Important Questions

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Class 12 Sociology Important Questions Chapter 1 Introduction to Indian Society Important Questions and Answers.

Maharashtra State Board 12th Sociology Important Questions Chapter 1 Introduction to Indian Society

1A. Complete the following statements by choosing the correct alternative given in the brackets and rewrite it.

Question 1.
Law of _________ is also known as the law of cause and effect. (artha, dharma, karma)
Answer:
karma

Question 2.
_________ is the ultimate goal of salvation according to Hinduism. (Moksha, Artha, karma)
Answer:
Moksha

Question 3.
_________ refers to the acquisition of wealth through the path of righteousness through hard work. (Moksha, Artha, karma)
Answer:
Artha

Question 4.
Ahimsa and tapas are integral components of the _________ way of life. (Jain, Hindu, Buddhist)
Answer:
Jain

Question 5.
The society in the _________ Vedic period was less rigid with respect to occupation-based divisions. (Later, Early, Medieval)
Answer:
Early

Question 6.
_________ advocated an austere and strict lifestyle based on penance. (Jainism, Buddhism, Hinduism)
Answer:
Jainism

Question 7.
_________ is the sacred literature of Buddhism. (Puranas, Tripitkas, Vedas)
Answer:
Tripitkas

Question 8.
_________ promoted the spread of Buddhism across ancient Asia. (Akbar, Harshvardhan, Ashoka)
Answer:
Ashoka

Question 9.
The _________ period is the period of history of ancient peninsular India. (Ancient, Sangham, Vedic)
Answer:
Sangham

Question 10.
_________ do not permit proselytisation. (Zoroastrianism, Judaism, Islam)
Answer:
Zoroastrianism

Question 11.
The _________ movement brought religious reform in Hinduism during the medieval period. (Peasant, Tribal, Bhakti)
Answer:
Bhakti

Question 12.
Some important exponents of _________ are Kabir, Rahim and Guru Nanak. (Jainism, Sufism, Buddhism)
Answer:
Sufism

Question 13.
During the early Vedic period, those women who pursued their education until they were married were known as _________ (Sadyavadhu, Brahmavadinis, Sola Sati)
Answer:
Sadyavadhu

Question 14.
In the _________ Vedic period, the caste system became entrenched. (Early, Later, Medieval)
Answer:
Later

Question 15.
The _________ Vedic period witnessed a decline in the status of women in society. (Early, Later, Medieval)
Answer:
Later

Question 16.
_________ Jains believe that the principle of nudity is an essential element in the path of liberation. (Digambara, Swetambara, Hinayana)
Answer:
Digambara

Question 17.
The _________ learnt the art of warfare and administration. (Shudras, Kshatriyas, Brahmins)
Answer:
Kshatriyas

Question 18.
Education during the medieval period is centred on the _________ (Vedas, Bible, Quran)
Answer:
Quran

Question 19.
_________ included comprehensive study of the Quran. (Maktabs, Madrasas, Khanqahs)
Answer:
Madrasas

Question 20.
_________ literature makes reference to tribes and traditional castes. (Sangham, Vedic, Puranic)
Answer:
Sangham

Question 21.
_________ referred to the four stages in the life of a Hindu. (Purusharthas, Ashramvyavastha, Varna)
Answer:
Ashramvyavastha

Question 22.
Path of knowledge is _________ marg. (Bhatki, Jnana, Raja)
Answer:
Juana

Question 23.
Sadhus are people who choose the path of _________ (Bhatki, Jnana, Asceticism)
Answer:
Asceticism

Question 24.
The _________ Dynasty believed to be the “Golden Age”. (Maurya, Gupta, Kushan)
Answer:
Gupta

Question 25.
_________ wrote on astronomy and astrology during the classical period. (Aryabhatta, Varahamihira, Dhanvantri)
Answer:
Varahamihira

Question 26.
_________ wrote on medicine during the classical period. (Aryabhatta, Varahamihira, Dhanvantri)
Answer:
Dhanvantri

Question 27.
_________ wrote on geometry and cosmology. (Aryabhatta, Varahamihira, Dhanvantri)
Answer:
Aryabhatta

Question 28.
During the _________ society experienced a synthesis of Indian and Islamic culture. (Maurya dynasty, Gupta dynasty, Delhi Sultanate)
Answer:
Delhi Sultanate

Question 29.
_________ gave India a strong and stable political administration. (Akbar, Ashoka, Chandragupta Maurya)
Answer:
Akbar

Question 30.
_________ is referred to as first urbanisation. (Harappa, Mesopotamia, Malwa)
Answer:
Harappa

Question 31.
The small Indo-Aryan chieftaincies are called _________ (Mahajanpadas, Janapadas, Republics)
Answer:
Janapadas

Question 32.
In the year _________ the Suez Canal was opened to promote trade interests. (1869, 1969, 1828)
Answer:
1869

Question 33.
The _________ century saw the emergence of the Indian National Congress. (18th, 19th, 20th)
Answer:
19th

Question 34.
The abrogation of Article _________ in August 2019 gave special status to Jammu and Kashmir. (371, 370, 374)
Answer:
370

Question 35.
The Juvenile Justice Act was passed in the year _________ (2019, 2015, 2005)
Answer:
2015

Question 36.
The Transgender Persons Act was passed in the year _________ (2019, 2015, 2005)
Answer:
2019

1B. Correct the incorrect pair and rewrite it.

Question 1.
(a) Doing one’s duties – Dharma
(b) Sensuous pleasure – Kama
(c) Acquisition of wealth – Dharma
(d) Ultimate goal of salvation – Moksha
Answer:
(c) Acquisition of wealth – Artha

Question 2.
(a) Priests, teachers, intellectuals – Brahmin
(b) Rulers and warriors – Jajman
(c) Menial work – Shudra
(d) Traders, farmers – Vaishya
Answer:
(b) Rulers and warriors – Kshatriya

Question 3.
(a) Studenthood and celibacy – Brahmacharyaashram
(b) Householder – Grihasthashram
(c) Hermithood and retirement – Dharmashastras
(d) Renunciation – Sanyasashram
Answer:
(c) Hermithood and retirement – Vanaprasthashram

Question 4.
(a) Path of Knowledge – Moksha Marg
(b) Path of Devotion – Bhakti Marg
(c) Path of Meditation – Raja Marg
(d) Path of Action – Karma
Answer:
(a) Path of Knowledge – Jnana Marg

Question 5.
(a) Skyclad – Digambaras
(b) White clad – Shvetambaras
(c) Lesser vehicle – Hinayana
(d) Greater vehicle – Vajarayan
Answer:
(d) Greater vehicle – Mahayana

Question 6.
(a) Advisory and supervisory powers – Sangham priests
(b) Nomadic ballad singers – Khema
(c) Hunter and highway robbers – Vedars
(d) Warrior section – Marrakudi
Answer:
(b) Nomadic ballad singers – The Bards

Question 7.
(a) Sultans and their relatives – Aristocrats and nobles
(b) Ulemas and Brahmin – Peasants
(c) Urban wealthy merchants, traders – Townspeople
(d) Rural agriculturalists – Peasants
Answer:
(b) Ulemas and Brahmin – Priests

Question 8.
(a) Brahmo Samaj – Raja Rammohan Roy
(b) Arya Samaj – Swami Dayanand Saraswati
(c) Prathana Samaj – Mahatma Jyotirao Phule
(d) Harijan Sevak Sangh – Mahatma Gandhi
Answer:
(c) Prathana Samaj – Aatmaram Pandurang

Question 9.
(a) The Sati Prohibition Act – 1829
(b) The Indian Slavery Act – 1843
(c) The Caste Disabilities Removal Act – 1850
(d) The Hindu Widow Remarriage Act – 1870
Answer:
(c) The Hindu Widow Remarriage Act – 1856

1C. Identify the appropriate term from the given options in the box and rewrite it against the given statement.

Puranas, Purusharthas, Jati System, Vardhaman Mahavir, Sola Sati, Ardhamagadhi, Jainism, Holy Sabbath, Din-i-Ilahi, Langar, Brahmo Samaj, Social Legislations, Dr. B. R. Ambedkar, Viharas, Buddhism, Animism, Guru Granth Sahib, Lopamudra

Question 1.
Tribal belief system.
Answer:
Animism

Question 2.
Code of Conduct based on the Law of Karma.
Answer:
Puranas

Question 3.
The four aims of Hindu life.
Answer:
Purusharthas

Question 4.
It is based on the principle of “purity and pollution”.
Answer:
Jati system

Question 5.
24th Tirthankar of Jainism.
Answer:
Vardhaman Mahavir

Question 6.
The language of teachings of Mahavir.
Answer:
Ardhamagadhi

Question 7.
It advocated an austere and strict lifestyle based on penance.
Answer:
Jainism

Question 8.
It spread because of the patronage of the Mauryan emperor, Ashoka.
Answer:
Buddhism

Question 9.
A sacred observance of Jews.
Answer:
Holy Sabbath

Question 10.
A religion started by Akbar.
Answer:
Din-i-Ilahi

Question 11.
The sacred literature of Sikhs.
Answer:
Guru Granth Sahib

Question 12.
The Punjabi term for a community kitchen.
Answer:
Langar

Question 13.
One of the notable Vedic and Upanishadic woman scholars.
Answer:
Lopamudra

Question 14.
It highlights exemplary religious qualities which are emulated as role models by Jain women.
Answer:
‘Sola Sati’

Question 15.
Buddhist monasteries.
Answer:
Viharas

Question 16.
It refers to laws passed to promote social justice.
Answer:
Social Legislation

1D. Correct underlined words and complete the statement.

Question 1.
Widow remarriage was permitted in the Later Vedic period.
Answer:
Widow remarriage was permitted in the Early Vedic period.

Question 2.
The Yajur Veda states that “all classes have an equal right to study the Veda”.
Answer:
The Atharva Veda states that “all classes have an equal right to study the Veda”.

Question 3.
Those who never married and continued studying and imparting education throughout their lives were known as Sadyavadhu.
Answer:
Those who never married and continued studying and imparting education throughout their lives were known as Brahmavadinis.

Question 4.
Puducherry had gained prominence and formed the base of the Mauryan Empire.
Answer:
Magadha had gained prominence and formed the base of the Mauryan Empire.

Question 5.
The drainage system is one indicator of the collective life of the Harrapan people.
Answer:
The Great Bath is one indicator of the collective life of the Harrapan people.

Question 6.
Great Traditions include folk art, folklore, and the religious traditions of the local people.
Answer:
Little Traditions include folk art, folklore, and the religious traditions of the local people.

Question 7.
The period c.500 BCE to c.200 BCE is considered the period of First urbanization’.
Answer:
The period c.500 BCE to c.200 BCE is considered the period of Second urbanization’.

Question 8.
The Portuguese entered India for trade in the 17th century CE.
Answer:
The Portuguese entered India for trade in the 16th century CE.

Question 9.
The implementation of the Judiciary system during the time of the British was carried out on a traditional basis.
Answer:
The implementation of the Judiciary system during the time of the British was carried out on a secular basis.

Question 10.
The Wahabi Movement was the Initiative of Behramji Malabari.
Answer:
The Wahabi Movement was the Initiative of Syed Waliullah.

Question 11.
The Constituent Assembly of India was founded on 6th December 1947.
Answer:
The Constituent Assembly of India was founded on 6th December 1946.

Question 12.
The Female Infanticide Prevention Act was passed in the year 1870.
Answer:
The Female Infanticide Prevention Act was passed in the year 1872.

Question 13.
The Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances Act was enacted in the year 1920.
Answer:
The Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances Act was enacted in the year 1985.

Question 14.
The economic growth of India until recently was guided by Planned Development, through ten Five-Year Plans till 2017.
Answer:
The economic growth of India until recently was guided by Planned Development, through twelve Five-Year Plans till 2017.

2. Write short notes.

Question 1.
Education during the Later Vedic period.
Answer:
During the Later Vedic period, women were denied access to the Upanayana ceremony, which then denied them access to learning. There was an emphasis on the institution of sacrifice and this led to the growth of large amounts of literature related to sacrifice. The first millennium CE saw the disintegration of tribal units and chieftains were overthrown. In this situation of hopelessness emerges asceticism as a means for salvation from worldly life which was now preached by the Upanishads.

In eastern parts of India, there was the rise of free speculation and the emergence of humanitarian and theistic movements, which in turn led to new centers of spiritual leadership – the ascetics and wanderers (Sramanas or Parivrayakas) who rejected the authority of the Vedas and of Vedic priests. They criticized blood sacrifices which became a part of Brahminic ritual and gave importance to the practice of ahimsa or non-injury of living beings.

After Mahavir became a Kevalin (omniscient), a Jina (conqueror), and Mahavir (a great hero), he now became part of the sect called Nirgranthas, which came to be referred to as Jainas (following of Jina). Mahavir was a religious teacher for three decades.

Buddha borrowed and adapted from the popular beliefs of the region. The Buddhist system of education was conducted through Buddhist monasteries (viharas). The center of the Buddhist system of learning revolved around the Order (Sangh) of monks (bhikkus); later Buddha permitted the entry of women as nuns (bhikkhunis). Religious instruction was imparted in the viharas and like the Brahmanical system of education, there was a special relationship between the learner and teacher; the student had to live with the teacher (Upajjhaya or Acharya) and serve him.

Just as Vedic culture centred on sacrifices, Buddhist education and learning revolved around monasteries. Education in the Sangham period was a widespread social activity. It was a secular factor and not the privilege of any one community. Works on grammar, poetry, mathematics, astronomy, and fine arts (music, dance, drama, painting, sculpture), and architecture were the specializations.

The decline of Buddhist Viharas resulted in the decline of an organized system of education.

Question 2.
Nature of education during Medieval Period.
Answer:
Education during the Medieval Period is centred on the Quran. Without the ability to read and write, it would have been impossible to study the Quran, the Hadith, and other sciences. The Prophet Mohammed exhorts all people of faith to acquire knowledge.

However, unlike the previous systems of learning, there was no requirement for the strictness associated with Vedic schools nor renunciation (rejection) of the world. The Islamic system of education is open to all followers of the faith irrespective of one’s status.

Education was imparted in three ways:

• Maktab (for elementary education)
• Madrasa (for higher learning and generally attached to a mosque)
• Khanqah (theological training)

Maktabs had an age of admission around four years, which was marked by a religious ceremony. Early training focused on the R’s of learning – reading, recitation, writing, and arithmetic. The study of the Quran would start from around age seven.

Madrasas included a comprehensive study of the Quran and its commentary by established theologians alongside practical subjects like agriculture, accountancy, astrology, astronomy history, geography, mathematics, Islamic law and jurisprudence and statecraft i.e., the art of administration) and languages such as Arabic and Persian. Akbar enabled the study of Sanskrit and Upanishads for Hindu students who wished to learn at the Madrasa. The education was based upon the political, social and economic needs of the community at large. Students had the freedom to choose subjects according to one’s interests and their aims in life.

Post-madrasa training could be followed up by engaging the services of a learned teacher (for example, Abdul Qadir Badaoni, Abul Fazl, Faizi). Madrasas provided facilities for residence for both, students and teachers. In this regard, they were similar to Buddhist Viharas and temple colleges of South India from after the 7th century CE. Khanqahs can be linked to monasteries of Medieval Europe and they were often linked to the tombs of celebrated, much loved, and respected saints. These came to be regarded as Dargahs.

In the course of time, the arts themselves came to be influenced by the tast.es, ideas, and interests of the patrons, namely, Muslim rulers in Medieval India.

During the Medieval Period, education suffered a setback due to changed political circumstances. Educational work was carried out in the villages and towns by private individuals and institutions. The mediums of instruction were Sanskrit, Arabic, and Persian. Education, however, was made available to only a small section of people e.g., the elite and the ulema, the Brahmins, and a few upper caste groups. The education of girls was perceived as being a personal matter to be decided by their fathers or guardians. Women from the Muslim nobility were permitted to receive education in their homes at the hands of teachers who were presented with expensive gifts. Since, only a relatively small number of people belonging to the upper strata of society, it is reasonable to assume that the education of girls and women during the Medieval period was bleak.

Question 3.
Urbanisation during the ancient and medieval periods.
Answer:
The archaeological evidence from the Harappan civilization suggests that Harappa was indeed a well-planned town with a ‘way of life that can be referred to as ‘first urbanisation’. The city had a covered drainage system and a well-developed drainage system underground. The social conditions were well-advanced like other contemporary civilizations.

Towards the end of the Later Vedic period, after the pastoral and nomadic Indo-Aryans spread from Punjab to the Gangetic Plain; they deforested large areas of land to pave way for agriculture.

The period c.500 BCE to c.200 BCE is considered the period of ‘second urbanisation’ which brought a large-scale beginning of town life in the middle Gangetic basin. Magadha had gained prominence and formed the base of the Mauryan Empire.

Sixteen monarchies and “republics” known as Mahajanpadas, stretched across the Indo- Gangetic Plain from modern-day Afghanistan to Bengal and Maharashtra.

This period saw the second major rise of urbanism in India after the Harappan civilisation. Evidence for it comes through archaeological excavations, especially those of the Northern Black Polished Ware (NBPW) culture. Jain, Buddhist, and Sutra literature are among the important sources of information about cities and socio-political life of this period.

The beginning of coinage (metallic coins) started in this period. These cities became the centres of administration as well as of trade and commerce. This led to the emergence of city-based artisan and merchant guilds. A network of routes for internal and distant trade developed in both eastern and western regions. The position of ‘king’ gained much strength and respect the king was assisted by ministers and officials, who often came from the Brahmin and Kshatriya caste.

Question 4.
Religious beliefs and practices during the ancient and medieval periods.
Answer:
The impact of three ancient indigenous religions – Hinduism, Jainism, and Buddhism are significant especially up to the end of the Later Vedic period. The Vedic period is usually divided into – Early Vedic Period (c.1500 BCE to c.1000 BCE) and the Later Vedic Period (c.1000 BCE to c.500 BCE).

For Hindus, the Puranas and Dharmashastras laid out a Code of Conduct based on the Law of Karma (Action) rebirth, until it can attain moksha (salvation). The four aims of Hindu life (Purusharthas) are:

• Dharma
• Kama
• Artha
• Moksha

Jainism is said to have been revealed by 24 Tirthankaras of which Vardhaman Mahavir was the last. Similar to the Hindu Doctrine of Karma, Jain teachings are also based on the Theory of Karma. However, ahimsa (non-harming) and tapas (penance) are important and integral components of the Jain way of life. Buddha, with his teachings, advocated the middle path based on the Four Noble Truths and the Eightfold Path.

The Medieval Period (c. 650 CE – c. 1500 CE), saw several religions come to India from outside. These include Judaism, Christianity, Islam, and much later Zoroastrianism. The Sangham Period (6th century BCE to 3rd century CE) is the period of the history of ancient peninsular India.

The roots of Zoroastrianism are found in the Middle East region. People of the Jewish faith are believed to be one of the early foreign religions to come to India. It is in the 1st century CE that Saint Thomas, an Apostle of Jesus Christ, brought Christianity to the shores of Malabar in South India the essential foundation of the Christian faith is the principle of love and all Christians believe in the Death and Resurrection of Jesus Christ, their Saviour.

Islam first came to India in the 8th century CE, the impact and influence of the religion is seen only much later. Like Judaism and Christianity, Islam also preaches monotheism, and the faith centers on the Holy Quran. Muslims believe in the Five Pillars of Faith.

Sikhism emerged in the late 15th century CE and was founded by Guru Nanak (1469 CE – 1539 CE). Like Hinduism, Jainism, and Buddhism, Sikhism too preached the Karma theory.

The Bhakti Movement emerged with the need to bring religious reform in Hinduism during the medieval period.

Question 5.
The Islamic system of education.
Answer:
The Islamic system of education is open to all followers of the faith irrespective of one’s status.

Education was imparted in three ways:

• Maktab (for elementary education)
• Madrasa (for higher learning and generally attached to a mosque), and
• Khanqah (theological training)

Maktabs had an age of admission around four years, which was marked by a rite of entry. Early training focused on the R’s of learning – reading, recitation, writing, and arithmetic.

Several hours were spent on developing the art of writing. The study of the Quran would start from around age seven.

Madrasas included a comprehensive study of the Quran and its commentary by established theologians alongside practical subjects like agriculture, accountancy, astrology, astronomy, history, geography, mathematics, Islamic law and jurisprudence and statecraft (i.e., the art of administration) and languages such as Arabic and Persian (which were languages also taught elsewhere in the contemporary Islamic world). Noted scholar Abul Fazl informs us that Akbar enabled the study of Sanskrit and Upanishads for Hindu students who wished to learn at the Madrasa. The education was based upon the political, social and economic needs of the community at large students had the freedom to choose subjects according to one’s interests and their aims in life.

Khanqahs can be likened to monasteries of Medieval Europe and they were often linked to the tombs of celebrated, much loved, and respected saints. These came to be regarded as Dargahs.

Education of women: Muslim rulers at the imperial capitals at Delhi and Agra did not do anything remarkable for the promotion of the education of women.

The education of girls was perceived as being a personal matter to be decided by their fathers or guardians. Women from the Muslim nobility were permitted to receive education in their homes at the hands of teachers who were presented with expensive gifts.

Art: In the course of time, the arts themselves came to be influenced by the tastes, ideas, and interests of the patrons, namely, Muslim rulers in Medieval India. The mediums of instruction were Sanskrit, Arabic, and Persian. Education, however, was made available to only a small section of people e.g., the elite and the ulema, the Brahmins, and a few upper caste groups.

Question 6.
Zoroastrianism.
Answer:
The roots of Zoroastrianism are found in the Middle East region. Persecution of the people of this faith brought them to the Western coast of India, near present-day Gujarat, into which they culturally assimilated.

Zoroastrianism is the only outside religious community that still practices endogamy; it did not permit proselytization i.e., conversions into their faith. Fire temples are their place of worship and entry into their Fire temples is restricted to members of the community.

It is one of the world’s oldest and continuously practiced religions. It is centered on a dualistic cosmology of good and evil (Heaven and Hell).

Their sacred scripture is Avesta in which it is stated that the supreme creator is Ahura Mazda, from whom Asha (cosmic order) originates. Fire and clean water are agents of ritual purity. The Holy Flame was brought by priests from Persia to Navsari in Gujarat (c. 9th century CE).

While maintaining their strong sense of identity and culture, despite their diminishing numerical strength, Parsis has contributed in all walks of life.

Question 7.
Social life during the ancient and medieval periods.
Answer:
Harappan civilisation was known for its well-planned towns covered drainage system, its granary which was used for storing and trading surplus grain. The Great Bath is one indicator of the collective life of the people. Thus, there were peasants, artisans, traders, fishermen, priests, administrators, artists, weavers, etc.

Sangham literature makes reference to tribes and traditional castes. This indicates their coexistence. Though the Brahmins constituted a numerical minority, they played an important role in the development of Tamilian culture. Sangham priests though not dominating were in the process of assuming advisory and supervisory powers. The Bards (nomadic ballad singers) were a special class. Vedars (hunter and highway robbers) were much feared. The Marrakudi was a separate warrior section that had its own traditions and beliefs. Then, there were the fishermen, salt manufacturers, weavers, agriculturalists, shepherds, and cowherds who were also important.

The Varna System during the Vedic period referred to the social order or class of people. There was flexibility and fluidity with respect to occupation. It was only towards the end of the Vedic period that Varna turned into a rigid jati (caste) hierarchy based on the ideology of purity and pollution.

• Brahmin – priests, teachers, intellectuals
• Kshatriya – rulers, and warriors
• Vaishya – merchants, traders, farmers
• Shudra – menial work

The first three varnas began to call themselves the upper varnas. They became the ‘twice-born (dvija) because they were entitled to the initiation ceremony (upanayana).

Ashramvyavastha was prescribed for the so-called twice-born castes. This referred to the four stages in the life of a Hindu.

• Brahmacharyashram – Student hood, single status, and celibacy
• Grihasthashram – Householder
• Vanaprasthashram – hermithood and retirement.
• Sanyasashram – renunciation

The Classical Period (i.e. the period of the Gupta Dynasty) believed to be the ‘Golden Age, is when Indian society grew and thrived, setting the foundations in arts, science, politics, religion, philosophy, and economics that define Indian culture to this day. It became a global trade center arid an epicenter of artistic and intellectual achievement. Eventually, the smaller kingdoms broke away. This allowed the Huns of Central Asia to invade and defeat the Gupta dynasty around 550 CE and finally, the classical period declined by 650 CE.

Many texts (Nitishastras and Dharmashastras) were written during a period of ‘second urbanisation’, which elaborated on socio-political laws.

The Medieval Period of India witnessed the Muslim invasion of India’s material resources. During the Delhi Sultanate, society experienced a synthesis of Indian and Islamic culture Amir Khusro, used a form of Hindustani, which he called Hindavi. At the same time, the Delhi Sultanate was also responsible for the large-scale destruction and desecration of temples.

During this period also, a rigid caste system was followed. Efforts of Emperor Akbar gave India a strong and stable political administration.

The Medieval Period is often stated to be the darkest period in the history of India however, there emerged several changes that transformed Indian society also. Performing arts, architecture and sculpture flourished alongside internal and foreign trade and commerce. The establishment of Din-I-Ilahi by Akbar was a new religion based on ethical rationalism. Towards the 19th century CE there emerged a widening gap between liberals and orthodox groups from various faiths.

3. Write differences.

Question 1.
Status of women in the Early Vedic period and medieval period.
Answer:

Status of women in the Early Vedic period	Status of women in the Medieval period
(i) Status: Indian women enjoyed a high status during the early Vedic period.	(i) Status: The status of women deteriorated in Medieval India.
(ii) Education: Women during the Early Vedic period had access to Vedic education.	(ii) Education: Only women from upper castes and aristocracy were given education in private.
(iii) Access of Knowledge: There were qualified women and some notable Vedic and Upanishadic women scholars during the early Vedic period.	(iii) Access of Knowledge: Knowledge of the scriptures and literacy was denied to Women and her status was reduced to being dependent on men.
(iv) Widow Remarriage: Widow remarriage was permitted in the Vedic period.	(iv) Widow Remarriage: Widow remarriage was considered taboo.
(v) Marriage: The main form of marriage was Monogamy and women in early Vedic marriage could marry late or decide not to marry.	(v) Marriage: Practices of child marriage, sati, and devadasi system, the customs of polygamy, and early marriage made women the objects of exploitation.
(vi) Freedom: Women were considered as useful and productive members of society and they were given the freedom to choose their life partners for marriage.	(vi) Freedom: Freedom of women was curtailed and was reduced to being dependent on men throughout her lifetime.

Question 2.
Buddhism and Jainism.
Answer:

Buddhism	Jainism
(i) Founder: The founder of Buddhism is Gautama Buddha.	(i) Founder: The founder of Jainism is Vardhaman Mahavir.
(ii) Teaching: The teachings of Gautam Buddha were in the language of the common people, Pali.	(ii) Teaching: The teachings of Mahavira were in the language of the common people, Ardhamagadhi.
(iii) Sacred books: The Sacred book of Buddhists is Tipitaka.	(iii) Sacred books: The Sacred books of Jains is Agamas.
(iv) Principles: Buddhism advocated the middle path based on the Four Noble Truths and the Eightfold Path.	(iv) Principles: Jainism preached (1) Ahimsa (2) Satya (3) Asteya (4) Aparigraha.

4. Explain the following concepts with examples.

Question 1.
Social Reform Movements
Answer:
It was the educated Indians, often from the upper social strata, who campaigned the agenda for change at the micro-socio levels. The 19th century is witness to the emergence of many social and religious reform movements.

All these groups struggled to bring about changes at the local level in which they operated. They aimed in solving social problems which were socio-religious-cultural in nature.

They worked towards reforming obsolete, repressive, and regressive religious practices. The urge for reform was generated largely as a result of their interaction with the West.

Many groups worked to promote education among the ‘weaker sections – especially women and so-called lower castes. Organisations like the Arya Samaj aimed at restoring Vedic traditions and integrating Vedic knowledge with the modern curriculum.

Examples of some movements of social reforms:

• Brahmo Samaj – Raja Rammohan Roy
• Arya Samaj – Swami Dayanand Saraswati
• Prathana Samaj – Aatmaram Pandurang
• Harijan Sevak Sangh – Mahatma Gandhi
• Theosophical Society – Annie Besant

Question 2.
Westernisation
Answer:
Many of the educated elite took to the lifestyle of the British with respect to food habits, dressing, customs, mannerisms, attitudes, beliefs, language, sports, and entertainment, etc. Eminent Indian sociologist, M. N. Srinivas referred to this process of imitation of the British, as ‘Westerisation’.

The impact of Western culture has been classified into four types by Alatas. They are :

• eliminative changes (i.e., fading out of cultural elements)
• additive changes (i.e., new cultural additions)
• supportive changes (i.e., changes that support existing cultural traits)
• synthetic changes (i.e., the synthesis of old and new culture)

Examples: Drinking tea and coffee, changes in eating habits, using the dining table, crockery, and cutlery, hugging and kissing as a form was adopted universally, western sports like cricket, became popular.

5A. Complete the concept map.

Question 1.

Answer:

Question 2.

Answer:

Question 3.

Answer:

Question 4.

Answer:

Question 5.

Answer:

Question 6.

Answer:

5B. State whether the following statements are True or False with reasons.

Question 1.
The Bhakti Movement brought religious reform to Hinduism during the medieval period.
Answer:
This statement is True.

The Bhakti Movement rejected the caste system. It criticized excessive ritualism and advocated simplicity in worship. It professed that all human beings were equal in the eyes of God. The focus was on devotional singing and the repetition of his name.

Sufism also preached the unity of humanity and believed in the equality of all human beings in the eyes of God. Some important exponents of this are Kabir, Rahim, and Guru Nanak. Kabir and Rahim denounced external observances of religion such as rituals, superstitious practices, idolatry. Guru Nanak decried the caste system, ritualism, and idol worship.

Bhakti Movement in Maharashtra began in the 13th century CE with Dnyaneshwar. Namdev was his contemporary who criticized fasts, pilgrimages, and all other external forms of religious practices.

Question 2.
After Independence, the goals and programmes of the country have not seen many changes.
Answer:
This statement is False.

After Independence, the goals and programmes of the country have seen numerous changes. Some significant factors that have affected India after 1947.

Constitution of India:

• The Constitution of India was framed by the Constituent Assembly which was founded on 6th December 1946 to write the Constitution of India.
• The head of the Drafting Committee of the Constitution was Dr. B. R. Ambedkar.
• It is a document based on the strengths of the diversity of Indian society. It cherishes the goals of liberty, equality, and fraternity. It supports secularism.
• There have been numerous amendments to the Indian Constitution. A recent change has been the abrogation of Article 370 in August 2019 which gave special status to Jammu and Kashmir.

Economy: The economic growth of India recently was guided by Planned Development, through twelve Five-Year Plans till 2017. Each plan period has had its own objectives. It was in 1991, globalisation was introduced in India which has its share of positives and negative sides.

Since 2014, changes such as demonetization, single taxation policy under GST, welfare schemes, borderless trade practices, Swachh Bharat drives, promoting entrepreneurship, etc. have been key points.

Education: There has been a significant expansion of the number of anganwadis, schools, universities, deemed universities, autonomous institutions, IITs (Indian Institute of Technology), IIMs (Indian Institute of Management), IIITs (Indian Institute of Information Technology), NITs (National Institute of Technology), vocational programmes, open learning, online education, self-learning opportunities and so on.

• Enrolment numbers have been swelling beyond control in several cases.
• The number of teachers has also risen.
• The Draft New Education Policy has been formulated in 2019.

Question 3.
India is the most populous democracy in the world. –
Answer:
This statement is True.

In Post-Independent India, we have taken on a system of governance based on the principle of democracy. The three arms of government are the Executive, Assembly Legislature as well as Judiciary. We have the principle of democratic decentralization where power percolates down to the grassroots level.

The Indian political system no longer recognizes the former statuses of prince, nawab, raja or rani. All citizens are equal in the eyes of law. Modern India has embraced the principles and practice of free and fair elections. Voting rights are given to all citizens of India, on the attainment of age 18. India also has a multi-party system – and parties may be national, state or regional in character. Individuals also have the right to contest in elections. We also have a federal system of governance – Centre, and State/Union Territory.

The goals, policies, and agenda of each government are guided by its own principles or ideologies. There are differences and multiple views (for example, Left, Right, and Centre). The role of the opposition is the responsibility of keeping a check on the government in power. Consensus is an important value in a democratic society. Thus, India is the most populous democracy in the world.

6. Give your personal response.

Question 1.
India is a melting pot of culture.
Answer:

• India is a melting pot of many cultures and traditions, It is endowed with rich traditions of art, craft, culture, and cuisine, We have assimilated cultures of all civilizations that have come to our shores.
• Indian society is formed by the incorporation of culture followed by Indians since ancient times.
• Undoubtedly, Indian culture is one of the oldest existing cultures in the world. With each passing decade, it’s evolving.
• Western culture has also influenced Indian society. It has led to a few advancements, but at the same time, has caused Indians to disconnect from their roots rapidly.

7. Answer the following question in detail in about 150-200 words.

Question 1.
Discuss with relevant examples, consequences of Colonialism in India with respect to the following factors.
(i) Introduction of the new education system
(ii) Introduction of new administration system
(iii) Introduction of new7 economic system
(iv) Introduction of Transport and Communication
(v) Nationalist Movement
Answer:
(i) Introduction of the new education system: The British set up a system of education that had a far-reaching impact on Indian society. The medium of instruction in high school now became English. It became the common language of communication among the learned people. Schools and colleges were open to all individuals, irrespective of caste, creed, gender, etc.

The Indian Universities Act, 1856, enabled the establishment of the first universities in Calcutta, Bombay, and Madras. The content of education was secular – which included subjects like Mathematics, Science, Philosophy, Sociology, History, etc. This led to the rise of a new class of intelligentsia, who were of Indian origin but trained in ‘Western’ values customs, and practices. Some of them played a significant role in the reform movements. New values like rationality, equality, social justice, secular approach, and individualism gained firmer ground.

(ii) Introduction of new administration system: The British set in place new systems of administration. They started the system of services like the Economic Service, Education Service, Revenue Service, and Administrative Service. A new judiciary system was created, which took into consideration the earlier legal traditions of the Indian communities.

However, its implementation was carried out on a secular basis; each individual was judged on an equal basis, irrespective of one’s caste and creed. The authority of feudal lords and zamindars was abolished.
The Indian Councils Act, The Indian High Court Act, and The Indian Civil Service Act of 1861 all led to major changes in the Executive, Legislative and Judicial administration of India.

(iii) Introduction of new economic system: The economic system got transformed by industrial growth and its twin process of urbanization. Caste-based skills and occupations and, social relationships were gradually changing due to the impact of a changing economy and the rise of factories. The emergence of economic and educated classes was on the rise. New Revenue systems were started by the British in different parts of India which affected the peasants adversely.

(iv) Introduction of Transport and Communication: Systems of railways and roadways, and, Post and Telegraph offices were set up through the length and breadth of the country. These were ways in which it became possible to reach people in all parts of the country and access resources. In 1869, the Suez Canal was opened to promote trade interests. Development of transportation and communication led to an increase in market outlets for Indian raw materials.

(v) Nationalist Movement: Use of English as a common language of communication among. the educated elite played a significant role in networking, the nationalist movement received momentum. The awakening among the Indian masses against alien rule resulted in the call for the expulsion of the British from India and to fight for independence. The 19th century saw the emergence of the Indian National Congress and Mahatma Gandhi as the key figure in the call for independence.

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Class 12 Political Science Important Questions Chapter 6 India and the World Important Questions and Answers.

Maharashtra State Board 12th Political Science Important Questions Chapter 6 India and the World

Complete the following statements by selecting the appropriate option.

Question 1.
The core of nonalignment was
(a) Independent understanding of world affairs
(b) Participation in cold war
(c) Democratic socialism as policy
(d) Policy of regionalism
Answer:
(a) Independent understanding of world affairs

Question 2.
Farakka Agreement about sharing of river waters is between India and
(a) Bangladesh
(b) Pakistan
(c) China
(d) Nepal
Answer:
(a) Bangladesh

Question 3.
The vision for India Ocean Rim Association (IORA) originated in 1995 during the visit of to India.
(a) Nelson Mandela
(b) Yasser Arafat
(c) Pervez- Musharraf
(d) President Jayewardene
Answer:
(a) Nelson Mandela

Question 4.
The main building at NDA, Pune is named to reflect cooperation between India and
(a) Indonesia
(b) Russia
(c) Sudan
(d) Nepal
Answer:
(c) Sudan

Question 5.
Objective of India Foreign Policy is incorporated in DPSP as Article
(a) 44
(b) 356
(c) 370
(d) 51
Answer:
(d) 51

Question 6.
The First Summit meeting of NAM in 1961 was held at
(a) Bandung
(b) Belgrade
(c) Dhaka
(d) Jakarta
Answer:
(b) Belgrade

Question 7.
After India’s nuclear test in 1998, took the lead in imposing sanctions on India.
(a) USA
(b) France
(c) China
(d) Russia
Answer:
(a) USA

Question 8.
In 2008, India signed a Civil Nuclear Cooperation Agreement with
(a) Russia
(b) France
(c) USA
(d) Canada
Answer:
(c) USA

Question 9.
In 1971, India signed a Friendship Treaty with
(a) USA
(b) Soviet Union
(c) China
(d) Pakistan
Answer:
(b) Soviet Union

Question 10.
The war in 1962 was between India and
(a) China
(b) Pakistan
(c) Sri Lanka
(d) Bangladesh
Answer:
(a) China

Question 11.
In the late 1990s, Foreign Minister Primakov mooted the idea of a Trilateral Summit between Russia, India and
(a) USA
(b) Pakistan
(c) China
(d) Vietnam
Answer:
(c) China

Question 12.
Status of Kashmir has been a cause of tension between India and
(a) Bangladesh
(b) China
(c) Afghanistan
(d) Pakistan
Answer:
(d) Pakistan

Question 13.
In 1972, Shimla Agreement was signed between India and
(a) USA
(b) Russia
(c) Pakistan
(d) China
Answer:
(c) Pakistan

Question 14.
In 1975, the Himalayan Kingdom of opted to integrate with India.
(a) Nepal
(b) NEFA
(c) Sikkim
(d) Bhutan
Answer:
(c) Sikkim

Identify the incorrect pair in every set and correct it.

Question 1.
(a) Myanmar – Aung San Suu Kyi
(b) Bangladesh – Mujibur Rahman
(c) Pakistan – Jayewardene
Answer:
(b) ANZUS – Australia, New Zealand, USA

Question 2.
(a) Lahore Agreement (1999) – Pakistan
(b) Friendship Treaty (1971) – Bangladesh
(c) Nuclear Cooperation Agreement (2008) – USA
Answer:
(b) Friendship Treaty (1971) – Soviet Union

Complete the following sentences by selecting the appropriate reason.

Question 1.
Relations with West Asian countries are important for India because ……………..
(a) they work as a counter against Pakistan.
(b) they are important trade partners.
(c) they are important dialogue partners in SAARC.
Answer:
(a) they work as a counter against Pakistan.

Question 2.
Jawaharlal Nehru is called ‘architect of India’s foreign policy’ because ……………….
(a) he was the first Foreign Minister of India.
(b) his speech in September 1946 spelt out core features of India’s foreign policy.
(c) he was instrumental in signing of treaties with China.
Answer:
(b) his speech in September 1946 spelt out core features of India’s foreign policy.

Question 3.
Relations between India and China have been strained due to …………………
(i) border disputes such as Aksai Chin.
(ii) China’s support to Pakistan.
(iii) India has given political asylum to the Dalai Lama.
(a) none of the above.
(b) only (i) and (ii)
(c) all of the above.
Answer:
(c) all of the above.

Question 4.
The Sagarmala project is aimed at ………………….
(a) countering piracy and securing trade routes.
(b) promoting port-led development in India.
(c) promoting exclusive economic zone in the India Ocean.
Answer:
(b) promoting port-led development in India.

State the appropriate concept for the given statements.

Question 1.
2008, India-US Agreement.
Answer:
Civil Nuclear Cooperation Agreement

Question 2.
Rebel, militant Tamil group in Sri Lanka.
Answer:
LTTE

Question 3.
Policy due to which India began significant relations with South-East Asian nations.
Answer:
Look East, Act East

Question 4.
It was created in March 1997 to promote balanced and sustained development in India Ocean region.
Answer:
Indian Ocean Rim Association.

Find the odd word.

Question 1.
Sukhoi fighter aircraft, Brahmos missiles, Sakhalin-1 oil fields, BIMSTEC.
Answer:
BIMSTEC (not included in Indo-Russia relations)

Question 2.
NEFA, Nepal, Tibet, BRI.
Answer:
Nepal (not an issue in China-India relations)

Question 3.
PLO, ARF, SCO, SAARC.
Answer:
P. L. O (India is not associated)

Question 4.
Nepal, Sikkim, Myanmar, Bhutan.
Answer:
Myanmar (not a Himalayan kingdom)

Expand the following abbreviations.

(1) SEATO
(2) IAEA
(3) NEFA
(4) LTTE
(5) PLO
(6) ARF
(7) IORA
(8) ONGC
(9) LAC
(10) AFRICA Fund
Answer:
(1) SEATO – South East Asia Treaty Organisation
(2) IAEA – International Atomic Energy Agency
(3) NEFA – North East Frontier Agency
(4) LTTE – Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam
(5) PLO – Palestine Liberation Organisation
(6) ARF – ASEAN Regional Forum
(7) IORA – The Indian Ocean Rim Association for Regional Cooperation
(8) ONGC – Oil and Natural Gas Commission
(9) LAC – Line of Actual Control
(10) AFRICA Fund – The Action for Resisting Invasion, Colonialism and Apartheid Fund

Complete the concept maps.

Question 1.

Answer:

Question 2.

Answer:

Question 3.

Answer:

Observe the maps in textbook and answer the following questions.

1.

Question 1.
Name the three water bodies bordering India.
Answer:
Bay of Bengal, Indian Ocean, Arabian Sea.

Question 2.
Name three countries bordering India to the North.
Answer:
China, Nepal, Bhutan.

Question 3.
Name three countries bordering Afghanistan.
Answer:
Pakistan, Iran, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan

Question 4.
Name three countries lying in the Indian Ocean.
Answer:
Sri Lanka, Indonesia, Maldives

2.

Question 1.
Name three countries around South China Sea.
Answer:
Philippines, Vietnam, China, Taiwan.

Question 2.
Name three African countries bordered by Indian Ocean.
Answer:
Somalia, Mozambique, Tanzania.

Question 3.
Name two West Asian countries bordered by water on the east.
Answer:
Yemen, Oman bordered by waterbody on the east.

State whether the following statements are true or false with reason.

Question 1.
In the past two decades Indo-US relations have improved considerably.
Answer:
This statement is True.

1. During the Cold War and even immediately after that, Indo-US relations were strained mainly due to India’s nonaligned policy and US support to Pakistan.
2. However, India supported US war on terrorism and later the signing of India-US Civil Nuclear Cooperation Agreement (2008) led to bettering of ties between USA and India. US regards India as a major trade and defence partner.

Question 2.
International situation has played a significant role in determining India’s Foreign Policy.
Answer:
This statement is True.

1. Factors like geography, history, economy, political leadership have impacted India’s foreign policy. During the Cold War, superpower politics impacted India’s policy.
2. There were many significant changes in India’s foreign policy when the Cold War ended.
3. India’s relations with world powers like USA and with its own neighbours like China and Pakistan have influenced its foreign policy.

Question 3.
Indian foreign policy has undergone a change post 1990s
Answer:
This statement is True.

1. During the Cold War era, Indian foreign policy had evolved around three pillars viz. nonalignment in international relations, preservation of autonomy in domestic affairs and solidarity among developing nations.
2. After 1991, Indian economy opened under economic liberalisation. India developed relations with different nations based on realistic understanding of national interest. Thus, India emerged as a significant economic and technological power post 1990s.

Explain the correlation between the following.

Question 1.
Political leadership – India’s foreign policy.
Answer:
The principles of India’s foreign policy include respect for the sovereignty and territorial integrity of all nations, belief in peaceful coexistence and peaceful resolution of international disputes. One of the main factors influencing foreign policy is the political leadership of the country. India’s first Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru’s speech spelt out the core feature of India’s foreign policy i.e., friendly relations with England, USA and Soviet Union.

He was a co-founder of the Non- Aligned Movement and opted not to be a part of any military alliance. Prime Ministers who have played an important role in India’s foreign policy include Lai Bahadur Shastri (Indo-Pak war 1965 and Tashkent Agreement) Indira Gandhi (Indo-Pak war, 1971 and Shimla Agreement) Rajiv Gandhi (peacekeeping force to Sri Lanka, 1987), Atal Bihari Vajpayee, Dr. Manmohan Singh and Narendra Modi.

Express your opinion of the following.

Question 1.
India-US relations.
Answer:
During the Cold War, relations between India and US were strained due to several reasons

1. India kept out of US led military alliances like CENTO, etc., and co-founded Non-Aligned Movement.
2. India’s criticism of US intervention in Vietnam.
3. US position on the Kashmir issue and constant support to Pakistan.

Even after end of the Cold War, Indo-US relations did not immediately improve. The US brought pressure on the new State of Russia to stop supply of space technology to India. After India carried out its second nuclear testing in 1998 at Pokhran, the US not only imposed economic sanctions on India but also pressurized other nations like Canada, Japan, etc. to impose sanctions as well. However, towards the end of the last century Indo-US ties have improved due to the following reasons-
1. Anti-terrorism stance – India supported President George W. Bush’s “war on terrorism” similarly, after the 2001, terrorist attack on Indian Parliament by Pakistan supported terrorist groups, US demanded that Pakistan should stop sponsoring cross-border terrorism.

2. Partnership apd Agreements – The US regards India as a major partner in the Indo- Pacific region. India regards the USA as a major source of investment and partner in trade and defence as well as in multilateral fora like India-US-Japan forum. In 2008, the India-US Civil Nuclear Cooperation Agreement was signed by which India became the only country outside NPT that has nuclear capabilities.

Answer the following questions in 80 to 100 words.

Question 1.
Elaborate on India’s “Look East, Act East” policy.
Answer:
After independence, Jawaharlal Nehru attempted to weave unity among countries of Asia. One of the major partners in this effort was Indonesia. During the Cold War period, India’s relations with most of the South-East Asian nations was nominal. In 1991, India under Prime Minister P. V. Narsimha Rao propounded the “Look East” Policy as an effort to cultivate extensive economic and strategic relations with the South-East Asian countries and bolster it’s standing as a regional power. Subsequent Prime Ministers such as Atal Bihari Vajpayee and Dr. Manmohan Singh also pursued this policy.

In 2014, under Prime Minister Narendra Modi a more outcome-based policy of Act East was announced to focus more on relations with ASEAN and other East Asian countries especially Vietnam and Japan. India has particularly good relations with Singapore which is a major investor in India. Relations with Thailand, Malaysia, Indonesia have also improved. India has a Free Trade Agreement with the ASEAN and is a partner in ASEAN Regional Forum (ARF) a regional security group. India has promoted regional cooperation groups like BIMSTEC.

Question 2.
Describe India-Pakistan relations.
Answer:
1. There have been tensions and military standoffs between India and Pakistan since 1947 for e.g., Conflict of 1947-48, Kargil conflict (1999) as well as two-wars (1965, 1971). The main problem areas between India and Pakistan is over the Kashmir issue. India has accused Pakistan of sponsoring cross border terrorism in Indian territory.

2. China-Pakistan Economic Corridor is a route for Chinese investments in Pakistan. China has extended support to Pakistan on the Kashmir issue while Pakistan recognizes China’s claims to Aksaichin.

3. Disputes over sharing of the Indus river waters and Baglihar Dam issue. Efforts have been made to improve bilateral relations between India and Pakistan such as the Shimla Agreement (1972) signed between Prime Minister Indira Gandhi and President Z. A. Bhutto. In 1999, Prime Ministers of India and Pakistan signed three agreements. Both countries have launched several mutual confidence building measures such as the Delhi-Lahore bus service, hotlines between Prime Ministers of India and Pakistan, etc.

Answer the following question with reference to the given points.

Question 1.
Elaborate on India’s relations with
(a) USA
(b) Russia / Soviet Union
(c) China
Answer:
India has played an active role in international relations even before independence for e.g., as a signatory at the San Francisco Conference that gave shape to the United Nations Charter.
The primary objectives of India’s Foreign Policy are:

1. Maintenance of international peace and security.
2. Protection of the sovereignty and integrity of the country.
3. Maintaining good relations with neighbouring countries and with regional groups such as ASEAN.
4. Greater integration with the world economy in order to sustain a high growth rate.

(a) USA – During the Cold War, relations between India and US were strained due to a number of reasons:

1. India kept out of US led military alliances like CENTO, etc., and co-founded Non- Aligned Movement.
2. India’s criticism of US intervention in Vietnam.
3. US position on the Kashmir issue and constant support to Pakistan.

Even after end of the Cold War, Indo-US relations did not immediately improve. The US brought pressure on the new State of Russia to stop supply of space technology to India. After India carried out its second nuclear testing in 1998 at Pokhran, the US not only imposed economic sanctions on India but also pressurized other nations like Canada, Japan, etc. to impose sanctions as well.

(b) Russia / Soviet Union – During the Cold War era, Soviet Union provided aid to India in the form of technology, weapons and low-interest credit to India’s heavy industry projects in the public sector. Indo-Soviet Friendship Treaty (1971) is considered a milestone in their bilateral relations. After the disintegration of the Soviet Union, Russia agreed to provide reactors for India’s Kudankulam nuclear power plant and for joint ventures to produce Sukhoi fighter aircraft and Brahmos missiles. Both India and Russia have major Stakes in Russia oil fields such as Sakhalin-1 highlighting the importance of energy security.

(c) China – In 1949, the Communist revolution took place in China. India was among the first nations to recognize the People’s Republic of China. In 1954, India and China signed the Panchsheel Agreement and India also recognised Chinese Suzerainty on Tibet. The main hindrances in Sino-Indian relations are-

1. 1962 Indo-China war and 2017 Dokhlam skirmish.
2. Border disputes in AksaiChin and NEFA region.
3. China has been critical of India offering political asylum to the Dalai Lama.
4. Chinese support to Pakistan.
5. India’s apprehensions about China’s Belt and Road Initiative.

On the positive side India-China relationship has improved

1. Agreement on maintenance of peace and tranquility along the LOC.
2. China has become among the largest trading partners of India.
3. India and China are part of BRICS and SCO.
4. In the late 1990s, Russia mooted the idea of a Trilateral Summit of Russia, China, India which was a recognition of India’s status as a major regional power.

Question 2.
Elaborate on India’s relations with
(a) Pakistan
(b) Bangladesh
(c) Sri Lanka
Answer:
India has played an active role in international relations even before independence for e.g., as a signatory at the San Francisco Conference that gave shape to the United Nations Charter. The primary objectives of India’s Foreign Policy are:

1. Maintenance of international peace and security.
2. Protection of the sovereignty and integrity of the country.
3. Maintaining good relations with neighbouring countries and with regional groups such as ASEAN.
4. Greater integration with the world economy to sustain a high growth rate.

(a) Pakistan-
1. There have been tensions and military standoffs between India and Pakistan since 1947 for e.g., Conflict of 1947-48, Kargil conflict (1999) as well as two wars (1965, 1971). The main problem areas between India and Pakistan is over the Kashmir issue. India has accused Pakistan of sponsoring cross border terrorism in Indian territory.

2. China-Pakistan Economic Corridor is a route for Chinese investments in Pakistan. China has extended support to Pakistan on the Kashmir issue while Pakistan recognizes China’s claims to Aksai Chin.

3. Disputes over sharing of the Indus river waters and Baglihar Dam issue.

Efforts have been made to improve bilateral relations between India and Pakistan such as the Shimla Agreement (1972) signed between Prime Minister Indira Gandhi and President Z. A. Bhutto. In 1999, Prime Ministers of India and Pakistan signed three agreements. Both countries have launched several mutual confidence building measures such as the Delhi-Lahore bus service, Samjhauta Express, hotlines between Prime Ministers of India and Pakistan, etc.

(b) Bangladesh – India played a major role in securing independence for Bangladesh in 1971. Major issues in Indo-Bangladesh relations were about distribution of waters of Teesta river, land and maritime boundaries, Chakma refugees, etc. Cross border terrorism is a concern for both countries.

(c) Sri Lanka – India is the only neighbour of Sri Lanka, separated by the Palk Strait. They share deep racial and cultural links. For most of Tamils in Sri Lanka (earlier Ceylon) their ancestors were from India. Ties between the two countries have been tested by the Civil War in Sri Lanka and Indian intervention during the war (1983-2009). It was caused by insurgency against the government by the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE) which aimed to create an independent Tamil State in the north and east of Sri Lanka.

The LTTE was formed in 1976 under leadership of V. Prabhakaran as Tamils began to feel alienated in Sri Lanka due to Sinhala being made official language and Tamil migrant plantation workers being disenfranchised. Indian Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi deployed the Indian Peace Keeping Force (IPKF) under Operation Pawan to disarm different militant groups in Sri Lanka. The Indo-Sri Lanka Accord (1987) was signed to provide a political solution to Sri Lanka’s conflict.

Today, India is Sri Lanka’s largest trading partner. Both India and Sri Lanka are members of SAARC and BIMSTEC. Sri Lanka’s leaning towards China e.g., Hamabantota port being built in Sri Lanka by China is a major concern for India.

Maharashtra State Board HSC 12th Psychology Important Questions and Answers

• Chapter 1 Psychology: A Scientific Discipline Important Questions
• Chapter 2 Intelligence Important Questions
• Chapter 3 Personality Important Questions
• Chapter 4 Cognitive Processes Important Questions
• Chapter 5 Emotions Important Questions
• Chapter 6 Psychological Disorders Important Questions
• Chapter 7 First Aid in Mental Health Important Questions
• Chapter 8 Positive Psychology Important Questions

Maharashtra Board 12th HSC Important Questions

Maharashtra State Board HSC 12th Sociology Important Questions and Answers

• Chapter 1 Introduction to Indian Society Important Questions
• Chapter 2 Segments of Indian Society Important Questions
• Chapter 3 Diversity and Unity in Indian Society Important Questions
• Chapter 4 Processes of Social Change in India Important Questions
• Chapter 5 Social Movements in India Important Questions
• Chapter 6 Social Problems in India Important Questions

Maharashtra Board 12th HSC Important Questions

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Class 12 History Important Questions Chapter 11 India Transformed Part 1 Important Questions and Answers.

Maharashtra State Board 12th History Important Questions Chapter 11 India Transformed Part 1

1A. Choose the correct alternative and rewrite the statement.

Question 1.
On 1st January 1995, 123 nations together founded an organisation known as ____________
(a) United Nations Organisation (UNO)
(b) World Trade Organisation (WTO)
(c) SEATO
(d) I.C.A.R.
Answer:
(b) World Trade Organisation (WTO)

Question 2.
In 1998, with a view to provide support to farmers in difficult times, ____________ plan was started.
(a) Kisan Credit Card
(b) Kisan Housing Plan
(c) Kisan Employment Card
(d) National Farmer’s Bank
Answer:
(a) Kisan Credit Card

Question 3.
Under ____________ scheme, each family in rural areas was given assurance of at least 100 day’s work.
(a) Agriculture and Livestock Scheme
(b) Pradhan Mantri Peek Vima Yojana
(c) Jawahar Gram-Samruddhi Yojana
(d) Rashtriya Gramin Rojgar Hami Yojana
Answer:
(d) Rashtriya Gramin Rojgar Hami Yojana

Question 4.
____________ ranks the first in fish production while ____________ ranks the second.
(a) China, Turkey
(b) India, China
(c) India, Brazil
(d) China, India
Answer:
(d) China, India

Question 5.
The Government of India, knowing the importance of having roads in good conditions in the interior areas, started ____________ in 2000.
(a) Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana
(b) National Highway Plan
(c) Golden Quadrilateral
(d) Metro Railway
Answer:
(a) Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana

Question 6.
The 11th conference of BRICS was organised in ____________
(a) India
(b) China
(c) Brazil
(d) South Africa
Answer:
(c) Brazil

Question 7.
In 2008, India launched ____________ the first lunar probe.
(a) Aaryabhatt I
(b) Chandrayaan 1
(c) Mangalyan
(d) Earth 2
Answer:
(b) Chandrayan 1

Question 8.
In 1946, ‘United Nations’ declared the ____________ to be the fundamental human right.
(a) Right to Information
(b) Right to Freedom
(c) Right to Speech and Expression
(d) Right to Mercy
Answer:
(a) Right to Information

Question 9.
In 1990, ____________ started the movement called as ‘Majdoor Kisan Shakti’.
(a) Medha Patkar
(b) Arimdhati Roy
(c) Aruna Roy
(d) L.K. Kulwal
Answer:
(c) Aruna Roy

Question 10.
In 2001, ____________ started a movement in Maharashtra in support of ‘Right to Information’ Act.
(a) Anna Hazare
(b) Rahi Sarnobat
(c) Aruna Roy
(d) Arvind Kejriwal
Answer:
(a) Anna Hazare

Question 11.
The state of Jammu-Kashmir and Ladakh was given a special status by ____________ of the Constitution of India.
(a) Article 356
(b) Preamble
(c) Article 375
(d) Article 370
Answer:
(d) Article 370

Question 12.
In 1947, ____________ established ‘Jammu Praja Parishad’ party.
(a) Prem Nath Dogra
(b) Dr. Shyama Prasad Mukherjee
(c) Omar Abdulla
(d) Atal Bihari Vajpayee
Answer:
(a) Prem Nath Dogra

1B. Find the incorrect pair from group ‘B’ and write the corrected one.

Question 1.

Group ‘A’	Group ‘B’
(a) Telangana	Telangana Rashtriya Samiti
(b) Jammu-Kashmir	Jammu Praja Party
(c) Jharkhand	Bhartiya Jharkhand Parishad
(d) Uttarakhand	Uttarakhand Parvatiya Rajya Parishad

Answer:
Jharkhand – All India Jharkhand Party

2A. Write the names of historical places/persons/events.

Question 1.
The Director of WTO who prepared a draft for the establishment of this organisation –
Answer:
Arthur Dunkel

Question 2.
This plan was launched by merging together ‘Rojgar Aashwasan Yojana’ and ‘Jawahar Gram-Samruddhi Yojana’ –
Answer:
Sampoorna Gramin Rojgar Yojana

Question 3.
The scheme which is implemented for the economic welfare of the farmer –
Answer:
Pradhan Mantri Vima Yojana

Question 4.
The programme which was launched for massive modernisation of cities in 2005 –
Answer:
Jnnurm-Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission

Question 5.
The service which changed the very nature of the Indian Postal Service –
Answer:
Speed Post

Question 6.
Its mathematical potential was enormous because of which India entered the global computer market –
Answer:
Param-10000

Question 7.
The place where India conducted underground nuclear test two times to prove its nuclear strength –
Answer:
Pokhran in Rajasthan

Question 8.
The first female scientist to be elected as the General President of the 62nd Indian Science Congress Association –
Answer:
Asima Chatterjee

Question 9.
The war which was fought between India and Pakistan over the issue of intrusion of Pakistan military forces in Ladakh –
Answer:
Kargil War

Question 10.
The name of the operation given to the Kargil War –
Answer:
Operation Vijay

Question 11.
The first nuclear submarine was built in India –
Answer:
Strategic Strike Nuclear Submarine of Arihant Class

2B. Choose the correct reason from those given below and complete the sentence.

Question 1.
Several plans for rural development have been implemented, so that ____________
(a) the rural sector should not get neglected and the balance between rural and urban development be maintained
(b) the rural sector becomes richer than urban areas
(c) people could donate money for the development of the rural sector
(d) rural sector becomes richer than urban sector
Answer:
(a) the rural sector should not get neglected and the balance between rural and urban development be maintained

Question 2.
Rojgar Hami Yojana was started by the ‘Ministry of Commerce and Industry of the Government of India ____________
(a) to provide employment to urban youth
(b) to give pension to the retired army personnel
(c) to assure daily wages to the unemployed agricultural labourers
(d) to increase the employment rate in tribal areas
Answer:
(c) to assure daily wages to the unemployed agricultural labourers

Question 3.
The Government of India established a separate ‘Ministry of Disinvestment’ ____________
(a) to give credits to private firms
(b) to show sympathy towards private firms
(c) to invest more money in the government sector
(d) to take care of its disinvestment policy, i.e. the gradual withdrawal of governmental investment in the public sectors
Answer:
(d) to take care of its disinvestment policy, i.e. the gradual withdrawal of governmental investment in the public sectors

3. Complete the following concept map.

Question 1.

Answer:

Question 2.

Name of the State	Date of Formation
1. ………………….	1st November 2000
2. Uttarakhand	…………………………
3. ………………….	15th November 2000
4. Telangana	………………………….
5. Jammu-Kashmir	31st October 2019
6. Ladakh	………………………….

Answer:

Name of the State	Date of Formation
1. Chhattisgarh	1st November 2000
2. Uttarakhand	9th November 2000
3. Jharkhand	15th November 2000
4. Telangana	2nd June 2014
5. Jammu-Kashmir	31st October 2019
6. Ladakh	31st October 2019

4A. Write short notes.

Question 1.
BRICS
Answer:

• This organisation was established in 2006. Its name is formed by adopting the first letter of the names of the participant countries. The participant members are Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa.
• This organisation was established with an aim of enhancing trade among these countries.
• The 11th conference of BRICS was organised in Brazil. The theme of this conference was ‘Economic Growth for an Innovative Future’.
• Subjects like technological co-operation, technology, and innovation, digital economy, international crime, financial scams were discussed.

Question 2.
GATT
Answer:

• During the times of the Second World War, many countries had adopted the policy of imposing various duties and taxes on imported goods, with a view to protecting their home markets.
• It resulted in declining in trade. A meeting was called in Cuba to discuss this problem, which was attended by 56 nations.
• It was decided to establish a permanent organisation to resolve the problems related to international trade. A legal agreement was signed by 23 nations on 30th October 1947, which is known as GATT. This agreement was the first multinational trade agreement.
• GATT gave priority to economic development through production and trade, to treat the member nation as ‘most favoured nation’.
• An annual meeting of the member countries of GATT used to be held in Geneva. It was attended by the representative of the member countries.
• Each country is entitled to one vote. Problems faced by individual nations regarding the difficulties of international trade were discussed in the meeting and the decision was based on these discussions.
• Later GATT became a part of the ‘World Trade Organisation’.

Question 3.
World Trade Organisation
Answer:

• On 1st January 1995, 123 nations together founded an organisation with the objective of opening the world for free trade. It was called World Trade Organisation (WTO). It’s a global trade organisation and India is a member of it.
• Arthur Dunkel, the Director-General of WTO, prepared a draft which has been fundamental to the establishment of the organisation. This draft is known as ‘Dunkel Draft’.
• The crux of this draft emphasis on trade is free from governmental custom duty and other restrictions. This approach is known as ‘liberalisation’.
• All participating countries agreed upon a set of rules and a premise common to all that would promote international trade.
• Provisions were made in the spheres of grants, exports-imports, foreign investments, reserved sectors, agriculture, technology, and the service sector.
• After becoming a member of WTO, India put a thrust on economic progress. The contribution of Prime Minister Narsimha Rao, Atal Bihar Vajpayee, and Manmohan Singh is very important in this aspect.
• The report published in 2006 has made a special mention of the increasing economic growth rate of India.

Question 4.
VVPAT
Answer:

• VVPAT means Voter Verified Paper Audit Trail.
• The Government of India started using this machine for the Nagaland Assembly Election in 2011.
• Since 2019, this device has been widely used for the Lok Sabha elections. The slip generated by the machine can be checked to determine whom you voted for.
• The voter sees the slip a few seconds after the vote. The voter can confirm his or her own vote through this machine.

Question 5.
Indian Science Congress Association.
Answer:

• This association was established on 15th January 1914 with the objective of promoting the scientific environment in India and publishing dissertations, research papers, and periodicals.
• In 1975, Asima Chatterjee became the first female scientist to be elected as the General President of the 62nd Indian Science Congress Association.

Question 6.
Speed Post
Answer:

• The Indian postal department started the service of speed post in 1986 which changed the nature of post service.
• This service was used by the majority of Indians, more than three crore letters and parcels were delivered from this service.
• The customer will get the message of successful delivery of their items.
• The postal department now offers courier services like passport delivery, business parcels, cash-on-delivery, logistics posts, and air freights.
• The post office even offers a packaging service. Over one lakh and fifty thousand post offices are offering the services like paying bills, sending festive cards and other objects.
• Since 2016, the postal department has started service of delivering Ganges water from Rishikesh and Gangotri at personal addresses.
• Buying personalized postage stamps with personal photographs and special schemes for philatelists are also available at ‘Post Shops’ opened at 80 post offices.

4B. Explain the following statements with reasons.

Question 1.
The service of ‘Speed Post’ changed the very nature of the Indian Postal Service.
Answer:

• The service of ‘Speed Post’ was started by the Indian Postal Department’ in 1986. Many people take advantage of this service, to the tune of more than three crores of letters and parcels is being delivered every month.
• The postal department sends a message of successful delivery on the mobile phone of the sender. This facility has made the speed post service more reliable.
• In addition, the postal department now offers courier services like delivery of passport, business parcel, cash-on-delivery, logistics post, and air freights.
• Now the post office offers the packaging service at an extra charge. This has increased the business of the postal department.
• It also offers services like paying various bills, sending festive greetings cards, and similar objects. The postal department has started a very novel service since 2016 of delivering Ganges water (Ganga Jal) at personal addresses from Rishikesh and Gangotri.
• Along with its facilities like buying personalized postage stamps with a personal photograph, buying newly issued postage stamps at philatelic centers, special schemes for philatelists are available at ‘post-shops’ opened at 80 post offices.
• Special limited issues of artistic postal stamps are published by the postal department in order to fulfill the requirement of philatelists.
• In this way, the service of speed post changed the very nature of the Indian postal service.

5. Answer the following questions in detail.

Question 1.
Explain India’s progress in the field of science and technology.
Answer:

• A supercomputer named ‘Param-8000’ was created with the help of C-DAC (Centre for Development of Advanced Computing, Pune. In 1998, an advanced version of ‘Param-8000’ was made which was named ‘Param-10000’.
• Its mathematical potential was enormous because of which India entered the global computer market. In 1999, India created a further version of ‘Param-10000’ which was named ‘Parampadma’. In 2003, ‘Parampadma Super Computer’ was dedicated to the nation.
• The central government’s favourable policies for the software industry, the foresightedness of Indian entrepreneurs, the nationwide spread of computer and information technology, computer engineers who are proficient in the use of the English language resulted in an increase in the Indian export of software.
• In 1995, internet services began in India. In 2004, Tata Consultancy Services was the biggest firm in Asia providing software services. Pune and Bengaluru were developed as IT hubs. Indian IT engineers are great in demand all over the world.
• In the field of science, to prove its nuclear strength, India conducted an underground nuclear test. The Indian satellite, ‘Oceansat-1’ launched and entered orbit in 1999.
• In 2000, ‘Bharat Sanchar Nigam Ltd’ (BSNL) was established to provide services like mobile phones, internet, and broadband.
• In this way, India achieved lots of progress in the field of science and technology.

Question 2.
Explain different Government schemes related to agriculture.
Answer:
According to the 2011 census, nearly 54% of India’s population is related to agriculture and agro related sector. The Government of India introduced different schemes for the progress of the agricultural sector, these schemes are as follows:

• The ‘Soil Health Card’ aims at increasing soil fertility and agricultural production.
• Pradhan Mantri Krishi Sinchan Yojana started for giving priority to water supply and irrigation facilities.
• Krishi Vikas Yojana aims at organic cultivation and increases farmer’s income.
• Pradhan Mantri Vima Yojana is implemented for the economic welfare of farmers and given the emphasis on animal husbandry, fisheries, agriculture research, and education. It also focuses on developing agriculture, co-operative establishment, and work for farmer’s welfare.
• In 2007, a national policy for farmers was adopted. If there is crop failure because of things like natural calamities, epidemics, or adverse climate, the farmers get compensated through Pradhan Mantri Peek Vima Yojana.
• Research Institute of Agricultural Sciences is supported through Indian Council for Agricultural Research. Agricultural exhibitions are organized for farmers.
• Indigenous seeds and indigenous breeds of cattle and poultry farming of indigenous variety is given priority. Goat keeping (Sheli Palan) is encouraged as an occupation.
• The ‘National Livestock Mission’ was established in 2014-15 and since then there is a rapid growth in the agricultural sector. India ranks second in fish production after China ranks first.

6. Answer the following question with the help of the given points.

Question 1.
Explain the achievement of India in the defense field.
(a) Operation Vijay
(b) Modernisation of Indian army
(c) Make in India
(d) Practice session with different countries
Answer:
(a) Operation Vijay: In 1999, Pakistan intruded Kashmir. This intrusion started a war between India and Pakistan. This war was fought in the Kargil-Drass area in Ladakh. Hence, it is known as the “Kargil War.” It is also referred to as ‘Operation Vijay’ by the Indian army. ‘Operation Vijay’ was successful and India emerged victorious in it.

(b) Modernisation of the Indian army:

• This war alerted the Indian authorities for the modernization of the Indian military. The process of updating the military, equipment, and arms, training, etc. were further intensified.
• India is the sixth country in the world to develop indigenous technology for building nuclear submarines. In 2009, India successfully built a ‘Strategic Strike Nuclear Submarine’ of the ‘Arihant class’ with the help of Russia.

(c) Make in India:

• The Government of India emphasized indigenous technology (Make in India) on recruiting women officers in the military and also on combined exercise with militaries of other countries. Women can join eight sections of the Indian army through Union Public Service Commission.
• There is an increasing focus on the exchange of the latest technology, to fight terrorism, augment our own competencies, and optimum use of modern technology for ending terrorism.

(d) Practice session with different countries: The practice session and exercise with the armies of different countries were arranged to fight terrorism. The exercise with the Oman military, Mongolian army, Sri Lankan army, and Russian army was arranged.

Question 2.
Explain the reorganization process of the states.
(a) Chhattisgarh
(b) Uttarakhand
(c) Jharkhand
(d) Telangana
(e) Jammu-Kashmir and Ladakh
Answer:
In 2000, new states were formed for the first time in India after the formation of lingual states in India.
(a) Chhattisgarh:

• Indian National Congress first put forward the demand for Chhattisgarh before independence but it was rejected by Fazal Ali Commission.
• The proposal of creating a separate state of Chhattisgarh was passed in the session of the Legislative Assembly of Madhya Pradesh in 1998.
• The state of Chhattisgarh was created by the initiative of the Government of India on 1st November 2000.

(b) Uttarakhand:

• Since 1930, the people of Garhwal and Kumaon were demanding a separate state.
• This demand was supported in the 1938 session of the Indian National Congress, however, Fazal Ali Commission ruled it out.
• The people started a movement for their demand in 1957. They also formed ‘Uttarakhand Parvatiya Rajya Parishad’ in 1973.
• In 1994, the people’s movement got intensified, hence, in recognition of popular sentiments, a bill was passed by Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly.
• The state of Uttaranchal, later renamed Uttarakhand, was formed on 9th November 2000.

(c) Jharkhand:

• In the year 1929, the demand for the separate state of Jharkhand was staged for the first time. It got intensified after the formation of the All India Jharkhand Party in 1947.
• An appeal was presented to the President and Prime Minister in 1973. The Bihar Legislative Assembly passed the bill ‘Jharkhand Area Autonomous Council’ in 1973. (JAAC).
• A bill providing for the division of Bihar and the creation of a separate state of Jharkhand was passed in the lower house of the parliament in August 2000 and accordingly, on 15th November 2000, a separate state of Jharkhand came into existence.

(d) Telangana:

• The state of Telangana was earlier an integral part of the state of Andhra Pradesh. A movement was started by ‘Telangana Rashtriya Samiti’ for the creation of a separate Telangana.
• In 2001, the Government of India announced the decision of the separate state of Telangana.
• The Parliament approved this demand in 2014 and on 2nd June 2014, the separate state of Telangana was formed.

(e) Jammu-Kashmir and Ladakh:

• Article 370 of the Indian Constitution gave a special status to the state of Jammu and Kashmir. In 1947, Prem Nath Dogra established the ‘Jammu Praja Parishad’ party. The motto of this party changed from ‘Ek Vidhan, Ek Pradhan, Ek Nishan’ to ‘Ek Desh me Do Vidhan, Do Pradhan, Do Nishan, Nahi Chalenge, Nahi Chalenge.
• This party demanded complete accession of Jammu-Kashmir to India but the party in power, National Conference rejected the demand.
• Dr. Shyama Prasad Mukherjee supported the demand for a complete merger. Recently in August 2019, the Government of India revoked article 370.
• From 31st October 2019, the state of Jammu and Kashmir was reconstructed as two separate Union Territories of Jammu-Kashmir and Ladakh.

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Class 12 History Important Questions Chapter 10 Cold War Important Questions and Answers.

Maharashtra State Board 12th History Important Questions Chapter 10 Cold War

1A. Choose the correct alternative and rewrite the statement.

Question 1.
Walter Lippman was the first to use the term __________
(a) Hot War
(b) Warm War
(c) Cold War
(d) World War
Answer:
(c) Cold War

Question 2.
The term __________ was used by Sir Winston Churchill, the prime minister of England for the divisive line between Eastern European nations and Western European nations.
(a) Steel Curtain
(b) Copper Curtain
(c) Bronze Curtain
(d) Iron Curtain
Answer:
(d) Iron Curtain

Question 3.
After the Second World War was over, America had a __________ plan for the post-war reconstruction of Europe.
(a) Marshall
(b) Eisenhower
(c) Washington
(d) Nixon
Answer:
(a) Marshall

Question 4.
In 1961, __________ built the ‘Berlin Wall’.
(a) Germany
(b) Soviet Russia
(c) America
(d) Great Britain
Answer:
(b) Soviet Russia

Question 5.
__________ means Restructuring.
(a) Glasnost
(b) Duma
(c) Perestroika
(d) Glavlit
Answer:
(c) Perestroika

Question 6.
The __________ Conference inl973 was an attempt to end the Vietnam War.
(a) Moscow
(b) Bonn
(c) Berlin
(d) Paris
Answer:
(d) Paris

Question 7.
The ‘three-way defence pact’ treaty in the Pacific region is known as __________
(a) ANZUS Treaty
(b) NATO Treaty
(c) SEATO Treaty
(d) CENTO Treaty
Answer:
(a) ANZUS Treaty

Question 8.
SAARC was officially established at __________
(a) New Delhi
(b) Dhaka
(c) Colombo
(d) Kathmandu
Answer:
(b) Dhaka

1B. Find the incorrect pair from group ‘B’ and write the corrected one.

Question 1.

Group ‘A’	Group ‘B’
(a) NATO	London
(b) SEATO	Thailand
(c) CENTO	Turkey
(d) SAARC	Dhaka

Answer:
NATO – Paris

Question 2.

Group ‘A’	Group ‘B’
(a) Sir Winston Churchill	France
(b) Premier Stalin	Russia
(c) Mr. Eisenhower	America
(d) Ayatollah Khomeini	Iran

Answer:
Sir Winston Churchill – England

2A. Write the names of historical places/persons/events.

Question 1.
The wall was built by Soviet Russia in 1961 –
Answer:
Berlin Wall

Question 2.
Venue of the conference held in 1978 to resolve the strife between Israel and Arabs –
Answer:
Camp David

Question 3.
The meaning of ‘Openness’ in Russian means –
Answer:
Glasnost

Question 4.
Perestroika means –
Answer:
Restructuring

Question 5.
Capital of Germany –
Answer:
Berlin

Question 6.
The Germans called the ‘Berlin Wall’ –
Answer:
‘Wall of Shame’

Question 7.
The ‘Southeast Asia Collective Defence Treaty is also known as –
Answer:
Manila Pact

Question 8.
The full form of SAARC is –
Answer:
South Asian Association for Regional Co-operation.

2B. Choose the correct reason from those given below and complete the sentence.

Question 1.
The Western European nations under the influence of America adopted __________
(a) capitalist ideology and dictatorship
(b) capitalist ideology and democratic system
(c) communist ideology and democratic system
(d) communist ideology and dictatorship
Answer:
(b) capitalist ideology and democratic system

Question 2.
Europe was divided after the Second World War on the basis of __________
(a) only military concerns
(b) only political concerns
(c) political, economic, and military concerns
(d) only economic concerns
Answer:
(c) political, economic, and military concerns

3B. Complete the following concept map.

Question 1.

Answer:

Question 2.

Answer:

4A. Write short notes.

Question 1.
ANZUS Treaty.
Answer:

• The word ‘ANZUS’ stands for Australia(A), New Zealand (NZ), and the United States of America (US).
• These nations signed a treaty on 1st September 1951. This treaty was signed for their collective security and therefore is commonly known as ANZUS Treaty.
• These nations are in the Pacific region.
• Hence, this treaty is also described as a ‘three-way defense pact’.
• This was the first of its kind.
• This treaty had one more objective to protect the countries in the Pacific Ocean from communist China.

Question 2.
Criteria of Non-Aligned Movement.
Answer:

• Criteria for Non-Alignment (Adopted at Belgrade, 1961)
• The country should have adopted an independent policy based on the co-existence of states with different political and social systems.
• Support national independence movements.
• It should not be a member of a multi-lateral alliance concluded in the context of the Cold War.
• It should not be a member of a bilateral military alliance or a regional defense pact in the context of great power conflicts.
• It should not concede military bases to foreign powers in the context of great power rivalry.

Question 3.
Challenges before SAARC.
Answer:
SAARC is laden with many difficult issues to tackle such as

• The economic disparity among the member nations.
• Expenditure allotment for defense.
• Inadequate infrastructure.
• Underdevelopment of agricultural sector.
• Rising terrorism.
• Population explosion.
• Insufficient trade.
• Divergent political systems.
• Religious-lingual diversity etc.

5. State your opinion.

Question 1.
The Warsaw Pact was signed.
Answer:

• To oppose American policies and to strengthen communist nations, Soviet Russia brought together seven communist countries in eastern and central Europe known as ‘Eastern Bloc’ and signed a treaty commonly known as Warsaw Pact.
• Along with Soviet Russia, Albania, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, East Germany, Hungary, Poland, and Romania signed this treaty.
• Albania withdrew from it in 1968.

6. Answer the following questions in detail.

Question 1.
Write a note on the aftermath of the ‘Cold War’.
Answer:

• During the period of the Cold War there were many factors that threatened the very future of mankind.
• These included political misunderstandings among nations, world’s nations splitting into two distinct groups, priorities to secret political moves and treaties, absence of priority to the process of disarmament, use of science for producing destructive weapons, neglect of basic and important issues like food, clothing, and housing, etc.
• Both the USA and Soviet Russia had to pay very heavily for their strategy of letting the situation of the Cold War prevail over a prolonged period.
• The consequence of the dissolution of Soviet Russia left the USA as the only superpower in the world.

Question 2.
Discuss Mikhail Gorbachev’s era.
Answer:

• Mikhail Gorbachev became the General Secretary of the Communist Party of Soviet Russia and the Premier of Soviet Russia in 1985.
• His period saw the end of the Cold War.
• He introduced important reforms in Soviet Russia through his policies known as ‘Perestroika’ (Restructuring) and Glasnost (Openness).
• During his time the economy had grown weaker.
• Gorbachev tried to normalize it by restructuring the political and economic systems of Soviet Russia.
• He attempted to democratize the political system by way of open elections and to end the authoritarian rule of the communist party.
• He decentralized the economic machinery of the state.
• Authors, journalists, and intellectuals were given more freedom of expression.
• However, Gorbachev could not stop the integration of his own country.
• Soviet Russia disintegrated during his period.

7. Answer the following question with the help of the given points.

Question 1.
(a) NATO
(b) ANZUS
(c) SEATO
(d) Warsaw Pact
Answer:
(a) NATO was an alliance created to protect 29 of the European countries from the expansionist policy of Soviet Russia. Its members included Norway, France, Italy, Denmark, Great Britain, America, Netherland, Portugal, Turkey, West Germany, Greece, Belgium, Canada, Iceland, Luxembourg, and Spain.
A few of the important terms included in the NATO alliance are as follows:

• An attack on any of the member countries of the alliance would be treated as an attack on all member countries; all of the member countries will try to maintain peace and security; any of the mutual issues among the member countries shall be resolved through discussions.
• The headquarters of NATO are in Paris.
• America had a significant influence in the decision-making process of NATO. To counter America’s influential position in NATO, Soviet Russia brought together the communist countries in Europe and a treaty commonly known as the ‘Warsaw Pact’.

(b) ANZUS Treaty:

• The word ‘ANZUS’ stands for Australia(A), New Zealand (NZ), and the United States of America(US).
• These nations signed a treaty on 1st September 1951. This treaty was signed for their collective security and therefore is commonly known as ANZUS Treaty.
• These nations are in the Pacific region.
• Hence, this treaty is also described as a ‘three-way defense pact’.
• This was the first of its kind.
• This treaty had one more objective to protect the countries in the Pacific Ocean from communist China.

(c) SEATO:

• (Southeast Asia Treaty Organisation) England, America, France, Australia, New Zealand, Pakistan, Thailand, and the Philippines came together and signed a treaty on 8th September 1954 in Manila (Philippines) to ensure the collective defense of the countries in South East Asia. This treaty is also known as the Southeast Asia Collective Defence Treaty or Manila Pact.
• The pact was mainly intended to stop the spread of communism in South East Asia. It was decided that if any of the nations included in the pact was attacked then other nations signing the pact would collectively stand up against it and in times of peace, they would extend help for the social and the economic development of each other. However, this treaty had a number of flaws. Although it was named as the treaty of the South East Asian countries, only three countries from Asia namely Thailand, the Philippines, and Pakistan were included in it. The western power did not have any deep understanding of the problems of the Asian countries.
• The headquarters of SEATO was located in Thailand. In 1973, Pakistan withdrew from it. In 1975 France stopped providing monetary help to this organization.
• On 30th June 1977, this Organisation was officially dissolved.

(d) Warsaw Pact:

• To oppose American policies and to strengthen communist nations, Soviet Russia brought together seven communist countries in eastern and central Europe known as ‘Eastern Bloc’ and signed a treaty commonly known as Warsaw Pact.
• Along with Soviet Russia, Albania, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, East Germany, Hungary, Poland, and Romania signed this treaty.
• Albania withdrew from it in 1968.

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Class 12 Economics Important Questions Chapter 3A Demand Analysis Important Questions and Answers.

Maharashtra State Board 12th Economics Important Questions Chapter 3A Demand Analysis

1. A. Choose the correct option:

Question 1.
Demand curve slopes downward.
(a) Inverse relationship between price quantity demanded
(b) from left to right
(c) from right to left
(d) Direct relationship quantity demanded
Options :
(1) a,b and c
(2) a, b, c and d
(3) a and b
(4) a and d
Answer:
(3) a and b

Question 2.
Demand for a commodity from an individual consumer.
(a) Direct demand
(b) Market demand
(c) Individual demand
(d) Increase in demand
Options:
(1) a
(2) b
(3) c
(4) d
Answer:
(3) c

Question 3.
Demand for a commodity from different consumer at different prices.
(a) Decrease in demand
(b) Contraction in demand
(c) Individual demand
(d) Market demand
Options:
(1) c
(2) b
(3) a
(4) d
Answer:
(4) d

Question 4.
Direct demand.
(a) Vegetable
(b) Milk
(c) Land
(d) Cloth
Options :
(1) a,b and c
(2) a, b and d
(3) b, c and d
(4) c
Answer:
(2) a, b and d

Question 5.
Indirect demand.
(a) Machinery
(b) Sugar
(c) Labour
(d) Capital
Options :
(1) a, b, c and d
(2) a, b and c
(3) a, b and d
(4) a, c and d
Answer:
(4) a, c and d

Question 6.
Joint demand for i tea.
(a) Sugar
(b) Milk
(c) Tea powder
(d) Rice
Options :
(1) a,b and c
(2) b and d
(3) a,b and d
(4) b, c and d
Answer:
(1) a,b and c

Question 7.
Determinant of Demand.
(a) Price
(b) Population
(c) Income
(d) Advertisement
Options :
(1) a and d
(2) a, c and d
(3) a, b, c and d
(4) c and d
Answer:
(3) a, b, c and d

Question 8.
Composite demand.
(a) Electricity
(b) Water
(c) Steel
(d) Xerox machine
Answer:
(1) a, b and d
(2) a, b and c
(3) a, b and d
(4) a and d
Answer:
(2) a, b and c

Question 9.
Competitive demand.
(a) Thums-up
(b) Pepsi
(c) Buttermilk
(d) Coco-cola
Options:
(1) a, b and c
(2) a, c and d
(3) a, b and d
(4) c and d
Answer:
(3) a, b and d

Question 10.
The law of demand was introduced by neo-classical economist.
(a) Alfred Marshall
(b) Adam Smith
(c) Ragnar Frisch
(d) Samuelson
Options:
(1) e
(2) b
(3) d
(4) a
Answer:
(4) a

Question 11.
Assumptions for the law of Demand.
(a) Constant Income
(b) No change in taxation policy
(c) Change in tradition
(d) Stable population
Options :
(1) a, b and d
(2) a, b and c
(3) a and d
(4) only d
Answer:
(1) a, b and d

Question 12.
Exceptions to the law of Demand.
(a) Inferior goods
(b) Jewellery
(c) Habitual goods
(d) Price of substitute goods
Options :
(1) a, b and d
(2) a, b and c
(3) only d
(4) a, c and d
Answer:
(2) a, b and c

Question 13.
Variation in Demand.
(a) Change in Price
(b) Change in quantity demanded
(c) Change in other factors
(d) No change in other factors
Options :
(1) a, b and c
(2) a, b and d
(3) c and d
(4) only a and b
Answer:
(2) a, b and d

Question 14.
Expansion of Demand.
(a) Fall in price
(b) Rise in quantity demanded
(c) No change in income
(d) Change in population
Options :
(1) only c
(2) a, b and c
(3) a, b and d
(4) b, c, and d
Answer:
(2) a, b and c

Question 15.
Change in Demand.
(a) Constant price
(b) Change in demand
(c) Changes in other factors
(d) Increase and Decrease in demand
Options :
(1) a and b
(2) c and d
(3) a, b, c and d
(4) None of these
Answer:
(3) a, b, c and d

Question 16.
Individual demand.
(a) Micro economics
(b) Slicing method
(c) Lumping method
(d) Study of individual unit
Options :
(1) a, b and d
(2) b and c
(3) b, c and d
(4) only a
Answer:
(1) a, b and d

Question 17.
Market demand.
(a) Aggregate demand
(b) Macro economics
(c) Micro economics
(d) Lumping method
Options :
(1) a, b and d
(2) b, c and d
(3) b and c
(4) only c
Answer:
(1) a, b and d

Question 18.
Decrease in demand.
(a) Favourable changes in other factors
(b) Unfavourable changes in other factors
(c) Decrease in quantity demanded
(d) Changes in income of the consumer
Options :
(1) b, c and d
(2) a, b and c
(3) a and b
(4) a, c and d
Answer:
(1) b, c and d

(B) Complete the Correlation.

(1) Individual consumer ……………… :: Total of all the individual: Market demand
(2) Labour : Indirect demand:: Clothes : ………………
(3) Joint demand : Pencil and Paper :: ……………… Electricity
(4) Complementary demand : Car and Petrol:: ………………: Pepsi and Coke
(5) Constant level of Income : Assumption : : Prestige goods : ………………
(6) Expansion in demand : Downward movement on the demand curve :: ………………: Upward movement on the demand curve
(7) Change in demand : Increase in Demand :: ………………: Extension in demand
(8) Increase in demand : Favourable changes in other factors :: Decrease in demand : ………………
(9) Fall in Price : ……………… :: Rise in Price : Quantity demanded falls
(10) ……………… : Tea :: Composite demand : Milk
Answer:
(1) Individual demand
(2) Direct demand
(3) Composite demand
(4) Competitive demand
(5) Exception
(6) Contraction in demand
(7) Variation in demand
(8) Unfavourable changes in other factors
(9) Quantity demanded rises
(10) Joint demand

(C) Give economic terms.

(6) Desire + willingness to purchase + Ability to pay.
(7) The demand by a single consumer in a market.
(8) The demand by all consumer in a market.
(9) Other factors remaining constant, a fall in demand due to a rise in price.
(10) Other factors remaining constant, a rise in demand due to a fall in price.
(11) To satisfying a want of sewing, needle and thread is required.
(12) A rise in demand due to changes in other factors, price remaining constant.
(13) Fall in demand due to changes in other factors, price remaining constant.
(14) Goods of low quality are considered as inferior goods.
(15) The demand for commodities to satisfy the human wants directly.
(16) The demand for factors of production like land, labour, etc.
(17) Two or more goods are demanded at a time to satisfy one want.
Answer:
(6) Demand
(7) Individual Demand
(8) Market Demand
(9) Contraction in Demand
(10) Expansion in Demand
(11) Complementary or Joint Demand
(12) Increase in Demand
(13) Decrease in Demand
(14) Giffen’s Goods
(15) Direct Demand
(16) Indirect Demand
(17) Joint or Complementary Demand

(D) Find the o’dd word out.

(1) Desire, Ability to pay, Uselessness, \ Willingness to purchase
(2) Pepsi, Limca, Coffee, Coke
(3) Cloth, Sugar, Fertilizer, Milk
(4) Land, Capital, Raw material, Flowers
(5) Tea and Sugar, Pen and Pencil, Car and Petrol, Mobile phones and Sim cards
(6) Indirect demand, Individual demand, Composite demand, Competitive demand
(7) Consumer demand, Complementary demand, Composite demand, Competitive demand
(8) Tea – Coffee, Car – Fuel, Thums-up – Pepsi, Rice – Wheat
(9) Coffee powder, Chilli powder, Milk, Sug >r
(10) Gold, Diamond, Platinum, Aluminium
(11) Sony, Samsung, Onida, Karbonn
Answer:
(1) Uselessness
(2) Coffee
(3) Fertilizer
(4) Flowers
(5) Pen and Pencil
(6) Individual demand
(7) Consumer demand
(8) Car – Fuel
(9) Chilli powder
(10) Aluminium
(11) Karbonn

(E) Complete the following statements.

(1) The willingness to have something is called …………….
(2) Desire, willingness to purchase and ability to pay are the three necessary conditions for …………….
(3) The total quantities of a commodity demanded by a particular buyer is ……………..
(4) The sum of the total quantities of a commodity demanded by all buyers in a market is ……………..
(5) Commodities and services satisfying the human wants directly is known as ……………..
(6) The purchasing power of the consumer depends on ……………..
(7) One commodity can be put to several uses, it is known as ……………..
(8) Marshall’s law of demand describes the functional relationship between ……………..
(9) Inferior goods like cheap bread, vegetable ghee, etc., is known as ……………..
(10) Expensive goods such as diamonds, luxury cars are known as ……………..
(11) When demand changes due to changes in price, it is known as ………………
(12) A rise in demand caused by favourable changes in other factors at same price is called ………………
Answer:
(1) desire
(2) demand
(3) individual demand
(4) market demand
(5) direct demand
(6) ability to pay
(7) composite demand
(8) Demand and Price
(9) Giffen goods
(10) Prestige goods
(11) variation in demand
(12) increase in demand

(F) Choose the wrong pair :

I.

Group ‘A’	Group ‘B’
(1) Individual demand	Particular consumer
(2) Complementary demand	Pen – Ink
(3) Competitive demand	Milk – Sugar
(4) Indirect demand	Labour

Answer:
Wrong pair : Competitive demand – Milk- 5 Sugar

II.

Group ‘A’	Group ‘B’
(1) Expansion of demand	Other factors remaining constant
(2) Law of demand	Slopes downwards from left to right
(3) Market demand	Demand of all consumers
(4) Direct demand	Factors of production

Answer:
Wrong pair : Direct demand – Factors production

III.

Group ‘A’	Group ‘B’
(i) Inferior goods	Giffen goods
(2) Prestige goods	Luxury goods
(3) Expanasion of demand	Fall in price
(4) Increase in demand	Unfavourable changes in other factors

Answer:
Wrong pair : Increase in demand Unfavourable changes in other factors

IV.

Group ‘A’	Group ‘B’
(1) Sir Robert Giffen	England
(2) Increase in real income	Decrease in demand
(3) Inferior goods	Bread
(4) Superior goods	Meat

Answer:
Wrong pair : Increase in real income Decrease in demand

V.

Group ‘A’	Group ‘B’
(1) Individual demand	Individual consumer
(2) Joint demand	Tea-coffee
(3) Variation in demand	Other factors remaining constant
(4) Decrease in demand	Price remains constant

Answer:
(2) Joint demand Tea-coffee

(G) Assertion and Reasoning

Question 1.
Assertion (A) – Individual demand refers to the quantity of a commodity demanded by particular consumer.
Reasoning (R) – Market demand refers to the total demand for commodity from all the consumers.
(i) (A) is true but (R) is false.
(ii) (A) is false but (R) is true. .
(iii) Both (A) and (R) is true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).
(iv) Both (A) and (R) is true but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A).
Answer:
(iv) Both (A) and (R) is true but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A).

Question 2.
Assertion (A) – Marginal utility goes on diminishing with an increase in the stock of ) a commodity. I
Reasoning (R) – Purchasing power of a consumer increases when the price of a commodity increases. 5-
(i) (A) is true but (R) is false.
(ii) (A) is false but (R) is true.
(iii) Both (A) and (R) is true and (R) is the correct l explanation of (A).
(iv) Both (A) and (R) is true but (R) is not the ( correct explanation of (A).
Answer:
(i) (A) is true but (R) is false.

Question 3.
Assertion (A) – Indirect demand refers to the demand for goods and services which are needed for further production.
Reasoning (R) – All factors of production have indirect or derived demand.
(i) (A) is true but (R) is false.
(ii) (A) is false but (R) is true.
(iii) Both (A) and (R) is true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).
(iv) Both (A) and (R) is true but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A).
Answer:
(iii) Both (A) and (R) is true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).

Question 4.
Assertion (A) – When the population size is larger, demand for commodity will be less.
Reasoning (R) – Change in the price of one commodity would also affect the demand of substitute goods.
(i) (A) is true but (R) is false.
(ii) (A) is false but (R) is true.
(iii) Both (A) and (R) is true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).
(iv) Both (A) and (R) is true but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A).
Answer:
(ii) (A) is false but (R) is true.

Question 5.
Assertion (A) – Demand curve slopes downwards from left to right.
Reasoning (R) – The price of a commodity falls, quantity demanded rises and when S price of commodity rises, quantity demanded falls.
(i) (A) is true but (R) is false.
(ii) (A) is false but (R) is true.
(iii) Both (A) and (R) is true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).
(iv) Both (A) and (R) is True but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A).
Answer:
(iii) Both (A) and (R) is true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).

Question 6.
Assertion (A) – If consumer can anticipate the future price of a commodity then it will affect the present demand of a commodity.
Reasoning (R) – Ram buy’s less mangoes in anticipation of getting it at cheaper rate in further date.
(i) (A) is true but (R) is false.
(ii) (A) is false but (R) is true.
(iii) Both (A) and (R) is true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).
(iv) Both (A) and (R) is true but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A).
Answer:
(iii) Both (A) and (R) is true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).

Question 7.
Assertion (A) – Variations in demand refers to change in quantity demanded due to change in price alone and other factors remain constant.
Reasoning (R) – Increase in demand and decrease in demand are the types of variations in demand.
(i) (A) is true but (R) is false.
(ii) (A) is false but (R) is true.
(iii) Both (A) and (R) is true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).
(iv) Both (A) and (R) is true but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A).
Answer:
(i) (A) is true but (R) is false.

Question 8.
Assertion (A) – Increase in demand refers rise in quantity demanded due to favourable changes in other factors and price remains constant.
Reasoning (R) – Decrease in demand refers to fall in quantity demand due to unfavourable changes in other factors and price remains constant.
(i) (A) is true but (R) is false.
(ii) (A) is false but (R) is true.
(iii) Both (A) and (R) is true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).
(iv) Both (A) and (R) is True but (R) is not the ) correct explanation of (A).
Answer:
(iii) Both (A) and (R) is true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).

(H) Choose the correct pair :

I.

Group ‘A’	Group ‘B’
(1) Joint Demand	(a) Luxury car
(2) Demand and price	(b) Exception to the law of demand
(3) Giffen’s goods	(c) Inverse relationship
(4) Prestige goods	(d) Several commodities
	(e) Vegetables

Answer:
(1)-(d), (2)-(c), (3)-(b), (4)-(a).

II.

Group ‘A’	Group ‘B’
(1) Factors of production	(a) Change in price alone
(2) Inferior goods	(b) Change in other factors
(3) Pen and Pencil	(c) Substitute goods
(4) Change in Demand	(d) Giffen’s goods
	(e) Indirect demand

Answer:
(1) – (e), (2) – (d), (3) – (c), (4) – (b).

III.

Group ‘A’	Group ‘B’
(1) Contraction in demand	(a) Less is demanded at a same price
(2) Decrease in demand	(b) Complementary goods
(3) Demand curve	(c) Substitute goods
(4) Tea and Coffee	(d) Less is demanded at a higher price
	(e) Slopes downwards from left to right

Answer:
(1)-(d), (2)-(a), (3)-(e), (4) – (c).

IV.

Group ‘A’	Group ‘B’
(1) Demand	(a) A new demand curve
(2) Variation in Demand	(b) Same demand curve
(3) Extension of demand	(c) Ability and willingness to pay
(4) Increase in demand	(d) Change in price alone
	(e) Distribution of income

Answer:
(1)-(c), (2)-(d), (3)-(b), (4)-(a).

V.

Group ‘A’	Group ‘B’
(1) Demand	(a) Exceptional demand
(2) Prestige goods	(b) Prof. Marshall
(3) Joint demand	(c) Demand curve shift to right
(4) Demand increases	(d) Complementary demand
	(e) A higher price

Answer:
(1)-(b), (2)-(a), (3)-(d), (4)-(c).

2.[A] Identify and explain the concept from given illustrations.

Question 1.
Ramesh has bought 1kg of Tea powder instead of expensive coffee powder.
Answer:
Concept: Competitive Demand
Explanation : Competitive Demand refers to demand for those goods which substitute for each other.
Change in the price of one commodity can affect the demand for substitute goods. Ramesh has found price of coffee at very high level, thus he bought tea powder.

Question 2.
Since Manoj’s salary has increased he has bought 5 kgs of rice instead of 3 kgs rice which he buys normally.
Answer:
Concept: Increase in demand
Explanation : Increase in demand refers to change in quantity demanded due to favourable changes in other factors like tastes, income, etc., and price remains constant.
Manoj has got increment this month and hence he has bought more quantity of rice at same price.

Question 3.
Due to increase in population of Mumbai, demand for electricity is rising day by day.
Answer:
Concept: Composite demand
Explanation : Composite demand refers to the demand for a commodity which can be put to several uses.
Demand for electricity is rising due to more industries, increase in household consumption etc.
Due to urbanization and industrialization many people are getting migrated to Mumbai and thus the consumption of electricity in increasing day by day.

Question 4.
Pari has bought most desirable Apple iphone 11 pro.
Answer:
Concept: Demand
Explanation : In economics demand means a desire which is backed by willingness and ability to pay.
It was Part’s most favourite phone, thus she spend whatever price for it was and bought the phone.

Question 5.
Whenever there is decrease in price of gold, demand for gold rises.
Answer:
Concept : Expansion or Extension of Demand
Explanation : Expansion of Demand refers to rise in quantity demanded due to fall in price alone while other factors like tastes, income, etc., remain unchanged.
There is general tendency of consumer to buy more whenever price falls.
Gold is most preferred investment of general public thus it is most demanded with fall in price.

(B) Distinguish between.

Question 1.
Individual Demand and Market Demand.
Answer:
Individual Demand:

1. Individual demand refers to total quantities of a commodity demanded by an individual or household at a given price during a period of time.
2. It is basically micro or narrow concept and not very useful in framing business, production and price policies.
3. Individual demand depend on the price of goods, disposable income credit facilities, taste, preference, etc.
4. It can be presented with the help of individual demand schedule and individual demand curve.

Market Demand :

1. Market demand refers to the total quantities of a commodity demanded by all the individuals in the market at a given price, during a given period of time.
2. It is a macro or broader concept and is very useful in framing, business, production and price policies. Even the law of demand is based on market demand.
3. Market demand depends on size of population, social customs, distribution of income, etc.
4. It can be presented with the help of market demand schedule and market demand curve.

Question 4.
Inferior Goods or Giffen’s Goods and Normal Goods.
Answer:
Inferior Goods or Giffen’s Goods:

1. Giffen’s goods refers to inferior goods like cheap quality rice, vegetable ghee, bread, etc. purchased by poor people.
2. The demand for inferior goods falls when prices falls.
3. The demand curve for Giffen’s goods is upward sloping from left to right as shown below.
   
4. Giffen’s goods are exceptions to the law of demand. As price and demand are directly related.

Normal Goods:

1. Normal goods are those goods which are better in quality and purchased by higher income group like rice, sugar, clothes.
2. The demand for normal goods falls when price rises.
3. The demand curve for normal goods is downwards sloping from left to right as shown below.
   
4. Normal goods represent the law of demand.
   As price and demand are inversely related.

Question 5.
Normal Demand Curve and Exceptional Demand Curve.
Answer:
Normal Demand Curve:

1. Normal demand curve represents the law of demand, which states that demand is inversely related to price.
2. The normal demand curve slopes downwards from left to right.
3. Normal goods like rice, wheat, clothes have normal demand curve.
   

Exceptional Demand Curve:

1. Exceptional demand curve goes against the law of demand. It represents a direct relationship between price and demand.
2. Exceptional demand curve slopes upwards from left to right.
3. Giffen’s goods, prestige goods, branded goods, habituated goods, like cigarette have exceptional demand curve.
   

Question 6.
Direct Demand and Derived Demand / Indirect Demand
Answer:
Direct Demand:

1. Demand for consumer goods is direct because it satisfies our wants directly.
2. Demand for consumers goods are directly for consumption.
3. Direct demand comes from consumers or household sector.
4. Direct demand depends on price, income, taste, habits, etc. of consumers.
5. E.g. all consumer goods like books, furniture, T.V., tea, etc. have direct demand.

Derived Demand / Indirect Demand:

1. Demand for factors of production like land, labour, capital is derived as they satisfy our wants indirectly
2. Demand for factors of production are for further production.
3. Derived demand comes from producers or firms.
4. Derived demand depends on demand for final goods and services.
5. E.g. when demand for cotton shirt will increase, demand for raw cotton increases.

Question 7.
Extension I Expansion of Demand and Increase in Demand.
Answer:
Extension / Expansion of Demand:

1. Extension of demand refers to a rise in demand due to fall in price. Other factors remaining constant.
2. It is a case of variation in demand.
3. Extension in demand takes place due to a fall in price, other things remaining constant.
4. When there is extension in demand the demand curve moves downward on the same demand curve.
   

Increase in Demand:

1. Increase in demand takes place when more quantity is demanded at the same price.
2. It is a case of changes in demand.
3. Increase in demand takes place due to change in other factors, price remaining constant such as change in income, taste, habits, population, etc.
4. When there is a increase in demand the demand curve shifts to the right of the otiginal demand curve.
   

Question 8.
Contraction of Demand and Decrease in Demand
Answer:
Contraction of Demand

1. Contraction of demand means fall in demand due to a rise in price alone, other factors remaining constant.
2. Contraction of demand is a case of variation of demand.
3. Contraction in demand takes place due to rise in price alone.
4. It is shown by an upward movement along the same demand curve.
   

Decrease in Demand

1. Decrease in demand means when less is demanded at the same price or same quantity demanded at a lower price.
2. Decrease in demand is a case of changes in demand.
3. Decrease in demand is due to –
   (a) decrease in income
   (b) decrease in price of substitute
   (c) increase in price of complementary goods
   (d) decrease in population, etc.
4. A decrease in demand is shown by a shift in demand curve to the left of the original demand curve.
   

Question 9.
Variation in Demand and Chañges in Di
Answer:
Variation in Demand :

1. Variation in demand refers to changes in quantity demanded due to changes in price, other things remaining constant.
2. There are two types of variation in demand –
   (a) Expansion or Extension in demand.
   (b) Contraction in demand.
3. When price rises, quantity demanded falls, it is known as contraction and when price falls quantity demanded rises, it is known as expansion.
4. Variation in demand are shown by a movement along the same demand curve. Upward movement indicates contraction and downward movement indicates expansion.
   

Changes in Demand:

1. Changes in demand refers to changes in quantity demanded due to changes in factor other than price like change in income of consumer, size of population, change in fashion, change in price of substitute, etc.
2. There are two types of changes in demand –
   (a) Increase in demand
   (b) Decrease in demand
3. Increase in demand means when more quantity is demanded at the same price and decrease in demand means when less quantity is demanded at a same price.
4. Changes in demand are shown by shift in demand curve. Increase in demand is shown by a shift in demand curve to right side and decrease in demand is shown by a shift to the left side.
   

Question 10.
Joint Demand and Composite Demand.
Answer:
Joint Demand:

1. When two or more goods are demanded jointly to satisfy a single want, it is called joint or complementary demand.
2. E.g. of joint demand are car and petrol, ink cartridge and printers, mobile and sim card.
3. A rise in demand for one product will lead to a rise in the demand for other and vice versa.
4. In case of joint demand an increase in price of one good will reduce the demand for its joint product i.e. a rise in price of petrol will reduce the demand for car.
5. The demand for joint products is inelastic.

Composite Demand:

1. When goods are demanded for several uses, it is the case of composite demand.
2. E.g. of composite demand are for electricity, coal, steel, sugar, etc.
3. A change in demand for one use will affect the supply in other use.
4. In case of composite demand, an increase in the price of product will reduce its demand for different uses. Electricity / coal will be put to only important uses when its price rises.
5. The demand for composite commodities is elastic.

Question 11.
Complementary Demand or Joint Demand and Competitive Demand.
Answer:
Complementary Demand or Joint Demand:

1. When two or more goods are demanded jointly to satisfy one want, it is called complementary or joint demand.
2. E.g. bread and butter, car and petrol, mobile and sim card.
3. A rise in demand for one product will lead to a rise in the demand for the other and vice versa.
4. The cross elasticity of demand is negative.
5. When price of one commodity rises the demand for the other commodity i.e. its joint product falls. When price of car falls the demand for petrol rises.
6. The demand curve has a negative slope.
   

Competitive Demand Demand:

1. When two goods are close substitutes i.e. the demand for one competes with that of the other it is a case of competitive demand.
2. E.g. tea or coffee, pepsi or coke, petrol or diesel, Lux or Dove.
3. Rise in demand for one product will lead to a fall in the demand for other and vice versa.
4. The cross elasticity of demand is positive.
5. When the price of one commodity rises, the demand for the substitute commodity rises. When price of tea rise, the demand for coffee increases.
6. The demand curve has a positive slope.
   

Question 12.
Demand and Aggregate Demand.
Answer:
Demand:

1. Demand is a micro concept.
2. It refers to that quantity of a commodity which a person is ready to buy at a particular price and during a specific period of time.

Aggregate Demand:

1. Aggregate demand is a macro concept.
2. It refers to the total amount of sales proceeds which an entrepreneur actually expects from the sale of output produced at a given level of employment during the year.

3. Answer the following questions.

Question 1.
Write short notes on types of demand.
Answer:
Types of Demand:

1. Direct Demand : When a commodity satisfies the want of a consumer directly, it is said to have direct demand. Demand for consumer goods like food, clothes, sugar, vegetables, milk, etc.
2. Indirect Demand : It refers to demand for goods which are required for further production. It is also called as derived demand. Demand for factors of production like land, labour, capital, etc.
3. Joint or Complementary Demand : When two or more goods are demanded at a same time to satisfy single want, it is known as Joint or Complementary Demand. E.g. car and fuel, pen and ink, mobile phone and sim card, etc.
4. Composite Demand : When one commodity can be utilize for several needs or multiple uses, it is known as composite demand. E.g. electricity, steel, coal, etc.
5. Competitive Demand : It is demand for those goods which are substitute for each other. E.g. tea or coffee, sugar or jaggery, pepsi or Thumsup, etc.

Question 2.
Explain Market Demand schedule with a suitable diagram.
Answer:
It refers to total demand for a commodity from all the consumers. It is total quantity of commodity demanded by different consumers at different prices during a given period of time.
Market Demand Schedule is a tabular representation of various quantities of a commodity demanded by different consumers at different prices during a given period of time.
This can be explained with the help of following schedule-

The above market demand schedule shows an inverse relationship between price and market demanded of commodity ‘X’. At a high price of ₹10 per kg of commodity ‘X’, the market demand is only 30 kg and at a lower price of market demand rises to 90 kg of commodity ‘X’.

Market Demand Curve.
It is a graphical representation of market demand schedule X-axis represents quantity demanded (Market Demand) and Y-axis represents the price of the commodity. When the above market demand schedule is plotted on the graph, we derive the market demand curve ‘DD’, which slopes downward from left to right indicating inverse relationship between price and quantity demanded.

Question 3.
Explain the concept of change in j demand.
Answer:
Change in demand refers to change in s quantity demanded due to change in other factors of demand and price remains constant.
There are two types of changes in demand. They are : (1) Increase in demand (2) Decrease in demand.

(1) Increase in demand : It refers to rise in quantity demanded due to favourable changes in other factors like tastes, income, etc. and price remains constant.
Demand curve shifts to the right hand side of the original demand curve.

In the above diagram, DD is the demand curve which is showing downward movement on the same demand curve from point ‘b’ to point ‘c’ which indicates an expansion of demand.

(2) Decrease in demand : It refers to fall in quantity demanded due to unfavourable changes in other factors like tastes, income, etc. and price remains constant. Demand curve shift to the left hand side of the original demand curve.

In the above diagram DD is the original demand curve. D₂ D₂ demand curve indicates, decrease in demand by shifting towards the left hand side of original demand curve from point ‘b’ to point ‘a’.

Question 4.
Explain the assumptions to the Law of Demand.
Answer:
Assumptions to the Law of Demand:

• Prices of Substitute goods remain constant : The price of substitute goods should remain unchanged, as change in the price will affect the demand for the commodity.
• Prices of Complementary goods remains constant : A change in the price of one good will affect the demand for other, thus the prices of complementary goods should remain unchanged.
• No Expectation about future changes in prices : The consumers do not expect any significance rise or fall in the future prices.
• No change in size of Population : The size of population, gender ratio and age composition are assumed to remain constant. As such changes are sure to affect demand.
• No change in Taxation Policy : The level of direct and indirect tax imposed by the government on the income and goods should remain constant.
• Constant Level of Income : Consumer’s income must remain unchanged because if income increases, consumer may buy more even at a higher price not following the law of demand.
• No Change in Tastes, Habits,
  Preference, Fashions, etc. : If the taste changes then the consumers preference will also change which will affect the demand. When commodities are out of fashion, then demand will be low even at a lower price.

Question 5.
What is meant by extension and contraction of demand?
Answer:
Variations in demand refers to change in quantity demanded for a commodity due to change in price alone and other factors remaining constant.
There are two types of variations in demand.
They are (1) Expansion or Extension of demand (2) Contraction of Demand.

(1) Expansion or Extension of demand : It refers to rise in quantity demanded due to fall in price alone and other factors like tastes, income, etc. remaining unchanged. It is shown by a downward movement on the same demand curve.

In the above diagram, DD is the demand curve which is showing downward movement on the same demand curve from point ‘b’ to point ‘c’ which indicates an expansion of demand.

(2) Contraction of demand : It refers to fall in quantity demanded due to rise in price alone and other factors like tastes, income, population, etc. remaining unchanged. It is shown by a upward movement on the same demand curve.

In the above diagram, DD is the demand curve which is showing upward movement on the same demand curve from point ‘e’ to point ‘b’ and indicates contraction of demand.

Question 6.
Explain the concept of Giffen Paradox
Answer:
Giffen Paradox:

1. Giffen good are low quality or inferior goods like jowar, palm oil, etc.
2. Demand for low quality goods and inferior goods decrease even if there prices falls.
3. This behaviour of consumer was observed by Sit Robert Giffen in england.
4. Sir Robert Giffen observed that when price of bread (inferior good)declined, people did not buy more of it, because with increased real income they preferred to buy superior goods like meat.
5. In this case, demand curve slopes upward from left to right, showing exception to the law of demand.
   

4. State with reasons whether you agree or disagree with the following statements:

Question 1.
There are no exceptions to the Law of Demand.
Answer:
No, I do not agree with this statement.
There are some important cases in which the demand for the commodity is greater when price rises and smaller when price falls. Such cases are called exceptions to the law of Demand. In such case, demand curve slopes upwards from left to right and it has a positive slope.

• Prestige Goods : Rich people buy more expensive goods like gold, diamonds, etc., even when there prices are high to maintain their status.
• Giffen Paradox : Demand for low quality goods and inferior goods decrease even if there prices falls.
  According to Sir Robert Giffen when price of bread declined, people did not buy more because of increase in their real income and they prefer to buy superior goods like meat.
• Speculation : People are tend to buy more commodities if they expect prices to rise further. E.g. prices of oil, sugar. etc., are expected to rise before Diwali, so people buy more of these commodities even at higher price.
• Habitual goods : Due to habit of consumption, certain goods like tea is purchased in required quantities even at higher price.
• Ignorance : Sometimes people completely ignore the price of commodity and buy more of that commodity ignoring higher price.
• Price Illusion : Consumer feels that good at higher price are of better quality, therefore demand for such goods are higher even at rise in their prices.
  

Question 2.
Various factors influence the demand for a commodity.
Answer:
Yes, I agree with this statement.

Meaning of Demand : Demand refers to a desire or want for goods. Desire is the willingness to have some commodity which is backed by willingness and ability to pay.
Definition : According to Benham, “The demand for anything at a given price is the amount of it, which will be bought per unit of time at that price.

Features of Demand :

1. Demand is a relative concept.
2. Demand is essentially expressed with reference to time and price. ?

Determinants of Demand :

1. Price of Complementary Goods : Demand changes with changes in price of complementary goods like car and petrol, etc.
2. Advertisement : Effective advertisement and sales promotion will lead to greater demand of product. E.g. cosmetics, toothbrush, etc.
3. Price : Demand for a commodity is mainly influenced by its price. Normally at a higher price the demand is less and at a lower price it is more. Thus, demand varies inversely with price of a commodity.
4. Taste, Habits and Fashions : Habits influence market demand. If people habituated to the consumption of certain goods they will not give up such habits easily. E.g. demand for liquor, cigarettes, etc. Sometimes fashion change attitude and preference of people which in turn changes market demand.
5. Income: Income determines the purchasing power. Rise in income will lead to a rise in demand of a commodity and fall in income will lead to a fall in demand of a commodity.
6. Other Factors : (a) Climatic condition, (b) Changes in technology, (c) Government policy, (d) Customs and traditions, etc.
7. Nature of Product: Under necessary and unavailable circumstances the demand of a commodity will continue to be same irrespective of the corresponding price. E.g. medicine to control blood-pressure.
8. Level of Taxation : There would be increase in price of goods and services due to high rates of taxes which results in a decrease in demand and vice-versa.
9. Expectation about the Future Prices : If the consumer expect a rise in price in the near future they will demand more at present price. Similarly, when they expect price to fall, then they will buy less at present prices.
10. Price of Substitute Goods : Demand for cheaper substitute goods will rise when there is fall in price of such goods. E.g. when sugar price rises, then the demand for jaggery will rise.
11. Size of Population: Demand for commodity depends upon size and composition of population like age structure, gender ratio which influence demand for certain goods. E.g. larger the child population, more will be the demand for toys, chocolates, etc.

Question 3.
The demand curve slopes upwards from left to right.
Answer:
No, I do not agree with this statement.
OR
Demand curve slopes downward from left to right.
Answer:
Yes, I agree with this statement.
Reasons justifying downwards sloping demand curve are as follows:

• The law ofDiminishing Marginal Utility: Marginal utility goes on diminishing when there is increase in the stock of commodity and consumer tends to buy more when price falls and vice-versa.
• Income Effects : Whenever there is a fall in price of a commodity, purchasing power of a consumer gets increased, which enables him to buy more of that commodity.
• Substitution Effect : When price of commodity rises consumer tends to buy more of cheaper substitute goods and less of the commodity whose price has increased.
• Multi-purpose Uses : When a commodity can be used for satisfying multiple needs, its demand will rise with a fall in its price and vice-versa.
• New Consumers : When there is fall in price of a commodity, a new consumer class buy the commodity as they can afford it.
  Thus total demand for commodity increases with fall in price.

Question 4.
The law of Demand is based on assumptions.
Answer:
Yes, I agree with this statement.

Assumptions to the Law of Demand:

• Prices of Substitute goods remain constant : The price of substitute goods should remain unchanged, as change in the price will affect the demand for the commodity.
• Prices of Complementary goods remains constant : A change in the price of one good will affect the demand for other, thus the prices of complementary goods should remain unchanged.
• No Expectation about future changes in prices : The consumers do not expect any significance rise or fall in the future prices.
• No change in size of Population : The size of population, gender ratio and age composition are assumed to remain constant. As such changes are sure to affect demand.
• No change in Taxation Policy : The level of direct and indirect tax imposed by the government on the income and goods should remain constant.
• Constant Level of Income : Consumer’s income must remain unchanged because if income increases, consumer may buy more even at a higher price not following the law of demand.
• No Change in Tastes, Habits,
  Preference, Fashions, etc. : If the taste changes then the consumers preference will also change which will affect the demand. When commodities are out of fashion, then demand will be low even at a lower price.

Question 5.
Price is the only determinant of demand.
OR
Price is the only factor that affects demand for a commodity.
Answer:
No, I do not agree with this statement.
There are many other determinants of demand beside price, like –

1. Income: Income determines the purchasing power. Rise in income will lead to a rise in demand of a commodity and fall in income will lead to a fall in demand of a commodity.
2. Price of Substitute Goods : Demand for cheaper substitute goods will rise when there is fall in price of such goods. E.g. when sugar price rises, then the demand for jaggery will rise.
3. Price : Demand for a commodity is mainly influenced by its price. Normally at a higher price the demand is less and at a lower price it is more. Thus, demand varies inversely with price of a commodity.
4. Nature of Product: Under necessary and unavailable circumstances the demand of a commodity will continue to be same irrespective of the corresponding price. E.g. medicine to control blood-pressure.
5. Size of Population: Demand for commodity depends upon size and composition of population like age structure, gender ratio which influence demand for certain goods. E.g. larger the child population, more will be the demand for toys, chocolates, etc.

Question 6.
All desires are not demand.
Answer:
Yes, I agree with this statement.

• Desire means an individual’s wish to acquire a commodity.
• In economics, demand means desire which is backed by willingness and ability to pay.
• Symbolically, Demand = Desire + Ability to pay + Willingness to pay
• All desires may not be backed by ability to pay and willingness to pay.
• Therefore, all desires are not demand.

Question 7.
Population is the only determinant or factors of demand. (Mar. ‘15)
Answer:
No, I do not agree with this statement.

Determinants of Demand :

1. Price of Complementary Goods : Demand changes with changes in price of complementary goods like car and petrol, etc.
2. Advertisement : Effective advertisement and sales promotion will lead to greater demand of product. E.g. cosmetics, toothbrush, etc.
3. Price : Demand for a commodity is mainly influenced by its price. Normally at a higher price the demand is less and at a lower price it is more. Thus, demand varies inversely with price of a commodity.
4. Taste, Habits and Fashions : Habits influence market demand. If people habituated to the consumption of certain goods they will not give up such habits easily. E.g. demand for liquor, cigarettes, etc. Sometimes fashion change attitude and preference of people which in turn changes market demand.
5. Income: Income determines the purchasing power. Rise in income will lead to a rise in demand of a commodity and fall in income will lead to a fall in demand of a commodity.
6. Other Factors : (a) Climatic condition, (b) Changes in technology, (c) Government policy, (d) Customs and traditions, etc.

Question 8.
There are many types of demand.
Answer:
Yes, I agree with this statement.

1. Direct Demand : When a commodity satisfies the want of a consumer directly, it is said to have direct demand. Demand for consumer goods like food, clothes, sugar, vegetables, milk, etc.
2. Indirect Demand : It refers to demand for goods which are required for further production. It is also called as derived demand. Demand for factors of production like land, labour, capital, etc.
3. Joint or Complementary Demand : When two or more goods are demanded at a same time to satisfy single want, it is known as Joint or Complementary Demand. E.g. car and fuel, pen and ink, mobile phone and sim card, etc.
4. Composite Demand : When one commodity can be utilize for several needs or multiple uses, it is known as composite demand. E.g. electricity, steel, coal, etc.
5. Competitive Demand : It is demand for those goods which are substitute for each other. E.g. tea or coffee, sugar or jaggery, pepsi or Thumsup, etc.

5. Answer in detail:

Question 1.
State and explain the law of Demand with assumptions.
Answer:
(A) Introduction : The law of demand is one of the important law of consumption which explain the functional relationship between price and quantity demanded of a commodity. Prof. Alfred Marshall in his book ‘Principle of Economics’ which was published in 1890, has explained the consumer’s behaviour as follows:

(B) Statement of the Law : According to Prof. Alfred Marshall, “Other things being equal, higher the price of a commodity, smaller is the quantity demanded and lower the price of a commodity, larger is the quantity demanded.
In other words, other things remaining constant, demand varies inversely with price. Marshall’s law of demand describes the functional relationship between demand and price. It can be presented as:
D_x = f(P_x)
where D = Demand for Commodity
x = Commodity
f = function
P_x = Price of a commodity
(C) Assumption :

• Prices of Substitute goods remain constant : The price of substitute goods should remain unchanged, as change in the price will affect the demand for the commodity.
• Prices of Complementary goods s remains constant : A change in the price j of one good will affect the demand for other,  thus the prices of complementary goods  should remain unchanged.
• No Expectation about future changes jj in prices: The consumers do not expect any \ significance rise or fall in the future prices.
• No change in Taxation Policy : The level of direct and indirect tax imposed by the government on the income and goods should remain constant.
• Constant Level of Income : Consumer’s income must remain unchanged because if income increases, consumer may buy more even at a higher price not following the law of demand.
• No Change in Tastes, Habits, Preference, Fashions, etc. : If the taste changes then the consumers preference will also change which will affect the demand. When commodities are out of fashion, then demand will be low even at a lower price.

(D) Explanation of the law of Demand :
The law of demand is explained with the help of the following demand schedule and diagram:
Demand Schedule

Price of Commodity ‘X’ (in Rs.)	Quantity Demanded of Commodity ‘X’ (in kgs)
50	1
40	2
30	3
20	4
10	5

From the above demand schedule we observe that at higher price of ₹ 50 per kg, quantity demanded is 1 kg. When price fall from ₹ 50 to ₹ 40, quantity demanded rises from 1 kg to 2 kg. Similarly, at price ₹ 30 quantity demanded is 3kg and when price falls from ₹ 20 to ₹ 10 quantity demanded rises from 4 kg to 5 kg. This shows an inverse relationship between price and demand.

In the above diagram X-axis represent quantity demanded and Y-axis represent the price of the commodity. The demand curve DD slopes downwards from left to right ] showing an inverse relationship between price and demand. It has a negative slope.

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Class 12 Political Science Important Questions Chapter 5 Contemporary India: Good Governance Important Questions and Answers.

Maharashtra State Board 12th Political Science Important Questions Chapter 5 Contemporary India: Good Governance

Complete the following statements by selecting the appropriate option.

Question 1.
The concept of ‘citizens charter’ is part of
(a) POSDCORB
(b) development administration
(c) good governance
(d) NGO activity
Answer:
(c) good governance

Question 2.
The good governance model looks at inter-linkages between the government and
(a) civil society
(b) political parties
(c) public administration
(d) human rights
Answer:
(a) civil society

Question 3.
The culture of ‘secrecy’ in administration has been challenged by the good governance value of
(a) effectiveness
(b) transparency
(c) accountability
(d) equity
Answer:
(b) transparency

Question 4.
The Consumer Protection Act was passed in the year
(a) 1986
(b) 1990
(c) 2000
(d) 2012
Answer:
(a) 1986

Identify the incorrect pair in every set and correct it.

Question 1.
(a) Lokayuktas – States
(b) Fundamental duties – good governance
(c) E-governance – Digitisation of records
(b) Directive Principles of State Policy – good governance
Answer:
(b) Fundamental duties – good governance

Complete the following sentences by selecting the appropriate reason.

Question 1.
Governance is a broader view of public administration because ………………
(a) it includes not only formal institutions of government but also informal institutions.
(b) it is based on e-governance.
(c) it was introduced after the second ARC.
Answer:
(a) it includes not only formal institutions of government but also informal institutions.

State the appropriate concept for the given statements.

Question 1.
Wide range of organisations such as labour unions, NGO’s etc.
Answer:
Civil Society

Question 2.
Institution created in India in 2013 to inquire into allegations of corruption against officials at union level.
Answer:
Lokpal

Question 3.
Governance facilitated by I.C.T.
Answer:
e-governance

Question 4.
Act of 2005 that enables citizens to seek important public information from the government.
Answer:
Right to Information Act

Find the odd word.

Question 1.
Religious groups, Bur6aucracy, Professional groups, NGO’s.
Answer:
Bureaucracy (not included in civil society / non-state actors)

Question 2.
Buddhists, Christians, Hindus, Jains.
Answer:
Hindus (not included in religious minorities in India)

Question 3.
Secrecy, Efficiency, Responsiveness, Inclusiveness.
Answer:
Secrecy (not a core value of good governance)

Question 4.
Policy framework, Funding framework, Institutional framework, Redressal and grievances framework
Answer:
Redressal and grievances framework (not a pillar of e-governance)

Complete the concept maps

Question 1.

Answer:

State whether the following statements are true or false with reason.

Question 1.
Good governance approach is a break from the traditional model of public administration.
Answer:
This statement is True.

1. Good governance approach aims to improve the performance of public institutions by making administration citizen-centered and not merely rule-bound.
2. It aims to replace traditional administration that was archaic and riddled with red tapism and corruption with participative, responsive, equitable and transparent administration.

Question 2.
E-governance has brought administration closer to people.
Answer:
This statement is True.

1. E-governance refers to good governance which is facilitated using Information and Communications Technology (ICT) This helps in the instantaneous transmission, processing, storage and retrieval of data.
2. The objective of the National e-governance Plan of Government of India is to bring public service closer home to citizens. This can be done by building a countrywide infrastructure and large scale digitisation of records to enable easy, reliable access over the Internet for e.g., passport application can be done online.

Question 3.
Right to Information is the key to strengthening participatory democracy.
Answer:
This statement is True.

1. Right to Information Act, 2005 has enabled citizens to seek important public information from the government and helps to usher in people-centered governance.
2. R.T.I is a basic necessity of good governance as it helps to bring transparency in government organisations and makes them function in an efficient, responsive manner.

Explain the correlation between the following.

Question 1.
Good Governance – Traditional model of administration.
Answer:
The concept of development administration brought in changes in the traditional role of administration. Governance refers to the cooperative effort of government as well as non¬government bodies in public administration. Since the traditional approach of public administration was archaic, riddled with red tapism and corruption it would not satisfy the requirements of the citizens. The good governance model is based on core values of efficient, effective, responsible, responsive, transparent and accountable public administration.

Question 2.
Citizen participation – Good governance.
Answer:
In development administration, not only the government but also citizens and NGO’s play a vital role. The term ‘governance’ is used to describe this cooperative effort of the government and non¬governmental bodies in public administration.
The Good Governance approach aims at the following-

1. to reform the traditional, huge-sized public administration which was riddled with red tape and corruption
2. to replace the archaic systems with responsible, participative and equitable systems
3. to look at interlinkages between government and civil society
4. to make the administration citizen-centered and not rule bound.

Citizen participation refers to the following aspects-

1. the development process is a ‘bottom-up’ approach in which citizens are not recipients but participants in this process
2. citizens have a right in making decisions pertaining to themselves
3. there are modalities by which citizens can take control of resources and influence decision making
4. it contributes to a responsive, participative democracy.

Question 3.
Good Governance – Right to Information. (RTI)
Answer:
In development administration, not only the government but also citizens and NGO’s play a vital role. The term ‘governance’ is used to describe this cooperative effort of the government and non¬governmental bodies in public administration.
The Good Governance approach aims at the following-

1. to reform the traditional, huge-sized public administration which was riddled with red tape and corruption.
2. to replace the archaic systems with responsible, participative and equitable systems.
3. to look at interlinkages between government and civil society.
4. to make the administration citizen-centered and not rule bound.

The R. T. I became operative w.e.f. 12th October 2005. The main objectives of the R.T.I is for citizens to secure access to information under control of public authorities so as to increase citizens awareness and ability to exercise their other rights. It is a basic necessity of good governance which enables citizens to seek important public information from the government i.e., about public policies and actions Transparency in government institutions makes them function more objectively and enables citizens to participate effectively in the governance process.

R.T.I. is an implied fundamental right under the constitution i.e., a part of Article 19 (1) (a) as well as of Article 21. It grants access to information held by a public authority so as to promote openness, transparency and accountability in administration. According to the UN Commission on Human Rights, “Good governance creates an enabling environment conducive to the enjoyment of human rights and prompts growth and sustainable development”. Thus R.T.I. helps in good governance.

Express your opinion of the following.

Question 1.
The National Commission for Minorities (NCM) is an important institutional mechanism towards good governance.
Answer:
I agree with this statement.
The NCM was set up by the Union Government under National Commission for Minorities Act (1992). It monitors the working of safeguards for religious minorities (i.e. Muslim, Christian, Sikh, Buddhist, Zoroastrian (Parsis) and Jain). It looks into specific complaints regarding deprivation of rights of the minorities and takes up such matters with the appropriate authorities. The NCM enables that benefits of good governance must be available to all sections of society, especially to minorities.

Answer the following question in 80 to 100 words.

Question 1.
Elaborate on e-Governance.
Answer:
In the last few decades, governance has become more complex and varied. Citizens expectations from the government have also increased. Information and Communications Technology (ICT) is used in governance. This is called ‘e-governance’. It helps in-

1. instant transmission and processing information and efficient storing and retrieval of data.
2. increasing the reach of government both geographically and demographically.
3. speeding up decision making and increasing transparency and accountability of government processes. E-governance in India has evolved from computerisation of departments to initiatives which are citizen centric and service oriented.

The Government of Maharashtra has identified six priority pillars to use e-governance so as to become proactive and responsive to its citizens’ needs.
Pillar – 1: Establishment of Policy/Legal Frameworks: Legal Framework has to be updated regularly with changing times and technologies.
Pillar – 2: Develop Strong Capacity Building Framework: Capacity Building of employees is necessary.
Pillar – 3: Facilitate abundant Funding: Ensure mechanisms for provision of adequate and timely funds.
Pillar – 4: Institutional Framework: Develop administrative structures that are capable of envisioning and guiding the e-Governance programs.
Pillar 5 – Build Core e-Governance Common Infrastructure: Develop the core e-Governance infrastructure like Data Centre, Common Service Centres and State Wide Area Network etc.
Pillar 6 – Develop Common Statewide Projects: Develop applications like e-Tendering, e-Office, SMS gateway, payment gateway etc. that are common to majority of State departments to ensure coordination.

Question 2.
Discuss the initiatives for good governance in India.
Answer:
After independence, India adopted a socialist model of development aimed at achieving a Welfare State. The Department of Administrative Reforms and Public Grievances looks after administrative reforms in India. It’s objectives are-

1. to promote administrative reforms in government policies and processes.
2. to promote citizen-centric governance.
3. to conduct innovations in e-governance.

The Second Administrative Reforms Commission (ARC) was set up in 2005 to prepare a blueprint for revamping the public administration system in India. It looked at the following issues.

1. To make public administration accountable, transparent, efficient, responsive and result- oriented.
2. Citizen centric, participative administration.

There have been a large number of reform measures which have sought to bring administration closer to the people. Broadly these initiatives include :

1. Enacting laws giving certain rights to people.
2. Setting up of new institutional mechanisms to redress citizens’ grievances.
3. Improving accessibility to citizens by setting up units closer to people.
4. Simplifying procedures to reduce bureaucratic delays.
5. Using technology to improve internal efficiency.
6. Reducing regulatory control.
7. Holding public contact programmes etc.

Question 3.
Find out examples of the reforms that have been initiated for each of the measures stated below.
Answer:

1. Enacting laws giving rights to people – Reform initiated – Right to Information (2005).
2. Setting up of new institutional mechanisms to redress citizens’ grievances – Reform initiated: Creating commissions like NHRC, NCW, NCM, etc.
3. Improving accessibility to citizens by setting up units closer to people – Reform initiated: Building a countrywide infrastructure reaching down to the remotes areas.
4. Simplifying procedures to reduce bureaucratic delays – Reform initiated: Formulation of Citizen’s Charters to specify service standards.
5. Using technology to improve internal efficiency – Reform initiated: e-governance i.e., use of Information and Communications Technology (I.C.T) to enable easy access over the internet.
6. Improving discipline within the organisation – Reform initiated: Establishing body of Lokpal for the Union and Lokayukta for States.

Answer the following question with reference to the given points.

Question 1.
Discuss in detail the following specific programmes aimed at bringing good governance in India.
(a) Lokpal and Lokayukta
(b) Right to Information
(c) E-Governance
(d) Citizen’s Charters
Answer:
After independence, India adopted a socialist model of development aimed at achieving a Welfare State. The Department of Administrative Reforms and Public Grievances looks after administrative reforms in India. Its objectives are-

1. to promote administrative reforms in government policies and processes.
2. to promote citizen-centric governance.
3. to conduct innovations in e-governance.

The Second Administrative Reforms Commission (ARC) was set up in 2005 to prepare a blueprint for revamping the public administration system in India. It looked at the following issues.

1. to make public administration accountable, transparent, efficient, responsive, and result-oriented.
2. citizen-centric, participative administration.

(a) Lokpal and Lokayukta – The Lokpal and Lokayuktas Act (2013) provides for the establishment of Lokpal (central government) and Lokayuktas (States) to inquire into allegations of corruption against public officials in a commitment to responsive, clean governance. The Maharashtra Lokayukta Institution came into being in 1972.

(b) Right to Information – It is a basic necessity of good governance which enables citizens to seek important public information from the government i.e., about public policies and actions. Transparency in government institutions makes them function more objectively and enables citizens to participate effectively in the governance process.

(c) E-Governance In the last few decades, governance has become more complex and varied. Citizens’ expectations from the government have also increased. Information and Communications Technology (ICT) is used in governance. This is called ‘e-governance’. It helps in-

1. instant transmission and processing information and efficiently storing and retrieval of data.
2. increasing the reach of government both geographically and demographically.
3. speeding up decision-making and increasing transparency and accountability of government processes. E-governance in India has evolved from the computerization of departments to initiatives that are citizen-centric and service-oriented.

(d) Citizen’s Charters – The exercise to formulate citizen’s charters began in 1996. Each organization must spell out the services it has to perform and the standards/norms for these services. If these standards are not met then that agency can be held accountable.

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Class 12 History Important Questions Chapter 9 World: Decolonisation Important Questions and Answers.

Maharashtra State Board 12th History Important Questions Chapter 9 World: Decolonisation

1A. Choose the correct alternative and rewrite the statement.

Question 1.
___________ was largely responsible for facilitating the process of decolonisation after Second
World War.
(a) League of Nations
(b) World Health Organisation
(c) United Nations
(d) World Trade Organisation
Answer:
(c) United Nations

Question 2.
The British developed ___________ in Sri Lanka as international port city.
(a) Colombo
(b) Madurai
(c) Kandy
(d) Galle
Answer:
(a) Colombo

Question 3.
The British appointed ___________ as Vice President of Myanmar.
(a) Mahatma Gandhi
(b) Pandit Nehru
(c) Aung San
(d) Mao Tse Tung
Answer:
(c) Aung San

Question 4.
The first conference of Asian and African countries held in 1955 was known as ___________ conference.
(a) Paris
(b) Versailles
(c) Myanmar
(d) Bandung
Answer:
(d) Bandung

Question 5.
H.S. Williams formed ___________ organisation in London for African unity.
(a) Asian Unity
(b) Free State
(c) Pan-African Association
(d) Nationalist Association
Answer:
(c) Pan-African Association

Question 6.
The end of the Second World War created an environment in which the process of ___________ gained momentum.
(a) Industrialisation
(b) decolonisation
(c) mechanisation
(d) urbanisation
Answer:
(b) decolonisation

Question 7.
In 1964 Tanganyika and Zanzibar were amalgamated and the independent state of ___________ came into existence.
(a) South Africa
(b) Ethiopia
(c) The United Republic of Tanzania
(d) Soviet Russia
Answer:
(c) The United Republic of Tanzania

Question 8.
The process of decolonisation is supposed to have received momentum mainly because of the document known as ___________
(a) Paris Peace Conference
(b) Atlantic Charter
(c) Treaty of Versailles
(d) Queen’s Proclamation
Answer:
(b) Atlantic Charter

1B. Find the incorrect pair from group ‘B’ and write the corrected one.

Question 1.

Group ‘A’	Group ‘B’
(a) the Maldives	26th July 1965
(b) Sri Lanka	1948
(c) Myanmar (Brahmadesh)	4th January 1948
(d) India	2nd October 1945

Answer:
India – 15th August 1947

2A. Write the names of historical places/persons/events.

Question 1.
The leader of the Indian National Movement –
Answer:
Mahatma Gandhi

Question 2.
An organisation responsible for facilitating the process of decolonisation after World War II –
Answer:
United Nations

Question 3.
The Sultan who ended Portuguese rule from the Maldives –
Answer:
Muhammad Thakuruphanu Al Azam

Question 4.
An organisation created by the people of Myanmar under the leadership of Aung San in 1937 –
Answer:
‘Burma Independence Army’

Question 5.
The country that called the first conference of Asian countries –
Answer:
India

Question 6.
The place where the fifth Pan-African Congress was held in 1945 –
Answer:
Manchester

Question 7.
An American sociologist of African origin was present at the first conference of ‘Pan-American Association’. –
Answer:
W.E.B.Du Bois

Question 8.
The name of the German General who attacked the British empire in Africa –
Answer:
General Erwin Rommel

2B. Choose the correct reason from those given below and complete the sentence.

Question 1.
The ‘League of Nations’ introduced the system of trustees ___________
(a) to manage the administration of the colonies which were under the control of Germany and Turkey
(b) to introduce western education in French colonies
(c) to give the compensation to axis powers
(d) to conduct a plebiscite in the defeated countries
Answer:
(a) to manage the administration of the colonies which were under the control of Germany and Turkey

Question 2.
The British empire in Africa was in danger because ___________
(a) people participated in the election process
(b) people decided to take part in the war
(c) of the aggression of Italy and the German
(d) of the calamity of 1920
Answer:
(c) of the aggression of Italy and the German

3. Complete the following concept map.

Question 1.

Name of the country	Continent	Colony	Year of Decolonisation (independence)
1. Ivory Coast	……………..	French	7th August 1960
2. South Africa	Africa	……………..	1920
3. Sri Lanka	……………..	British	……………..
4. India	Asia	……………..	……………..

Answer:

Name of the country	Continent	Colony	Year of Decolonisation (independence)
1. Ivory Coast	Africa	French	7th August 1960
2. South Africa	Africa	British	1920
3. Sri Lanka	Asia	British	1948
4. India	Asia	British	15th August 1947

4A. Write short notes.

Question 1.
Atlantic Charter.
Answer:
The Atlantic Charter was a pivotal policy statement issued on August 14, 1941, that defined goals for the post-war world. The Atlantic Charter was drafted by British Prime Minister Winston Churchill and U.S. President F.D. Roosevelt at the Atlantic Conference in Newfoundland. All the allies of World War II later confirmed it.

4B. Explain the following statements with reasons.

Question 1.
After the Second World War independence movements strengthened in the African countries.
OR
How western education created the spirit of Nationalism among the African people.
Answer:

• During the 15 year period of 1950-1965 people in the European colonies in Africa freed themselves from the foreign rule.
• The education system imposed by the Europeans was alien to them. Ironically, African leaders were trained in this alien educational system.
• Their education had introduced them to American Independence Struggle, French Revolution, and Nationalism.
• The African people became aware of nationalism and national pride.
• After Second World War England and France gradually began to grant more rights to the Africans in their colonies.
• This strengthened the independence movements in African nations.

5. State your opinion.

Question 1.
Italy and Germany had to lose their colonies in Africa at the end of the Second World War in 1945.
Answer:

• The African battlefield in the Second World War had spread from Morocco and Libya in the north to Ethiopia and Somali Land on the eastern border of Africa.
• The British empire in Africa was in danger because of the aggressions of Italy and the German General Erwin Rommel.
• Indian soldiers in the British army fought with great resilience. With their help, the British could compel the combined armies of Italy and Germany and they had to lose their colonies in Africa at the end of the Second World War in 1945.

6. Answer the following questions in detail.

Question 1.
Explain the decolonisation of the African continent.
Answer:

• An introduction of western education created awareness and feelings of nationalism among the African people.
• European colonies in Africa were involved in First World War. After the defeat of Germany in the war, allied nations began to compete with each other for occupying German colonies in Africa.
• On the advice of American President Woodrow Wilson, the ‘League of Nations decided with the mutual understanding that England, France, and Belgium should divide the colonies among themselves.
• The four British colonies namely Cape Colony, Natal, Orange Free State, and Transvaal were amalgamated and the state of South Africa was created in 1920.
• Egypt got its independence before the end of the Second World War. Following it Libya, Tunisia, Morocco, Algeria, and Ghana became independent one after another.
• In the middle of the 20th century in all the 12 French colonies, such as Ivory Coast, Madagascar, Mali in central Africa became independent. Somalia, Cameroon, and other European colonies under the care of ‘League of Nations became independent one by one.
• Algeria became independent by conducting a plebiscite in 1962. In 1964 Tanganyika and Zanzibar were amalgamated and ‘The United Republic of Tanzania’ came into existence.
• At the end of the Second World War Italy and Germany had to lose their colonies in Africa.

7. Answer the following question with the help of the given points.

Question 1.
Explain decolonisation of Asian continents.
(a) the Maldives
(b) Sri Lanka
(c) Myanmar
Answer:
By the end of the 20th-century colonialism came to an end and the process of decolonisation was completed.
(a) Maldives:

• Portuguese entered the Maldives in 1529. Since then Maldives began to pay tribute to the Portuguese in Goa.
• Sultan Muhammad Thakuruphanu A1 Azam from Malabar ended the Portuguese rule and signed a treaty with the Dutch and gave them administrative responsibility of Maldives.
• the Later Maldives was taken over by the British. They built naval bases and radio transmission centers in the Maldives. They also took Indian labourers to work in the paddy fields in the Maldives.
• the Maldives became independent on 26th July 1965, by a treaty signed at Colombo.

(b) Sri Lanka:

• The British ruled Sri Lanka (Ceylon) from 1798 to 1948. They defeated the Portuguese and Dutch.
• There were uprisings in Sri Lanka against British rule. The British plantation owners had taken many labourers from Tamil Nadu to work in coffee plantations.
• In Sri Lanka, the British dominated the production of coffee, tea, rubber, and coconut. They developed Colombo as an international port city.
• They established colleges and universities in Sri Lanka and encouraged Buddhist studies. Sri Lanka became independent in 1948.

(c) Myanmar:

• In 1599, the Portuguese annexed Myanmar, however, in 1611 Portuguese were defeated and United Myanmar was formed. Now Myanmar followed expansionist policy and attacked the British territories of Assam and Manipur in India.
• This situation caused three wars between Myanmar and the British also known as Anglo- Burmese war. The British won the third war and got the control of entire Myanmar.
• Till 1935 it was a part of province of British India. In 1935 it was separated from India and granted autonomy. After 1937 the people of Myanmar formed an organization called ‘Burma Independence Army’ under the leadership of Aung San.
• The British granted independence to Myanmar on 4th January 1948 and appointed Aung San as Vice President.

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Class 12 Political Science Important Questions Chapter 4 Contemporary India: Challenges to Peace, Stability and National Integration Important Questions and Answers.

Maharashtra State Board 12th Political Science Important Questions Chapter 4 Contemporary India: Challenges to Peace, Stability and National Integration

Complete the following statements by selecting the appropriate option.

Question 1.
‘Unity in diversity is one of the important Indian values associated with
(a) Panchayati Raj
(b) National integration
(c) Concept of a nation
(d) Concept of ‘melting pot’
Answer:
(b) National integration

Question 2.
Charu Majumdar is associated with the
(a) JKLF
(b) Naxal movement
(c) Hizb-ul-Mujahideen
(d) Assam Oil Blockage
Answer:
(b) Naxal movement

Question 3.
States in India were reorganised in 1956 on the basis of
(a) language
(b) religion
(c) region
(d) caste
Answer:
(a) language

Question 4.
In 1947-48, India had a conflict with
(a) Jammu and Kashmir
(b) England
(c) Pakistan
(d) China
Answer:
(c) Pakistan

Question 5.
In 1980, an oil blockade agitation was in to focus on the demand for economic development.
(a) Jharkhand
(b) Nagaland
(c) Kashmir
(d) Assam
Answer:
(d) Assam

Question 6.
………………. signed the Instrument of Accession with India in 1947.
(a) Maharaja Hari Singh
(b) Amanullah Khan
(c) Kanu Sanyal
(d) Hafiz Saeed
Answer:
(a) Maharaja Hari Singh

Identify the incorrect pair in every set and correct it.

Question 1.
(a) Jawaharlal Nehru – Discovery of India
(b) Struggle for rights of Tamil – LTTE
(c) National Integration Council – Article 370
Answer:
(c) ‘Special status’ for State of Jammu and Kashmir – Article 370

Complete the following sentences by selecting the appropriate reason.

Question 1.
In 1962, the N. I. C was created in India to ……………….
(a) review all matters pertaining to national integration.
(b) oversee the integration of Princely States into India.
(c) deal with insurgency in North-East India.
Answer:
(a) review all matters pertaining to national integration.

Question 2.
The freedom movement played an important role in national integration because …………….
(a) it provided a platform to express democratic views.
(b) it brought Indians together in a common framework of political identity and loyalty.
(c) it provided nationalistic symbols like the National Flag and common citizenship.
Answer:
(b) it brought Indians together in a common framework of political identity and loyalty.

Question 3.
India can be described as the ‘Salad bowl’ identity because ………………….
(a) it recognizes every culture, religion, etc., of a pluralistic society and it’s importance in national integration.
(b) it stresses on a system of assimilation towards a homogeneous society.
(c) it recognizes the right to self-determination of diverse groups in the country.
Answer:
(a) it recognizes every culture, religion, etc., of a pluralistic society and it’s importance in national integration.

State the appropriate concept for the given statements.

Question 1.
A sense of political identity.
Answer:
Nationalism

Question 2.
Concept used to describe American society based on a process of assimilation.
Answer:
Melting pot

Question 3.
The concept that argues that all aspects of diversity should be maintained in a pluralistic society.
Answer:
Salad bowl

Question 4.
Secessionist movement in the Punjab in 1980s.
Answer:
Khalistani movement

Question 5.
A militant movement that originated in the communist ideology
Answer:
Naxalism or Left Wing Extremism

Find the odd word.

Question 1.
CPI (M-L), PWG, MCCI, NIC.
Answer:
NIC (not a Naxal organisation)

Question 2.
Lashkar-e-Taiba, JKLF, IRA, Jaish-e-Mohammed.
Answer:
IRA (not a terrorist group operating in India)

Question 3.
Kerala, Jharkhand, Telangana, Chhattisgarh.
Answer:
Kerala (not affected by Naxalism)

Observe the maps in the textbook and answer the following questions.

Question 1.
Which two union territories have been created due to the bifurcation of the State of Jammu and Kashmir (2019)?
Answer:

1. Jammu and Kashmir
2. Ladakh

Question 2.
Name two Indian States that border Jammu and Kashmir.
Answer:

1. Punjab
2. Himachal Pradesh

Question 3.
Name two districts in the Union Territory of Ladakh.
Answer:

1. Kargil
2. Leh

Question 4.
Name two district in the Union Territory of Jammu and Kashmir.
Answer:

1. Udhampur
2. Kupwara

Question 5.
Name two countries that were neighbours of the erstwhile State of Jammu and Kashmir.
Answer:

1. China
2. Pakistan

State whether the following statements are true or false with reason.

Question 1.
Cross Border terrorism in Jammu and Kashmir is a major threat to nation building in India.
Answer:
This statement is True.

1. There are many terrorist outfits operating out of Pakistan Occupied Kashmir (POK) or Pakistan such as LET, Hizbul. This has led to frequent terrorist violence in the region since the last two and half decades.
2. Terrorists indulge in acts like bombings, assassinations, etc. They try to radicalise people through ‘fake news’ and vested social groups as well as to encourage local insurgent groups. Terrorists have even indoctrinated children to hate the country and indulge in criminal acts like stone throwing and arson.

Question 2.
Left-Wing Extremism has spread over many States in India.
Answer:
This statement is True.

1. Left-Wing Extremism or Naxalism has it’s ideological foundations in communism and the writings of Charu Majumdar. It’s main purpose is to show existing government structures and process as being ineffective.
2. Maoist operations are primarily in rural underdeveloped areas with support base among landless and dalits across the Red Corridor i.e., States like Bihar, Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh, etc.

Question 3.
The Khalistan movement occurred in the State of Kashmir
Answer:
This statement is False.

1. The Khalistan movement occurred in the State of Punjab as a separatist movement for an independent homeland for Sikhs i.e., The Khalistan or the Land of the Khalsa.
2. The Jammu and Kashmir region has been subjected to terrorism due to local militant outfits as well as cross border terrorism.

Question 4.
Modern day terrorism is State-centric.
Answer:
This statement is False.

1. Modern day terrorism is not State-centric but is a global abstract fight for religious or ideological goals e.g., 2001 attacks by the A1 Qaeda in USA.
2. Traditional form of terrorism was State-centric i.e., a specific section of people fighting for their rights against the State e.g., LTTE in Sri Lanka.

Explain the correlation between the following.

Question 1.
Insurgency in North East India and Neglect of the region
Answer:
North-East India comprises of eight States which are ethnically and culturally very diverse. Many of these States share boundaries with other countries like China, Nepal, Bhutan, Myanmar, Bangladesh. Many of these States are not well connected with mainland India. Some regions of the states in North-East India are not well developed. Ensuring industrial and economic development has been a major issue. Various insurgent groups have created havoc in States like Nagaland, Mizoram, Tripura, etc., In Assam, the ‘anti-foreigner’ movement was about it’s resources being diverted elsewhere, leading to lack of development.

Express your opinion of the following.

Question 1.
Naxal operations are primarily prevalent in underdeveloped areas of the country.
Answer:
Naxalism is a movement based on Maoist ideology that began in 1967 at Naxalbari (West Bengal) as a protest against the feudal order and oppression by the landlords. Naxalites target existing infrastructure and aim to show government programmes as ineffective. Naxalites find support amongst landless agricultural labour, tribals and dalits. They are based in inaccessible, underdeveloped areas of India which lack communication facilities, are heavily forested or have difficult terrain where the security forces find it difficult to operate.

Question 2.
National unity is not homogeneity.
Answer:
National unity refers to solidarity among citizens of a country. It advocates a ‘community of communities’ with respect to diversity, shared values and experiences. It is ethnic, religious, linguistic acceptance towards peace and stability. National unity is a major step towards social peace i.e., it is essential in maintaining a stable, functional and harmonious society. National unity in India reflects the ‘salad bowl’ concept i.e., it is not an assimilation of diverse groups but the maintenance of distinctive beliefs in a plural society.

Question 3.
India went into an economic transformation in the 1990s.
Answer:
After independence, India adopted a socialistic pattern of society with mixed economy and Five Year Plans. However, keeping in view, socio-political changes in the world such as the collapse of the Soviet Union, India went into an economic transformation in the 1990s. It opted for economic liberalisation to tackle the problem of economic stagnation. This led to economic recovery of the country.

Question 4.
The National Integration Council (N. I. C) plays an important role in nation building.
Answer:
In 1961, the first National Integration Conference was held to find ways to combat evils like casteism, communalism, regionalism, etc. Based on it’s recommendations, National Integration Council was set up in 1962, to review all matters pertaining to national integration. It dedicates itself to achieving values like equality, justice, fraternity, secularism and unity in diversity.

Answer the following question in 80 to 100 words.

Question 1.
Trace the changes that have taken place in Article 370.
Answer:
Article 370 gave special status to Jammu and Kashmir (J & IQ conferring it with the authority to have a separate constitution, separate State flag and autonomy over it’s internal administration. The article was drafted in Part XXI of the Indian constitution : Temporary, Transitional and special provisions. Along with Article 35A, this article defined that residents of Jammu and Kashmir had separate laws related to citizenship, ownership of property, etc. The Constituent Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir was empowered to recommend articles of the India constitution that should be applied to the State and a subsequent. Presidential Order (1954) was issued.

On 5th August 2019, the Government of India revoked the special status granted to Jammu and Kashmir under Art. 370. President Ramnath Kovind issued an order nullifying all provisions of autonomy granted to the State. Both houses of Parliament passed the Reorganisation of Jammu and Kashmir bill. As of now the following changes are apparent;

1. People of the State have access to all government schemes like Reservations, RTE, RTI, etc.
2. The State was bifurcated into the Union Territories of Jammu and Kashmir and Ladakh.

Answer the following question with reference to the given point in 150 to 200 words.

Question 1.
Challenges to nation building in India.
(a) Terrorism
(b) Communalism
(c) Left Wing Extremism
Answer:
Nation building means constructing a national identity which aims at uniting the people within a country so that it remains politically stable. It is closely related to the concept of national integration. It demands a democratic government and participative civil society. Nation building in India faces several challenges such as casteism, regionalism, communalism, insurgency, extremism and terrorism.

(a) Terrorism – It is the actual use or threat to use violence with an intention to disrupt life and create panic. It is called ‘asymmetric’ or ‘indirect’ warfare. It may take the form of assassination of political figures, hijackings, bombings and attacks on civilians etc. Earlier, terrorism was State-centric e.g., LTTE in Sri Lanka. However, modern day terrorism aims for abstract ideological or religious goals at the global level e.g., Taliban, Boko Haram. India has been the target of numerous terrorist attacks e.g., bomb blasts in Mumbai (1993, 2006) and LET attack on 26th November 2008 in Mumbai, attack on Parliament (2001), attacks on security forces at Uri (2016) and Pulwama (2019).

(b) Communalism refers to excessive pride in and attachment to one’s own religion/sect that leads to religious orthodoxy or fundamentalism and promotes intolerance and hatred of other religious groups. In India, roots of communalism can be traced to-

1. British policy of ‘Divide and Rule’.
2. Hindu and Muslim revivalist movements.
3. Rise of communal, fundamentalist parties and other vested interests that aim to radicalise members of their communities.
4. Politics of appeasement by various political parties.
5. psychological factors – history of communal violence has led to lack of trust between Hindus and Muslims.
6. Role of media and ‘fake news’ which may indulge in sensationalism aimed to incite communal hatred.

Some of the prominent cases of communal violence in India are:

1. 1947-49 there was mass bloodshed in the wake of the Partition of India.
2. 1969 Ahmedabad riots.
3. 1983 in Assam against Muslim immigrants from Bangladesh.
4. 1984 Anti-Sikh riots broke out after the assassination of Mrs. Indira Gandhi especially in Delhi.
5. 1992-93 saw the worst riots post independence following demolition of the Babri Masjid especially in Mumbai, Surat, etc.
6. 2002 Gujarat riots especially in Godhra.
7. 2013 Muzaffarnagar riots in UP.

(c) Left Wing Extremism – Left Wing Extremism (also called Maoist movement or Naxalism) has major support base among landless labourers, dalits and tribals who experience a sense of oppression, injustice and neglect. The first attempt to promote a peasant struggle was the Telangana Movement (1946-51). The Naxal Movement originated in 1967 in Naxalbari (West Bengal) led by Kanu Sanyal and writings of Charu Majumdar.

Since 1980s the movement has taken a militant turn. In 2004 CPI (M-L), People’s War Group (PWG) and Maoist Communist Centre of India merged to form CPI (Maoist) which aims to overthrow the government, Naxal activities aim to and destroy public property and attack police and officials. The Red Corridor of Naxal activities extends across States like Bihar, Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh, Maharashtra, Telangana, Andhra Pradesh, etc.