government in power. Consensus is an important value in a democratic society. Thus, India is the most populous democracy in the world.

6. Give your personal response.

Question 1.
India is a melting pot of culture.
Answer:

• India is a melting pot of many cultures and traditions, It is endowed with rich traditions of art, craft, culture, and cuisine, We have assimilated cultures of all civilizations that have come to our shores.
• Indian society is formed by the incorporation of culture followed by Indians since ancient times.
• Undoubtedly, Indian culture is one of the oldest existing cultures in the world. With each passing decade, it’s evolving.
• Western culture has also influenced Indian society. It has led to a few advancements, but at the same time, has caused Indians to disconnect from their roots rapidly.

7. Answer the following question in detail in about 150-200 words.

Question 1.
Discuss with relevant examples, consequences of Colonialism in India with respect to the following factors.
(i) Introduction of the new education system
(ii) Introduction of new administration system
(iii) Introduction of new7 economic system
(iv) Introduction of Transport and Communication
(v) Nationalist Movement
Answer:
(i) Introduction of the new education system: The British set up a system of education that had a far-reaching impact on Indian society. The medium of instruction in high school now became English. It became the common language of communication among the learned people. Schools and colleges were open to all individuals, irrespective of caste, creed, gender, etc.

The Indian Universities Act, 1856, enabled the establishment of the first universities in Calcutta, Bombay, and Madras. The content of education was secular – which included subjects like Mathematics, Science, Philosophy, Sociology, History, etc. This led to the rise of a new class of intelligentsia, who were of Indian origin but trained in ‘Western’ values customs, and practices. Some of them played a significant role in the reform movements. New values like rationality, equality, social justice, secular approach, and individualism gained firmer ground.

(ii) Introduction of new administration system: The British set in place new systems of administration. They started the system of services like the Economic Service, Education Service, Revenue Service, and Administrative Service. A new judiciary system was created, which took into consideration the earlier legal traditions of the Indian communities.

However, its implementation was carried out on a secular basis; each individual was judged on an equal basis, irrespective of one’s caste and creed. The authority of feudal lords and zamindars was abolished.
The Indian Councils Act, The Indian High Court Act, and The Indian Civil Service Act of 1861 all led to major changes in the Executive, Legislative and Judicial administration of India.

(iii) Introduction of new economic system: The economic system got transformed by industrial growth and its twin process of urbanization. Caste-based skills and occupations and, social relationships were gradually changing due to the impact of a changing economy and the rise of factories. The emergence of economic and educated classes was on the rise. New Revenue systems were started by the British in different parts of India which affected the peasants adversely.

(iv) Introduction of Transport and Communication: Systems of railways and roadways, and, Post and Telegraph offices were set up through the length and breadth of the country. These were ways in which it became possible to reach people in all parts of the country and access resources. In 1869, the Suez Canal was opened to promote trade interests. Development of transportation and communication led to an increase in market outlets for Indian raw materials.

(v) Nationalist Movement: Use of English as a common language of communication among. the educated elite played a significant role in networking, the nationalist movement received momentum. The awakening among the Indian masses against alien rule resulted in the call for the expulsion of the British from India and to fight for independence. The 19th century saw the emergence of the Indian National Congress and Mahatma Gandhi as the key figure in the call for independence.

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Class 12 History Important Questions Chapter 11 India Transformed Part 1 Important Questions and Answers.

Maharashtra State Board 12th History Important Questions Chapter 11 India Transformed Part 1

1A. Choose the correct alternative and rewrite the statement.

Question 1.
On 1st January 1995, 123 nations together founded an organisation known as ____________
(a) United Nations Organisation (UNO)
(b) World Trade Organisation (WTO)
(c) SEATO
(d) I.C.A.R.
Answer:
(b) World Trade Organisation (WTO)

Question 2.
In 1998, with a view to provide support to farmers in difficult times, ____________ plan was started.
(a) Kisan Credit Card
(b) Kisan Housing Plan
(c) Kisan Employment Card
(d) National Farmer’s Bank
Answer:
(a) Kisan Credit Card

Question 3.
Under ____________ scheme, each family in rural areas was given assurance of at least 100 day’s work.
(a) Agriculture and Livestock Scheme
(b) Pradhan Mantri Peek Vima Yojana
(c) Jawahar Gram-Samruddhi Yojana
(d) Rashtriya Gramin Rojgar Hami Yojana
Answer:
(d) Rashtriya Gramin Rojgar Hami Yojana

Question 4.
____________ ranks the first in fish production while ____________ ranks the second.
(a) China, Turkey
(b) India, China
(c) India, Brazil
(d) China, India
Answer:
(d) China, India

Question 5.
The Government of India, knowing the importance of having roads in good conditions in the interior areas, started ____________ in 2000.
(a) Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana
(b) National Highway Plan
(c) Golden Quadrilateral
(d) Metro Railway
Answer:
(a) Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana

Question 6.
The 11th conference of BRICS was organised in ____________
(a) India
(b) China
(c) Brazil
(d) South Africa
Answer:
(c) Brazil

Question 7.
In 2008, India launched ____________ the first lunar probe.
(a) Aaryabhatt I
(b) Chandrayaan 1
(c) Mangalyan
(d) Earth 2
Answer:
(b) Chandrayan 1

Question 8.
In 1946, ‘United Nations’ declared the ____________ to be the fundamental human right.
(a) Right to Information
(b) Right to Freedom
(c) Right to Speech and Expression
(d) Right to Mercy
Answer:
(a) Right to Information

Question 9.
In 1990, ____________ started the movement called as ‘Majdoor Kisan Shakti’.
(a) Medha Patkar
(b) Arimdhati Roy
(c) Aruna Roy
(d) L.K. Kulwal
Answer:
(c) Aruna Roy

Question 10.
In 2001, ____________ started a movement in Maharashtra in support of ‘Right to Information’ Act.
(a) Anna Hazare
(b) Rahi Sarnobat
(c) Aruna Roy
(d) Arvind Kejriwal
Answer:
(a) Anna Hazare

Question 11.
The state of Jammu-Kashmir and Ladakh was given a special status by ____________ of the Constitution of India.
(a) Article 356
(b) Preamble
(c) Article 375
(d) Article 370
Answer:
(d) Article 370

Question 12.
In 1947, ____________ established ‘Jammu Praja Parishad’ party.
(a) Prem Nath Dogra
(b) Dr. Shyama Prasad Mukherjee
(c) Omar Abdulla
(d) Atal Bihari Vajpayee
Answer:
(a) Prem Nath Dogra

1B. Find the incorrect pair from group ‘B’ and write the corrected one.

Question 1.

Answer:
Jharkhand – All India Jharkhand Party

2A. Write the names of historical places/persons/events.

Question 1.
The Director of WTO who prepared a draft for the establishment of this organisation –
Answer:
Arthur Dunkel

Question 2.
This plan was launched by merging together ‘Rojgar Aashwasan Yojana’ and ‘Jawahar Gram-Samruddhi Yojana’ –
Answer:
Sampoorna Gramin Rojgar Yojana

Question 3.
The scheme which is implemented for the economic welfare of the farmer –
Answer:
Pradhan Mantri Vima Yojana

Question 4.
The programme which was launched for massive modernisation of cities in 2005 –
Answer:
Jnnurm-Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission

Question 5.
The service which changed the very nature of the Indian Postal Service –
Answer:
Speed Post

Question 6.
Its mathematical potential was enormous because of which India entered the global computer market –
Answer:
Param-10000

Question 7.
The place where India conducted underground nuclear test two times to prove its nuclear strength –
Answer:
Pokhran in Rajasthan

Question 8.
The first female scientist to be elected as the General President of the 62nd Indian Science Congress Association –
Answer:
Asima Chatterjee

Question 9.
The war which was fought between India and Pakistan over the issue of intrusion of Pakistan military forces in Ladakh –
Answer:
Kargil War

Question 10.
The name of the operation given to the Kargil War –
Answer:
Operation Vijay

Question 11.
The first nuclear submarine was built in India –
Answer:
Strategic Strike Nuclear Submarine of Arihant Class

2B. Choose the correct reason from those given below and complete the sentence.

Question 1.
Several plans for rural development have been implemented, so that ____________
(a) the rural sector should not get neglected and the balance between rural and urban development be maintained
(b) the rural sector becomes richer than urban areas
(c) people could donate money for the development of the rural sector
(d) rural sector becomes richer than urban sector
Answer:
(a) the rural sector should not get neglected and the balance between rural and urban development be maintained

Question 2.
Rojgar Hami Yojana was started by the ‘Ministry of Commerce and Industry of the Government of India ____________
(a) to provide employment to urban youth
(b) to give pension to the retired army personnel
(c) to assure daily wages to the unemployed agricultural labourers
(d) to increase the employment rate in tribal areas
Answer:
(c) to assure daily wages to the unemployed agricultural labourers

Question 3.
The Government of India established a separate ‘Ministry of Disinvestment’ ____________
(a) to give credits to private firms
(b) to show sympathy towards private firms
(c) to invest more money in the government sector
(d) to take care of its disinvestment policy, i.e. the gradual withdrawal of governmental investment in the public sectors
Answer:
(d) to take care of its disinvestment policy, i.e. the gradual withdrawal of governmental investment in the public sectors

3. Complete the following concept map.

Question 1.

Answer:

Question 2.

Answer:

4A. Write short notes.

Question 1.
BRICS
Answer:

• This organisation was established in 2006. Its name is formed by adopting the first letter of the names of the participant countries. The participant members are Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa.
• This organisation was established with an aim of enhancing trade among these countries.
• The 11th conference of BRICS was organised in Brazil. The theme of this conference was ‘Economic Growth for an Innovative Future’.
• Subjects like technological co-operation, technology, and innovation, digital economy, international crime, financial scams were discussed.

Question 2.
GATT
Answer:

• During the times of the Second World War, many countries had adopted the policy of imposing various duties and taxes on imported goods, with a view to protecting their home markets.
• It resulted in declining in trade. A meeting was called in Cuba to discuss this problem, which was attended by 56 nations.
• It was decided to establish a permanent organisation to resolve the problems related to international trade. A legal agreement was signed by 23 nations on 30th October 1947, which is known as GATT. This agreement was the first multinational trade agreement.
• GATT gave priority to economic development through production and trade, to treat the member nation as ‘most favoured nation’.
• An annual meeting of the member countries of GATT used to be held in Geneva. It was attended by the representative of the member countries.
• Each country is entitled to one vote. Problems faced by individual nations regarding the difficulties of international trade were discussed in the meeting and the decision was based on these discussions.
• Later GATT became a part of the ‘World Trade Organisation’.

Question 3.
World Trade Organisation
Answer:

• On 1st January 1995, 123 nations together founded an organisation with the objective of opening the world for free trade. It was called World Trade Organisation (WTO). It’s a global trade organisation and India is a member of it.
• Arthur Dunkel, the Director-General of WTO, prepared a draft which has been fundamental to the establishment of the organisation. This draft is known as ‘Dunkel Draft’.
• The crux of this draft emphasis on trade is free from governmental custom duty and other restrictions. This approach is known as ‘liberalisation’.
• All participating countries agreed upon a set of rules and a premise common to all that would promote international trade.
• Provisions were made in the spheres of grants, exports-imports, foreign investments, reserved sectors, agriculture, technology, and the service sector.
• After becoming a member of WTO, India put a thrust on economic progress. The contribution of Prime Minister Narsimha Rao, Atal Bihar Vajpayee, and Manmohan Singh is very important in this aspect.
• The report published in 2006 has made a special mention of the increasing economic growth rate of India.

Question 4.
VVPAT
Answer:

• VVPAT means Voter Verified Paper Audit Trail.
• The Government of India started using this machine for the Nagaland Assembly Election in 2011.
• Since 2019, this device has been widely used for the Lok Sabha elections. The slip generated by the machine can be checked to determine whom you voted for.
• The voter sees the slip a few seconds after the vote. The voter can confirm his or her own vote through this machine.

Question 5.
Indian Science Congress Association.
Answer:

• This association was established on 15th January 1914 with the objective of promoting the scientific environment in India and publishing dissertations, research papers, and periodicals.
• In 1975, Asima Chatterjee became the first female scientist to be elected as the General President of the 62nd Indian Science Congress Association.

Question 6.
Speed Post
Answer:

• The Indian postal department started the service of speed post in 1986 which changed the nature of post service.
• This service was used by the majority of Indians, more than three crore letters and parcels were delivered from this service.
• The customer will get the message of successful delivery of their items.
• The postal department now offers courier services like passport delivery, business parcels, cash-on-delivery, logistics posts, and air freights.
• The post office even offers a packaging service. Over one lakh and fifty thousand post offices are offering the services like paying bills, sending festive cards and other objects.
• Since 2016, the postal department has started service of delivering Ganges water from Rishikesh and Gangotri at personal addresses.
• Buying personalized postage stamps with personal photographs and special schemes for philatelists are also available at ‘Post Shops’ opened at 80 post offices.

4B. Explain the following statements with reasons.

Question 1.
The service of ‘Speed Post’ changed the very nature of the Indian Postal Service.
Answer:

• The service of ‘Speed Post’ was started by the Indian Postal Department’ in 1986. Many people take advantage of this service, to the tune of more than three crores of letters and parcels is being delivered every month.
• The postal department sends a message of successful delivery on the mobile phone of the sender. This facility has made the speed post service more reliable.
• In addition, the postal department now offers courier services like delivery of passport, business parcel, cash-on-delivery, logistics post, and air freights.
• Now the post office offers the packaging service at an extra charge. This has increased the business of the postal department.
• It also offers services like paying various bills, sending festive greetings cards, and similar objects. The postal department has started a very novel service since 2016 of delivering Ganges water (Ganga Jal) at personal addresses from Rishikesh and Gangotri.
• Along with its facilities like buying personalized postage stamps with a personal photograph, buying newly issued postage stamps at philatelic centers, special schemes for philatelists are available at ‘post-shops’ opened at 80 post offices.
• Special limited issues of artistic postal stamps are published by the postal department in order to fulfill the requirement of philatelists.
• In this way, the service of speed post changed the very nature of the Indian postal service.

5. Answer the following questions in detail.

Question 1.
Explain India’s progress in the field of science and technology.
Answer:

• A supercomputer named ‘Param-8000’ was created with the help of C-DAC (Centre for Development of Advanced Computing, Pune. In 1998, an advanced version of ‘Param-8000’ was made which was named ‘Param-10000’.
• Its mathematical potential was enormous because of which India entered the global computer market. In 1999, India created a further version of ‘Param-10000’ which was named ‘Parampadma’. In 2003, ‘Parampadma Super Computer’ was dedicated to the nation.
• The central government’s favourable policies for the software industry, the foresightedness of Indian entrepreneurs, the nationwide spread of computer and information technology, computer engineers who are proficient in the use of the English language resulted in an increase in the Indian export of software.
• In 1995, internet services began in India. In 2004, Tata Consultancy Services was the biggest firm in Asia providing software services. Pune and Bengaluru were developed as IT hubs. Indian IT engineers are great in demand all over the world.
• In the field of science, to prove its nuclear strength, India conducted an underground nuclear test. The Indian satellite, ‘Oceansat-1’ launched and entered orbit in 1999.
• In 2000, ‘Bharat Sanchar Nigam Ltd’ (BSNL) was established to provide services like mobile phones, internet, and broadband.
• In this way, India achieved lots of progress in the field of science and technology.

Question 2.
Explain different Government schemes related to agriculture.
Answer:
According to the 2011 census, nearly 54% of India’s population is related to agriculture and agro related sector. The Government of India introduced different schemes for the progress of the agricultural sector, these schemes are as follows:

• The ‘Soil Health Card’ aims at increasing soil fertility and agricultural production.
• Pradhan Mantri Krishi Sinchan Yojana started for giving priority to water supply and irrigation facilities.
• Krishi Vikas Yojana aims at organic cultivation and increases farmer’s income.
• Pradhan Mantri Vima Yojana is implemented for the economic welfare of farmers and given the emphasis on animal husbandry, fisheries, agriculture research, and education. It also focuses on developing agriculture, co-operative establishment, and work for farmer’s welfare.
• In 2007, a national policy for farmers was adopted. If there is crop failure because of things like natural calamities, epidemics, or adverse climate, the farmers get compensated through Pradhan Mantri Peek Vima Yojana.
• Research Institute of Agricultural Sciences is supported through Indian Council for Agricultural Research. Agricultural exhibitions are organized for farmers.
• Indigenous seeds and indigenous breeds of cattle and poultry farming of indigenous variety is given priority. Goat keeping (Sheli Palan) is encouraged as an occupation.
• The ‘National Livestock Mission’ was established in 2014-15 and since then there is a rapid growth in the agricultural sector. India ranks second in fish production after China ranks first.

6. Answer the following question with the help of the given points.

Question 1.
Explain the achievement of India in the defense field.
(a) Operation Vijay
(b) Modernisation of Indian army
(c) Make in India
(d) Practice session with different countries
Answer:
(a) Operation Vijay: In 1999, Pakistan intruded Kashmir. This intrusion started a war between India and Pakistan. This war was fought in the Kargil-Drass area in Ladakh. Hence, it is known as the “Kargil War.” It is also referred to as ‘Operation Vijay’ by the Indian army. ‘Operation Vijay’ was successful and India emerged victorious in it.

(b) Modernisation of the Indian army:

• This war alerted the Indian authorities for the modernization of the Indian military. The process of updating the military, equipment, and arms, training, etc. were further intensified.
• India is the sixth country in the world to develop indigenous technology for building nuclear submarines. In 2009, India successfully built a ‘Strategic Strike Nuclear Submarine’ of the ‘Arihant class’ with the help of Russia.

(c) Make in India:

• The Government of India emphasized indigenous technology (Make in India) on recruiting women officers in the military and also on combined exercise with militaries of other countries. Women can join eight sections of the Indian army through Union Public Service Commission.
• There is an increasing focus on the exchange of the latest technology, to fight terrorism, augment our own competencies, and optimum use of modern technology for ending terrorism.

(d) Practice session with different countries: The practice session and exercise with the armies of different countries were arranged to fight terrorism. The exercise with the Oman military, Mongolian army, Sri Lankan army, and Russian army was arranged.

Question 2.
Explain the reorganization process of the states.
(a) Chhattisgarh
(b) Uttarakhand
(c) Jharkhand
(d) Telangana
(e) Jammu-Kashmir and Ladakh
Answer:
In 2000, new states were formed for the first time in India after the formation of lingual states in India.
(a) Chhattisgarh:

• Indian National Congress first put forward the demand for Chhattisgarh before independence but it was rejected by Fazal Ali Commission.
• The proposal of creating a separate state of Chhattisgarh was passed in the session of the Legislative Assembly of Madhya Pradesh in 1998.
• The state of Chhattisgarh was created by the initiative of the Government of India on 1st November 2000.

(b) Uttarakhand:

• Since 1930, the people of Garhwal and Kumaon were demanding a separate state.
• This demand was supported in the 1938 session of the Indian National Congress, however, Fazal Ali Commission ruled it out.
• The people started a movement for their demand in 1957. They also formed ‘Uttarakhand Parvatiya Rajya Parishad’ in 1973.
• In 1994, the people’s movement got intensified, hence, in recognition of popular sentiments, a bill was passed by Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly.
• The state of Uttaranchal, later renamed Uttarakhand, was formed on 9th November 2000.

(c) Jharkhand:

• In the year 1929, the demand for the separate state of Jharkhand was staged for the first time. It got intensified after the formation of the All India Jharkhand Party in 1947.
• An appeal was presented to the President and Prime Minister in 1973. The Bihar Legislative Assembly passed the bill ‘Jharkhand Area Autonomous Council’ in 1973. (JAAC).
• A bill providing for the division of Bihar and the creation of a separate state of Jharkhand was passed in the lower house of the parliament in August 2000 and accordingly, on 15th November 2000, a separate state of Jharkhand came into existence.

(d) Telangana:

• The state of Telangana was earlier an integral part of the state of Andhra Pradesh. A movement was started by ‘Telangana Rashtriya Samiti’ for the creation of a separate Telangana.
• In 2001, the Government of India announced the decision of the separate state of Telangana.
• The Parliament approved this demand in 2014 and on 2nd June 2014, the separate state of Telangana was formed.

(e) Jammu-Kashmir and Ladakh:

• Article 370 of the Indian Constitution gave a special status to the state of Jammu and Kashmir. In 1947, Prem Nath Dogra established the ‘Jammu Praja Parishad’ party. The motto of this party changed from ‘Ek Vidhan, Ek Pradhan, Ek Nishan’ to ‘Ek Desh me Do Vidhan, Do Pradhan, Do Nishan, Nahi Chalenge, Nahi Chalenge.
• This party demanded complete accession of Jammu-Kashmir to India but the party in power, National Conference rejected the demand.
• Dr. Shyama Prasad Mukherjee supported the demand for a complete merger. Recently in August 2019, the Government of India revoked article 370.
• From 31st October 2019, the state of Jammu and Kashmir was reconstructed as two separate Union Territories of Jammu-Kashmir and Ladakh.