Important Questions

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Class 12 Psychology Important Questions Chapter 1 Psychology: A Scientific Discipline Important Questions and Answers.

Maharashtra State Board 12th Psychology Important Questions Chapter 1 Psychology: A Scientific Discipline

Choose the correct option and complete the following statements.

Question 1.
……………………. was the school of thought in psychology that focused on the power of free will towards self-actualisation.
(a) Humanistic Psychology
(b) Behaviourism
(c) Structuralism
Answer:
(a) Humanistic Psychology

Question 2.
………………….. method is the most objective and scientific method used in Psychology.
(a) Correlation
(b) Experimental
(c) Survey
Answer:
(b) Experimental

Question 3.
A pre-determined set of respondents on whom the survey is conducted is called the ……………..
(a) variable
(b) coefficient
(c) sample
Answer:
(c) sample

Question 4.
………………… is the qualitative research method extensively used by clinical psychologists.
(a) Observation
(b) Survey Method
(c) Case study method
Answer:
(c) Case study method

Question 5.
Correlation between Urbanization and Pollution will be ………………
(a) positive
(b) negative
(c) zero
Answer:
(a) positive

Question 6.
The value of negative correlation is …………………..
(a) 0.00 to-0.50
(b)-1.00 to 0.00
(c) 0.00 to-1.00
Answer:
(c) 0.00 to-1.00

Question 7.
Reactions of commuters stuck in heavy traffic can be best studied using the ………………. method.
(a) experimental
(b) case study
(c) observation
Answer:
(c) observation

Question 8.
An experiment is conducted to study the effect of practice on memory. In this, the Independent Variable (I.V)
(a) practice
(b) experiment
(c) memory
Answer:
(a) practice

Question 9.
The method of Introspection was advocated by ……………….
(a) William James
(b) Sigmund Freud
(c) Wilhelm Wundt
Answer:
(c) Wilhelm Wundt

Match the pair

Question 1.

Group ‘P’	Group ‘Q’
Rational Emotive Behavioural Therapy	(a) Jean Piaget
Psychoanalysis	(b) Ivan Pavlov
Humanistic Psychology	(c) Albert Ellis
Case Study Method	(d) Sigmund Freud
	(e) Carl Rogers

Answer:

Group ‘P’	Group ‘Q’
Rational Emotive Behavioural Therapy	(c) Albert Ellis
Psychoanalysis	(d) Sigmund Freud
Humanistic Psychology	(e) Carl Rogers
Case Study Method	(a) Jean Piaget

State whether the following statements are true or false.

Question 1.
Functionalism focused on the study of human consciousness.
Answer:
True

Question 2.
A sample is a tentative supposition which attempts to explain some facts.
Answer:
False

Question 3.
Experiments in psychology cannot be repeated.
Answer:
False

Question 4.
The Dependent Variable is manipulated by the experimenter.
Answer:
False

Question 5.
Rational individuals are more likely to be tolerant and show flexibility.
Answer:
True

Answer the following in one sentence each.

Question 1.
What is meant by Dependent Variable?
Answer:
Dependent Variable is the change in behaviour that occurs in the participants as a result of the Independent Variable introduced by the experimenter.

Question 2.
Write the tools employed in the survey method.
Answer:
Survey method employs tools like questionnaires, check lists, interview, inventories and rating scales.

Question 3.
Write the types of correlation.
Answer:
There are three types of correlation, i.e., positive correlation, negative correlation and zero correlation.

Question 4.
What is the focus of Humanistic Psychology?
Answer:
According to Rogers, the focus of Humanistic Psychology is the power of free will, self-determination and self-actualization.

Question 5.
What sources does case study rely on?
Answer:
Case study provides descriptive information about the person from sources such as family, peers, neighbours, teachers, academic records, health records and results of psychological tests.

Question 6.
What does rationality mean?
Answer:
According to Stanovich, “Rationality involves adaptive reasoning, good judgment and good decision making.”

Question 7.
Which two schools of thought in Psychology were replaced by Cognitivism during the 1950’s and 1960’s?
Answer:
Psychoanalysis and Behaviourism were the two schools of thought in psychology replaced by Cognitivism during the 1950’s and 1960’s.

Write short notes on the following in 50 – 60 words each.

Question 1.
Elaborate the key features of a science.
Answer:
The word science is derived from the Latin word ‘Scientia’ which means ‘Knowledge’. Science is the pursuit and application of knowledge and understanding of the natural and social world, following a systematic methodology based on evidence.
The key features of a science are:

1. Empirical evidence – It refers to acquiring information through direct observation or experiments. Scientific knowledge is based on verifiable evidence.
2. Objectivity – This refers to the ability to observe and accept facts as they exist, setting aside all sources of expectations, values, prejudices, etc.
3. Scientific causality – Science aims to establish cause-effect between the variables under consideration, i.e., the effect of the Independent Variable on the Dependent Variable.
4. Systematic exploration – Science adopts a sequential procedure for studying various phenomena. It includes scientific steps like formulating a hypothesis, collection of facts, scientific generalization, etc.
5. Replication – Scientific knowledge can be replicated under the same circumstances as the original experiment. This ensures reliability of results towards establishing a scientific theory.
6. Predictability – Science involves describing and explaining phenomena as well as to make predictions accordingly.

Question 2.
Explain the correlation method.
Answer:
A correlation refers to a statistical tool used to measure the relationship between two or more variables. If the change in one variable is accompanied by a change in the other variable, this interdependence is called correlation. It is measured by correlation coefficient which extends between -1.00 to +1.00. Direction of correlation can be positive or negative.
The types of correlation are:

1. Positive – Both variables move in the same direction i.e., both increase or both decrease. It extends 0.00 to +1.00 for e.g., identical twins reared together showed IQ correlation of +.88.
2. Negative – Variables move in the opposite direction i.e., increase in one variable is associated with a decrease in the other variable. The value of negative correlation is 0.00 to -1.00 for e.g., high level of job satisfaction and low level of absenteeism.
3. Zero – Any change in one variable brings about no significant change in the other variable. Value of coefficient is 0 for e.g., height and intelligence.

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Class 12 Sociology Important Questions Chapter 3 Diversity and Unity in Indian Society Important Questions and Answers.

Maharashtra State Board 12th Sociology Important Questions Chapter 3 Diversity and Unity in Indian Society

1A. Complete the following statements by choosing the correct alternative given in the brackets and rewrite it.

Question 1.
India is a ___________ country. (homogenous, secular, non-religious)
Answer:
secular

Question 2.
Dr. B.S. Guha classifies the population of India into ___________ main racial groups. (four, five, six)
Answer:
six

Question 3.
___________ tends to bring together people of the faith to celebrate commonly cherished festivals and
events. (Race, Religion, Caste)
Answer:
Religion

Question 4.
In ___________ Indian States were organized on a linguistic basis. (1947, 1971, 1956)
Answer:
1956

Question 5.
The Constitution of India has approved ___________ Official languages. (20, 27, 22)
Answer:
22

Question 6.
21st February 2017 was declared as an International ___________ Language Day by the United Nation. (Mother, Father, Spiritual)
Answer:
Mother

Question 7.
___________ refers to territorial entities found within the country. (Religion, Language, Region)
Answer:
Region

Question 8.
Sharing of natural resources gives the people a sense of ___________ unity. (religious, cultural, geographical)
Answer:
geographical

Question 9.
___________ examines the role of religion in social integration as a binding force among individuals and groups. (M. N. Srinivas, Iravati Karve, G. S. Ghurye)
Answer:
M. N. Srinivas

Question 10.
___________ refers mainly to loyalty to one’s own religion before the nation. (Casteism, Communalism, Regionalism)
Answer:
Communalism

Question 11.
Indian States have been divided on a ___________ basis. (religious, caste, linguistic)
Answer:
linguistic

Question 12.
___________ is built into the fabric of society and passed down from one generation to the next. (Equality, Inequality, democracy)
Answer:
inequality

Question 13.
The spirit of tolerance promotes ___________ (economic growth, national integration, diversity)
Answer:
national integration

Question 14.
Economic disparity means ___________ distribution of wealth. (normal, uneven, even)
Answer:
uneven

Question 15.
India is federal Union comprising of ___________ states with seven union territories. (29, 30, 28)
Answer:
29

Question 16.
Language plays an important role of ___________ in an organisation. (interest, communication, transport)
Answer:
communication

Question 17.
Caste an example of ___________ (equality, inequality, none)
Answer:
inequality

Question 18.
___________ refers to loyalty to one’s own religion before nation. (Casteism, Communalism, Linguism)
Answer:
Communalism

Question 19.
Unity implies a sense of oneness meaning ___________ (uniformity, integration, identity)
Answer:
integration

Question 20.
After independence India has adopted ___________ system. (presidential, federal, dictatorship)
Answer:
federal

Question 21.
In the constitution of India there are ___________ fundamental rights. (six, seven, eight)
Answer:
six

Question 22.
State were formed on the linguistic basis in the year ___________ (1956, 1951, 1947)
Answer:
1956

Question 23.
___________ is a multi-religious Country. (India, Bangladesh, China)
Answer:
India

Question 24.
India has always ___________ different cultures. (assimilated, diversified, obstructed)
Answer:
assimilated

Question 25.
Thrissurpuram is the festival held which state ___________ (Tamil Nadu, Kerala, Karnataka)
Answer:
Kerala

Question 26.
A large section of the tribal population of India live in ___________ State. (North eastern, southern, western)
Answer:
Noth eastern

Question 27.
Gender expression is linked to gender ___________ (culture, biology, socialisation)
Answer:
socialisation

Question 28.
___________ implies respect and tolerance for people of all faiths. (communalism, secularism, casteism)
Answer:
secularism

Question 29.
The Constitution of India, allows affirmative action through ___________ in education and employment. (discrimination, reservation, tolerance)
Answer:
reservation

B. Correct the incorrect pair and rewrite it.

Question 1.
(a) Kerala – Onam
(b) Tamil Nadu – Pongal
(c) Punjab – Baisakhi
(d) Assam – Makar Sankranti
Answer:
(d) Assam – Bihu

Question 2.
(a) North – Badrainarayan
(b) South – Rameshwaram
(c) East – Golden Temple
(d) West – Dwarka
Answer:
(c) East – Puri

Question 3.
(a) Hindus – Diwali
(b) Muslims – Muharram
(c) Christians – Christmas
(d) Parsi – Easter
Answer:
(d) Parsi – Pateti

Question 4.
(a) Secularism – Sarvadharmasamabhav
(b) Linguism – Language patriotism
(c) Communalism – Religious patriotism
(d) Religionism – Excessive attachment of one’s own caste
Answer:
(d) Religionism – Excessive attachment of one’s own state

Question 5.
(a) Kaveri water dispute – Linguism
(b) Babari – Masjid demolition – Communalism
(c) Unequal distribution of wealth – Economic inequalities
(d) Caste-based vote banks – Casteism
Answer:
(a) Kaveri water dispute – Regionalism

Question 6.
(a) Sanskrit, Kashmiri, Hindi, Bengali – Indo-Aryan
(b) Telugu, Kurukh, Oraon, Maler – Dravidian
(c) Himalayan and Bhutia Languages – Austro-Asiatic
(d) Aka – Jeru, Ongan and Sentinelese – Andamanese
Answer:
(c) Himalayan and Bhutia Languages – Sino-Tibetan

Question 7.
(a) The Three Language Formula – Religious unity
(b) The rule of law – Political unity
(c) Celebration of festivals – Cultural unity
(d) Sharing of natural resources – Geographical unity
Answer:
(a) The Three Language Formula – Linguistic unity

Question 8.
(a) ‘Below Poverty Line’ – Private property
(b) Private school differences – Educational differences
(c) The mall culture – Social environment
(d) Capacities and capabilities – Individual differences
Answer:
(a) ‘Below Poverty Line’ – Family influence

1C. Identify the appropriate term from the given options in the box and rewrite it against the given statement.

Unity, Language, Race, Regionalism, Class, Gender fluidity, North East, Jajmani, Sexuality, Culture, Egalitarian society, Secularism, Kannada, Northeast, Ethnocentrism, Totalitarianism.

Question 1.
The state of togetherness and oneness.
Answer:
Unity

Question 2.
A classical language of India.
Answer:
Kannada

Question 3.
A group of people with set distinctive physical features.
Answer:
Race

Question 4.
The region comprises seven sisters.
Answer:
East North

Question 5.
Relating to another person physically, emotionally and/or sexually.
Answer:
Sexuality

Question 6.
Those who do not limit themselves within the binary.
Answer:
Gender fluidity

Question 7.
The exchange of goods and services between various jatis.
Answer:
Jajmani

Question 8.
People belonging to different religious feel that their religion is superior.
Answer:
Ethnocentrism

Question 9.
Respect and tolerance for people of all faith.
Answer:
Secularism

Question 10.
Loyalty to one’s own state or region before one’s nation.
Answer:
Regionalism

Question 11.
It is based on the principle of cultural integration.
Answer:
National Anthem

Question 12.
It is caused by Religious fundamentalism.
Answer:
Terrorism

Question 13.
Malnutrition deaths of infants.
Answer:
Below Poverty Line

1D. Correct underlined words and complete the statement.

Question 1.
In Kolkata, the festival of lights (Diwali) is celebrated along with the Parsis Festival of Lights (Hannukah).
Answer:
In Kolkata, the festival of lights (Diwali) is celebrated along with the Jewish Festival of Lights (Hannukah).

Question 2.
700 jatis are classified under the Scheduled Caste communities.
Answer:
750 jatis are classified under the Scheduled Caste communities.

Question 3.
Religion has become a means for competing for access to resources and power in modern India.
Answer:
Caste has become a means for competing for access to resources and power in modern India.

Question 4.
Communalism leads to Inter-State rivalries.
Answer:
Regionalism leads to Inter-State rivalries.

Question 5.
In all societies, we see economic equality.
Answer:
In all societies, we see economic inequality.

Question 6.
When people are identified on the basis of wealth, education and job is caste.
Answer:
When people are identified on the basis of wealth, education and job is class.

Question 7.
In traditional Indian society, importance was given to achieved status.
Answer:
In traditional Indian society, importance was given to ascribed status.

Question 8.
Due to racial discrimination, women are denied many rights privileges and opportunities that they deserve.
Answer:
Due to gender discrimination, women are denied many rights privileges, and opportunities that they deserve.

Question 9.
Class diversity is observed in various fields like costumes tradition, food, habits, norms, values, festivals, and lifestyle.
Answer:
Cultural diversity is observed in various fields like costumes tradition, food, habits, norms, values, festivals, and lifestyle.

Question 10.
Indians have faith in dictatorships.
Answer:
Indians have faith in democracy.

Question 11.
Regional fundamentalism can lead to acts of terrorism.
Answer:
Religious fundamentalism can lead to acts of terrorism.

Question 12.
Disputes created among the racists are the distribution of river water, constructions, dams, demand separate states, etc.
Answer:
Disputes created among the regions/states are the distribution of river water, constructions, dams, demand for separate state etc.

Question 13.
Many regions of south India disapprove of the acceptance of English as an official language.
Answer:
Many regions of south India disapprove of the acceptance of Hindi as an official language.

Question 14.
Religion participation is required to conserve language diversity.
Answer:
Community participation is required to conserve language diversity.

Question 15.
The role and significance of Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj are well-established in Gujarat.
Answer:
The role and significance of Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj are well-established in Maharashtra.

2. Write short notes.

Question 1.
Secularism
Answer:
Given the nature of our religious plurality, the concept of secularism in India fosters a modern outlook showing religious tolerance. In India, secularism implies respect and tolerance for people of all faiths, beautifully encapsulated in the term, ‘Sarva dharma samabhav’.

India has been and continues to be a land with multiple faith systems. This necessarily includes acceptance of people who do not subscribe to any religious identity, custom or practice, but who may express their loyalty and commitment to secular values such as scientific endeavor, humanitarianism, humanism, and so forth.

The term secularism implies respect and tolerance for people of all faith. The concept of secularism dates back to 2300 years ago by emperor Ashoka the term ‘Sarva Dharma Samabhav’ is one of the most cherished Indian values it is one of the biggest achievements of a democratic country. Secularism is a simple word that refers to an ideology that provides people with the right to follow any religion. It means separate religion from political, economic, social, and cultural aspects of life.

The constitution of India gives the right of freedom to all religions, protects the belief patterns and values of their religion. It permits the state with the responsibility to maintain neutrality in matters of religion. Secularism states that no one shall be subject to discrimination by any state or any social institution on grounds of religion or belief patterns.

Living in a secular state brings faith and acceptance of people from different religious backgrounds. In this way, secularism fosters a modern outlook showing religious tolerance, humanity and promotes the integration of all people in society.

Question 2.
Linguistic Unity
Answer:
Linguistic Unity means that every language in the country whether regional or national language must be treated equally. The Indian State recognizes linguistic diversities and makes special provisions to protect and support some of the languages and dialects that are on the verge of extinction.

People speaking different languages have been living harmoniously without any conflicts. The three-language formula followed by all State Education Boards enables the inculcation of Hindi and English as languages to connect with the Union, English to connect with the outside world, and the regional/local language for communication within the State.

As per the policy the three languages recommended were:

• 1st language: Regional Language or Mother Tongue.
• 2nd language: English or Modern Indian Language (in Hindi speaking States) Hindi or English (in non-Hindi speaking States)
• 3rd language: English or Modern Indian Language (in Hindi speaking States)

Classical languages and languages of linguistic minorities have also found a place in the educational curriculum

Many educational bodies offer learners the option of answering their examinations in a range of mediums (e.g. Marathi, Hindi, Urdu, Gujarati, Kannada, English). Doordarshan and Akashwani have programmes in multiple Indian languages that reach out to millions of persons. These are measures that promote a sense of linguistic unity among multi-lingual people of the land.

Question 3.
Process of Unity in India
Answer:
At the root of all the co-existing diversities, there exists an underlying unity. This has created a composite culture decisively pan-Indian in nature. In India, secularism implies respect and tolerance for people of all faiths. India has been and continues to be a land with multiple faith systems

Following are the unifying factors in India:
Geographical unity: one would find unity in the agrarian cycles such as the sowing season and the harvest season. Sharing of natural resources gives people a sense of oneness. Festivals such as Onam in Kerala, Makar Sankrant in Western and South India, Pongal in Tamil Nadu, Baisakhi in Punjab, and Bihu in Assam revolve around the harvest season.

Religious Unity: Although various religious groups in India present external differences, there are some commonly shared elements. India is a land of diverse religious faiths. Religious unity in India finds its expression through places of worship scattered all over the country.

Political Unity: National unity and integrity have been maintained even though sharp economic and social inequalities have obstructed the emergence of an egalitarian society. The Five-Year Plans and several developmental schemes were geared towards uplifting the poor and weaker sections of society. The Constitution of India has established the “rule of law” throughout the country. All citizens are equal and subject to the same authority.

Linguistic diversity: The Indian State recognizes linguistic diversities and makes special provisions to protect and support some of the languages and dialects that are on the verge of extinction. The three-language formula followed by all State Education Boards enables the inculcation of Hindi and English as languages to connect with the Union, English to connect with the outside world, and the regional/local language for communication within the States.

3. Write differences.

Question 1.
Religious diversity and Caste diversity
Answer:

Religious diversity	Caste diversity
(i) Meaning: Religious diversity means people practicing different religions living together Religions like Hinduism, Jainism, Buddhism, Christianity, Islam, Zoroastrianism, and Sikhism have flourished in India.	(i) Meaning: There is caste diversity in India with four varnas or caste groups Caste diversity means people belonging to different castes living together.
(ii) Sub Division: Each major religion is subdivided along the lines of religious doctrines, sects, and cults.	(ii) Sub Division: There are thousands of castes and subcastes in India.
(iii) Features: Each religion has its own philosophy, ideology, and rituals.	(iii) Features: Each caste has its own lifestyle, rituals, festivals, and deities.
(iv) Impact: This diversity leads to communalism i.e. loyalty to one’s own religion leads.	(iv) Impact: This diversity creates a negative and conservative attitudes and leads to casteism i.e. extreme loyalty to one’s own caste.
(v) Result: It creates a feeling of insecurity and gives rise to communal tensions.	(v) Result: It breaks up the solidarity and creates disunity.
(vi) Function: Religion tends to bring together people of the faith to celebrate commonly cherished festivals and events.	(vi) Function: The different castes functioned in an interdependent barter relationship which was the basis of the agrarian economy.

Question 2.
Gender Binary and Gender Diversity
Answer:

Gender Binary	Gender Diversity
(i) Meaning: Gender binary is the classification of gender into two distinct, opposite forms of masculine and feminine, due to the social system.	(i) Meaning: Gender diversity go beyond gender binaries of female-male, masculine and feminine, etc
(ii) Socialization: It results in Gender stereotypes determining people’s beliefs about the characteristics of males and females.	(ii) Socialization: It results in gender plurality which seeks to identify all gender identities or expressions in addition to the binary.
(iii) Approach: It excludes non-conformists, and supports patriarchal values.	(iii) Approach: It has an inclusive approach and promotes Constitutional gender equality.
(iv) Effect: It results in the dominance of heteronormativity in society and in all its institutions.	(iv) Effect: It results in acceptance of gender fluidity.

4. Explain the following concepts with examples.

Question 1.
Regionalism
Answer:
Regionalism refers to loyalty to one’s own State or region before one’s nation. This interferes with national integration to a great extent. The history of a particular region is glorified and often it is misused to stress divisive forces, thus ignoring the common cultural legacy and heritage.

Regionalism emerges due to the desire of people speaking one language to have one State. There is also a strong urge to give priority to the economic development of one’s own region. This leads to Inter-State rivalries. So long as this Inter-State rivalry is economic and social (e.g. for funds and welfare schemes), it is healthy.

But when this rivalry takes political overtones, it becomes very dangerous. Political parties give more importance and weightage to local and regional matters and problems rather than the nation. Regionalism thus strengthens sectarian biases by political parties. Inter-regional tensions escalate over economic, political, and such issues. This has led to regional movements for State rights and militant movements for separatism.

Example: The Jammu and Kashmir issue, the Punjab problem, Assam issue, etc. All this, if unchecked, can strike at the very root of democracy.

Question 2.
Linguistic Unity
Answer:
Linguistic unity means that every language in the country, whether regional or national language, must be treated equally. The Indian State recognizes linguistic diversities and also makes special provisions to protect and support some of the languages and dialects that are on the verge of extinction.

Classical languages and languages of linguistic minorities have also found a place in educational curricula. Many educational bodies offer learners the option of answering their examinations in a range of mediums (e.g., Marathi, Hindi, Urdu, Gujarati, Kannada, and English). Doordarshan and Akashwani have programmes in multiple Indian languages that reach out to millions of persons who tune in to them. These are measures that promote a sense of linguistic unity among multi-lingual people of the land.

Example: The three-language formula followed by all State Education Boards enables the inculcation of Hindi and English as languages to connect with the Union, English to connect with the outside world, and the regional/local language for communication within the State.

5A. Complete the concept map.

Question 1.

Answer:

Question 2.

Answer:

Question 3.

Answer:

Question 4.

Answer:

Question 5.

Answer:

Question 6.

Answer:

Question 7.

Answer:

5B. State whether the following statements are True or False with reasons.

Question 1.
Discrimination based on caste is a major hurdle for national integration.
Answer:
This statement is True.

Casteism refers to loyalty to one’s own caste before loyalty to the nation. Caste ties are so strong that people are inclined to think in terms of caste before the nation. This may lead to caste members protecting their own caste group through social service, education, medical, and other welfare schemes. Caste members take with them their biases and prejudices into politics. They then begin to express their sectarian interests in various ways. People are influenced by them and vote for their own caste members. Those castes having numerical strength rise up through politics. Those who win the elections then favour their caste groups in various ways. In view of all this, the problem of national integration becomes very serious.

Despite laws, urbanization, industrialization, and education, the caste system continues in the mindsets of many people. Caste has become a means for competing for access to resources and power in modern India. Discrimination based on caste is a major hurdle for national integration. People engaged in weakening the unity of the country tried desperately to create divisions and rifts in the name of caste, creed, and culture. The feeling of social neglect among scheduled castes due to suppression by upper castes has disturbed the sense of ‘we feeling’ and unity which has resulted in caste atrocities and caste prejudices. Excessive caste-based loyalty is particularly evident at the time of elections, with political parties wooing members of their own caste for the sake of votes.

Question 2.
India is a diversified country
Answer:
This statement is True.

India is a land of variety, there is so much diversity along the lines of regions, language, religion, caste, etc. Here, we see various places of religious worship, a celebration of festivals, values of equality, secularism, humanity, etc., are nourished.

Some of the diversifying factors are:
(i) Religious diversity: Religion is one of the key facts of diversity in Indian society. Although India is a multi-religious and multi-cultural country, the Constitution of India ensures that the secular fabric of society is maintained. The Right to Freedom of Religion is also declared as a Fundamental Right by the Indian Constitution. Religion tends to bring together people of the faith to celebrate commonly cherished festivals and events.

(ii) Linguistic diversity: India is a land of many languages. The Constitution of India has approved 22 official languages. Among these, three languages have been recognized as classical languages viz. Sanskrit, Tamil, and Kannada. The Language Policy of India guarantees protection to linguistic minorities. A unique feature of India is the concept of protecting the interest of children to get basic education in their mother tongues (i.e., home language).

(iii) Caste diversity: Caste is a major source of diversity in Indian society. That there are about 3500 jatis found in India, out of which 751 are classified under the Scheduled Caste communities. The caste system provided the basis of social structure. The practice of the caste system is not confined to Hindus. Caste-like divisions are seen among Muslims, Christians, and Sikhs as well.

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Class 12 Economics Important Questions Chapter 6 Index Numbers Important Questions and Answers.

Maharashtra State Board 12th Economics Important Questions Chapter 6 Index Numbers

1. A. Choose the correct option:

Question 1.
Index Numbers are used –
(a) to determine production
(b) to determine the level of employment
(c) to revise dearness allowance
(d) to revise cost of living
Options :
(1) a, b and c
(2) b, c and d
(3) c and d
(4) only d
Answer:
(3) c and d

Question 2.
Statements related to features of Index Numbers.
These are specialised form of averages. These help to determine price index.
These are not the barometers of economic activity.
Base year is taken as 100.
Options :
(1) a, b and d
(2) b, c and d
(3) b and c
(4) All of these
Answer:
(1) a, b and d

Question 3.
How does purchasing power changes with the increase in price level?
(a) Remains unchanged
(b) Increases
(c) Decreases
(d) None of these
Options :
(1) a, b and c
(2) b, c and d
(3) only c
(4) only b
Answer:
(3) only c

Question 4.
What do Index numbers measure?
(a) Value of money
(b) Relative prices
(c) Relative change in prices
(d) All of these
Options :
(1) b, c and d
(2) only b
(3) only c
(2) a, b and c
Answer:
(3) only c

(B) Complete the Correlation.

1. Base year quantity : …………….. :: Current year quantity : 125
2. Present period : Current period :: Past period : ……………..
3. All commodities with equal importance : …………….. :: All commodities with different importance :: Weighted Index
4. Dearness Allowance : Consumer Price Index :: Standard of Living : ……………..
5. P₀₁ = \(\frac{\Sigma p_{1} q_{0}}{\Sigma p_{0} q_{0}}\) x 100 : Laspeyre’s Index ::
   P₀₁ = \(\frac{\Sigma p_{1} q_{1}}{\Sigma p_{0} q_{1}}\) x 100 = ……………..

Answers:

1. 100
2. Base period
3. Simple Index
4. Cost of Living Index
5. Paasche’s Index

(C) Give economic terms.

(1) Index number calculated from a single variate.
(2) Index number calculated from a group of variable.
(3) The year for which Index number is being prepared.
(4) The year from which the changes are measured.
(5) Barometer of economic activity.
(6) Index which measures price level of goods traded in whole sale market.
(7) Average of quantity of commodities produced in different sectors of the economy.
(8) Index which measures price level of goods in retail market.
(9) Base year index number.
(10) Purchasing power of money is measured by.
(11) Quantity Index number is also called.
(12) Index which helps in determining the depreciation cost of durable goods.
(13) Base year is also known as.
(14) Laspeyre uses period quantity as weights.
(15) Paasche uses period quantity as weights.
Answer:
(1) Unvariate index
(2) Composite index
(3) Current year
(4) Base year
(5) Index numbers
(6) Wholesale Price index
(7) Quantity Index number
(8) Retail Price Index number
(9) 100
(10) Cost of Living Index
(11) Volume Index number
(12) Price Index
(13) Reference year
(14) Base
(15) Current

(D) Complete the following sentences.

(1) Index numbers are ………….. averages.
(2) Index number is an ………….. barometer.
(3) A base year should be a………….. year.
(4) The ratio of current year price to the base year price multiplied by 100 is called ………….. index number.
(5) ………….. index number is the average of all quantity of commodities produced in different sectors.
(6) ………….. index number is a simple average of the index numbers of individual goods.
(7) ………….. Index number gives equal importance to all items.
(8) Purchasing power of money can be measured by………….. index number.
(9) To know the changes in production………….. index number is more useful.
(10) Index number for the base year is …………..
(11) ………….. refer to the relative importance of different items in the construction of Index Number.
Answers:

1. specialised
2. economic
3. recent
4. Price
5. Quantity
6. Simple
7. Simple
8. cost of living
9. quantity
10. 100
11. Weights

(E) Choose the correct pair :

I.

Answer:
Options :
(1) (1) – d, (2) – c, (3) – a, (4) – b
(2) (1) – d, (2) – a, (3) – b, (4) – c
(3) (1) – b, (2) – c, (3) – d, (4) – a
(4) (1) – c, (2) – d, (3) – a, (4) – b
Answer:
(2) (1) – d, (2) – a, (3) – b, (4) – c

II.

Group ‘A’	Group ‘B’
(1) Index Number	(a) Cost of living
(2) Dearness Allowance	(b) Economic Barometer
(3) Base year	(c) Wholesale Price Index
(4) Whole sale market goods	(d) 100

Options :
(1) (1) – b, (2) – a, (3) – d, (4) – c
(2) (1)- c, (2) – d, (3)- a, (4) – b
(3) (1)- d, (2) c, (3)- b, (4) – a
(4) (1)- a, (2) b, (3) c, (4) – d
Answer:
(1) (1) – b, (2) – a, (3) – d, (4) – c

2. Answer the following :

Question 1.
What are the different methods of constructing Index numbers?
Answer:
Following chart helps to know different methods of constructing Index Numbers:

(A) Simple Index Number : A Simple Index Number is constructed when all the items like food, clothing, transport, housing, etc. are given equal importance. There are three methods of constructing it.

1. Price Index Number : It is calculated using the following formula:
P₀₁ = \(\frac{\Sigma p_{1}}{\Sigma p_{0}}\) x 100
where – P₀₁ = Price Index Number
Σp₁ = Total of the current year price of various commodities.
Σp₀ = Total of base year prices of various commodities.

2. Quantity Index Number : It is calculated by using the following formula :
Quality Index Number Q₀₁ = \(\frac{\Sigma q_{1}}{\Sigma q_{0}}\) x 100
where, Σq₁ = Sum total of current year quantities of all commodities
Σq₀ = Sum total of base year quantities of all commodities

3. Value Index Number : It is calculated by using the following formula:
Value Index Number V₀₁ = \(\frac{\Sigma p_{1} q_{1}}{\Sigma p_{0} q_{0}}\) x 100
where, Σp₁q₁ = Sum total of the product of the prices and quantities of the current year
Σp₀q₀ = Sum total of the product of the prices and quantities of the base year.

(B) Weighted Index Number : Under this method, physical quantities are used as weights, therefore prices themselves are weighted by quantities. We can take either the base year quantities or current year quantities as weights or the average of the two.
These index numbers are the simple aggregative type with the fundamental difference that weights are assigned to the various items included in the index.
There are two methods of constructing it.
(1) Laspeyre’s Method
(2) Paasche’s Method

(1) Laspeyre’s Method : This method was devised by Laspeyre’s, a German economist in 1871. In this method the weights are determined by quantities in the base year.
P₀₁ = \(\frac{\Sigma p_{1} q_{0}}{\Sigma p_{0} q_{0}}\) x 100
where, P₀₁ = Price Index Number.
p₀ = Prices of the base year.
q₀ = Quantities of the base year,
p₁ = Prices of the current year.
Σ p₁q₀ = Sum of all the products of p, and q₀.
Σ p₀q₀ = Sum of all the products of p0 and q₀.

(2) Paasche’s Method : This method was devised by a German economist known as Hermann Paasche in 1874. The weights of current year are used as base year in constructing the Index Number.

P₀₁ = \(\frac{\Sigma p_{1} q_{1}}{\Sigma p_{0} q_{1}}\) x 100
where, P₀₁ = Price Index Number.
p₁ = Prices of the current year.
q₁ = Quantities of the current year.
p₀ = Prices of the base year.
Σp₁q₁ = Sum of all the products of p₁ and q₁,
Σp₀q₁ = Sum of all the products of p₀ and q₁

Question 2.
Explain the features of Index Numbers. ?
Answer:
Features of Index Numbers :

• Index numbers are a specialised form of averages.
• They are expressed in percentage form without using a percentage sign.
• The year for which index number is being prepared is the current year.
• The year from which index number is being prepared is called the base year which is always taken as 100.
• They are used in measuring the changes in magnitudes which cannot be measured directly.
• The formula used for Price Index Number = \(\frac { Total price of the current year }{ Total price of the base year }\) x 100
• They are considered as barometer of economic activity.
• Index number which is calculated from a single variable is called “univariate • index” and which is constructed from a group of variables is called a “composite index”.

Question 3.
Explain the steps involved in the construction of index numbers.
Answer:
Steps involved in the construction of index numbers are as follows :

• Purpose of an Index Number : Before constructing an index number, one must know the purpose for which the index number is constructed. E.g. for the whole c sale price or retail price or for agricultural output, etc.
• Selection of a Base Year : It is important to select a base year against which comparisons are made. So base year or reference year should be a recent year and not a distant past. it should be normal and free from natural calamities, war, etc.
• Selection of Commodities: When the cost c of living index number of the middle class families is to be constructed, the items that are used by middle class families in everyday life should be included and items like big cars, AC’s, etc. should not be included.
• Selection of Prices : Prices differ from city ‘I to city and even from shop to shop in the same city. Hence, we should take a few standard shops from where middle class families buy goods and take the average of the prices of goods sold by them. Otherwise index number constructed may be misleading.
• Selection of suitable Average : An ; index number is a special kind of average, Generally arithmetic mean is commonly ? used for construction of index number as it is simple to calculate.
• Selection of Formula : Number of formulae can be used for construction, of index numbers. Economists have to decide which formula to use for the construction of a particular index number.
• Assigning proper Weights : Weights refer to the relative importance of different items in the construction of an index number. Weights may either be quantity weights (q) or value weights (p). All weights may not be equally important. Therefore, by s assigning specific weights better result can be obtained.

3. State with reasons whether you agree or disagree with the following statements:

Question 1.
Index Numbers can be constructed without the base year.
Answer:
No, I do not agree with this statement.
Index numbers can be constructed without the base year because :

• Index Numbers are the tools for measuring the changes in the magnitude of a variable or a group of variables over time with respect to a chosen year.
• Prices of some goods may increase and of other may decrease during the two periods. Index numbers solves this problem by taking the average change.
• For example, to know cost of living of people in general in India, Government chooses a base year 2010 which is taken as 100. Then cost of living is calculated in 2019 which may be 140.
• This difference of 40(140-100) shows that cost of living in India has increased by 40% since 2010.
  Hence, Index Numbers cannot be constructed – without the base year.

Question 2.
Any year can be taken as a base year for index number.
Answer:
No, I do not agree with this statement.

• In preparing index number the first step is c to select a year which serves as a reference)period.
• The prices in any other year are compared to the prices in the base year.
• The base year should be a recent year.
• If the base year is in the distant past, the result will not be meaningful. E.g. if the index number of the cost of living is calculated for the current year and compared with adistant past of 1970 as a base year it will not be meaningful.
• Base year should also be a year when the prices are regarded as normal prices.
  Hence, any year cannot be taken as a base year for index number.

Question 3.
Index numbers are very useful in economics and business.
OR
Index numbers are economic barometer.
Answer:
Yes, I do agree with this statement. Index numbers are very useful in economics and business and are used as powerful tools to measure the changes in various phenomena over a period of time like; measuring changes in the cost of living, wholesale prices, industrial production, exports, etc.
Uses of Index Numbers are :

• They help in the study of trends.
• They act as an economic barometer.
• They measure the purchasing power of money.
• They help to adjust national income.
• They provide guidelines for formulating policies and arriving at decisions.
  Hence, Index numbers are very useful in economics and business.

4. Answer in detail

Question 1.
Define index number. What are its main features?
Answer:
(A) Definition:
Different economists define index numbers in different ways.

• According to Spiegel, index number is, “a statistical measure to show changes in variable or a group of related variables with reference to time, geographical location and other characteristics such as income, profession, etc.”
• Croxton and Cowden defines index numbers as, “a device for measuring difference in the magnitude of a group of related variables.”
• According to Bewley, “Index Numbers are used to measure the changes in some quantity which cannot be observed directly. ”

(B) Meaning:
An index number is a specialised average which measures percentage changes in a variable (or a group of variables) over a specified time. When we say that the index of the whole sale price for the year 2018 is 125, taking the base year as 2015, it means that there is an increase of the wholesale price by 25%. Hence, index numbers are used to measure general changes in price, cost of living, wages, production, stock market, etc. Therefore, they are called “economic barometer”.

(C) Features of Index Numbers :

• Index numbers are a specialised form of averages.
• They are expressed in percentage form without using a percentage sign.
• The year for which index number is being prepared is the current year.
• The year from which index number is being prepared is called the base year which is always taken as 100.
• They are used in measuring the changes in magnitudes which cannot be measured directly.
• The formula used for Price Index Number = \(\frac { Total price of the current year }{ Total price of the base year }\) x 100
• They are considered as barometer of economic activity.
• Index number which is calculated from a single variable is called “univariate • index” and which is constructed from a group of variables is called a “composite index”.

Question 2.
What are the different types of Index Numbers?
Answer:
Index numbers may be of following types.
(A) Price Index Number It may be further classified into:

• Retail Price Index Number
• Wholesale Price Index Number
• Cost of Living Index Number

(B) Quantity Index Number
(C) Special Purpose Index Number
(D) Value Index Number

(A) Price Index Number : A price index number measures the changes in the prices of an entire group of related commodities over a period of time. It may be of following three types.

(i) Retail Price Index Number : These are ; complied to measure the changes in the retail price of various commodities eg. index number of consumer prices, bonds, etc.

(ii) Wholesale Price Index Number : This measures price level of goods traded in the wholesale market. They indicate general changes in the purchasing power of money.

(iii) Cost of Living Index Number: It is special type of retail price index which shows the price variations in a group of commodities consumed by different classes of people over a period of time. This index number aims ‘ to measure the changes in cost of living of different classes of people over a period of time e.g. cost of living index number of middle class people, rich class people, etc.

(B) Quantity Index Number: It is the average of the quantity of commodities produced in different sectors of the economy. It helps us to know whether the level of production in the country is rising or falling as compared to the production in previous years. It is also called volume index number.

(C) Special Purpose Index Number : Special purpose index numbers are constructed to know the index of productivity of labour, exports and imports, shares on stock market, etc.

(D) Value Index Number : It measures the relative changes in the total value of items like retail sales, profit, etc. as compared to their level in the base year. It is obtained by multiplying the price of an item with its quantity (P x Q).

Question 3.
Explain the significance / uses of index numbers in economics?
Answer:
Index numbers are significant tools of economic analysis in the following ways:
(1) Help in formulating Policies : Index numbers help the government and business organisations in framing their suitable economic policies for agriculture and industrial sector, wage and dearness allowance policies, etc.

(2) Help in the study of Trends and Tendencies : Index numbers study the relative changes in the level of phenomenon of different periods of time, so they can be used to predict future events. The economists can study the general trends of changes in price levels, agricultural and industrial production, export, imports, etc.

(3) Economic Barometer : Just as barometer is used to measure atmospheric pressure, index numbers measure the level of economic and business behaviour. They are very important for an economist, businessman, planners, policy makers, etc.

(4) Helps in Measurement of Inflation :
It helps the government to take measures against inflation by giving additional D.A. to the employees on the basis of Dearness Index.

(5) Help to adjust National Income : By comparing current year’s national product prices with the base year’s prices, the Domestic Product (GDP) produced. Hence, this shows changes in real national income.

(6) To present Financial Data in Real Income : Index numbers are used to adjust price change, wage change, etc. Thus deflating helps to present the financial data at constant prices.
(Note: Deflating means to make adj ustments / in the original data)

(7) Helps in determining Depreciation Cost: The price index helps in determining the depreciation cost of durable goods. At the time of inflation, it is useful to know the ) original cost of the commodities.

Question 4.
What are the limitation of Index Numbers?
Answer:
Although index numbers are very useful to business and industry, they suffer from the ) following limitations: ;

(1) Bias in the Data : Index numbers are constructed on the basis of various types of data. If the data is not collected properly, we may not get proper index numbers.

(2) Misuse of Index Numbers: Index numbers can be misused. We compare the index numbers with the base year. Hence a person may choose a base year which is suitable forhis purpose. A businessman may use a base year in which profits are high and show that his profits are falling now.

(3) Based on Samples : Index numbers are based on samples so it cannot include all the items in the consideration of index numbers. Hence index numbers are not free from sampling errors.

(4) Defects in the Formulae : There are number of formulae, but every formula suffers from some defects. Index number is an average , so index number may have the same limitations which an average may have.

(5) Changes in the Economy : In the long run, habits, tastes and expectations of people change, so it is difficult to incorporate all these changes in index numbers. For a good index number items should remain the same price wise over a period of time. But this is practically not possible.

(6) Neglecting Qualitative Change : The index number of price (or) production (or) quantity may ignore the change in quality of the commodities which may be significant at any point of time. A better quality commodity will cost more than an inferior commodity. So a rise in the price index may be due to an improvement in the quality and not due to a rise in prices.

(7) Arbitrary Weights : The weights (relative importance) assigned to different commodities may be random.

(8) Limited Scope : An index number is useful for the purpose for which it is designed. So its use is limited only to that phenomenon and not for another purpose.

5. Solved Examples Construction of Index Numbers

Question 1.
Calculate the price index number based for the following data.

Solution:
Calculate the price index number

where, P₀₁ = Price Index
Σp₁ = Sum total of current year prices of all commodities
Σp₀ = Sum total of base year prices of all commodities
p₀₁ = \(\frac{\Sigma p_{1}}{\Sigma p_{0}}\) x 100
= \(=\frac{400}{310}\) x 100
= 129.03 g
Hence, P₀₁ = 129.03 g

Question 2.
Calculate a Quantity Index number of g the given data.

Solution :

where, Σq₀ = Sum total of all the commodities of the base year
Σq₁ Sum total of all the commodities of the current year
Quantity Index Number Q₀₁ = \(\frac{\Sigma q_{1}}{\Sigma q_{0}}\) x 100
= \(\frac{300}{200}\) x 100
= 150
Hence, Q₀₁ = 150

Question 3.
Calculate Value Index number using a simple method of the following data:

Solution:


Steps : Σp₀q₀ = Sum total of product of the p₀ and q₀ of base year
Σp₁q₁ = Sum total of product of the p₁ and q₁ of current year
Value Index Number V₀₁ = \(\frac{\Sigma p_{1} q_{1}}{\Sigma p_{0} q_{0}}\) x 100
= \(\frac{4,200}{290}\) x 100
= 1,448
Hence, V₀₁ = 1,448

Question 4.
Given below are the price quantity data with price quoted in Rs. per kg and production in quintals. Construct index number by Laspeyre’s method.

Solution:

Steps: Σp₁q₀ = Sum total of product p₁ and q₀
Σp₀q₀ = Sum total of product p₀ and q₀
P₀₁ = \(\frac{\Sigma p_{1} q_{0}}{\Sigma p_{0} q_{0}}\) x 100
= \(\frac{34,370}{28,020}\) x 100
= 122.66
Hence P₀₁ = 122.66

Question 5.
Construct the index number by Paasche’s method.

Solution :

Steps : Σp₁q₁ = Sum total of product of the P₁ and q₁
Σp₁q₁= Sum total of product P₀ and q₁
p₀₁ = \(\frac{\Sigma p_{1} q_{1}}{\Sigma p_{0} q_{1}}\) x 100
= \(\frac{38,720}{31,520}\) x 100
= 122.84
Hence P₀₁ = 122.84

Question 6.
Calculate Laspeyre’s and Paasche’s Index from the given data.

Answer:
(A) Calculation of Laspeyre’s Index Number:

Laspeyre’s Index P₀₁ = \(\frac{\Sigma p_{1} q_{0}}{\Sigma p_{0} q_{0}}\) x 100
= \(\frac{1,200}{660}\) x 100
= 181.81

(B) Paasche’s Index Number :

Paasche’s Index Number
P₀₁ = \(\) x 100
= \(\) x 100
= 172.22
Laspeyre’s Index = 181.81
Paasche’s Index = 172.22

Question 7.
Construct Price Index Number from the given data.

Answer:

Price Index P₀₁ = \(\) x 100
= \(\frac{42}{40}\) x 100
= 105
Hence, P₀₁ = 105

Question 8.
Construct Value Index Number of the following data.

Answer:

V₀₁ = \(\) x 100
= \(\) x 100
= 138.18
Hence V₀₁ = 138.18

Question 9.
Calculate Laspeyre’s and Paasche’s Price Index numbers from the given data.

Answer:
Construction of Laspeyre’s and Paasche’s Price index Numbers.

(A) Laspeyre’s Price Index Number:
P₀₁ = \(\frac{\Sigma p_{1} q_{0}}{\Sigma p_{0} q_{0}}\) x 100
= \(\frac{200}{110}\) x 100
= 181.81

(B) Paasche’s Price Index Number:
P₀₁ = \(\frac{\Sigma p_{1} q_{1}}{\Sigma p_{0} q_{1}}\) x 100
= \(\frac{187}{97}\) x 100
= 192.78
(A) Laspeyre’s P₀₁ = 181.81
(B) Paasche’s P₀₁ = 192.78

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Class 12 Sociology Important Questions Chapter 2 Segments of Indian Society Important Questions and Answers.

Maharashtra State Board 12th Sociology Important Questions Chapter 2 Segments of Indian Society

1A. Complete the following statements by choosing the correct alternative given in the brackets and rewrite it.

Question 1.
_____________ community comprises of non-agricultural sectors like industries and services. (Rural, Tribal, Urban)
Answer:
Urban

Question 2.
_____________ people marked by a distinct culture living in relative isolation. (Rural, Tribal, Urban)
Answer:
Tribal

Question 3.
The _____________ God is a prominent deity in the pantheon of gods in sacred groves in Maharashtra. (Tiger, Sun, Nature)
Answer:
Tiger

Question 4.
The term ‘____________’ is an umbrella term for a heterogeneous set of ethnic and tribal population of India. (adivasi, harijan, girijan)
Answer:
Adivasi

Question 5.
The occupations of _____________ community fall into the primary categories such as hunting, gathering, and agriculture. (rural, tribal, urban)
Answer:
tribal

Question 6.
_____________ labour is banned by Indian Law. (Bonded, Organised, Regular)
Answer:
Bonded

Question 7.
Article _____________ Prohibits discrimination against any citizen on the grounds of sex, religion, race, caste etc. (15, 14, 13)
Answer:
15

Question 8.
_____________ creates a cosmopolitan and tolerant approach. (Heterogeneity, Homogeneity, Alienation)
Answer:
Heterogeneity

Question 9.
Marketisation is an essential feature of _____________ centres today. (rural, tribal, urban)
Answer:
urban

Question 10.
Individualism has led to the increase in _____________ families. (nuclear, joint, traditional)
Answer:
joint

Question 11.
The _____________ refers to a community of people claiming descent from a common ancestor. (tribe, local, herd)
Answer:
tribe

Question 12.
_____________ community is one that is agrarian in nature. (Rural, Tribal, Urban)
Answer:
Rural

Question 13.
According to the 2011 census _____________ of Indian population lives in the rural areas. (68.84%, 70%, 65%)
Answer:
68.84%

Question 14.
The internal community issues are managed by the tribal through _____________ (law, judiciary, tribal panchayat)
Answer:
tribal panchayat

Question 15.
_____________ refers to a number of families who are related in blood and who trace their descent from a real or imagined person, object, or being. (Group, Family, Clans)
Answer:
Clan

Question 16.
Most tribes in India are divided into _____________ clans and lineages. (endogamous, exogamous, ritual)
Answer:
exogamous

Question 17.
After Independence, the Community Development Programme (CDP) was started in _____________ (1952, 1949, 1962)
Answer:
1952

Question 18.
_____________ is a situation in which too many people live in too little space. (Overcrowding, Beggary, Urban sprawl)
Answer:
Overcrowding

Question 19.
In Mumbai, beggary has been criminalised under the Bombay Prevention of Begging Act, _____________ (1940, 1959, 1905)
Answer:
1959

Question 20.
Urban society is _____________ in nature. (homogeneous, heterogeneous, informal)
Answer:
heterogeneous

Question 21.
About one-sixth of tribal population of India is found in the _____________ zone. (Western, Central, Southern)
Answer:
Southern

Question 22.
The tribal custom of worshipping a tree or any animal as the founding ancestor is known as _____________ (Animism, Naturism, Totemism)
Answer:
Totemism

1B. Correct the incorrect pair and rewrite it.

Question 1.
(a) Animism – Robert Marett
(b) Totemism – James Frazer
(c) Manaism – Robert Marett
(d) Naturism – Max Mueller
Answer:
(a) Animism – Edward Tylor

Question 2.
(a) Garo, Khasi, Jaintia – Himalayan region
(b) Gond, Santhal, Munda – Middle India Region
(c) Bhil, Katkari, Warli – Western Indian region
(d) Toda, Kota, Irula – The island region
Answer:
(d) Toda, Kota, Irula – South India region

Question 3.
(a) Swachh Bharat Mission (SBM) – Urban development
(b) Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana – Rural development
(c) Village Grain Banks – Tribal development
(d) Panchsheel – Rural development
Answer:
(d) Panchsheel – Tribal development

Question 4.
(a) Worshipping the soul or ancestors – Manamism
(b) Worshipping any non-living body like stone or wood – Animatism
(c) Worshipping a tree or any animal as a founding ancestor – Totemism
(d) Worshipping elements of nature like a river, sun, forest – Naturism
Answer:
(a) Worshipping the soul or ancestors – Animism

1C. Identify the appropriate term from the given options in the box and rewrite it against the given statement.

Question 1.
The custom of worshipping the soul or ancestors.
Answer:
Animism

Question 2.
Shifting cultivation.
Answer:
Jhum

Question 3.
Tribal development guidelines were created by the first Prime Minister, Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru.
Answer:
Panchseel

Question 4.
Confers equal rights and opportunities to all.
Answer:
Article 14

Question 5.
A three-tier system of democratic functioning in villages.
Answer:
Panchayati Raj

Question 6.
Family is the unit of social responsibility.
Answer:
Familism

Question 7.
The inter-dependence among caste groups.
Answer:
Balutedari system

Question 8.
The root cause of urban problems.
Answer:
Urban sprawl

Question 9.
In mining areas, slums are known as Barack.
Answer:
Ghobara

Question 10.
Tribal people look upon this as the primordial source of all energy.
Answer:
Sun

1D. Correct underlined words and complete the statement.

Question 1.
The custom of worshipping elements of nature like a river stream, Sun, etc, is totemism.
Answer:
The custom of worshipping elements of nature like a river stream, Sun, etc, is naturism.

Question 2.
Urban economic activities are based on rudimentary technology.
Answer:
Tribal economic activities are based on rudimentary technology.

Question 3.
Article 330 states the Reservation of seats for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes in the Legislative.
Answer:
Article 332 states the Reservation of seats for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes in the Legislative.

Question 4.
The rural way of life revolves around an egalitarian value system.
Answer:
The rural way of life revolves around a traditional value system.

Question 5.
The population of the world is largely urban.
Answer:
The population of the world is largely rural.

Question 6.
The relationship is informal, personal, and inclusive in urban communities.
Answer:
The relationship is informal, personal, and inclusive in rural communities.

Question 7.
Education, law and legislation, police, and court are informal means of social control.
Answer:
Education, law and legislation, police, and court are formal means of social control.

2. Write short notes.

Question 1.
Characteristics of the rural community.
Answer:
The rural community has the following characteristics:
Community living in villages: The villages largely satisfy the needs of their residents.
They have a sense of togetherness. The development of villages is influenced considerably by the local needs.

Small size: It means that villages are comparatively smaller in size and population density. In the Indian context, a community with a population of about 5000 is designated as a “village”.

The dominance of agriculture: Agriculture is the major occupation in villages. However, it is not to be viewed as the only source of income but also as a way of life that needs to be ascertained. Almost 40% of our national income is obtained through agriculture and more than 60 % of the people still depend on agriculture. It was associated with various crafts like pottery, carpentry, smithy, basket-weaving, etc.

Primary relations: The impact of primary relations is still significant in Indian villages. The relationship is informal, personal, and inclusive. Community spirit prevails over individual interests. The ‘we feeling helps to build social cohesiveness.

Social homogeneity: Homogeneity is an underlying thread due to similarities in the ways of thinking, behaving, dressing, acting, and living. There is a tendency to conform to traditions and customs. Group feeling and mutual cooperation are evident among village dwellers. They cooperate with each other in times of exigencies.

Question 2.
Characteristics of Tribes.
Answer:
The basic characteristics of tribal communities in India:
Geographical isolation: They have usually a well-demarcated geographical territory. They live in clusters (called ‘padas’), which are generally located in remote forests and hilly areas. Today, however, many tribal people have migrated to rural villages and cities and in the course of time, they have mixed with non-tribal populations.

Economic life: They are engaged in varied occupations such as hunting, fishing, and food gathering of forest produce, basket making, weaving, iron-smith, etc. Besides, they also practice simple agriculture and shifting cultivation. Their economic activities are based on rudimentary technology, usually resulting in low productivity. They have a low level of literacy and poor health. In addition, their economic and infrastructural and marketing facilities are poor. Some tribes still depend on the barter system. These are among the few causes that leave them economically backward, at bare subsistence level, still leading a hand-to-mouth existence.

Sense of identity: Tribal folk nurture a sense of exclusive identity, which strongly binds them together as a community. This sense of identity is characterized by an awareness of territorial boundaries. The very existence of a tribe depends upon its sense of identity. Each tribe has a common name (e.g., Warli, Irula, Gond, Naga, Khasi) which adds to their sense of cohesion and solidarity.

Endogamous group: Tribal people generally do not marry outside their tribe. Marriage within the tribe is the usual norm. Marriage among tribals is based on the rule of tribal endogamy. It is viewed as a contract and usually, there are no taboos on divorce and remarriage. Recently, the increased mobility among the tribals has changed this condition and now, inter-tribal marriages are not uncommon.

Question 3.
Efforts towards Urban Development.
Answer:
Urbanization can be positively viewed as an engine of economic growth and an agent of socio-political transformation. But this is not sufficient, due to the high cost of living and partly and because of the growing economic disparity in urban areas. The rich are becoming richer and the poor are becoming poorer. Several steps have been initiated to meet the challenges posed by the urban crisis but with little or no success.

National Commission on Urbanisation (NCU) has, in its policy proposal of 1988, stressed the need for:

• The evolution of a spatial pattern of economic development and hierarchies of human settlements.
• Optimum distribution of population between rural and urban settlements and among towns and cities of various sizes.
• Distribution of economic activities in small and medium-sized growth centers.
• Dispersal of economic activities through the establishment of counter-magnets in the region.
• Provision of optimum levels of services in urban and rural areas.

The other major development programmes include:

• Urban Basic Services for the Poor (UBSP).
• Environmental Improvement of Urban Slums (EIUS) programme.
• Integrated Development of Small and Medium Towns (IDSMT).
• Various housing and infrastructure financing schemes e.g. Housing and Urban Development Corporation (HUDCO).
• Mega-Cities Project.
• Integrated Urban Poverty Eradication Programme (IUPEP).

Recent urban development programmes in India

• Smart Cities Mission.
• Atal Mission for Rejuvenation and Urban Transformation (AMRUT) Project.
• Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana (Urban) or Housing for All by 2022 Mission.
• Heritage City Development and Augmentation Yojana (HRIDAY).
• Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission.
• Urban transportation.
• Swachh Bharat Mission (SBM).

Question 4.
Efforts towards Tribal Development.
Answer:
‘Panchsheel’ Philosophy of Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru
Since Indian Independence, particularly with the inception of Five-Year Plans, the concern for tribal development has always been high on the government’s agenda. The first Prime Minister, Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru created long-term guidelines in this regard. This is evident from his views, on should take place at the cost of tribal development termed as ‘Panchsheel’.

Summary of ‘Panchsheel’

• People should develop along lines of their own genius and we should avoid imposing anything on them.
• Tribal rights to land and forests should be protected.
• We should try to train and build up a team of their own people to do the work of administration and development.
• We should not over-administer these areas with a multiplicity of schemes. We should rather work together and not in rivalry with our own social and cultural institutions.
• We should judge the results not by statistics or the amount of money spent on them, but by the quality of human life that is evolved.

A number of special schemes and programmes have evolved.in keeping with these broad Guidelines and the provisions of the Constitution.

Tribal Development Efforts after Independence
After Independence, the Government of India has taken various efforts for Tribal Development. The government made available, funding of Tribal Development Programmes i.e., State Plan.
Special Central Assistance, Sectorial Programmes of Central Ministries/Department, and Institutional Finance.

3. Write differences.

Question 1.
Tribal Community and Rural Community.
Answer:

Tribal Community	Rural Community
(i) Size: The tribal population of Indian comes to constitutes about 8.6 percent of the total population.	(i) Size: The rural population of India constitutes about 68.84 percent of the total population.
(ii) Occupation: They are engaged in varied occupations such as hunting, fishing, and food gathering of forest produce, basket making, weaving, iron-smith, etc.	(ii) Occupation: Agriculture is the major occupation in villages. It is also associated with various crafts like pottery, carpentry, smithy, basket-weaving, etc.
(iii) Technology: Tribal communities make use of our moded techniques and rudimentary technology like a bow, arrow, spear, etc.	(iii) Technology: Rural community makes use of plough, animal power, fertilizers, pesticides, etc.
(iv) Nature of Social Control: Customs, traditions, religion, magic, tribal chief have effective social control over the members of the tribal community.	(iv) Nature of Social Control: In rural community caste council and village panchayat have effective social control.
(v) Cultural Background: They have independent traditions with respect to social customs, folklore, ecology, and a belief system. Each tribe has its own dialect.	(v) Cultural Background: There is social homogeneity in the rural community since their social and cultural background is the same.

Question 2.
Rural Community and Urban Community.
Answer:

Rural Community	Urban Community
(i) Size: The rural population constitutes about 68.84 percent of the total population.	(i) Size: The urban population constitutes about 31% percent of the total population.
(ii) Density: Villages are comparatively smaller in size and population density.	(ii) Density: An urban area is a human settlement with a high population density.
(iii) Occupation: Agriculture is the major occupation in villages. It was associated with various crafts like pottery, carpentry, smithy, basket-weaving, etc.	(iii) Occupation: The occupation in urban areas is mainly non-agricultural, i.e., based on manufacturing, trade, and commerce, professional and governance, services, etc.
(iv) Homogeneity/Heterogeneity: Rural areas are homogeneous in nature due to similarities in the ways of thinking, behaving, dressing, acting, and living.	(iv) Homogeneity/Heterogeneity: Urban areas are heterogeneous in nature, people belonging to diverse groups such as class, occupation, caste, language, and religion, etc., all reside in the same territory.
(v) Status of Women: In rural communities status of women is very low due to the impact of the patriarchal system of the family.	(v) Status of Women: The status of women is higher due to factors such as the spread of education, employment opportunities, etc.
(vi) Nature of Relations: The impact of primary relations is significant, in Indian villages. The relationship is informal, face to face Personal, and inclusive.	(vi) Nature of Relations: The impact of secondary relations is significant in urban areas characterized by formal interactions, and impersonal relationships.

4. Explain the following concepts with examples.

Question 1.
Rural Development Programme
Answer:
Rural Development programme: Rural social change has been among the most important subjects of study in the ‘developing countries since the 1950s, partly because major national efforts in these countries have been directed towards economic development and such efforts have been located in predominantly agrarian social settings. We see changes in rural communities due to the efforts of the Government.

After Independence, the Community Development Programme (CDP) was started in 1952. It was an initiative meant for the all-around development of villages. The aim of CDP was to facilitate villages. The aim of CDP was to facilitate involvement and participation of the village community for its own welfare later on in 1957, Panchayati Raj (Local Self Government) was started. The Integrated Rural Development Programme (IRDP) replaced the CDP in 1979.

Examples: Some important recent schemes for Rural Development launched by the Government of India are Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana, Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Grameen Kaushalya Yojana, Swarnjayanti Gram Swarozgar Yojana (SGSY)/ National Rural Livelihood Mission, Prime Minister Rural Development Fellows Scheme, Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme (MGNREGS), Sampoorna Grameen Rozgar Yojana (SGRY), Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan (SSA).

Question 2.
Scheduled Tribe
Answer:

• Article 366 (25) of the Constitution of India refers to ‘Scheduled Tribes’ as those communities which are protected under a schedule, according to Article 342 of the Constitution.
• As per this, Scheduled Tribes are groups or communities that have been declared by the President of India, as possessing the following characteristics:
  • Primitive traits
  • Geographic isolation
  • Distinct culture
  • Shy of contact with the larger community
  • Economic backwardness
• Scheduled Tribes’ can also be ascertained by the fact that they live apart in hills in isolation.
• Example – Schedule Tribes in Island region Andamanese, Jarawas Nicobarese Onges

5A. Complete the concept map.

Question 1.

Answer:

Question 2.

Answer:

Question 3.

Answer:

Question 4.

Answer:

Question 5.

Answer:

Question 6.

Answer:

5B. State whether the following statements are True or False with reasons.

Question 1.
Urban society is characterized by Informal social control and Primary relations.
Answer:
This statement is False.

• Urban society is characterized by formal social control and secondary relations.
• In urban areas, interaction among people is largely based on anonymity and secondary contact.
• It is not personal nor face-to-face; rather cities are characterized by formal interactions and impersonal relationships that tend to become time-bound and based on vested interests.
• Cultural diversity, formal communication, friends’ circle are hallmarks of cities. For instance, people spend their leisure time at multiplexes, gardens, hotels, social clubs, and markets. Formal means of social control such as formal education, law, and legislation, police, and court are needed, in addition to informal means for regulating the behaviour of people.
• The traditional authority vested in figures such as family elders, religious leaders, and teachers has decreased greatly.

Question 2.
There are a large number of villages which suffer from major problems.
Answer:
This statement is True.
There are a large number of villages that suffer from major problems such as poverty, unemployment, illiteracy, indebtedness, superstition, and the like. Problems faced by the rural community are as follows:

Poverty: Poverty is a socio-economic phenomenon in which a section of rural society is not able to fulfill even its basic necessities of life. A vast majority of the rural population works in villages under the shadow of poverty, unemployment as well as pitiable economic conditions. Large portions of the rural poor are small and marginal farmers, agricultural laborers, and rural artisans.

Illiteracy: High illiteracy rates among children as well as adults continue even to this day because of inadequate budgetary provisions for rural education. The quality of education in rural areas is a matter of grave concern despite various programmes and provisions.

Traditionalism, conservatism, and superstitions: Rural India to date can be called a conservative society because it still holds on to traditional mindsets and beliefs. Conformity to traditional customs, religion, and ways of life is still rampant. There is usually a reluctance to change their way of life and outlook which have encouraged a fatalistic attitude.

Farmers’ suicides: A large percentage of farmers who take their own lives are financially indebted. Undoubtedly, there has been little positive impact of economic reforms in the agricultural sector in India

Question 2.
A majority of tribal people live below the poverty line.
Answer:
This statement is True.
A majority of tribal people live below the poverty line. The tribes practice simple occupations based on primitive technology. Most of the occupations fall into the primary categories such as hunting, gathering, and agriculture. There is no profit nor surplus making in such an economy.

Hence their per capita income is very low, far less compared to the national average. Most of them live in abject poverty and are steeped in debt. Local moneylenders and zamindars, take advantage of this situation and exploit the tribals. In order to repay the debts, they often have to mortgage or sell their land.

Though Bonded labour is banned by Indian Law, it still prevails in some tribal areas. Bonded labour is considered to be a serious problem, which started due to rampant poverty and lack of stable income among the tribals. In fact, land alienation, indebtedness, bonded labour, and poverty are problems that exist hand-in-hand.

Question 3.
The rapid growth of the urban population has put heavy pressure on public utilities and other social evils are rising.
Answer:
This statement is True.
Although India is one of the less urbanized countries of the world this country is, facing a serious crisis of urban growth at present. Poverty, unemployment, and under-employment among rural immigrants, beggars, theft, burglary and other social evils are on the rise.

The following urban problems are on rising:
Urban Sprawl: Urban sprawl or real expansion of the cities, both in population and geographical area, of rapidly growing cities is the root cause of urban problems. In most cities, the economic base is incapable of dealing with the problems created by their excessive size. Massive immigration from rural areas as well as from small towns into big cities has taken place almost consistently; thereby adding to the size of cities. The urban sprawl is taking place at the cost of valuable agricultural land.

Overcrowding: Overcrowding is a situation in which too many people live in too little space. Overcrowding is a logical consequence of over-population in urban areas. It is naturally expected that cities having a large size of population squeezed in a small space will suffer from] r overcrowding. This is well exhibited by almost all the big cities of India.

Beggary: For a majority of the urban poor, beggary has become a way of life, due to sheer lack of education and skill to find employability. Many people are pushed into beggary, due to reasons that range from abject poverty to beggary as a profession. There are organized gangs of beggars which are known to operate in big cities. Also, there are instances of children who are sold into beggary by their parents or are kidnapped and then coerced into begging by maiming them. In Mumbai, beggary has been criminalized under the Bombay Prevention of Begging Act, 1959.

6. Give your personal response.

Question 1.
Discuss, ‘The tribes have their own social problems.
Answer:
The tribes have their own social problems. They are traditional and bound by customs. Due to lack of education and development, they are superstitious and believe in outmoded and meaningless practices which can be harmful at times.

Child marriage, infanticide, homicide, animal sacrifice, exchange of wives, black magic, and other detrimental practices are still prevalent among them. They believe in supernatural powers and have a keen desire to maintain these practices. They don’t want to change their significant tribal character and hence it’s said that “tribes are the tribesmen first, the tribesmen last, and the tribesmen all the time.”

7. Answer the following question in detail. (about 150-200 words)

Question 1.
Though the urban community is in an advanced stage of development, it is not free from any problems. Using examples of your own, explain the major urban problems. Also, discuss any two recent urban development programmes in India.
Answer:
The rapid growth of the urban population, both natural and through migration, has put heavy pressure on public utilities like housing, sanitation, transport, water, electricity, health, education, and so on.

The following urban problems are highlighted:
Transport: With traffic congestion, almost all cities and towns of India are suffering from acute transportation problems. Today, we have reached a stage where practically no city in India gets sufficient water to meet the needs of the city-dwellers. In big cities like Mumbai, water is resourced from the rivers and lakes in Thane and Palghar, thereby causing hardship in the lives of those people.

Sewerage problems: Urban areas in India are almost invariably plagued with insufficient and inefficient sewage facilities. Insufficient resources faced by municipalities and the unauthorized growth of cities are two major causes of this. Most cities do not have proper arrangements for treating the sewerage waste and it is drained into nearby rivers.

Trash disposal: Huge quantities of garbage generated by our cities pose serious health hazards. Most cities do not have proper arrangements for garbage disposal and the existing landfills are full to the brim, which becomes hotbeds of disease and innumerable poisons into the environment. Also, a poisonous liquid called leachate is emitted, which contaminates groundwater.

Urban crime: Due to overcrowding poverty, unemployment many people in urban areas commit several types of crimes like thefts, robbery, cybercrime, gambling adulteration, corruption etc. Some criminals reach high political positions by using their money and muscle power.
Not only do the poor, deprived and slum dwellers take to crime; people from well-to-do families also resort to crime in order to make a fast wealth and to meet cravings for a lavish life.

Pollution: The intensity of air, water, and noise pollution has increased in the cities due to various factories and vehicles. Due to polluted air people suffer from various diseases like lung cancer, asthma, headache, etc., due to the polluted water, people suffer from various water-borne diseases.

Educational problems: Cities suffer from various educational problems like inadequate educational facilities, educational discrimination, costly education, indiscipline among the students.

Recent urban development programmes in India
(i) Swatch Bharat Abhiyan ( SBA ) or Swachh Bharat Mission (SBM) is a nationwide campaign in India for the period 2014 to 2019 that aims to clean up the streets, roads, and infrastructure of India’s cities, towns, urban and rural areas.to accelerate the efforts to achieve universal sanitation coverage and to put the focus on sanitation. The Prime Minister of India had launched the Swachh Bharat Mission on 2nd October 2014.

(ii) National Smart Cities Mission is an urban renewal program by the Government of India with the mission to develop smart cities across the country, making them citizen-friendly and sustainable The Union Ministry of Urban Development is responsible for implementing the mission in collaboration with the state governments of the respective cities. The mission initially included 100 cities, with the deadline for completion of the projects set between 2019 and 2023.

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Class 12 Economics Important Questions Chapter 7 National Income Important Questions and Answers.

Maharashtra State Board 12th Economics Important Questions Chapter 7 National Income

1. A. Choose the correct option:

Question 1.
At present National, Income estimation is done by …………………
(a) Central Statistical Organization
(b) Finance Department
(c) National Income Committee
(d) Reserve Bank of India
Options :
(1) a, b and c
(2) c and d
(3) a and b
(4) only a
Answer:
(4) only a

Question 2.
National Income is the subject matter of ……………… economics.
(a) Micro
(b) Marco
(c) Managerial
(d) Business
Options:
(1) a and b
(2) only b
(3) only c
(4) None of these
Answer:
(2) only b

Question 3.
National income is a …………… concept
(a) static
(b) final
(c) flow
(d) reserve
Answer:
(a) static

Question 4.
The members of National Income Committee in 1949 were —
(a) Prof. P.C. Mahalanobis and Prof. D.R.Gadgil
(b) Prof. P.C. Mahalanobis and Kaushik Basu
(c) Abhijit Banerjee and Amartaya Sen
(d) Prof. P.C. Mahalanobis, D. R. Gadgil and Dr. V.KR.V. Rao
Answer:
(d) Prof. P.C. Mahalanobis, D. R. Gadgil and Dr. V.KR.V. Rao

Question 5.
According to National Income Committee, NI is ………………….
(a) volume of goods and services
(b) produce in one year
(c) goods and services counted without duplication
(d) all of these
Options :
(1) a and b
(2) a and c
(3) only a
(4) d
Answer:
(4) d

Question 6.
Statements incorrect with reference to A.C. Pigou definition –
(a) National income means national dividend
(b) Objective income of the community
(c) Income from abroad does not include
(d) Income from abroad in money term
Options :
(1) b and c
(2) only a
(3) only c
(4) all of these
Answer:
(3) only c

Question 7.
While measuring National Income value of ……………….
(a) all goods and services are considered
(b) final goods and services are considered
(c) only intermediate goods are considered
(d) none of these
Options :
(1) a and c
(2) only b
(3) a and b
(4) only d
Answer:
(2) only b

Question 8.
Net income from abroad includes
(a) Difference between export value and import value (X-M)
(b) Difference between receipts and payments made abroad (R-P)
(c) Difference between value of raw material and final goods
(d) None of these
Options :
(1) a and b
(2) b and c
(3) a and c
(4) only c
Answer:
(1) a and b

Question 9.
Three sector economy consists of ……………..
(a) households, business firms and industries
(b) households, business firms and government sector
(c) households, government and foreign sector
(d) all of these
Options :
(1) only a
(2) only b
(3) only c
(4) only d
Answer:
(2) only b

Question 10.
Which of the following is included in j four sector economy?
(a) Households, firms, industries and government
(b) Household, government, firms and organisation foreign sector
Options :
(1) only a
(2) c and d
(3) only d
(4) a and
Answer:
(3) only d

Question 11.
GDP (Gross Domestic Product) =
(a) C +1 + G + (X-M)
(d) GNP – depreciation
(c) GDP – depreciation
(b) C + I + G + (R-P)
Options :
(1) a
(2) b
(3) c
(4) d
Answer:
(1) a

Question 12.
GNP = C +1 + G + (X-M) + (R-P), R and P represents …………….
(b) R – receipts from abroad
(c) P – payments made abroad
(d) P – payments to government
Options :
(1) a and c
(2) b and c
(3) c and d
(4) a and d
Answer:
(2) b and c

Question 13.
Green Gross National Product (GNP) includes –
(a) Sustainable economic development
(b) Equitable distribution of benefits
(c) Promotes economic welfare
(d) All of these
Options :
(1) a and b
(2) b and c
(3) only c
(4) only d
Answer:
(4) only d

Question 14.
Value added approach is the difference between the value of ……………….
(a) Export and import
(b) Receipts and payment
(c) Inputs and final output
(d) None of these
Options :
(1) a and b
(2) b and c
(3) only c
(4) d
Answer:
(3) only c

Question 15.
Income method of measuring national income is the sum of …………………..
(a) Rent and profit
(b) Rent + Wages + Interest + Profit + MI + (X-M)
(c) C + I + G + (X-M)
(d) Interest + Wages
Options :
(1) a and d
(2) only b
(3) c and d
(4) b and c
Answer:
(2) only b

Question 16.
Transfer income includes ………………
(a) pension and scholarships
(b) gifts and donations
(c) donations and unemployment allowance
(d) all of these
Options :
(1) a and b
(2) b and c
(3) a and c
(4) d
Answer:
(4) d

Question 17.
WThile estimating National Income by income method the following precautions should be taken –
(a) transfer income should be ignored
(b) all unpaid services should be ignored
(c) income from sale of second hand goods should be ignored
(d) undistributed profits should be ignored
Options :
(1) a and b
(2) c and d
(3) a, b and c
(4) only d
Answer:
(3) a, b and c

Question 18.
In advance countries like USA and UK the ……………….. method of measuring NI is popular.
(a) Output Method / Product Method
(b) Income Method / Factor Cost Method
(c) Expenditure Method / Outlay Method
(d) None of these
Options :
(1) a and b
(2) only b
(3) b and c
(4) d
Answer:
(2) only b

Question 19.
Mixed Income (MI) refers to the income of ………………….
(a) Private and public sector
(b) Self-employed persons
(c) Sale of second hand goods
(d) All of these
Options :
(1) a
(2) b
(3) c
(4) d
Answer:
(2) b

Question 20.
There are many theoretical difficulties in the measurement of NI like –
(a) Transfer Payment
(b) Illegal Income
(c) Unpaid services
(d) All of these
Options :
(1) a and b
(2) b and c
(3) a and c
(4) d
Answer:
(4) d

Question 21.
There are many practical difficulties in the measurement of NI like –
(a) problem of double counting
(b) existence of non-monetize sector
(c) inadequate and unreliable data
(d) none of these
Options :
(1) a and b
(2) b and c
(3) a, b and c
(4) only d
Answer:
(3) a, b and c

Question 22.
National income is extremely useful for ……………..
(a) formulating national policies on employment, industry, etc.
(b) economic planning
(c) distribution of income
(d) all of these
Options
(1) a and b
(2) b and c
(3) a and c
(4) d
Answer:
(4) d

(B) Complete the correlation

1. Personal income : Micro economics :: National Income : …………….
2. Two sector economy : Household and business firms :: ……………. : Households, Business firms, Government and Foreign sector
3. Three sector economy :Y=C + I + G:: Four sector economy : …………….
4. (X-M) : ……………. :: (R-P) : difference between receipts and payment from abroad
5. …………….: GDP – Depreciation :: NNP : GNP – Depreciation
6. GNP : C + I + G + (X-M) + (R-P) :: ……………. : GNP – (net fall in stock of natural capital + pollution load)
7. ……………. : Value of final goods and service ::
   Value added approach : Difference between value of output and input
8. Output Method : Product Method :: ……………. Outlay Method
9. ……………. : Unpaid services :: Practical difficulty : Problem of double counting

Answer:

1. Marco economics
2. Four sector economy
3. Y = C + I + G + (X-M)
4. Difference between value of export and import
5. NDP
6. Green GNP
7. Final goods approach
8. Expenditure Method
9. Theoretical difficulty

[C] Give economic terms.

1. The gross market value of all final goods and services produced within a country in a year.
2. When depreciation is deducted from Gross National Product (GNP).
3. When the flow of income is circulated between households and business firms.
4. When value of total production of goods and services in a year is expressed in money term.
5. It is difference between export value and ) import value.
6. Organisation doing estimation of National Income.
7. In this approach value of final goods and services is considered.
8. In this approach value is added at each stage of the production process.
9. It is also known as factor cost method.
10. It is a sum/ total of income received by all ) factors of production.
11. In this method national income is R + W + I + P + MI + (X – M)
12. It is a method in which the total expenditure incurred by the society in a particular year is added together.
13. To avoid double counting these goods and services not considered while counting NI.
Answers:

1. Gross Domestic Product (GDP)
2. Net National Product (NNP)
3. Two sector economy
4. National Income (NI)
5. Net income from abroad (X – M)
6. Central Statistical Organization (CSO)
7. Final Goods Approach
8. Value Added Approach
9. Income method
10. Income method
11. Income method
12. Expenditure Method
13. Intermediate goods

(D) Find the odd word out.

1. Members of NIC (National Income Committee) :
Prof. P.C. Mahalanobis, Prof.D.R. Gadgil, Dr .V.K.R.V. Rao, Kaushik Basu.
Answer:
Kaushik Basu2. Features of NI:
Marco economic concept, Money value, Static concept, Flow concept.
Answer:
Static concept3. Three sector economy :
Foreign sectors, Household, Business Firms, Government sector.
Answer:
Foreign sector

4. Concepts of NI:
GDP, NDP, NIC, GNP.
Answer:
NIC

5. Concept of Green GNP :
Sustainable economic development, equitable distribution of benefits, Promotes economic welfare, environmental degradation.
Answer:
Environmental degradation

6. Methods of measurement of NI:
Output method, Point method, Income method, Expenditure method.
Answer:
Point Method

7. In India output is applied to :
agriculture, mining and manufacturing, transport, handicrafts.
Answer:
transport

8. In India output is not applied for :
agriculture, transport, commerce, communication.
Answer:
agriculture

9. Income method excludes :
transfer income, unpaid services, revenue from direct taxes, imputed value of production kept for self-consumption.
Answer:
imputed value of production kept for self-consumption

10. Expenditure method consist of: Consumption expenditure, Investment expenditure, Government expenditure, Expenditure on raw material.
Answer:
Expenditure on raw material

11. Income method is used in :
USA, UK, Germany, India.
Answer:
India

12. Theoretical Difficulties :
Income of foreign firms, Valuation of inventories, Valuation of government services, Transfer income.
Answer:
Valuation of inventories

13. Practical difficulties :
Capital gain/loss, Depreciation, Problem of double counting, Illegal income.
Answer:
Illegal income

14. To obtain NI, these should be excluded : Sales tax, Direct tax, Subsidies, Indirect tax
Answer:
Subsidies

15. Transfer income is :
Pension, Gifts, Rent, Unemployment ( allowance.
Rent

(E) Complete the following statements.

1. National income is the net aggregate value which does not include …………….
Answer:
depreciation

2. In India, the financial year from 1st April to 31st March is used to express …………….
Answer:
National Income

3. Inclusion of value of intermediate goods leads to …………….
Answer:
double counting

4. Services of housewives are known as …………….
Answer:
unpaid services

5. In India, the calculation of NI is done by …………….
Answer:
Central Statistical Organisation

6. ……………. method is rarely used to calculate NI.
Answer:
Expenditure Method

7. National income is studied by ……………..
Answer:
Macro economists

8. ……………. refers to wear and tear of capital assets.
Answer:
Depreciation

9. In NI value of unpaid services are …………….
Answer:
ignored / excluded

10. ……………. approach is used to avoid double counting.
Answer:
Value added approach

11. The value of only final goods and services produced in primary, secondary and tertiary sector are included in …………….
Answer:
Final goods approach

12. ……………. sector includes exchange activities without the use of money.
Answer:
Non monetised sector

13. Due to lack of occupational specialization, the calculation of national income becomes difficult by ……………. method.
Answer:
the Output Method

14. Estimating the exact national income due to changing price level is ……………. difficulty.
Answer:
(17) theoretical difficulty

15. The expenditure incurred on law and order, defence, education, etc. is called as …………….
Answer:
Government Consumption expenditure

16. While estimating NI, expenditure on final goods and services, subsidies should be …………….
Answer:
(19) included

17. ……………. leads to overestimation of the national income.
Answer:
Double counting

(F) Choose the wrong pair :

I.

Group ‘A’	Group ‘B’
Transfer income	pension/ gifts
National Income	flow concept
Gross Domestic Product (GDP)	C + I + G + (X – M) + (R-P)
CSO	Estimation of NI

Answer:
Wrong pair : Gross Domestic Product C+I+G+(X-M) +(R-P)

II.

Group ‘A’	Group ‘B’
National Income	Money value of goods and services
Unemployment allowances	Transfer payment
NNP	GNP – Depreciation
Income Method	Output method

Answer:
Wrong pair method : Income Method – Output

III.

Group ‘A’	Group ‘B’
The Output method	Product method
India used	Expenditure method
USA, UK	Income method
Illegal Income	Theoretical difficulty

Answer:
Wrong pair : India used – Expenditure method

(G) Choose the correct pair

I.

Group ‘A’	Group ‘B’
Three sector economy	Households, business firms, foreign sector
National income	Money value of final goods and services
Output method	Income method
NNP	GDP – Depreciation

Answer:
(2) National Income – Money value of final goods and services.

II.

Group ‘A’	Group ‘B’
Expenditure Method	Inventory method
GDP	C + I + G + (X-M) + (R-P)
National income	Micro economic concept
Unpaid services	Services of housewife

Answer:
(4) Unpaid services – Services of housewife

III.

Group ‘A’	Group ‘B’
Output method	The final goods approach
Income method	Product method
Expenditure method	NI = C + I + G
Illegal income	income from taxes

Answer:
(1) Output method The final goods approach.

IV.

Group ‘A’	Group ‘B’
National Income Committee	1956
Financial year	1st April to 31st March
Income Method	NI = Rent + Wages + Interest + Profit + MI + (X-M)
Expenditure Method	NI + C + I + G + (X – M)

Answer:
(3) Income Method – NI = Rent + Wages + Interest + Profit + MI + (X – M)

(H) Assertion and Reasoning

Question 1.
Assertion (A) – National dividend is that part of objective income of the community including of course income derived from abroad which can be measured in money. Reasoning (R) – This is given by Prof. A. C. Pigou.
(1) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).
(ii) Both (A) and (R) are true but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A).
(iii) (A) is true but (R) is false.
(iv) (A) and (R) both are false.
Answer:
(i) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).

Question 2.
Assertion (A) – National income is the micro economic concept.
Reasoning (R) – Micro economics deals with aggregate.
(i) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).
(ii) Both (A) and (R) are true but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A).
(iii) (A) is true but (R) is false.
(iv) (A) and (R) both are false.
Answer:
(iv) (A) and (R) both are false.

Question 3.
Assertion (A) – National income is the flow concept.
Reasoning (R) – It considers the production of goods and services in the economy during a year.
(i) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).
(ii) Both (A) and (R) are true but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A).
(iii) (A) is true but (R) is false.
(iv) (A) and (R) both are false.
Answer:
(i) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).

Question 4.
Assertion (A) – In two sector model money flows from the firms to the households in the form of rent, wages, interest.
Reasoning (R) – Households purchase goods and services from firms by using this money.
(i) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).
(ii) Both (A) and (R) are true but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A).
(iii) (A) is true but (R) is false.
(iv) (A) and (R) both are false.
Answer:
(i) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).

Question 5.
Assertion (A) – NDP = GDP – Deprecation
Reasoning (R) – To get exact value of goods and services depreciation is deducted.
(i) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).
(ii) Both (A) and (R) are true but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A).
(iii) (A) is true but (R) is false.
(iv) (A) and (R) both are false.
Answer:
(i) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).

Question 6.
Assertion (A) – In output method value of final goods and services is considered.
Reasoning (R) – In output method value of intermediate goods also considered.
(i) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).
(ii) Both (A) and (R) are true but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A).
(iii) (A) is true but (R) is false.
(iv) (A) and (R) both are false.
Answer:
(iii) (A) is true but (R) is false.

Question 7.
Assertion (A) – Value added approach is the difference between the value of final output and inputs at each stage of production.
Reasoning (R) – To avoid double counting value added approach is used.
(i) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).
(ii) Both (A) and (R) are true but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A).
(iii) (A) is true but (R) is false.
(iv) (A) and (R) both are false.
Answer:
(i) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).

Question 8.
Assertion (A) – While estimating NI indirect taxes included in the market prices are to be deducted.
Reasoning (R) – Indirect taxes are deducted to get accurate estimation of NI.
(i) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).
(ii) Both (A) and (R) are true but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A).
(iii) (A) is true but (R) is false.
(iv) (A) and (R) both are false.
Answer:
(i) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).

Question 9.
Assertion (A) – Output method is more reliable.
Reasoning (R) – It is used in all developed countries.
(i) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).
(ii) Both (A) and (R) are true but (R) is not the } correct explanation of (A).
(iii) (A) is true but (R) is false.
(iv) (A) and (R) both are false.
Answer:
(iv) (A) and (R) both are false.

Question 10.
Assertion (A) – All unpaid services are ) excluded from NI.
Reasoning (R) – It’s difficult to get exact) value of unpaid services.
(i) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the l correct explanation of (A).
(ii) Both (A) and (R) are true but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A).
(iii) (A) is true but (R) is false.
(iv) (A) and (R) both are false.
Answer:
(i) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the l correct explanation of (A).

Question 11.
Assertion (A) – There are no uniform, common standard rates of depreciation
applicable to the various capital assets.
Reasoning (R) – It is easy to make correct deduction for deprecation.
(i) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).
(ii) Both (A) and (R) are true but correct explanation of (A).
(iii) (A) is true but (R) is false.
(iv) (A) and (R) both are false.
Answer:
(iii) (A) is true but (R) is false.

Question 12.
Assertion (A) – The small producers do not keep an account of their production. Reasoning (R) – Most of the small producers are ignorant and illiterate.
(i) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).
(ii) Both (A) and (R) are true but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A).
(iii) (A) is true but (R) is false.
(iv) (A) and (R) both are false.
Answer:
(i) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).

2 [A]. Identify and Explain the following concepts:

Question 1.
Suman is a math teacher by profession She also taught her son math at home.
Answer:
Concept: Unpaid services
Explanation : The services provided out of love, affection, mercy, sympathy and charity ( are not included in NI as they are not paid { (12) for. The value of unpaid services is not counted in NI.
Thus, Suman teaching math to her son is treated as unpaid service.

Question 2.
Renu paid ₹ 500 for her chest *X’ ray in $ private hospital and for the same ‘X’ ray she paid ₹ 50 in government hospital.
Answer:
Concept: Valuation of government services.
Explanation : The government provides various services lower than market price. So it is difficult to get real value of these while estimating NI.

Question 3.
Anil is a graduate but he is unemployed and receives ₹ 600 from the government.
Answer:
Concept: Unemployment Allowances. Explanation : It is considered as a transfer payment which is not included in NI.

Question 4.
Reena studies in government medical college and pays annual fees of ₹ 80,000 per year and Meena who studies in private medical college and pays annual fees of ₹ 8,00,000.
Answer:
Concept: Valuation of government services.
Explanation : The government provides various services lower than market price. It is difficult to get real value of such services while estimating NI.

Question 5.
Pooja, a cook earns ₹ 8,000 per month and she also cooks food in her house.
Answer:
Concept: Unpaid services.
Explanation : The services provided out of love, affection, mercy, sympathy and charity are not included in NI as they are not paid for. The value of unpaid services is not counted in NI.

Question 6.
Suresh regularly purchases sanitizer for ₹ 60, owing to the ‘Corona virus’ outbreak, it disappeared from the market and after few days it was sold at ₹ 100.
Answer:
Concept: Illegal income (Black Marketing)
Explanation: Illegal income is not included in NI. There will be underestimation of NI as income from illegal activities are not included.

Question 7.
To increases the production, Ambhuja cement recently purchased the machinery worth ₹ 2000 crores.
Answer:
Concept: Private Investment expenditure (I).
Explanation : It is the investment made by private businessman on capital goods like machinery, technology, plants, etc.

Question 8.
Rahul bought a car on June, 2020 from his friend Rajesh for 1 1,20,000 which is manufactured in
Answer:
Concept: Second hand goods.
Explanation : Expenditure on second hand goods should be excluded from NI. Such goods were accounted for in the year when it was produced and sold.

Question 9.
India incurred ₹ 40,000 crores to purchase missile systems S-400 from Russia.
Answer:
Concept : The Government’s Consumption expenditure.
Explanation : Government Consumption expenditure refers to the expenditure incurred by the government on various administrative services like, law and order, defence, education, health, etc.
Such government expenditures are included while calculating National Income by expenditure method.

Question 10.
The government of India is incurring ₹ 1600 crore on Delhi-Mumbai expressway which will complete by 2023 of the economy.
Answer:
Concept : The Governments Investments expenditure.
Explanation : Government Investment expenditure refers to the expenditure incurred by the government on creating infrastructural facilities like construction of roads, railways, bridges, dams, canals, etc. Such government expenditures are included while calculating National Income by expenditure method.

(B) Distinguish between

Question 1.
Gross National Product (GNP) and Gross Domestic Product (GDP).
Answer:
Gross National Product (GNP):

1. Gross National Product refers to gross money value of all final goods and services produced in the country during one accounting year, including net income from abroad.
2. GNP = C + I + G + (X – M) + (R – P)
3. GNP includes income earned by Indian Nationals within or outside the country.

Gross Domestic Product (GDP):

1. Gross Domestic Product refers to gross money value of all final goods and services produced within the domestic boundaries of a country during one accounting year.
2. GDP = C + I + G + (X-M)
3. GDP does not include income earned by Indian national outside the country.

Question 2.
Net National Product (NNP) and Net Domestic Product (NDP).
Answer:
Net National Product (NNP):

1. NNP is the net value of all final goods and services produced in an economy for one accounting year. It includes income from abroad.
2. It includes income earned by Indian Nationals within and outside the country.
3. NNP = C + I + G + (X – M) + (R – P) – Depreciation
4. NNP will be greater than NDP if (R – P) is positive.

Net Domestic Product (NDP):

1. NDP is net value of all final goods and services produced within the domestic boundaries of the country.
2. It does not include income earned by the Indian Nationals outside the country.
3. NDP = C + I + G + (X-M)- Depreciation
4. NDP will be less than NNP if (R – P) is positive and it can be more than NNP if (R – P) is negative.

Question 3.
Output Method Or Product Method and Income Method Or Factor Cost.
Answer:
Output Method Or Product Method:

1. According to the product or output method, National Income is estimated by adding up the value of all final goods and services produced in the country during one year.
2. NI = C+I+G+(X-M)+(R – P) – Depreciation – Income Tax + Subsidies
3. In India, this method is applied to agriculture, mining and manufacturing.
4. Here we look at National Income from production side.
5. In this method we deduct indirect tax and then add subsidies to arrive at National Income at Factor Cost from Market Price.

Income Method Or Factor Cost:

1. According to Income method the National Income is estimated by adding the factor Incomes that accrue to factors of production by way of rent, wages, interest and profit.
2. NI = R + W + I + P + MI + (X-M) + (R-P) – Depreciation – Transfer Income.
3. In India this method is used by National Income Committee in trade, transport, professionals, liberal arts, public administration.
4. Here we look at National Income from distribution side.
5. This method is a direct method as we arrive at National Income at factor cost.

Question 4.
Gross National Product (GNP) and Net National Product (NNP). (Feb. ‘16; Oct. ‘15)
Answer:
Gross National Product (GNP):

1. Gross National Product refers to gross money value of all final goods and services produced in an economy during a year. It includes net income from abroad.
2. Depreciation cost of capital assets are included.
3. GNP = C + I + G + (X-M) + (R-P)Or GNP = NNP + Depreciation
4. GNP value does not give us a true picture of the net increase in the production of the economy.
5. It is a wider concept. It includes NNP.
6. GNP will be greater than NNP.

Net National Product (NNP)

1. Net National Product refers to the net money value of all goods and services produced in an economy during a year. It includes net income from abroad.
2. Depreciation cost of capital assets are not included.
3. NNP = GNP – Depreciation Or
   NNP = C + I + G + (X-M) + (R – P) –  Depreciation
4. NNP is a better measure of National Income. It is a better index of judging the progress of the economy at any time.
5. It is narrow concept. It is a part of GNP.
6. NNP will be less than GNP.

Question 5.
Illegal Income and Transfer Income.
Answer:
Illegal Income:

1. Illegal income means income which is earn from illegal activities.
2. E.g. Income from gambling, black marketing, theft, smuggling, etc.

Transfer Income:

1. Transfer income means money from the government in the form of benefits.
2. E.g. income from pension, gift, unemployment allowance, etc.

Question 6.
Two Sector economy and Three Sector economy.
Answer:
Two Sector economy:

• In this economy flow of goods and money is circulated in households and business firms.
• Symbolically – Y = C + I

Three Sector economy:

• In this economy flow of goods and money is circulated in households, business firms and government sector.
• Symbolically – Y= C + I + G.

Question 7.
Three Sector economy and Four Sector economy.
Answer:
Three Sector economy:

1. In this economy, flow of goods and money is circulated in households, business firms and government sector.
2. Symbolically – Y = C + I + G

Four Sector economy:

1. In this economy, flow of goods and money is circulated in households, business firms, government sector and foreign sector.
2. Symbolically – Y= C + I + G + (X-M)

Question 8.
Income Method and Expenditure Method.
Answer:
Income Method:

1. It is the sum of income earn by all factors of production in a year.
2. In this method, national income is estimated from the distribution side
3. Symbolically – NI = R + W + I + MI + (X-M)
4. This method is extremely popular in developed countries.

Expenditure Method:

1. It is the sum of expenditure incurred by private sector and government on consumption and investment in a year.
2. In this method, national income is estimated from the expenditure side.
3. Symbolically -NI = C + I + G + (X-M) + (R-P)
4. This method is very rarely used by any country.

Question 9.
Closed Economy and Open Economy.
Answer:
Closed Economy:

1. It is an economy which is not open to international trade and foreign investment.
2. In a closed economy only the values of goods and services produced within the country are considered in the N.I. estimate.
3. Net exports and net factor income from abroad are not included.
4. GNP = GDP + C + I + G.

Open Economy:

1. It is an economy which is open to international trade and foreign investment.
2. In an open economy the values of goods and services produced within the country as well as net exports and net factor income from abroad are also considered in N.I. estimate.
3. Net exports and net factor income from abroad are included.
4. GDP(MP) = C + I + G + (X – M)
   GNP(MP) = GDP + (R – P)
   = C + I + 0 + (X – M) + (R – P)

Question 10.
Product / Output Method and Expenditure Method.
Answer:

Output Method Or Product Method:

1. According to the product or output method, National Income is estimated by adding up the value of all final goods and services produced in the country during one year.
2. NI = C+I+G+(X-M)+(R – P) – Depreciation – Income Tax + Subsidies
3. In India, this method is applied to agriculture, mining and manufacturing.
4. Here we look at National Income from production side.
5. In this method we deduct indirect tax and then add subsidies to arrive at National Income at Factor Cost from Market Price.

Expenditure Method:

1. It is the sum of expenditure incurred by private sector and government on consumption and investment in a year.
2. In this method, national income is estimated from the expenditure side.
3. Symbolically -NI = C + I + G + (X-M) + (R-P)
4. This method is very rarely used by any country.

3. Answer the following questions:

Question 1.
Explain the income method of measuring National Income.
Answer:
Meaning:
In general sense of the term ‘National Income’ refers to the total money value of all final goods and services produced in the country during a period, usually one year. It includes net income from abroad. But does not include depreciation.

Definitions:

• Prof. AC. Pigou: ‘The national dividend is that part of the objective income of the community including of course income derived from abroad, which can be measured in money.”
• Prof. Irving Fisher: “National dividend or income consists solely of services as received by ultimate consumers whether from their material or from their human environments.”
• National Income Committee: “A National Income estimate measures the volume of commodities and services turned out during a given period counted without duplication.” Here, the National Income is calculated without double counting.

Question 2.
Explain the expenditure method of measuring National Income.
Answer:

(B) Expenditure Method :
This method also known as outlay method. NI = C + I + G + (X – M) + (R – P)
National Income can also be calculated by adding up the expenditure incurred on purchase of final goods and services. We can get National Income by summing up all consumption expenditure, investment expenditure made by all individuals, firms as well as the government of a country during a year.

• Consumption Expenditure (C) : It includes all expenditure incurred on goods and services by households during the year. It includes expenditure mostly on durable and non-durable goods, which are consumed by the consumers. E.g. food, medical care, clothing, car, computer and services, etc.
• Investment Expenditure (I) : It refers to the investment made by private businessman on capital goods like machinery, plants, factories, warehouses, etc.
• Government Expenditure on goods and services (G) : Government expenditure refers to expenditure on consumption and investment –
  • Consumption expenditure : It refers to expenditure incurred on various administrative services like law and order, defence education, generation and distribution of electricity.
  • Investment expenditure : It refers to expenditure incurred by government on construction of roads, railways, dams, canals, etc.
• Net Exports (X – M): It refers to difference between exports and imports of the country. If the exports are more than imports then net exports will be positive, it is called Trade Surplus and if imports are greater than exports, the net exports will be negative, it is called as Trade Deficit.
• Net Receipts (R-P) : It is the difference between expenditure incurred by foreigners in the country (R) and expenditure incurred abroad by Nationals (P). Net Receipts can also be Positive or Negative.
  Net National Expenditure = NNE = C + I + G + (X – M) + (R – P) – Depreciation. NNPFC or NI = C + I + G + (X -M) + (R -P) “Depreciation “ Indirect Tax + Subsidies.

Precautions :
The following precautions should be taken while estimating National Income.

• To avoid double counting take the expenditure incurred only on final goods and services.
• Government expenditure on transfer payments to be excluded like unemployment allowances, old age pension etc.
• Expenditure on second hand goods like furniture, house, land and financial assets { like shares, bonds, etc. should be excluded.
• Exclude expenditure incurred on purchase of financial assets such as shares, bonds, etc.
• Deduct indirect tax and add subsidies. Out of these methods, output method and income method are extensively used. Expenditure method is rarely used because of its practical difficulties.
  In India, the Central Statistical Organisation (CSO) adopts a combination of output method and income method to estimate N.I. of India.

Question 3.
Give the definitions of National Income.
Answer:
Meaning:
In general sense of the term ‘National Income’ refers to the total money value of all final goods and services produced in the country during a period, usually one year. It includes net income from abroad. But does not include depreciation.

Definitions:

• Prof. AC. Pigou: ‘The national dividend is that part of the objective income of the community including of course income derived from abroad, which can be measured in money.”
• Prof. Irving Fisher: “National dividend or income consists solely of services as received by ultimate consumers whether from their material or from their human environments.”
• National Income Committee: “A National Income estimate measures the volume of commodities and services turned out during a given period counted without duplication.” Here, the National Income is calculated without double counting.

4. State with reasons whether you agree or disagree with the following statements:

Question 1.
National Income is important to formulate only economic policies.
Answer:
No, I do not agree with this statement.
National Income data is important for many other purposes, like –

• For the Economy : National Income data are very important for marco economic analysis and performance of the economy.
• Economic Planning: The data of National Income is very important tools for long term and short term economic planning.
• Economic Research: The data of National [ Income is very useful to the research students to study aggregate consumption expenditure, investment expenditure, etc.
• Speed of Economic Growth : National Income makes it possible to know the trends or speed of the economic growth of our ( country in relation to previous years.

Question 2.
Income from second hand sale of goods is excluded from National Income.
Answer:
Yes, I agree with this statement.

• National Income includes only the money value of final goods and services produced in ( the current year.
• Income from sale and purchase of second hand goods is not included in National Income because these goods are not a part of current years production. Their value was included in the National Income of that year in which they were produced.
• As the wealth of the country remains the same if they are included in the current years National Income it will lead to double counting.
• So, National Income figures will get inflated due to over estimation.

Question 3.
National Income at factor cost includes subsidy.
Answer:
Yes, I agree with this statement.

• National Income at factor cost is the income earned by the factor owners (landlord, labourer, capitalist) in the course of contributing to the country’s output.
• NI(FC) = C + I + G + (X – M)+ (R – P) – Depreciation – Indirect Tax + Subsidies
• Subsidies is a negative tax. It is a sought of concession or discount given by the government to the consumers and producers.
• Subsidies are paid by the government to the firms / producers.
• Also the goods are sold at a price lower than their cost.
• Subsidies reduce the price of product below the factor cost. So to arrive at N.I. at factor cost we add subsidies.

Question 4.
National Income estimates are not accurate in India.
Answer:
Yes, I agree with this statement.
There are many statistical difficulties faced in the estimation of National Income due to which N.I. estimates are not accurate. They are as follows :

• There is the danger of double counting by including the value of intermediate goods.
• Inadequate and unreliable information regarding income and expenditure leads to inaccuracy in estimating N.I.
• In India, people are illiterate and ignorant, so they do not maintain proper accounts.
• To evade tax people do not reveal their exact income.
• The sources from which data are obtained are not absolutely reliable.
• Statistical staff are untrained and inefficient.

Question 5.
Old age pension is transfer income.
Answer:
Yes, I agree with this statement.

• Transfer Income are income received by individuals without contributing anything to the current years production of goods and services. It is a flow of money without a reverse flow of goods or services.
• Old age pension is received by a person after he retires from work.
• To get this income tlje person actually does not contribute anything to production of goods and services during that period.
• Old age pension is income transferred from the government.
• So it is a government expenditure.
• Transfer income are included in personal income. But they are not included in National Income because such payments do not result in any addition to the total production of goods.

Question 6.
Paid services are included in National Income.
OR Unpaid services are not included in National Income. (Mar. ‘15; Oct. ‘15)
Answer:
Yes, I agree with this statement.

• In economic sense paid services refer to economic production which means they are production of those goods and services which are meant for sale and have market value.
• Paid services are marketable. They have exchange value. We can determine its price and so it can be included in National Income.
• Unpaid services cannot be marketed so they cannot be included in National Income. Although these services contribute to human welfare.
• E.g. service of housewife. It is non-economic production, which is not marketable.
• National Income is the sum of money value of all goods and services produced during the year by the resources of a country.

Question 7.
National Income is an important tool to measure the overall performance of the economy.
OR
The concept of National Income has an important place in Economic development.
Answer:
Yes, I agree with this statement.

• National Income is one of the important indicators of economic growth and development.
• National Income is a macro variable that represents the economy as a whole.
• When there is an increase in National Income it indicates that the country’s production of goods and services have increased, employment increases, trade with rest of the world increases.
• When National Income of a country increases at a higher rate than the rate of increase in population, it leads to improvement in the standard of living and welfare of the people.
• The Per Capita Income also increases when  National Income increases.
• Therefore, National Income is an important tool to measure the overall performance of the economy.

Question 8.
The services of housewife (unpaid services) is included in National Income.
Answer:
No, I do not agree with this statement.
OR
Services of housewives are excluded from National Income.
Answer:
Yes, I agree with this statement.

• The National Income is the sum of money value of all goods and services produced during the year by the resources of a country.
• But the goods and services which do not have exchange value or market value are not included in National Income as they are non-economic production.
• Service of housewife is not considered an economic activity as it is non – economic production and so it does not have exchange value or market value.
• Housewife is not paid by family members.
• Therefore, the service of housewife is not included in National Income but the service of a maid servant is included.

Question 9.
Illegal income is not included in National Income.
Answer:
Yes, I agree with this statement.

• The existence of a parallel or black economy is a common feature of most of the economies.
• Productive activities in this sector are either concealed or under reported and as a result the income generated remain unreported. It is rather difficult to estimate this income correctly. So they are not included in National Income.
• For example income originating from activities as smuggling, black-marketing, gambling, selling harmful drugs, etc. are excluded from National,Income.
• Many rich people, businessmen and landlords hide their property and wealth. No authorised registration is available for the income received so they are not included.

Question 10.
Transfer income is included in National Income.
Answer:
No, I do not agree with this statement.
OR
Transfer Income cannot be included in National Income.
Answer:
Yes, I agree with this statement.

• Transfer income is income received by individuals without contributing to the current years production of goods and services.
• Transfer income received by people in the form of old age pension, gifts, lottery prize etc. are not included in National Income.
• These incomes are included in Personal Income but not in National Income.
• All transfer income are actually earned by some other people, by contributing to production originally and then transferred to another.
• If such incomes are counted at both places two times, there will be a double counting.
• Therefore, to avoid double counting and to get accurate estimation, transfer incomes are not included in National Income.
  National Income includes only income from production of goods and services.

Question 11.
National Income is a stock / reserve concept.
Answer:
No, I do not agree with this statement.
OR
National Income is not a stock. It is a flow concept.
Answer:
Yes, I agree with this statement.

• National income is a flow concept.
• National income is expressed per year.
• National income refers to money value of all goods and services produced by the economy in a year.
• It considers the production of current year and not previous year.

5. Study the following table / figures / passages and answers :

1. Subdivided Bar Diagram
Diagram 1 : Share of GDP by Sector for Selected Nations (2017)

Question 1.
Which are the sectors contributing in National Income / GDP?
Answer:
There are three sectors contributing in GDP – agriculture, industry and tertiary (services) sector.

Question 2.
In the United States GDP, which sectors contribution is maximum and how much percent?
Answer:
The service (tertiary) sector’s contribution is maximum in United States GDP. It was 80%.

Question 3.
In which country, contribution of primary ‘ sector (agriculture) is lowest in GDP?
Answer:
UK (United Kingdom) and Germany’s; contribution of primary sector is lowest in GDP.

Question 4.
How much is the share of agriculture in India’s National Income in the year 2017?
Answer:
In the year 2017, the share of agriculture was 15.5%.

Question 5.
In which country, the share of industry is maximum and how much percent?
Answer:
In China, the share of industry is maximum. It is 40.5%.

Question 6.
Give your opinion on sectorwise contribution in India’s GDP.
Answer:
In India, share of agriculture sector is quite high as compared to developed countries. There is need to reduce the share of agriculture in GDP. The industry and service sector should be developed so their contribution in the GDP will rise.

2. Top 10 Economies in the world in terms of GDP at current US $ trillion.

Data Source : World Economic Outlook, October 2019 database

Note : IMF’s estimate, A indicates improvement in rank, v indicates drop in rank and – indicates unchanged rank

Question 1.
Which country has highest GDP in the world?
Answer:
United State of America has the highest GDP in the world.

Question 2.
Which country has the least GDP in the world?
Answer:
Korea has the least GDP in the world.

Question 3.
At what position does India stand with respect to GDP rates?
Answer:
India stands at 5th position with respect to ) GDP rates.

Question 4.
Find out the difference in China’s GDP in the year 2017 and 2018.
Answer:
The China’s GDP has increased by 1.3 US $ trillion in the year 2018 as compared to the year 2017.

Question 5.
By how much India’s GDP has increased in the year 2017-2018.
Answer:
There is no increase in India’s GDP in the year 2017-18. India’s GDP is constant.

Question 6.
Given your opinion on India’s GDP.
Answer:
India’s is a developing economy, but it still stands at the 5th position in the worlds GDP’s.

India should focus on increasing the production of goods and services specially
from secondary and tertiary sector which will help to increase the GDP.

(3) Circular Flow of Income.

Question 1.
What does this diagram represent?
Answer:
This diagram represents model of four sector economy.

Question 2.
Which sectors are included in this type of economy?
Answer:
It includes households, firms, government and foreign sector.

Question 3.
What role does the government play in this economy?
Answer:
The government is playing very important ) role by incurring expenditure on consumption and investment. The government is also S collecting tax from household, business firm and through import.

Question 4.
Give your opinion on overseas or foreign sector.
Answer:
In four sector economy, foreign sector is playing important role. This is known as open economy which helps to earn foreign exchange, promote economic development, availability of imported goods, etc.

6. Answer in detail;

Question 1.
What is national income? Explain theoretical conceptual difficulties in the calculation of national income.
Answer:
National income means money value of goods and services produced in the country in a year.
According to National Income committee:
“A national income estimate, measures the volume of goods and services turned out during a given period without duplication. There are many practical difficulties in the measurement of NI.

• Transfer payment: If it included in national income then there will be overestimation of NI. E.g. pension, gifts, unemployment allowances, etc. are excluded.
• Unpaid services : The value of unpaid services are not included in national income as they are not paid for. E.g. services of housewife.
• Illegal income : The income from illegal activities are not included in NI. E.g. black marketing, smuggling.
• Production for self-consumption: It is very difficult to get data and value of goods kept for self-consumption as they do not enter market.
• Income of foreign firms : Income of foreign firm should be included in the national income of the country where the firm undertakes production work. But the profit earn by these firms are transferred to their home own country.

Question 2.
Explain the difficulties in measuring National Income.
Answer:
National income means money value of goods and services produced in the country in a year.
According to National Income committee:
“A national income estimate, measures the volume of goods and services turned out during a given period without duplication. There are many practical difficulties in the measurement of NI.

(A) Theoretical difficulties

• Transfer payment: If it included in national income then there will be overestimation of NI. E.g. pension, gifts, unemployment allowances, etc. are excluded.
• Unpaid services : The value of unpaid services are not included in national income as they are not paid for. E.g. services of housewife.
• Illegal income : The income from illegal activities are not included in NI. E.g. black marketing, smuggling.
• Production for self-consumption: It is very difficult to get data and value of goods kept for self-consumption as they do not enter market.
• Income of foreign firms : Income of foreign firm should be included in the national income of the country where the firm undertakes production work. But the profit earn by these firms are transferred to their home own country.

(B) Practical Difficulties or Statistical Difficulties:

• Problem of double counting: In case of certain goods it is difficult to distinguish properly between final goods and intermediate goods. That’s why problem of double counting arises e.g. flour is final goods for housewife, but it is intermediate goods for the bakery.
• Existence of non-monetised sector: In India large non-monetised sector exists in rural area specially in agriculture. In agriculture, many places goods and services are exchanged with goods that’s why it is difficult to count in national income.
• Inadequate and unreliable data: Because of illiteracy it is difficult to get adequate and reliable data from unorganised sector, small enterprises, agriculture, etc.
• Depreciation: Its difficult to measure exact value of depreciation. There are no uniform common accepted standard rates of depreciation applicable to the various capital assets.
• Capital gain or loss: Due to capital gain there is overestimation and due to capital loss there is underestimation of national income.
• Illiteracy and ignorance: Majority of small producer in developing counties are illiterate and ignorant and are not able to keep accounts of their productive activities.
• Lack of systematic, occupational classification: There is lack of systematic occupational classification, which makes the calculation of national income difficult. Especially in rural areas where many villagers work on farms for some time and also take some other job during offseason.
• Untrained and incompetent staff: Due to untrained and incompetent staff, accurate and timely, information cannot be obtained.

Question 3.
What is National Income? Explain the Output method of measuring National Income.
Answer:
Product Method or Output Method: This method is also called as Inventory Method.
According to this method economy is divided into various sectors like agriculture, mining, manufacturing, small enterprises, commerce, transport, communication, etc.

National income by this method can be calculated by either valuing all final goods and services
produced during a year at their market price or by adding up all values at each higher stage of
production, until these products are turned into final products.

In output method there are two approaches to measure national income.

(1) Final Goods Approach I Final Product Approach : According to this approach, value of all final goods and services produced in primary, secondary and tertiary sector are included and the value of all intermediate transactions are ignored.

2. Value Added Approach I Value Added Method: To avoid double-counting, the value-added approach is used to estimate the National Income. According to this method, it is necessary to obtain the total of value-added at each stage in the manufacture of a commodity to arrive at Gross National Product. The value-added method can be explained by means of a simple example.

(a) In the above example, value of groundnut with shell is 50, after removing shells value of groundnut is 80, after crushing groundnut the value is 120 and when oil is packed in the packets its value is 150.
To avoid double-counting either the value of final output or the value – added should be taken in estimation of National Income.

The output method is widely used in the underdeveloped countries. In India, this method is applied in agriculture, mining and manufacturing sector.

Precautions:

• Avoid Double Counting: The value of only final goods and services must be considered and not the value of raw – materials or intermediary goods, etc.
• Self Consumption Goods: Goods used for self-consumption by farmers should be included in National Income.
• Price Level Changes to be considered: The values of national output must be expressed in terms of prices in some base year to know the national output in real terms i.e. N.I. at constant price.
• Net Income from Abroad: Care should be taken to include net income from abroad in National Income.
• Depreciation: Depreciation of capital assets should be deducted from the value of gross investment during the year.
• Indirect Taxes and Subsidies: To get National Income, deduct the indirect tax from the market price and add subsidies.
• Second-Hand Goods: Sale and purchase of second-hand goods should be ignored as it is not a part of current production.

Question 4.
Explain the various method of measuring National Income. ?
Answer:
National Income is macro economic concept. National Income means money value of goods and services produced in the country in a year. There are three methods to measure national income.
(1) The Output Method,
(2) The Income Method,
(3) The Expenditure Method.

(A) The Income Method : This method is also known as factor cost method. According to this method national income is the sum of income received by all factors of production in a year. So national income is the income received by all the citizens of the country in a year. In income method national income studied from the distribution side. According to income method national income or GNP is
NI = R + W + I + P + MI + (X – M)

• Rent (R) : Rent and Royalty is usually treated as the payment for the land, building, machines that are rented.
• Wages (W) : It includes wages and salaries earned by labour as well as it includes commission, bonus, social security payments, fringe benefits, etc.
• Interest (I) : Interest is the payment for using the services of capital. It includes interest paid by banks, insurance companies etc.
• Profit (P) : It includes the profit of private and public sector companies.
• Mixed Income (MI) : It is the income which is earned by self-employed. They earn income through various sources like wages for effort put, rent on own property, interest on own capital, etc.
• Net Exports (X – M) : It is the difference between export and imports.

Precautions :

• Transfer payment : It should not be included in national income. E.g. pension, gifts, unemployment allowances, lottery prize, etc.
• Unpaid services : It should not be included in national income. E.g. services of housewife, teacher teaching her own child, etc.
• Second hand goods : The income from sale of second hand goods should not be included.
• Financial asset : The income from sale of shares and bonds should not be included in national income.
• Tax revenue : The revenue of government through taxes should not be included in national income.
• Undistributed profits of companies, income from government property and profits from public enterprise should be included.
• Imputed value of production kept for self consumption and rental value of owner occupied houses should be included in national income.

(B) Expenditure Method :
This method also known as outlay method. NI = C + I + G + (X – M) + (R – P)
National Income can also be calculated by adding up the expenditure incurred on purchase of final goods and services. We can get National Income by summing up all consumption expenditure, investment expenditure made by all individuals, firms as well as the government of a country during a year.

• Consumption Expenditure (C) : It includes all expenditure incurred on goods and services by households during the year. It includes expenditure mostly on durable and non-durable goods, which are consumed by the consumers. E.g. food, medical care, clothing, car, computer and services, etc.
• Investment Expenditure (I) : It refers to the investment made by private businessman on capital goods like machinery, plants, factories, warehouses, etc.
• Government Expenditure on goods and services (G) : Government expenditure refers to expenditure on consumption and investment –
  • Consumption expenditure : It refers to expenditure incurred on various administrative services like law and order, defence education, generation and distribution of electricity.
  • Investment expenditure : It refers to expenditure incurred by government on construction of roads, railways, dams, canals, etc.
• Net Exports (X – M): It refers to difference between exports and imports of the country. If the exports are more than imports then net exports will be positive, it is called Trade Surplus and if imports are greater than exports, the net exports will be negative, it is called as Trade Deficit.
• Net Receipts (R-P) : It is the difference between expenditure incurred by foreigners in the country (R) and expenditure incurred abroad by Nationals (P). Net Receipts can also be Positive or Negative.
  Net National Expenditure = NNE = C + I + G + (X – M) + (R – P) – Depreciation. NNPFC or NI = C + I + G + (X -M) + (R -P) “Depreciation “ Indirect Tax + Subsidies.

Precautions :
The following precautions should be taken while estimating National Income.

• To avoid double counting take the expenditure incurred only on final goods and services.
• Government expenditure on transfer payments to be excluded like unemployment allowances, old age pension etc.
• Expenditure on second hand goods like furniture, house, land and financial assets { like shares, bonds, etc. should be excluded.
• Exclude expenditure incurred on purchase of financial assets such as shares, bonds, etc.
• Deduct indirect tax and add subsidies. Out of these methods, output method and income method are extensively used. Expenditure method is rarely used because of its practical difficulties.
  In India, the Central Statistical Organisation (CSO) adopts a combination of output method and income method to estimate N.I. of India.

Product Method or Output Method: This method is also called as Inventory Method.
According to this method economy is divided into various sectors like agriculture, mining, manufacturing, small enterprises, commerce, transport, communication, etc.

National income by this method can be calculated by either valuing all final goods and services
produced during a year at their market price or by adding up all values at each higher stage of
production, until these products are turned into final products.

In output method there are two approaches to measure national income.

(1) Final Goods Approach I Final Product Approach : According to this approach, value of all final goods and services produced in primary, secondary and tertiary sector are included and the value of all intermediate transactions are ignored.

2. Value Added Approach I Value Added Method: To avoid double-counting, the value-added approach is used to estimate the National Income. According to this method, it is necessary to obtain the total of value-added at each stage in the manufacture of a commodity to arrive at Gross National Product. The value-added method can be explained by means of a simple example.

(a) In the above example, value of groundnut with shell is 50, after removing shells value of groundnut is 80, after crushing groundnut the value is 120 and when oil is packed in the packets its value is 150.
To avoid double-counting either the value of final output or the value – added should be taken in estimation of National Income.

The output method is widely used in the underdeveloped countries. In India, this method is applied in agriculture, mining and manufacturing sector.

Precautions:

• Avoid Double Counting: The value of only final goods and services must be considered and not the value of raw – materials or intermediary goods, etc.
• Self Consumption Goods: Goods used for self-consumption by farmers should be included in National Income.
• Price Level Changes to be considered: The values of national output must be expressed in terms of prices in some base year to know the national output in real terms i.e. N.I. at constant price.
• Net Income from Abroad: Care should be taken to include net income from abroad in National Income.
• Depreciation: Depreciation of capital assets should be deducted from the value of gross investment during the year.
• Indirect Taxes and Subsidies: To get National Income, deduct the indirect tax from the market price and add subsidies.
• Second-Hand Goods: Sale and purchase of second-hand goods should be ignored as it is not a part of current production.

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Class 12 Economics Important Questions Chapter 5 Forms of Market Important Questions and Answers.

Maharashtra State Board 12th Economics Important Questions Chapter 5 Forms of Market

1. A. Choose the correct option:

Question 1.
Features of Perfect Competition are –
(a) Large number of buyers
(b) Large number of sellers
(c) Different prices
(d) Perfect mobility
Options :
(1) a, b and c
(2) a, b and d
(3) b, c and d
(4) c and d
Answer:
(2) a, b and d

Question 2.
Features of monopoly are –
(a) Single seller
(b) No close substitutes
(c) Control over supply
(d) Price taker
Options :
(1) a, b and d
(2) a, b, c and d
(3) c and d
(4) a, b and c
Answer:
(4) a, b and c

Question 3.
Features of Monopolistic Competition are –
(a) Homogeneous product
(b) Selling cost
(c) Downward sloping demand curve
(d) Few buyers
Options :
(1) b and c
(2) a, b and d
(3) c and d
(4) a, b and c
Answer:
(1) b and c

Question 4.
Legal monopoly is recognized by –
(a) Legal provision
(b) Trade Mark
(c) License
(d) Copyright
Options :
(1) a, b, c and d
(2) a, b and d
(3) a, b and c
(4) a and c
Answer:
(1) a, b, c and d

Question 5.
Examples of discriminating monopoly are –
(a) Doctors
(b) Lawyers
(c) Consultants
(d) All of the above
Options :
(1) a and d
(2) a, b and d
(3) a, b and c
(4) a, b, c and d
Answer:
(4) a, b, c and d

Question 6.
Types of imperfect market are –
(a) Monopoly
(b) Oligopoly
(c) Monopolistic Competition
(d) Perfect Competition
Options :
(1) b and c
(2) a, b and c
(3) only d
(4) all of these
Answer:
(2) a, b and c

(B) Complete the Correlation.

(1) Tata group : Private monopoly :: Indian Railways : ………………..
(2) Few sellers : Oligopoly :: Many sellers : ………………..
(3) Less than one year : Short period :: More than five years : ………………..
(4) Perfect competition : No selling cost :: Monopolistic competition : ………………..
(5) Natural monopoly : Wheat from Punjab :: ……………….. : Copy right
(6) Perfect competition : Homogeneous :: ……………….. : Differentiated products
(7). Theory of Monopolistic competition : Prof. Chamberlin :: Perfect competition : ………………..
(8) Perishable goods : Local market :: Non-perishable goods : ……………….
(9) OPEC : Group Monopoly :: RIL : ………………..
(10) Petroleum : ……………….. :: Scooter : National market.
Answers:

1. Public monopoly
2. Perfect competition
3. Very long period
4. Selling cost
5. Legal monopoly
6. Imperfect competition
7. Mrs. Joan Robinson
8. National Market
9. Private monopoly
10. International market

(C) Give economic terms.

1. A monopoly recognised by law.
2. The cost that can add to the price of the product in a distant market.
3. A market in which laissez faire policy is adopted by the government.
4. A network of dealings between buyers and sellers.
5. A market in which a firm and industry are same.
6. A monopoly that arises when a particular type of natural resources are located in a particular region.
7. A price that is determined by intersection of demand and supply.
8. Welfare oriented monopoly. Railways, Courier services, Water supply,
9. A practice of charging different prices for the same product.
10. A monopoly formed by an organisation of Petroleum Exporting countries.
11. When there is no difference between the firm and industry.

Answer:

1. Legal monopoly
2. Transport cost
3. Perfect competition
4. Market
5. Monopoly
6. Natural monopoly
7. Equilibrium price
8. Public monopoly
9. Price discrimination
10. Voluntary monopoly
11. Monopsony

(D) Find the odd word out

(1) Market structure on the basis of place :
Local, National, Oligopoly, International.
(2) Peculiarities of Perfect competition :
Many buyers, Few sellers, Price taker, No transport cost.
(3) Examples of Public Monopoly :
Railways, Courier services, Water supply, Electricity.
(4) Features of Monopoly :
Many sellers, Many buyers, Entry barriers to sellers, Firm coincides with industry.
(5) Natural Monopoly depends upon :
Climate, Rainfall, Specific location, Many sellers.
(6) Private monopoly :
Tata group, OPEC, Adani power, Post office.
(7) Imperfect competition :
Price discrimination, Uniform price, Barriers to entry, Price maker.
Answer:

1. Oligopoly
2. Few sellers
3. Courier services
4. Many sellers
5. Many sellers
6. Post office
7. Uniform price

(E) Complete the following statements.

(1) Equilibrium price is that level of price where ………………
(2) A seller is price maker in ………………
(3) A welfare oriented monopoly is called ………………
(4) A Market in which sellers sell and buyers buy the product in the region in which it is produced is called ………………
(5) A market in which buyers and sellers trade in goods and services across the national borders is called ………………
(6) A classification of market on the basis of place are local, national and ………………
(7) A market on the basis of competition which is ideal and imaginary concept is called………………
(8) A market showing some but not all the features of a competitive market is called………………
(9) When a private body controls a monopoly firm, it is called ………………
(10) When the production is totally controlled and operated by the government it is known as………………
(11) Tea cultivation in Assam is an example of………………
(12) A firm which charges different prices to different buyers for the same product, it is called………………
(13) When some monopolists come together voluntarily to form a group of monopolists, it is called ………………
(14) Different brands of washing powders, liquid cleaners are examples of………………
(15) Selling cost is an important feature of………………
(16) Mobile service providers and cement companies are examples of ………………
(17) A period of production is so long that all inputs are variable is called ………………
(18) A market in which supply is fixed is called ………………
(19) A book “Theory of Monopolistic Competition is written by ………………
(20) The objective of the seller in monopoly market is ………………
(21) Under monopoly there is existence of ………………
Answer:

1. market demand is equal to market supply
2. monopoly .
3. public monopoly
4. local market
5. international market
6. international
7. perfect competition
8. imperfect market
9. private monopoly
10. public monopoly
11. natural monopoly
12. discriminating monopoly
13. voluntary monopoly
14. monopolistic competition
15. monopolistic competition
16. oligopoly market
17. very long period market
18. very short period market
19. Prof. E. H. Chamberlin
20. profit maximisation
21. single seller

[F] Choose the wrong pair ;

I.

Group ‘A’	Group ‘B’
1. Perfect competition	Many buyers and sellers
2. Oligopoly	Many buyers and few sellers
3. Imperfect market	Monopoly, International market

Answer:
3.

II.

Group ‘A’	Group ‘B’
1. Market on the basis of place	Local, National, International
2. Market on the basis of competition	Perfect competition, International
3. Market on the basis of time	Very short, short, long, Very long

Answer:
2

III.

Group ‘A’	Group ‘B’
1. Public Monopoly	Wheat from Punjab
2. Natural Monopoly	Tea from Assam
3. Private Monopoly	Reliance Group

Answer:
1

(G) Choose the correct pair

I.

Group ‘A’	Group ‘B’
1. Very short period	(a) More than 5 years
2. Short period	(b) Less than 1 year
3. Long period	(c)Few days or weeks
4. Very long period	(d) Upto 5 years

Answer:
(1)-(c), (2)-(b), (3)-(d), (4)-(a).

II.

Group A	Group B
1. Perfect Competition	(a) Product Differentiation
2. Monopoly	(b) Uniform Price
3. Monopolistic Competition	(c) Few Sellers
4. Oligopoly	(d) Single Seller

Answer:
(1)-(b), (2)-(d), (3)-(a), (4)-(c).

2.[A] Identify and explain the concept from given illustrations.

Question 1.

Output sold in units	Price of ‘X’ in ₹	Price of ‘Y‘ in ₹
100	50	50
200	50	40
300	50	30

Identify the type of market of two goods X’ and ‘Y’ Give reason for your answer.
Answer:
Concept : Market for good ‘X’ is perfect competition.
Explanation : At the same price ? 50 sellers are ready to sell more and more in the market.
Concept : Market for good ‘Y’ is
monopolistic competition.
Explanation : As price of ‘Y’ falls, more and more sellers enter the market to sell their product.

Question 2.

Client	Elec, per unit by Government	Lawyer fee in ₹
A	10	1000
B	10	2000
C	10	3000

(1) Identify the type of monopoly by the government and Lawyer. Give reason for your answer.

Answer:
Concept: Electricity charges by government – Public Monopoly.
Explanation : Public monopoly is welfare oriented monopoly and is owned by the government. Therefore, their price per unit remains uniform.
Answer:
Concept : Lawyer fee – Discriminating Monopoly.
Explanation : In case of lawyer, being a private practitioner, he can charge different fee from different customers. Hence, it is called discriminating monopoly.

Question 3.
A washing powder seller incurs extra cost in order to give free samples to the customers as a sales strategy.
Answre:
Concept : Monopolistic Competition (Selling Cost).
Explanation : In this type of market, there are many sellers who sell the product which are close substitutes of each other.
As there are many variety of washing powders available in the market, he distributes free samples to attract the customers to buy his product.

Question 4.
“A monopoly firm can exercise considerable influence on the supply of his commodity and thereby its price.”
Answre:
Concept : Price Maker (Feature of Monopoly).
Explanation : A monopolist is a single seller in the market for his product and has control over the supply and can determine the price for his product.
There are no close substitutes available for his product in the market.
So, he is a price maker.

[B] Distinguish between :

(1) Perfect Competition and Monopoly.
Answer:
Perfect Competition:

1. Perfect competition is a type of market where there are large number of firms producing homogeneous product.
2. The product sold are homogeneous and so they are perfect substitutes.
3. The firm is a price taker so the demand curve is a horizontal demand curve.
4. There is free entry and free exit.
5. Single price prevails in the whole market.
6. 

Monopoly:

1. Monopoly is a type of market where there is only one firm producing a product which has no substitute.
2. The product has no substitute.
3. The firm is a price maker. Thus firm has a downward sloping demand curve.
4. There are strong entry barriers.
5. Price discrimination is possible because seller has complete hold in the market.
6. 

Question 2.
Perfect Competition and Monopolistic Competition.
Answer:
Perfect Competition:

1. It is a market situation in which there are large number of buyers and large number of sellers selling homogeneous product.
2. Products are perfect substitute for another as they are identical.
3. Uniform price prevails in the whole market. There is no selling cost.
4. Firms are price takers. Thus the firm has a horizontal demand curve.
5. It is an unrealistic market.

Monopolistic Competition:

1. It is a market situation in which there are many buyers and many sellers selling differentiated products.
2. Products are similar but not identical. They are close substitutes.
3. Individual price policy is followed and huge selling cost is incurred on sales promotions.
4. The firms are price makers. Thus the firms have a downward sloping demand curve.
5. It is a realistic market.

Question 3.
Natural Monopoly and Social Monopoly.
Answer:
Natural Monopoly:

1. The monopoly power is acquired by a firm due to natural advantages such as good location, control over scarce resources, natural skill, talent, etc.
2. Natural monopoly is determined by the availability of natural resources or natural talents and skills.
3. Normally the monopolist would charge higher prices for the goods.
4. Main objective is to maximise profit.
5. Gulf countries monopolies in production of oil. India’s monopoly in production of jute and cotton. Lata Mangeshkar monopolised as a professional singer once upon a time.

Social Monopoly / Public Monopoly:

1. When government nationalises an industry and acquires complete control over its market that monopoly is called as social monopoly.
2. Social monopoly is determined by economic aims and objectives of the government.
3. Government may not charge higher prices keeping in mind the welfare aspect.
4. The main objective is to provide social welfare.
5. Public utility services like water supply, railway services etc., are examples of public monopoly.

Question 4.
Natural Monopoly and Legal Monopoly.
Answer:
Natural Monopoly:

1. The monopoly power acquired by a firm due to natural advantages such as good location, control over scarce resources or natural skill, etc.
2. The main objective of a natural monopolist is to maximise profits.
3. Monopoly due to location or may be old establishment like the TATA products or Godrej Locks, Cupboards etc., or an actor like Amir Khan.

Legal Monopoly:

1. It arises due to legal protection given to the producers by the government authorities.
2. The objective is to prevent the competitors from producing identical products.
3. Monopoly due to legal rights, conferred by the government such as patent right, copy right, trade marks etc.

Question 5.
Monopoly and Monopolistic Competition.
Answer:
Monopoly:

1. Monopoly is a market structure in which there is a single seller of a product which has no close substitute.
2. There is no competition.
3. There are strong barriers to entry.
4. The demand for the product is less elastic as there are no close substitute.
5. There is no selling cost incurred.
6. Firm and industry are identical.
7. Pure monopoly is an inelastic market.

Monopolistic Competition:

1. It is a market structure in which large number of firms produce and sell products that are differentiated but close substitutes.
2. There is competition among the firms producing very close substitutes.
3. There is free entry and exit for the firms.
4. Demand of the product is elastic as there are close substitutes for the product.
5. Selling cost has an important role in Monopolistic Market.
6. Under monopolistic competition firm and industry are not identical. They are a group.
7. It is a realistic market.

Question 6.
Perfect Competition and Imperfect Competition.
Answer:
Perfect Competition:

1. Perfect competition is a type of market where there are large number of firms producing homogeneous product.
2. Each seller is price taker.
3. Each individual firm controls only a small portion of the total supply.
4. Each seller and buyer has perfect knowledge about the market situation.
5. There are no types in perfect competitive market.

Imperfect Competition:

1. Imperfect competition is a type of market where the product produced by the sellers may be similar or differentiated.
2. Each seller is price maker.
3. Each seller may control more or less portion of the total supply.
4. Each seller and buyer may not have perfect knowledge about the market situation.
5. Examples of imperfect market are monopoly, oligopoly, monopolistic competition, etc.

Question 7.
Local Market and National Market.
Answer:
Local Market:

1. Local market is one in which goods are produced and sold mostly in local areas.
2. Generally, perishable goods like milk, vegetables and bulky goods like sand have local market.
3. Demand is limited in local market.
4. Less variety is available in this market.

National Market:

1. National Market is a domestic market in which goods are produced and sold within the country.
2. Generally goods demanded by common man like wheat, rice, soaps have national market.
3. Demand is very high in national market.
4. Huge variety is available in this market.

Question 8.
Short Period and Long Period.
Answer:
Short Period:

1. A short period is one during which the stock of a commodity can be changed to some extent.
2. This is done by changing the quantity of variable factors like labour and raw material.
3. Supply can be slightly adjusted to the change in demand.
4. Demand plays more important role in determining the price.
5. This period is usually upto 8-10 months.

Long Period:

1. A long period is one during which the stock of a commodity can be fully changed.
2. This is done by changing the size of the plant because all factors are variable.
3. Supply can be fully adjusted to the change in demand.
4. Supply plays more important role in determining the price.
5. This period is usually form 1 year to 4-5 years.

3. Answer the following questions;

Question 1.
Define market.
Answer:
In economics, ‘Market’ refers to an arrangement through which buyers and sellers come in close contact with each other directly or indirectly for exchange of goods at a particular price. Thus, market is a network of dealings between buyers and sellers.
According to Augustin Cournot, “Economist understand by the term market, not any particular market place in which things are bought and sold, but the whole of any region in which buyers and sellers are in such close contact with one another that prices of the same goods tend to equality, easily and quickly.”

Thus, market is said to exist when –

1. there are many buyers and sellers.
2. they may be spread either to a place, region, country or world.
3. goods are bought and sold at a price.
4. people have the knowledge about market price.
5. there is freedom of entry and exit of firms.

Question 2.
Classify the market on basis of place and explain.
Answer:
On the basis of place, market can be classified as follows :

1. Local Market : When the goods are produced and sold in the local area mainly due to the high transport cost are called local markets. For example bricks, stone, etc. Also perishable goods like fish, milk, etc. have local market.

2. National Market : Market confined to a domestic market in a country is called national market. E.g. cars, scooters, TV sets. These goods can be easily transported within the country.

3. International Market : Goods which can be sold in any part of the world have international market. E.g. Tea, cotton, petroleum. Such goods can be exported and imported at a low transport cost.

Question 3.
Classify the market on the basis of time and explain.
Answer:
On the basis of time market can be classified into following four types :

1. Very short period market: A very short period market is one during which supply of a commodity is fixed as it is already produced. This market is for a few days or maximum a week. So the price of the product is determined by demand. Eg. During festival time supply of fruits can be increased, so price rises.

2. Short period market : A short period market is said be a market upto one year. In this market supply of goods can be increased by increasing the variable factors like labour and raw material with the given fixed factors like machinery.

3. Long period market : A long period market is a market upto five years. In this J supply of a commodity can fully increased on demand as all factors of production can j be changed.

4. Very long period market : A very long period market is for more than five years. In this period there can be full adjustment of supply to demand.

Question 4.
Classify the market on the basis of competition and explain.
On the basis of competition, market can be { classified into two main types :
1. Perfect competition
2. Imperfect competition : It is further classified into.
(A) Monopoly
(B) Oligopoly
(C) Monopolistic Competition

According to Mrs. Joan Robinson, “Perfect competition prevails when the demand for the output of each producer is perfectly elastic. ” Hence, it is a market where there are large number of buyers and sellers engaged in buying and selling a homogeneous product at a single price in the market.
Imperfect competition:

(A) Monopoly: According to E. H. Chamberlin, “A monopoly refers to a single firm which has control over the supply of a product which has no close substitutes.” Hence, he can charge different prices from different buyers on the basis of demand.

(B) Oligopoly : An oligopoly is a market situation in which there are few sellers and a large number of buyers. Sellers may sell similar or different products which are close substitutes of each other.

(C) Monopolistic Competition : According to E. H. Chamberlin, “Monopolistic competition refers to competition among a large number of sellers producing close but not perfect substitutes.” Hence, this is a market which has features of both monopoly and perfect competition. E.g. for soaps, washing powders, etc.

Question 5.
What are the main features of Monopoly?
Answer:
Features of Monopoly:

1. Single Seller and Many Buyers : In
Monopoly market, there is only one seller or producer and many buyers. Monopoly firm does not have a rival in the market. So there is no competition.

2. No Close Substitute : The commodity produced by the monopolist does not have close substitutes. Hence they do not face any competition.

3. Entry Barriers : The fact that there is only one firm under monopoly means that other firms are restricted from entering the market. The entry barriers may be natural, legal or financial in nature.

4. Firm Coincides with Industry : In monopoly market, the firm and industry are one and the same. In other words, there is no distinction between firm and industry.

5. Price Maker : In monopoly the seller is a Trice Maker’. Since the monopolist has control over the supply he can determine the price of his product.

6. Profit Maximisation (super normal profit) : A monopolist earns super normal profit. His decision regarding the price and the level of output are guided by profit maximisation motive.

7. Control Over Supply : The monopolisthas a complete hold over market supply as he is the sole producer.
Price discrimination : This implies charging different prices for the same l product to different buyers.

Question 6.
What are the different types of monopoly?
Answer:
There are different types of monopoly as analysed below:

1. Natural Monopoly : A natural monopoly arises when a particular type of natural resource is located in a particular region like petrol or crude oil in Gulf countries. Also natural advantages such as good location, business reputation, age – old establishment s etc., confer natural monopoly. Similarly, many professional skills, natural talents give monopoly power. E.g. A singer or actor has monopoly of his skill, talent.

2. Legal Monopoly : Legal monopolies are those monopolies which are recognised by law. Legal protection granted by the Government in the form of trade mark, copy rights, license etc., give monopoly power to the firms. Here the potential competitors are not allowed to copy the product registered under the given brand names, patents or trade marks according to the law.

3. Joint Monopoly or Voluntary
Monopoly : This monopoly arises through mutual agreement and business combinations like the formation of cartels, syndicate, trust etc. For e.g. Oil producing nations have come together and formed a Cartel OPEC (Organisation of Petroleum Exporting Countries).

4. Simple Monopoly : A simple monopoly firm charges a uniform price for its product to all the buyers.

5. Discriminating Monopoly : A discriminating monopoly firm charges different prices for the same product to different buyers. E.g. a doctor, a teacher, a lawyer, etc., charges different fees from the people. The practice of charging different prices from different buyers is called “Price discrimination.”

6. Private Monopoly : When an individual or a private firm enjoys the monopoly of manufacturing and supplying a particular product, it is called private monopoly. The main aim of private monopolist is profit maximisation.

7. Public Monopoly : When a field of production is solely owned, controlled and operated by the government, it is regarded as public monopoly. Eg. Public utility service like Railways, Electricity, Water Supply etc. Since these monopolies are service motivated and welfare oriented they are also called welfare monopolies.

Question 7.
What are the features of Oligopoly?
Answer:
The term Oligopoly is derived from the Greek words ‘Oligo’ which means few and ‘Poly’ which means sellers. Hence, following are its features –

1. Many buyers and few sellers : There are many buyers and a few sellers or firms (may be five or six) who dominate the market and have major control over the price of a product.

2. Interdependence : Since the number of firms are less, any change in price, output, product etc. by one firm will affect the rival firms and will force them to change their price, output, etc. E.g. In case of Coke and Pepsi in soft drink market.

3. Selling cost or advertising : Each firm in order to sell more of its product takes aggressive steps to advertise or through free samples. This helps them to capture larger sales.

4. Barrier to entry : The firm can easily exit from the industry whenever it wants, but to enter a new industry it has certain entry barriers like government license, patent right, etc.

5. Uncertainty : There is a great uncertainty in this market if the rival firms join hands and may try to fight each other.

6. Lack of Uniformity : The firms may produce either homogeneous or differentiated products. Eg. In automobile industry, Maruti, Indica are examples of differentiated product but cooking gas of Bharat Petroleum and Hindustan Petroleum are examples of homogeneous product or pure oligopoly.

4. State with reasons whether you agree or disagree with the following statements:

Question 1.
Single price prevails in perfect competition.
Answer:
Yes, I agree with this statement.
Single price prevails under perfect competition because.

1. In perfect competition there are large number of buyers and sellers. A single seller nor a single buyer can influence the supply nor the demand and the price.
2. In perfect competitive market price is determined by the interaction of the forces of demand and supply.
3. Hence sellers and buyers are ‘Price takers’ only.
4. Products sold in perfectly competitive market are homogeneous, and hence uniform or single price rules throughout the market for that product and also there is no selling cost incurred.
5. There is perfect knowledge on the part of buyers and sellers about market conditions, which prevents price – discrimination, so single price prevails.
6. Transport costs are ignored under perfect competition. If transport costs are involved then the prices of homogeneous goods would tend to differ.

Question 2.
Price discrimination is possible under monopoly.
Answer:
Yes, I agree with this statement.
Price discrimination is possible under Monopoly because :

1. Monopoly is a market situation where there is only one seller who has complete control over the supply of commodity.
2. So he is the price maker and also there is no close substitute for his product.
3. Therefore, the buyer has no alternative but to buy the product from the monopolist or go without it.
4. So a monopolist can charge different prices from different buyers for the same product.
5. Generally he charges higher price from rich and lower price frpm poor.
6. E.g. a doctor in a village may charge less fees from poor and high fees from rich.

Question 3.
Selling cost is incurred by a firm in Monopolistic Competition.
OR
In Monopolistic market, the selling cost is must.
Answer:
Yes, I agree with this statement.
Selling cost is incurred by a firm in Monopolistic Competition because –

1. Monopolistic competition is a market where there are many sellers selling differentiated products which are substitutes for each other.
2. So there is an element of ‘Monopoly’ and ‘Competition.’
3. There is keen competition among group of monopolists producing same, though not identical product. So selling costs are incurred to increase the demand for the product.
4. Selling costs are those costs which are incurred by the firms to create demand and increase the demand for its product through advertisements, publicity, salesmanship, etc.
5. The main purpose of selling cost is to push up the sales of the product.
6. The buyers in this market buy the product not by chance but by choice and preference. The advertisements, salesmanship etc can change the preference of the consumer towards their product.

Question 4.
A monopolist cannot control the supply of goods.
OR
Monopolist is price maker.
Answer:
No, I do not agree with this statement. A monopolist can control the supply of goods because –

1. Monopoly is a market situation in which there is a single producer or seller of a product, which has no substitute.
2. It means the entire production and supply of a particular product is in the hands of a single firm. Thus monopoly firm does not have a rival in the market. So he controls the supply.
3. There is no distinction between a firm and an industry under monopoly.
4. He is a price maker and normally fixes a higher price for profit maximisation.

Question 5.
Sellers and buyers are the price takers j in Perfect Competition.
Answer:
Yes, I agree with this statement.

1. In perfect competition, there are large number of sellers.
2. Individual seller contributes only a fraction of the total market supply.
3. Similarly, there are large number of buyers.
4. The individual buyers contribute only a fraction of the total market demand.
5. Thus, a single seller or single buyer cannot influence the market price.
6. The market price is determined by an interaction of market demand and market supply, which has to be accepted by the buyers and sellers.
7. Therefore, a large number of sellers and buyers in a perfect competition are the price – takers.

Question 6.
The existence of Perfect Competition is an unrealistic concept. (Oct.’05)
Answer:
Yes, I agree with this statement.

1. Perfect competition is based on certain fundamental assumptions, which are hard to realise because such ideal conditions are not found in real life.
2. In real economic world, products are not homogeneous. Products are differentiated due to influence of advertisement, difference in quality, design, packing etc.
3. Due to ignorance the buyers and sellers do not possess perfect knowledge of market conditions.
4. This leads to imperfect competition and discriminatory price for identical product.
5. Customs and sentiments, also curtail the freedom of buyers and sellers.
6. Also due to social and moral constraints factors of production particularly labour is imperfectly mobile.
7. For all these reasons perfect competition is a myth. It is an unrealistic market.

Question 7.
Monopolistic Competition is not found in real life.
OR
Monopolistic Competition does not enjoys practical existence. (Mar., ’09)
Answer:
No, I do not agree with this statement.
OR In reality, there is monopolistic competition.
Answer:
Yes, I agree with this statement.

1. In real world we find a market in which the characteristics of both Monopoly and Competition are interwoven.
2. For instance we find in the market many producers producing same product ‘Soap’ but it is not homogeneous.
3. The soap for example produced by Hindustan Lever and ITC and Proctor & Gamble is slightly different in shape, size, fragrance etc., like Lux is different from Dove and Vivel.
4. Each producer is the monopolist in a way of his own brand value but has to face competition from his rival.
5. All these producers compete with each other in selling soaps.
6. Thus monopolistic competition is found in real life.

Question 8.
A seller is a price maker in monopoly.
Answer:
Yes, I agree with this statement.

1. In monopoly market there is a single seller of a product. The aim of the monopolist is to earn maximum profit.
2. Being a single seller, the monopolist has complete control over the market supply.
3. The monopolist can thus have control over the price. He is, thus, a price maker.

Question 9.
Public Monopoly is welfare oriented.
Answer:
Yes, I agree with this statement.

• Public Monopoly is solely owned, operated and controlled by the Government.
• Government owned firm provide utility service. It does not aim at profit but welfare maximisation.
• Utility services like the Railways, banks, water supply etc., if left to the private firms will lead to exploitation.
• This is because such services have inelastic demand, so if it is left to private firm they will charge high prices.

Question 10.
Perishable goods have local market.
Answer:
Yes, I agree with this statement.
Perishable goods have local market because:

• Market confined to a particular area or locality like a village or town is called local market.
• Perishable goods are those goods which last for 2-3 days e.g. Goods like fish, milk, fruits, vegetables, flowers, etc. usually have local market.
• Since, such goods are get destroyed soon and if transported to far off markets places, transport cost would also be high, increasing the cost of goods.
  Hence, perishable goods usually have local market.

Question 11.
Market in Economic is a place where goods are bought and sold.
Answre:
No, I do not agree with this statement.

1. In common language, the term market is generally understood as a place buyers and sellers meet to buy and sell the commodities.
2. For market to exist, there should be arrangement through which buyers and sellers come in close contact with each other directly or indirectly for exchange of goods and services.
3. This exchange may be by way of telephone, tele-marketing, internet all over the world.

5. Answer in detail:

Question 1.
What are the features / characteristics / conditions / assumptions / peculiarities of perfect competition?
Answer:

(1) Perfect Mobility of Factors of Production : Factors of production that is land, labour, capital are perfectly free to move from one firm to another or from one industry to another from one region to another or from one occupation to another. This ensures freedom of entry and exit for individuals and firms.

(2) Single / Uniform Price : There exists a single price for homogeneous product in the entire market at a given point of time. The price is determined by forces of demand and supply.

(3) Large Numbers of ellers : There are many sellers in this market. The number of sellers (firms) are so large that a single seller cannot influence the market price nor the total output in the market (Industry). The contribution of one seller is insignificant and microscopic. The price in the market is determined by the forces of market demand and market supply. Hence, a firm or seller is a ‘price taker’ and not a ‘price maker.’

(4) Homogeneous Product : The products produced by all the firms in the industry are identical and are perfect substitute to each other. The products are identical in shape, size, colour, etc. and hence uniform price rules the market for the product.

(5) Large Number of Buyers : There are large number of buyers in the market. One individual buyer’s demand is only a small fraction of total market demand so he is not in a position to influence the price. He is a price taker.

(6) No Government Intervention : It is assumed that the government does not interfere with the working of market economy. There are no tariffs, subsidies, licensing policy or other government interventions. This non – intervention of government is necessary to permit free entry of firms and automatic adjustment of demand and supply. In short, laissez faire policy prevails under perfect

(7) Perfect Knowledge : There is perfect knowledge on the part of buyers and sellers regarding the market conditions especially regarding market price. As a result no buyer will pay a higher price than the market price and no seller will charge a lower price than the market price. So a single price would prevail for a commodity in the entire market.

(8) Free Entry and Free Exit : There is freedom for new firms or sellers to enter the industry or market. There are no legal, j economic or any other type of restrictions or; barriers for new firms to enter the industry or an existing firms to quit the industry, Entry of new firm usually takes place j when existing firms enjoy abnormal profit. Similarly, existing firms quit the industry when they face losses.

(9) No Transport Cost: It is assumed that all firms are close to the market and hence there  is no transport cost. If the transport cost are added to the price of product then the homogeneous commodity will have different prices depending upon the distance from the place of supply to the market

Question 2.
How is the equilibrium price determined under perfect competition?
Answre:
Under perfect competition price is determined by the two forces of Demand and Supply. The interaction of demand and supply determines the equilibrium price of a commodity in the market. Equilibrium price is that price at which quantity demanded is equal to the quantity supplied. According to Marshall, demand and supply are like two blades of a pair of scissors. Just as the cutting of cloth is not possible without the use of both the blades, the equilibrium price of a commodity cannot be determined either by the force of demand or supply alone. Both together determine the price. This can be explained with the help of a table and a graph.

From the above table, we see that at price of ₹50 and ₹40 per unit, the supply is more than demand. This is because more sellers want to supply at higher prices due to greater profit margin but buyer’s demand is less at a higher price, so there is excess supply (i.e. S >D). Here the number of sellers are more than buyers, the competition among sellers will put a downward pressure on price. The price will fall to ₹30 as a result supply will contract and demand will expand. Now at ?30, the demand becomes equal to supply (D = S). So ₹30 is called the equilibrium price.

Now suppose the market price is ₹10, or ₹20 per unit, which is less than the equilibrium price, the demand is greater i.e. 500 and 400 units than supply which is 100 and 200 units (D > S). There is excess of demand because buyers want to buy more at a lower price but sellers want to sell less as the profit margin is less. Hence there will be shortage of supply. Now, since the buyers are more the competition among buyers will put a upward pressure on the price, so the price rises to ₹30.

Here, some of the sellers will exit the market due to the high cost of production and low market price, which lowers the profit margin. But there will be entry of new buyers with low marginal utility. So demand rises and becomes equal to supply. ₹30 will prevail in the market as long as demand and supply conditions remain the same. It is a stable price where quantity demanded and supplied is 300 units.

When the above demand and supply) schedule is represented graphically, we get S demand curve DD sloping downward and supply curve SS sloping upward.

The demand curve DD intersects the; supply curve SS at point E at which the c equilibrium price determined is OP and OQ is equilibrium quantity demanded and supplied.

If the price is OP₁ which is higher than the equilibrium price OP there is excess s supply i.e. ab. This will force the prices to ( fall downward from seller side. If the price ) falls to OP₂ below the equilibrium price OP there is excess demand i.e. cd. This willforce the price to rise upward. In this way the equilibrium price OP is determined by forces of demand and supply. At equilibrium price quantity demanded is equal to quantity supplied i.e. OQ.

Question 3.
What are features of monopolistic competition?
Answer:
Features of Monopolistic Competition

(1) Fairly large number of Sellers : There are large number of sellers selling closely related, but not identical products. There is tough competition among sellers. An individual seller supply is just a small part of the total supply, so he has limited degree l of control over market supply and price. Each firm (seller) can formulate its own price and output policy independently.

(2) Fairly large number of Buyers: There are large numbers of buyers in a monopolistic competition market. Each buyer enjoys his preference over a particular brand and chooses to buy a specific brand of product. Hence, the buying is by choice and not by chance.

(3) Product Differentiation : The most distinguishing feature of monopolistic competition is that the product produced by different firms are not identical, they are slightly different from each other but they are close substitutes. The product differentiation can be done in different ways like may be in the form of brand names say Raymonds. It can be differentiated in terms of colour, size, design, etc., say soap, mobiles etc., or through sales technique. For e.g. cars, two wheelers, air conditioners, etc.

(4) Free Entry of Firms: A firm is free to enter the market as there are no entry barriers. Similarly there are no restrictions if the firm wants to quit the market. Freedom of entry leads to occurrence of only normal profit in the long run.

(5) Selling Cost : One of the special features of monopolistic competition is the selling cost. Selling costs are those costs, which are incurred by firms to create more and more demand for its products through advertisement, salesmanship, free samples, exhibitions, etc.

(6) Downward Sloping Elastic Demand Curve : The demand curve faced by each firm is downward sloping and comparatively more elastic. It implies that an individual firm can sell more only by reducing the price.

(7) Concept of Group : Under monopolistic competition, Prof. E. H. Chamberlin introduced the concept of group in place of Marshallian concept of industry. Industry means a number of firms producing identical products. A group means a number of firms producing differentiated product, which are close substitutes.

Question 4.
What is monopoly? Explain the features of monopoly.
Answer:
Monopoly: According to E. H. Chamberlin, “A monopoly refers to a single firm which has control over the supply of a product which has no close substitutes.” Hence, he can charge different prices from different buyers on the basis of demand.

Features of Monopoly:

1. Single Seller and Many Buyers : In
Monopoly market, there is only one seller or producer and many buyers. Monopoly firm does not have a rival in the market. So there is no competition.

2. No Close Substitute : The commodity produced by the monopolist does not have close substitutes. Hence they do not face any competition.

3. Entry Barriers : The fact that there is only one firm under monopoly means that other firms are restricted from entering the market. The entry barriers may be natural, legal or financial in nature.

4. Firm Coincides with Industry : In monopoly market, the firm and industry are one and the same. In other words, there is no distinction between firm and industry.

5. Price Maker : In monopoly the seller is a Trice Maker’. Since the monopolist has control over the supply he can determine the price of his product.

6. Profit Maximisation (super normal profit) : A monopolist earns super normal profit. His decision regarding the price and the level of output are guided by profit maximisation motive.

7. Control Over Supply : The monopolisthas a complete hold over market supply as he is the sole producer.
Price discrimination : This implies charging different prices for the same l product to different buyers.

Question 5.
Define perfect competition and explain price determination under perfect competition.
Answer:
According to Mrs. Joan Robinson, “Perfect competition prevails when the demand for the output of each producer is perfectly elastic. ” Hence, it is a market where there are large number of buyers and sellers engaged in buying and selling a homogeneous product at a single price in the market.
Imperfect competition:

Under perfect competition price is determined by the two forces of Demand and Supply. The interaction of demand and supply determines the equilibrium price of a commodity in the market. Equilibrium price is that price at which quantity demanded is equal to the quantity supplied. According to Marshall, demand and supply are like two blades of a pair of scissors. Just as the cutting of cloth is not possible without the use of both the blades, the equilibrium price of a commodity cannot be determined either by the force of demand or supply alone. Both together determine the price. This can be explained with the help of a table and a graph.

From the above table, we see that at price of ₹50 and ₹40 per unit, the supply is more than demand. This is because more sellers want to supply at higher prices due to greater profit margin but buyer’s demand is less at a higher price, so there is excess supply (i.e. S >D). Here the number of sellers are more than buyers, the competition among sellers will put a downward pressure on price. The price will fall to ₹30 as a result supply will contract and demand will expand. Now at ?30, the demand becomes equal to supply (D = S). So ₹30 is called the equilibrium price.

Now suppose the market price is ₹10, or ₹20 per unit, which is less than the equilibrium price, the demand is greater i.e. 500 and 400 units than supply which is 100 and 200 units (D > S). There is excess of demand because buyers want to buy more at a lower price but sellers want to sell less as the profit margin is less. Hence there will be shortage of supply. Now, since the buyers are more the competition among buyers will put a upward pressure on the price, so the price rises to ₹30.

Here, some of the sellers will exit the market due to the high cost of production and low market price, which lowers the profit margin. But there will be entry of new buyers with low marginal utility. So demand rises and becomes equal to supply. ₹30 will prevail in the market as long as demand and supply conditions remain the same. It is a stable price where quantity demanded and supplied is 300 units.

When the above demand and supply) schedule is represented graphically, we get S demand curve DD sloping downward and supply curve SS sloping upward.

The demand curve DD intersects the; supply curve SS at point E at which the c equilibrium price determined is OP and OQ is equilibrium quantity demanded and supplied.

If the price is OP₁ which is higher than the equilibrium price OP there is excess s supply i.e. ab. This will force the prices to ( fall downward from seller side. If the price ) falls to OP₂ below the equilibrium price OP there is excess demand i.e. cd. This willforce the price to rise upward. In this way the equilibrium price OP is determined by forces of demand and supply. At equilibrium price quantity demanded is equal to quantity supplied i.e. OQ.

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Class 12 Sociology Important Questions Chapter 4 Processes of Social Change in India Important Questions and Answers.

Maharashtra State Board 12th Sociology Important Questions Chapter 4 Processes of Social Change in India

1A. Complete the following statements by choosing the correct alternative given in the brackets and rewrite it.

Question 1.
___________ is the process of the use of unbiotic power for the mass production of goods. (digitalisation, urbanisation, industrialisation)
Answer:
industrialization

Question 2.
Process of industrialization spread from ___________ to other regions of the world. (Asia, Europe, Australia)
Answer:
Europe

Question 3.
In the process of ___________ human society is transformed from a state pre-industrial to an industrial. (urbanisation, modernisation, industrialisation)
Answer:
industrialisation

Question 4.
The development of industries led to the of workplaces. (urbanisation, digitalisation, mechanisation)
Answer:
mechanisation

Question 5.
The use of precision techniques and accuracy in production is required in ___________ (mechanisation, computerisation, capital)
Answer:
mechanisation

Question 6.
In the process of mechanisation workers led to feel ___________ from the process of production. (alienated, integrated, neutral)
Answer:
alienated

Question 7.
The high mechanization and automation of industrial processes naturally depend on ___________ resources available. (social, financial, natural)
Answer:
financial

Question 8.
Industries required skilled workforce and ___________ of apprentices at the workplace. (specific training, unskill, eatables)
Answer:
specific training

Question 9.
Early industries required skilled and unskilled ___________ workforce to complete various tasks at all levels. (animal, human, machines)
Answer:
human

Question 10.
Special institutes like ___________ are established to impart technical education and also for professional education. (management training, urbanisation, modernisation)
Answer:
management training

Question 11.
Industrialisation led to ___________ on the basis of specialisation and expertise. (capital, labour, division of labour)
Answer:
division of labour

Question 12.
Modern ___________ was a result of industrialisation. (education, facilities, urbanisation)
Answer:
urbanisation

Question 13.
___________ is a typical feature of urban living. (urbanism, rural, tribal)
Answer:
urbanism

Question 14.
Urbanisation is a ___________ way process. (two, three, four)
Answer:
two

Question 15.
Urbanisation consists of large ___________ number of people from rural to urban areas. (outward flow, overflow, inward flow)
Answer:
inward flow

Question 16.
The gradual emergence of factories led to the ___________ of people from rural and tribal areas, to the factory locations. (communication, migration, specialisation)
Answer:
migration

Question 17.
The flux of people for the purpose of employment has resulted in cities getting ___________ (overpopulated, less dense, shut down)
Answer:
overpopulated

Question 18.
Overpopulated cities are expanding and turning into ___________ such as Mumbai, Pune. (rural, metropolises, tribal)
Answer:
metropolises

Question 19.
The place of residence and one’s place of which work drift apart with the passage of time which means ___________ (a division of labour, spatial segregation, capital intensive)
Answer:
spatial segregation

Question 20.
Urbanisation led to a ___________ gathering of people of different gender, sexuality, caste, creed, class, language and so forth. (homogeneous, barriers, heterogeneous)
Answer:
heterogeneous

Question 21.
Urbanism as a ___________ of life. (solution, way, tradition)
Answer:
way

Question 22.
Secondary modes of security control in urban areas are ___________ (law, belief, morals)
Answer:
law

Question 23.
Division of labour is based on one’s ___________ and ___________ (skills and expertise, knowledge and experience, limitations and unskilled)
Answer:
skills and expertise

Question 24.
The term modernisation was coined by ___________ (Anderson, Daniel Lerner, Giddens)
Answer:
Daniel Lerner

Question 25.
___________ is the application of modern science to human affairs. (Globalisation, Digitalisation, Modernisation)
Answer:
Modernisation

Question 26.
Self-criticism, willingness to introspect critically, is also an aspect of ___________ thinking. (logical, critical, analytical)
Answer:
critical

Question 27.
___________ means the approach and ability to provide logical explanations for any phenomenon. (rationalism, science, art)
Answer:
rationalism

Question 28.
Scientific reasoning explains ___________ relationships between factors. (mortal, casual, immortal)
Answer:
Causal

Question 29.
Being ‘modern’ cannot be limited to only using modern devices or gadgets but there should be a willingness to receive ___________ ideas. (new, old, superstitious)
Answer:
new

Question 30.
The new economic policy means ___________ policy. (PNG, LPG, CNG)
Answer:
LPG

Question 31.
LPG stands for Liberalisation, Privatisation and ___________ (Googlisation, Globalisation, Geometrisation)
Answer:
Globalisation

Question 32.
Process of ___________ opened up the skies for Indian economy. (modernisation, digitalisation, globalisation)
Answer:
globalisation

Question 33.
This new economic policy brought in much ___________ and criticism. (superstitions, beliefs, skepticism)
Answer:
skepticism

Question 34.
The principle of ___________ is an integral part of globalisation as a process of change. (laissez faire, loss, profit)
Answer:
laissezfaire

Question 35.
___________ is a process where government control services are opened up for private service providers. (privatisation, marketisation, globalisation)
Answer:
privatisation

Question 36.
Privatisation has encouraged many service providers to indulge in ___________ (donation, profiteering, social service)
Answer:
profiteering

Question 37.
Privatisation is mainly oriented to ___________ (production, marketing, profits)
Answer:
profits

Question 38.
Globalisation led to increase in production, this in turn has led to large-scale ___________ (marketisation, privatisation, liberalisation)
Answer:
marketisation

Question 39.
The term ___________ was coined by Capgemini and MIT. (bhakti movement, digital transformation, laissez-faire)
Answer:
digital transformation

Question 40.
___________ has led to frequent changes in business models. (consumerism, digitalisation, materialistic)
Answer:
digitalisation

Question 41.
Now a days we use ___________ for various purposes such as production, surgery, robotics etc. (artificial intelligence (AI), machines, capital)
Answer:
artificial intelligence (AI)

Question 42.
___________ has escalated the speed of the processes with a far greater extent of accuracy. (industrialisation, modernisation, digitalisation)
Answer:
digitalisation

Question 43.
___________ is based on technology, innovation, research and development. (modernisation, urbanisation, digitalisation)
Answer:
digitalisation

Question 44.
In the field of education, we are working towards ___________ technology for the purpose of education in the 21st century. (integrating, managing, old)
Answer:
integrating

Question 45.
Industrialization with the growth of cities has caused the breakdown of the ___________ (nuclear families, joint families, marriage)
Answer:
joint families

Question 46.
India is now an integral part of the ___________ economy. (personal, social, global,)
Answer:
global

Question 47.
___________ and ___________ has opened up a range of options to the user with a click of button. (computerisation and digitalisation, modernisation and urbanisation, transportation and communication)
Answer:
computerisation and digitalisation

Question 48.
Digitization has increased ___________ networking. (cultural, economic, social)
Answer:
social

1B. Correct the incorrect pair and rewrite it.

Question 1.
(a) Growth Of industries – Industrialisation
(b) Alienated from the process of production – Mechanisation
(c) Extent of mechanization and automation depend on – Finances
(d) Skilled workforce – Capital
Answer:
(d) Skilled workforce – Specific Training

Question 2.
(a) Formation of economic classes – Industrialisation
(b) Industrial expansion – Modernisation
(c) Tasks assigned on the basis of – Division of labour
(d) Emergence of metropolis – Urbanisation
Answer:
(b) Industrial expansion – Spatial Segregation

Question 3.
(a) Metropolises – Mumbai, Pune
(b) Heterogenous gathering of people – Urbanisation
(c) Secondary modes of security control – Family
(d) A way of life – Urbanism
Answer:
(c) Secondary modes of security control – Law, city traffic signal, police, etc

Question 4.
(a) Based on one’s skills of expertise – Division of labour
(b) Modernisation – Daniel Lerner
(c) Scientific reasoning – Causal Relationships
(d) Shift to secular and rational values from spiritual values – Nationalism
Answer:
(d) Shift to secular and rational values from spiritual values – Rationalism

Question 5.
(a) Scepticism and criticism – Self-criticism
(b) Technological advancement – Industrialisation
(c) Ability to explain the constructive and destructive aspect – Critical thinking
(d) New economic policy – LPG
Answer:
(a) Scepticism and criticism – New economic policy

Question 6.
(a) Free trade and free competition – Laissez Faire
(b) Private service provider – Insurance, radio, etc.
(c) Increase production need – Distribution
(d) To make max profit – Privatisation
Answer:
(c) Increase production need – Marketisation

Question 7.
(a) Increased consumerism – Large production
(b) Sharing of resources – Nationalist movement
(c) Materialistic – Globalisation
(d) All nations interdependent – Global economy
Answer:
(b) Sharing of resources – Technological outsourcing

Question 8.
(a) Use of digital technology – Digitalisation
(b) Digital transformation – Capgemini and MIT
(c) Use of computers – Computerisation
(d) Technology-driven – Rural
Answer:
(d) Technology-driven – Digitalisation

Question 9.
(a) Migration of people from rural to urban – Westernisation
(b) Developed scientific temperament – Modernisation
(c) India is part of the global economy – Globalisation
(d) Impact of computers on various aspects of life – Digitalisation
Answer:
(a) Migration of people from rural to urban – Urbanisation

1C. Identify the appropriate term from the given options in the box and rewrite it against the given statement.

Rational Outlook, Factory System, Division of Labour, Technological Advancement, Digitalisation, Mechanisation, Labour Intensive System, Global Economy, Marketisation, Industrialisation, Capital Intensive, Industrial Growth, Law and City Police, etc., Liberal Principle, Urbanisation, Modernisation, Scientific Temperament, Critical Thinking, Laissez-Faire, Profiteering, Interdependence, Outsourcing, Capgemini of MIT, Digitalisation, Computerisation.

Question 1.
Establishment of large factories for the purpose of production.
Answer:
Factory System

Question 2.
Use of heavy machines and techniques for the production of goods and services.
Answer:
Mechanisation

Question 3.
In industrialisation extent of automation and mechanisation.
Answer:
Capital Intensive

Question 4.
The need for skilled force at the workplace.
Answer:
Labour Intensive System

Question 5.
Individuals’ qualities, skills, efficiency, education, and training are the determinants.
Answer:
Division of Labour

Question 6.
A process of migration of rural population to urban areas.
Answer:
Urbanisation

Question 7.
Advanced means of commutation are the pre-requisites.
Answer:
Industrial Growth

Question 8.
Means of secondary control.
Answer:
Law and City Police etc.

Question 9.
Daniel Lerner coined the term.
Answer:
Modernisation

Question 10.
The development of a scientific way of understanding and explaining any phenomenon.
Answer:
Scientific Temperament

Question 11.
The approach and ability to provide logical explanations for any phenomenon.
Answer:
Rational Outlook

Question 12.
Use of advanced technology in industries.
Answer:
Technological Advancement

Question 13.
Ability to explain the constructive and destructive aspects of a phenomenon.
Answer:
Critical Thinking

Question 14.
Opening up of the economy to private players.
Answer:
Liberal Principle

Question 15.
Free trade and free competition.
Answer:
Laissez-Faire

Question 16.
Privatisation has encouraged many service providers to indulge in it.
Answer:
Profiteering

Question 17.
Increase in production results in large scale of.
Answer:
Marketization

Question 18.
Parts of a product being manufactured in one country and assembled in faraway places is an example of.
Answer:
Interdependence

Question 19.
It has made all people and nations interdependent.
Answer:
Global Economy

Question 20.
People go beyond geographical borders, to perform specific tasks without moving out from their location.
Answer:
Outsourcing

Question 21.
The integration of digital technologies into everyday life.
Answer:
Digitalisation

Question 22.
The term ‘digital transformation’ was coined by.
Answer:
Capgemini of MIT

Question 23.
Expansion of the use of computers in all walks of life.
Answer:
Computerisation

1D. Correct the underlined words and complete the statement.

Question 1.
Social change means a change in social life.
Answer:
Social change means a change in social structure.

Question 2.
The domestic production system is replaced by traders.
Answer:
The domestic production system is replaced by a factory system.

Question 3.
The process of industrialisation was started in India.
Answer:
The process of industrialisation was started in Europe.

Question 4.
Industrialisation leads to agrarianism.
Answer:
Industrialisation leads to urbanisation.

Question 5.
Urbanisation is a process of migration of rural populations to tribal areas.
Answer:
Urbanisation is a process of migration of rural population to urban areas.

Question 6.
Daniel Lerner coined the term industrialisation.
Answer:
Daniel Lerner coined the term modernisation.

Question 7.
Urbanism is a way of society.
Answer:
Urbanism is a way of life.

Question 8.
Urbanisation implies controls and obligations by traditional bodies.
Answer:
Urbanisation implied controls and obligations by civil administrations.

Question 9.
Industrialisation leads to unity.
Answer:
Industrialisation leads to urbanisation.

Question 10.
Urbanisation leads to homogeneity.
Answer:
Urbanisation leads to heterogeneity.

Question 11.
Industrialisation is a process whereby human energy to produce was replaced by the social process for higher production.
Answer:
Industrialisation is a process whereby human energy to produce was replaced by mechanical processes for higher production.

Question 12.
This is the era of computerisation and modernisation.
Answer:
This is the era of computerisation and digitalisation.

Question 13.
Digitalisation is based on belief.
Answer:
Digitalisation is based on technology.

Question 14.
The main aim of digitalisation is the importance of the material.
Answer:
The main aim of digitalisation is important to customers.

Question 15.
The principle of‘Laissez-Faire’ is an integral aspect of medicines.
Answer:
The principle of ‘Laissez-Faire’ is an integral aspect of globalisation.

Question 16.
The principle of ‘Laissez-Faire’ is originally a Greek term.
Answer:
The principle of ‘Laissez-Faire’ is originally a French term.

Question 17.
Being ‘modern’ means openness to traditional ideas.
Answer:
Being ‘modern’ means openness to new ideas.

Question 18.
Self- criticism, willingness to introspect critically is also an aspect of spiritual thinking.
Answer:
Self-criticism, willingness to introspect critically is also an aspect of critical thinking.

Question 19.
Globalisation involves two processes like liberalisation and generalisation.
Answer:
Globalisation involves two processes like liberalisation and privatisation.

Question 20.
Globalisation is the process of the creation of a global city.
Answer:
Globalisation is the process of the creation of a global economy.

Question 21.
Globalisation is a process that ‘opened up the skies’ for the Japanese economy.
Answer:
Globalisation is a process that ‘opened up the skies’ for the Indian economy.

Question 22.
The flux of people from all over the country to urban areas has resulted in cities getting popular.
Answer:
The flux of people from all over the country to urban areas has resulted in cities getting overpopulated.

Question 23.
Industrialisation is the way by which people go beyond geographical borders, without moving out from their location.
Answer:
Outsourcing is the way by which people go beyond geographical borders without moving out from their location.

Question 24.
Digital transformation means radically improving knowledge.
Answer:
Digital transformation means radically improving performance.

Question 25.
Maintain individual privacy in the web world is a great challenge in urbanisation.
Answer:
Maintaining individual privacy in the web world is a great challenge in digitalisation.

Question 26.
Due to growth in newer technologies business modules get frequent repetitions.
Answer:
Due to growth in newer technologies business modules get frequent changes.

Question 27.
Cap Gemini is a Spanish data processing company.
Answer:
Cap Gemini is a French data processing company.

2. Write short notes.

Question 1.
Privatisation/Private enterprise
Answer:

• Privatisation signifies the process wherein, the government transfers ownership, management, and control of the public sector enterprises to the private sector entities.
• Allows the private sector to set up industries in the field earlier reserved for the public sector.
• Privatisation has substantially reduced the role of the government in economic activities.
• Privatisation is an allied process that accompanies globalisation.
• Under the process of privatisation, reducing the involvement of the state in economic activities and increasing the involvement of the private sector are expected.
• The government has been thereby trying to mobilise resources for improving the efficiency of the remaining public sector units.
• Under the policy of globalisation, various countries have adopted the process of privatisation.

Question 2.
Liberalisation/Liberal Principle
Answer:

• Liberalisation implies the withdrawal of restrictions on industry and business.
• It also means opening up the economy to private players.
• It has more reliance on ‘Laissez-Faire’ means free trade and free competition.
• It encourages foreign trade by a reduction in the tariff rates.
• Adopting uniform exchange rate.
• Removal of import/export duties.
• Duty-free access to foreign goods and services.

Question 3.
Negative Impact of globalisation
Answer:

• There is a considerable increase in the immigration of the young technocrats to the developed countries, leaving behind aging parents.
• There is an increase in the family arguments and break up of more and more marriages and families.
• The role of the state has been greatly curtailed in economic activities.
• The role of the state-owned, managed, and controlled public sector has also been curtailed by privatisation and disinvestment.
• The state also withdrawing from essential social services like health insurance and education by means of privatisation.
• There is the cultural invasion of western culture. The traditional value and norms of behaviour have slackened up.
• Consumerism and the pursuit of materialist culture are increasing.
• The conflict of traditional and modern values has threatened the traditional culture of India.

Question 4.
Modernisation
Answer:

• It is a process of social transformation.
• It develops new attitudes, new values, and social relationships. There is a shift to secular and rational values from spiritual-religious values.
• It has paved a way for developing a scientific temperament. Emphasis has been set on the need for empirical evidence in support of given arguments.
• It encompasses social, economic, political, religious, and intellectual changes. There is a willingness to receive new ideas, to examine daily events, literature, culture, art, customs, beliefs from a critical point of view.
• Modernisation is a current term of an old process of social change.

3. Write differences.

Question 1.
Liberalisation and Globalisation
Answer:

Liberalisation	Globalisation
(i) Meaning: Liberalisation refers to the removal of undue restrictions and eliminations of bureaucratic controls on productive activities and paves the way for economic development.	(i) Meaning: Globalisation refers to the integration of the domestic economy with the world economy.
(ii) Liberalisation is a means to achieve globalisation. e.g. reduction in tariff is a liberal measure.	(ii) Globalisation can be realised through external liberalisation. e.g. if the tariff is reduced, transfer of resources, goods, etc., can be made easier.
(iii) Effect: Liberalisation has given a boost to foreign trades.	(iii) Effect: Globalisation has led to the increase in foreign direct investment and technical collaboration.
(iv) Manifestations: Abolishing industrial licenses, scrapping the MRTP limit, etc., are the measures adopted to liberate the Indian economy.	(iv) Manifestations: Relaxing the FEAR/FEMA regulations, eliminating the trade barriers, providing tax concessions and other incentives to the foreign investors.

Question 2.
Globalisation and Privatisation
Answer:

Globalisation	Privatisation
(i) Globalisation refers to “all those processes by which the people of the world are incorporated, into a single world society.”	(i) Privatisation means “transferring of ownership rights from public sector to the private sector”.
(ii) Eliminating the trade barriers, relaxing the FERA/FEMA regulations, and other incentives to the foreign investors.	(ii) The policy of disinvestment is adopted to privatise the public sector enterprises.
(iii) Globalisation leads to sharing of resources, goods, and capital across the country.	(iii) The public sector enterprises are taken over by the private sector. It enables the country to improve the efficiency of these enterprises.
(iv) It has adversely affected agriculture and is a cause of misery in the rural area.	(iv) Their policies lead to an increase in unemployment.

Question 3.
Privatisation and Liberalisation
Answer:

Privatisation	Liberalisation
(i) Privatisation means reducing the involvement of the public sector and increasing the involvement of the private sector in the country’s economic activities.	(i) Liberalisation means reducing or relaxing unnecessary restrictions over economic activities.
(ii) The policy of reduction investment is adopted to privatise the public sector.	(ii) Automatic approval to the foreign technology, providing tax concessions and other incentives to the foreign investors, etc.
(iii) The public sector enterprises are taken over by the private sector. It enables the country to improve the efficiency of these enterprises.	(iii) Liberalisation has given a boost to the industries in the private sector and given momentum to the industrial development of India.
(iv) Their policies lead to an increase in unemployment.	(iv) It has encouraged the culture of consumerism.

4. Explain the following concepts with examples.

Question 1.
Industrialisation
Answer:

• The process of industrialisation was started in England in the 17th and 18th Centuries.
• Industrialisation means the process whereby human energy to produce was replaced by mechanical processes and machines to enable higher production.
• The village population migrated to the industrial centres in the search of employment.
• Industrialisation signifies the mechanisation of the production process, growth of industries, division of labour and specialisation, capital and labour intensive, etc.
• Due to industrialisation decline in the Baluta system, the emergence of industry-oriented economy, the emergence of the class system, etc.
• Examples:
  • Industrial hubs like Mumbai, Pune, Bangalore.
  • The transformation of an urban area into an IT hub is an example of industrialisation.

Question 2.
Modernisation
Answer:

• The term modernisation was coined by Daniel Lerner.
• Modernisation is the process where there is the use of scientific and rational thinking that is deep-seated.
• Modernisation has led to changes in values, beliefs, and norms.
• Modernisation is a process of transformation from traditional society to technological modern society.
• It is a notion of rationalism and the ability to provide scientific and logical explanations for any phenomenon.
• Being ‘Modern’ means not only using modern devices or gadgets but also openness to receive new ideas, examine alternatives, find new pathways, use creative ways to solve problems, do critical thinking, etc.
• Examples:
  • Acceptance of rational scientific outlook
  • Individualism
  • Secularism.

Question 3.
Globalisation
Answer:

• The process of globalisation in the Indian context received an impetus in 1991.
• In India, New Economic Policy was declared in 1991 by Finance Minister Dr. Manmohan Singh.
• Globalisation is basically an economic process. It proposes to integrate the national economy with the global economy.
• There is free flow not only of capital, goods, and technology but also of skilled human resources and ideas across the globe.
• It proposes to remove barriers in the free movement of human beings and broaden their mental horizons.
• Due to globalisation, the impact of the western culture and decline of the traditional values as well as changes in the social institutions like family, marriage, etc.
• We are beset with the positive and negative impacts of globalisation.
• Examples: International companies such as Pepsi, Coca-Cola, McDonald’s.

Question 4.
Rational outlook
Answer:
Rational outlook refers to an approach that is based on reasoning, and the ability to provide logical explanations for any phenomenon.

Explanation:
A rational outlook is based on the idea of rationalism or reasoning. This means Here, one seeks to establish laws that link facts and which govern social life. To have a rational outlook means that one’s view of a situation or a problem or an event is understood on the basis of reason. This refers to the development of a scientific way of understanding and explaining any phenomenon. Scientific reasoning explains causal relationships between factors. There is a shift to secular and rational values from spiritual-religious values.

For example, non-rational explanation of all-natural calamities are the expressions of God’s anger.
Rational explanation: Scientific explanation for natural calamities.

5A. Complete the concept map.

Question 1.

Answer:

Question 2.

Answer:

Question 3.

Answer:

Question 4.

Answer:

Question 5.

Answer:

Question 6.

Answer:

Question 7.

Answer:

Question 8.

Answer:

Question 9.

Answer:

5B. State whether the following statements are True or False with reasons.

Question 1.
In industrialisation workers feel alienated from the process of production.
Answer:
This statement is True.

• In industries for large-scale production, purpose capitalists started automation and mechanisation of workplaces.
• It led to mass production due to which machine-made goods were much cheaper than hand-made goods.
• The use of machines gives more precision, techniques, and accuracy in production.
• This leads to workers feeling less important in the work of production and they get alienated from the process of production.

Question 2.
Industrialisation leads to Urbanisation.
Answer:
This statement is True.
The process of industrial growth led to the large-scale emergence of factories. This in turn resulted in migration to places nearer the factory sites, leading to the growth of towns, which soon became cities and then metropolitan cities.
Since cities become the centres of trade, commerce, industry, education, etc, People from rural areas migrate towards urban areas for getting employment.
The process of urbanisation is the consequence of industrialisation as urbanisation is characteristic of industrialisation.

Question 3.
Urbanisation implies primary means of social control.
Answer:
This statement is False.

• Urbanisation means a flux of people migrated from all over the country to urban areas.
• Due to that urban centres are overpopulated. The hold of customs, traditions, religion on people’s behavior, has diminished.
• The urban environment and way of life are more materialist, radical, commercial, individualist, and non-conforming.
• Urbanisation implies controls and obligations that are not administered by traditional bodies such as panchayats There are secondary modes of security control, e.g., law enforcement systems such as traffic signals, city police, etc.
• So, in urban areas, secondary means of social control are useful such as law, city police, etc.

Question 4.
Raj stays in Mumbai and has never faced any problems with commutation.
Answer:
This statement is False.

• As per the above statement, Raj stays in Mumbai i.e., a Metropolitan city.
• Which is overpopulated and has a shortage of means of transportation.
• In metropolises, it is not uncommon to find people spending 3-4 hours commuting to and from the workplace.
• So, Raj stays in Mumbai means every day he must face problems in commutation.

Question 5.
Modernisation is rational and scientific change.
Answer:
This statement is True.

• Modernisation is the application of modern science to human affairs.
• It is linked to the notion of rationalism; the approach and ability to provide logical explanations for any phenomenon.
• Scientific reasoning explains causal relationships between factors. There N is a shift to secular and rational values from spiritual-religious values.
• Persons who claim to be modern are willing to examine daily events, literature, culture, art, customs, beliefs from a critical point of view and be able to explain the constructive and destructive aspects of a phenomenon.
• The ultimate aim of this rational and scientific perspective in modernisation is to make human life better and satisfactory.

Question 6.
In digitalisation, with one click of a button, one can open up a web world.
Answer:
This statement is True.

• The impact of changes resulting from computerisation and digitisation. Processes have had far-reaching changes in
• Indian society in terms of access to knowledge artificial intelligence, e-governance, e-commerce, e-learning, e-trade, e-shopping, etc., the list is endless.
• Digitalisation has sped up the processes of data mining and data management and has made this world a global village.
• The click of a button can open up a range of options to the user through a very simple procedure.

Question 7.
Digitisation is the use of digital technologies for handling data of various nature
Answer:
This statement is True.

• Programming, information technology, and computer science have aided the process of computerisation, which in turn has digitised processes for several sectors, e.g., education, banking, revenue, taxation, marketing, etc.
• Digitisation is based on technology, innovation, research, and development.
• Digitisation had led to frequent changes in business models due to growth in newer technologies, e.g., Artificial
• Intelligence is used for various purposes such as production, manufacturing, surgery, etc.

Question 8.
Globalisation is an eco-friendly process.
Answer:
This statement is False.

• Due to globalisation, the environmental problem has become more serious.
• To gain more and more profit, industrialists and multinational companies are excessively using natural resources.
• Because of this, the intensity of environmental problems such as deforestation, pollution, rise in atmospheric temperature, etc.

6. Give your personal response.

Question 1.
Do you think, during the pandemic situation of COVID-19, people in India will accept digitalised ways for work from home? Why?
Answer:
Being a student of HSC, I feel yes most Indians will accept digitalised ways for work. Because being Indian this pandemic situation is such an eyewash situation for all. As our nation is a developing nation and if we want economic survival then most Indians will start to learn E-Content, even though this will be our first step towards standing in the market, but most Indians will accept digitalized way as this is need of the hour.

Question 2.
Being vigilant student how you will do an online awareness campaign on COVID-19.
Answer:
As COVID-19 is a pandemic and a contagious disease. I will create an online group of my friends and we will remain connected online while staying at home. United through social media groups we will jointly put posters and graffiti on social media to make the general public aware of the deadly disease.

Question 3.
Do you think in the 21st Century people prefer living in a nuclear family? Why?
Answer:
As we are in 2020, in the modern era, so I think yes people will prefer living in a nuclear family. Since the nuclear family provides them with extra space, quality of life and mainly in the nuclear family status of women are high, gender equality, the standard of living is high as the couple is working, less impact of traditional beliefs and superstitions. So, one will prefer individuality i.e. nuclear family.

7. Answer the following question in detail. (About 150-200 words)

Question 1.
You belong to a generation that has been by and large part of digital India. Discuss how digitalisation has brought about positive and negative effects.
Answer:
(i) Positive effects of digitalisation

• Due to digitalisation, closer cross-border ties.
• It makes our lives better and easy. It is a most essential technology.
• It makes people become more efficient and this leads to increased productivity.
• Digitalisation saves time, cost and gives quick and precise service,
• Digitalisation boosts the country to do cashless transactions.
• For example, for filing Income Tax returns, obtaining Birth and Death Certificates from the Municipal Corporation, for online admission, for declaration of election results, etc. Nowadays all these processes make use of digitalisation and it has radically transformed the processes, compared to those used just a few decades ago.

(ii) Negative effects of digitalisation

• The excessive use of digital technology has health hazards like affecting sleep.
• Preventing children from engaging in physical activity that resulting in cases of obesity among children.
• In extreme cases, there can be mental illnesses like social isolation, aggression, etc.
• In short, it affects social, physical, and mental health.
• Due to the acceptance of digitalisation big industries take over the smaller ones.
• One of the major problems is individual privacy in the web world. This is always under threat.

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Class 12 Economics Important Questions Chapter 4 Supply Analysis Important Questions and Answers.

Maharashtra State Board 12th Economics Important Questions Chapter 4 Supply Analysis

1.[A] Choose the correct option.

Question 1.
Net addition made to the total revenue by selling an extra unit of a commodity is
(a) total revenue
(b) marginal revenue
(c) average revenue
(d) marginal cost
Answer:
(b) marginal revenue

Question 2.
Determinants of supply are …………………..
(a) cost of production
(b) short period
(c) constant price
(d) local market
Answer:
(a) cost of production

Question 3.
Statement related to reservation price are
(a) maximum price
(b) constant price
(c) same for all seller
(d) differ from seller to seller
Answer:
(d) differ from seller to seller

Question 4.
Exceptions to the law of supply are
(a) need for cash
(b) upward sloping supply curve
(c) factory products
(d) future expectation of high price
Answer:
(a) need for cash

Question 5.
Average Revenue is obtained when .
(a) price is multiplied with quantity
(b) last unit is sold
(c) total revenue is divided by quantity sold
(d) all of these
Answer:
(c) total revenue is divided by quantity sold

Question 6.
Increase in supply is shown by
(a) price change only
(b) movement on the same supply curve
(c) shift of supply curve to the left
(d) shift of supply curve to the right
Answer:
(d) shift of supply curve to the right

(B) Complete Correlation

1. Rare goods : Exception to Law of Supply :: Assumption of Law of Supply : ……………….
2. ………………. : Individual supply :: Macro concept: Total supply
3. Marginal Revenue : TR_n – TR_n-1 :: ……………….: TR/TQ
4. Single seller : Individual Supply :: All sellers : ……………….
5. Movement on same supply curve : ……………….:: Shift of supply curve: Change in supply.

Answers:

1. No change in Government Policy
2. Micro concept
3. Average Revenue
4. Market Supply
5. Variation in supply

(C) Give economic terms.

1. Creation of utility.
2. Outcome of the process of production.
3. Total quantity available with the producer for sale at time.
4. Sum total of individual supply.
5. Cost incurred on fixed factors like land, machinery etc.
6. Minimum price below which a seller will not sell a single unit.
7. Expansion and contraction of supply due to change in price.
8. Rise in supply due to fall in taxes.
9. Fall in supply due to fall in taxes.
10. Cost incurred on variable factor like raw material.
11. Net revenue earned by selling an additional unit.

Answer:

1. Production
2. Output
3. Stock
4. Market Supply
5. Fixed Cost
6. Reservation Price
7. Variation in Supply
8. Increase in Supply
9. Decrease in Supply
10. Variable Cost
11. Marginal Revenue

(D) Find the odd word out:

(1) Land, Labour, Capital, Rent.
(2) Rent, Wages, Profit, Capital.
(3) AC, TC, TFC, AR.
(4) Samuelson, Marshall, Robbins, Abdul Kalam.
(5) [ncrease in supply, Decrease in supply, Extension in supply, Market supply.
Answer:

1. Rent
2. Capital
3. AR
4. Abdul Kalam
5. Market supply

(E) Complete the following statements.

1. Production consists of various processes through which ………………
2. Stock determines ………………
3. Stock and supply are same in case of ………………
4. Sum total of individual supply is called ………………
5. Graphical representation of market supply schedule is called ………………
6. When quantity supplied rises due to an increase in price of a commodity, it is called ………………
7. When more quantity is supplied at the same price of a commodity, it is called ………………
8. Per unit cost of production is called ………………
9. Total expenditure incurred by a firm on factors of production for the production of goods and services is called ………………
10. An addition made to TR by selling one additional unit of a commodity is called ………………

Answer:

1. utility is created
2. potential supply
3. perishable goods
4. market supply
5. market supply curve
6. extension or expansion in supply
7. increases in supply
8. Average Cost
9. Total Cost
10. Marginal Revenue

(F) Choose the wrong pair:

I.

Group ‘A’	Group ‘B’
1. Total Output	Sum of quantity produced
2. Stock	Reservation Price
3. Supply	Quantity offered for sale

Answer:
Wrong pair : Stock – Reservation price

II.

Group ‘A’	Group ‘B’
1. Extension in supply	More supply at higher price
2. Contraction in supply	Less supply at lower price
3. Increases in supply	Part of variation in supply

Answer:
Wrong pair : Increase in supply – Part of variation in supply

III.

Group ‘A’	Group ‘B’
1. Total Revenue	Price x Quantity
2. Total Cost	TFC + TVC
3. Average Cost	TR x TQ

Wrong pair : Average Cost – TR x TQ

(G) Choose the correct pair:

I.

Group ‘A’	Group ‘B’
1. Increase in supply	Technology up gradation
2. Exception to law of supply	More supply at higher price
3. Determination of law of supply	Perishable Goods

Answer:
Correct pair : Increases in supply – Technology up gradation

II.

Group ‘A’	Group ‘B’
1. Individual supply	Potential supply
2. Determinants of law of supply	Infrastructural facilities
3. Assumption of the law of supply	Change in government policy

Answer:
Correct pair : Determinations of the law of supply – Infrastructural facility

III.

Group ‘A’	Group ‘B’
1. MCn	TCn – TCn-1
2. TR	Q/P
3. AR	TR x TQ

Answer:
Correct pair : MC_n – TC_n – TC_n-1

2.[A] Identify and explain the concept from given illustration.

Question 1.
All the seller of a similar product are willing to sell their product at a particular price in a given time.
Answer:
Concept: Market Supply
Explanation : Market supply refer to the quantity that all the producers are willing to produce and offer for sale at a particular price in a given time.
As all sellers are ready to sell their product at a particular price, each seller is price taker.
Thus, this concept is of market supply.

Question 2.
Price of old coins, antiques increases as demand increases, but supply cannot be increased.
Answer:
Concept: Exception to the law of supply
Explanation : As per the law of supply, when the price of a product rises, supply increases, but in this case supply cannot be increased.
So, this is an exception to the law and its supply curve is a vertical straight line instead of upward sloping. Thus, this is an exception to the law.

Question 3.
A seller is in urgent need for cash. Therefore, he sell more at lower price.
Answer:
Concept: Exception to the law of supply
Explanation : As per the law of supply, at higher price more is offered for sale.
In this case a seller is selling more at lower price because he is an urgent need for cash.

Question 4.
Due to the improvement in technology, supply of cell phones have increased even though price remains same.
Answer:
Concept: Increase in supply Explanation : Increase in supply is a situation when producers are willing to supply a larger quantity of a commodity at the same price.
Due to improvement in the technology of cell phone, producers cost of production falls and they can sell more in the market at the same price.
This is shown with graph.

At the same price OP, quantity supplied increases from 0Q to 0Q₁
Thus, this is a case of increase in supply.

Question 5.
Mr. Kriplani produced 2000 bales of cloth during the year 2018-19.
Answer:
Concept: Total Output.
Explanation : Total Output is the sum total of the commodity produced at a given period of time.
So, total output of Mr. Kriplani is taken as total output for the year 2918-19.

Question 6.
Mr. Kriplani had 200 apples in hand. He bought 500 apples from wholesaler.
Answer:
Concept: Stock
Explanation : Stock is the total quantity of commodity available for sale with a seller at a particular point of time.
Now in our case, Mr. Kriplani has total stock of 700 apples (200+500) which he can offer for sale at particular price.

Question 7.
Mr. Chaturvedi has 5000 kg rice at his disposal. He offered 2000 kg rice in market at Rs. 25 per kg.
Answer:
Concept: Stock and Supply
Explanation : Supply means the various quantities of a commodity offered for sale by
producer during a given period of time at a particular price.
In above case, total stock is 5000 kg rice and total supply is 2000 kg rice.

Question 8.
At price Rs. 30 per kg Rameshbhai ( supplied 100 kg of wheat, Bhaveshbhai i supplied 150 kg of wheat and Dharmesh bhai supplied 200 kg of rice. ;
Answer:
Concept : Individual Supply and Market Supply.
Explanation : Individual supply means quantity offer by a single seller at a given price while market supply means total quantity supplied by all the seller in the market a given price.
In above case, 100kg, 150kg and 200 kg is called as individual supply while 450kg is called as market supply.

Question 9.
A seller has go to village urgently. So, he sells his product at low price even if other seller are selling similar product at higher price. Given economic reason in what way it is related to the law of supply.
Answer:
This is an exception to the law of supply. As per the law, more is sold at higher price and less at lower price. In this case an individual seller is in need of cash, as he has to go to village urgently, so he has to sell his product at lower price.

(B) Distinguish between:

Question 1.
Output and Supply
Answer:

Output	Supply
1. Output refers to the total quantity of a commodity that a producer produces with the help of factors of production using a particular technology during a given period of time.	(a) Supply refers to the quantity of a commodity which producers are willing to offer for sale at a given price during a given period of time.
2. Output is a function of input. So, O = f (Inputs)	(b) Supply is a function of stock. So, S =f (Stock)
3. Output depends upon the level of investment, technique of production, cost of production, availability of factors and natural resources, etc.	(c) Supply depends on the stock and price.
4. Output forms the basis of stock.	(d) Stock forms the basis of supply.

Question 2.
Individual Supply and Market Supply
Answer:
Individual Supply:
(a) Individual Supply schedule refers to various quantities of a commodity that an individual seller is willing to sell in the market at different prices during given period of time.
(b) Individual Supply is a narrow concept. It is a part of market_supply.
(c) Schedule:

(d) As price rises, a seller likes to sell more.

Market Supply:
(a) Market Supply schedule refers to various quantities of a commodity that all sellers are willing to sell in the market at different prices during given period of time.
(b) Market Supply is a broader concept. It is sum total of individual supply.
(c) Schedule:

(d) As price rises total quantity supplied in the market increases.

Question 3.
Individual Supply Curve and Market Supply Curve
Answer:
Individual Supply Curve:

1. Individual Supply Curve An individual supply curve is a graphical representation of various quantities of a commodity offered for sale by an individual seller at different prices during a given period of time.
2. It is a narrow concept, as it is a part of market supply.
   
3. The above supply curve shows that as price rises quantity supplied increases to 10, 20, 30 kg.

Market Supply Curve:

1. Market supply curve is the graphical representation of the various quantities of a commodity offered for sale by all the sellers at different prices during a given period of time.
2. It is a broader concept, as it sum total of individual supply.
   
3. The above supply curve shows that as price rises, total supply in the market rises to a greater extent to 100, 200, 300 kg.

Question 4.
Extension of Supply and Contraction of Supply.
Answer:
Extension of Supply:

1. When the supply of a commodity rises only due to increase in the price of that commodity, then it is said to be extension of supply.
2. Extension in supply is shown by an upward movement to right on the same supply curve.
   
3. When price rises from OP to 0P1, Supply extends from 0Q to 0Q₁.

Contraction of Supply :

1. When supply of a commodity falls only due to fall in the price of that commodity, then it is said to be contraction of supply.
2. Contraction is shown by the downward movement to left on the same supply curve.
   
3. When prices falls from 0P to 0P₂, Supply contracts from 0Q to 0Q₂.

Question 5.
Variation in supply and Changes in Supply.
Answer:
Variation in Supply:

1. Variation in supply refers to expansion and contraction of supply which takes place due to change in price.
2. Expansion means more quantity is supplied at a high price while contraction means less quantity is supplied at a lower price.
3. Variation in supply is caused by change in price.
4. Variation is shown by a upward or downward movement on the same supply curve.

Changes in Supply:

1. Changes in supply refers to increase and decrease in supply which takes place due to changes in factors other than price.
2. Increase in supply means more quantity is supplied at same price and decrease means less quantity supplied at the same price.
3. Changes in supply occurs due to change in factors like.
   (1) change in cost of production
   (2) change in techniques of production
   (3) change in government policy.
   (4) change in goal of producer.
   (5) change in climatic condition etc.
4. Changes in supply is shown by a shift in supply curve to the right or left of the original supply curve.
   

Question 6.
Total Cost (TC) and Total Revenue (TR).
Answer:
Total Cost (TC) :

1. TC is the total expenditure incurred by a firm on the factors of production required for production of goods and services.
2. TC is sum total of Total Fixed Cost (TFC) and Total Variable Cost (TVC). TC=TFC+TVC
3. TC increases with the increase in output.
4. TC depends on factors like cost of raw material, cost of factors like labour, land, capital, technology, cost of advertisement, management, etc.
5. When TC > TR firm faces loss.

Total Revenue (TR) :

1. TR refers to the amount received (income earned) by a firm from the sale of given quantity of a commodity at different price.
2. TR is calculated by multiplying price with the quantity sold. TR = Price X Total Quantity
3. TR increases with increase in sale.
4. Total Revenue (TR) depends on the price of product, demand for the product, etc.
5. When TR > TC firm earns profit.

Question 7.
Demand Curve and Supply Curve.
Answer:
Demand Curve:

1. Demand curve is the graphical representation of a given demand schedule.
2. The demand curve slopes downward from left to right.
3. The demand curve has a negative slope as price and demand are inversely related.
4. The demand curve indicates the consumer’s behaviour in response to change in its price.

Supply Curve:

1. Supply curve is a graphical representation of a given supply schedule.
2. The supply curve slopes upward from left to right.
3. The supply curve has a positive slope as price and supply are directly related.
4. The supply curve indicates the seller’s behaviour in response to change in its price.

Question 8.
Increase in Supply and Decrease in Supply.
Answer:
Increase in Supply :

1. The supply is said to increase if at the same price more is supplied.
2. Increase in supply is a case of changes in supply.
3. Supply increases due to
   (1) fall in cost of production
   (2) improvement in transport facility
   (3) introduction of modern technology
   (4) government subsidies
   (5) more imports etc.
4. When there is an increase in supply, the supply curve shifts to the right of original supply curve.

Decrease in Supply

1. Decrease in supply occurs when less quantity is supplied at the same price.
2. It is a case of changes in supply.
3. Supply decreases due to –
   (1) increase in cost of production
   (2) transport strike
   (3) outdated technique
   (4) heavy taxes imposed by government.
   (5) more exports etc.
4. When there is curve shifts to curve.
   

Question 9.
Demand and Supply.
Answer:
Demand:

1. Demand is a desire backed by ability and willingness to pay.
2. Demand is inversely related to price.
3. Demand curve has negative slope.

Supply:

1. Supply means the various quantities offered for sale by a producer at a given price and at a given period of time.
2. Supply is directly related to price.
3. Supply curve has positive slope.

3. Answer the following questions.

Question 1.
What are the exceptions of the law of supply?
Answer:
There are some exceptions to the law of s supply. Following are such cases when supply may fall with the rises in price or rise with the fall in price.

(1) Labour supply : Supply of labour in the terms of hours of work is an important exception pointed out by economists. Generally when wages rise, workers work more, but after a certain point if wages continue to rise, supply of labour falls i.e. workers wish to earn more by work in for less hours and supply curve of labour would bend backwards as shown below :

In this figure as wage rate rises up to 0W, ;i supply of labor also rises up to ON, but when wage rate rises to 0W₁, labour supply falls from ON to 0N₁ Hence an exception.

(2) Saving : In case of savings generally it is observed that as the rate of interest rises, savings also rises but some people want to have a fixed regular income by way of interest. They may save less at a higher rate ( of interest and save more at a lower rate of interest. For example : suppose a person is interested in earning a fixed income of ? 800 p.a. then he saves ₹ 10,000/- at 8% rate of interest but when rate of interest increases to 10%, he will save only ₹ 8,000/-.

(3) Future Expectations: If the seller expects a fall in price in future, then he will supply more today even at a low price. But if he expects the prices to rise further in future he will withhold the supply today to supply more in future at a high price.

(4) Need for Cash : When the sellers are in urgent need of liquid cash, then even at a lower price they will offer more goods for sale.

(5) Rare Goods : In case of rare collections such as rare painting, old coins, antique, the law is not applicable as the supply remains fixed. The supply curve is a vertical straight line parallel to Y axis.

(6) Agricultural Goods: Supply of agricultural product is influenced by natural factors like climatic conditions, rainfall etc., which cannot be controlled by man. So in bad weather condition, even at a higher price the supply of agricultural commodities will not increase.

Question 2.
Explain in detail labour supply as an exception to the law of supply.
Answer:
Labour Supply : An interesting exception to the law of supply is provided by the supply curve of labour. In case of supply of labour we come across an unusual phenomenon of the backward bending supply curve. In the beginning, the supply curve of labour slopes upwards as usual from left to right because at higher wage, the units of labour are tempted to offer more hours of work. This continues till the time wage rates have risen sufficiently. When wage rate goes beyond a particular level the worker prefers to substitute work by leisure and cut short the supply of labour. Hence, beyond a certain wage rate the supply curve of labour slopes backwards. This is called the backward bending supply curve of labour and is an exception to the law of supply as shown in the diagram.

In the above schedule, the supply of labour rises from 8 hours to 10 to 12 hours as the wage rate rises from ₹5 per hour to ₹7 to ₹10 per hours. But thereafter when wage rate – becomes ₹12 per hour the supply of labour ; falls to 10 hours. So the supply curve has a backward bend from point ‘A’. Initially, it slopes upwards i.e., SA then A to S₁ upto it has a backward slope.

Question 3.
Explain variation in supply with the help of diagram.
Answer:
When quantity supplied of a commodity changes due to change in its price, other factors remaining constant, it is known as variation in supply. Variation in supply can be of two types :
(A) Expansion (or Extension) of Supply
(B) Contraction of Supply

(A) Expansion (or Extension) of Supply : It refers to a rise in the quantity supplied due to an increase in price of a commodity, other factors remaining constant. Extension of supply leads to an upward movement on the same supply curve due to a rise in price as shown in the diagram :

In the above diagram, when price increases from P to P₁, the quantity supplied rises or expands from Q to Q₁ resulting in an upward movement from point A to point B along the same supply curve. It is known as extension of supply.

(B) Contraction of Supply : It refers to fall in quantity supplied due to fall in price, other things remaining constant. Contraction of supply leads to a downward movement on the same supply curve due to a fall in price as shown in the diagram.

In the diagram when price falls from P₂ to P₁, the quantity supplied falls or contracts from Q₂ to Q₁ resulting in a downward movement from point B to A along the same supply curve. It is known as contraction of supply.

Question 4.
Explain change in supply with the help of diagram.
OR
Explain increase in supply and decrease in supply.
Changes in supply occurs when the quantity supplied changes due to changes in factors other than price.
Changes in Supply are of two types :
(A) Increase in Supply
(B) Decrease in Supply

(A) Increase in Supply : It means when more quantity is supplied at the same price. Increase in supply occurs due to changes in factors other than change in price. It takes place when –

1. There is decrease in price of inputs
2. There is technological upgradation
3. Imports are more
4. There is decrease in tax, etc.

Increase in supply is shown by a shift in i the supply curve to the right of the original; supply curve.

In the diagram, at OP price when quantity supplied rises from OQ to OQ₁ it indicates) an increase in supply. This is shown by a c shift in supply curve from SS to S₁S₁ to the right.

(B) Decrease in Supply : It means when less quantity is supplied at the same price.
Decrease in supply occurs due to change in factors other than change in price. It takes place when –

1. there is increase in price of inputs,
2. technological degradation or out dated technology used.
3. exports are more.
4. there is increase in taxes etc.

Decrease in supply is shown by a shift in the supply curve to the left of the original supply curve.

At OP price when quantity supplied falls from OQ to OQ₂, it indicates a decrease in supply. This is shown by a shift in supply curve from SS to S2S2 to the left.

Question 5.
Explain concept of TC, AC and MC.
Answer:
Cost of production is an important factor in governing the supply of a product. Following are the three main types of costs :

(A) Total Cost (TC): It is the total expenditure incurred by a fir m on the factors of production required for the production of goods and services. Total cost is the sum of Total Fixed Cost (TFC) and Total Variable Cost (TVC). Total Fixed Cost is the cost incurred on fixed factors of production like land, factory, building, capital, etc. These factors cannot be changed in the short period. They remain constant. Total Variable Cost is the cost incurred on variable factors such as raw – materials, labour, etc. These factors can be varied or changed according to the change in output level. So the variable cost varies. Total Cost = Total Fixed Cost + Total Variable Cost i.e., TC = TFC + TVC
TC increases as the level of output increases.

(B) Average Cost (AC) : Refers to per unit total cost of production. The average cost is obtained by dividing Total Cost of production by the number of units of that commodity produced
i.e. AC = \(\frac{\mathrm{TC}}{\text { Total Output }}\)
Suppose the total cost of producing 100 units of commodity X is ₹ 1000. Then the average cost is
AC = \(\frac{\mathrm{TC}}{\text { Total Output }}=\frac{1000}{100}\) = 10
∴ AC = ₹ 10

(C) Marginal Cost (MC) : It is net addition made to the total cost (TC) by producing one ( more unit of output.
Suppose the total cost of producing 2 units is ₹ 200 and TC of producing 3 unit is ₹ 240.
MC_n = TC_n – TC_n-1 = ₹ 240 – ₹ 200 = ₹ 40
Where,
n = Number of unit produced ?
MC_n = Marginal Cost of the nth unit ?
TC_n = Total Cost of n unit

Question 6.
Explain the concepts of TR, AR, and MR.
Answer:
Revenue refers to the income earned by a firm from the sale of given quantity of a commodity in the market at different prices. Following are the three main types.

(A) Total Revenue (TR) : Total Revenue (Income) refers to total receipts of the firm from its sales of commodity. It is obtained i by multiplying the price per unit of the commodity with the total number of units!; of commodity sold to the consumers. Thus, Total Revenue = Price per unit x Total Number of units of commodity sold.
TR = Price x Quantity Sold

Example : If the firm sells 10 units of) a commodity at ₹100 per unit then total?
revenue will be TR = 100 x 10. TR = ₹1000

(B) Average Revenue (AR): Average Revenue refers to the revenue (income) per unit of the commodity sold. It can be easily calculated by dividing Total Revenue (TR) by the number of units sold to the consumers. Thus, Average Revenue = Total Revenue + Number of units sold.
i.e., AR = \(\frac{\mathrm{TC}}{\text { Total Quantity Sold }}\)

For example : If the Total Revenue from? the sale of 10 units of commodity is ₹ 1000; then Average Revenue will be
AR = \(\frac{\mathrm{TR}}{\mathrm{Q}}=\frac{1000}{10}\) = ₹100

(C) Marginal Revenue (MR) : Marginal Revenue is the net addition made to TR by selling an additional unit of the commodity. In other words, marginal revenue is the addition made to the total revenue by selling one more unit of a commodity.

Example : If the total revenue from the sale of 10 units is ?1000 and that from the sale of 11th unit the total revenue is 1020 then the MR of 11th unit will be
MR_n = TR_n – TR_n-1 = 1020 – 1000 = 20
Or we can also calculate Marginal Revenue as –
MR = \(\frac{\text { Change in Total Revenue }}{\text { Change in total number of units sold }}\)
MR = \(\frac{\Delta \mathrm{TR}}{\Delta \mathrm{T} Q}=\frac{20}{1}\) = 20
MR = 20

Question 7.
What are the assumptions to the law of supply?
Answer:
Assumptions of the Law of Supply : The law of supply is conditional. It is based on certain assumptions. They are as follows:

1. No change in Cost of Production: The law will hold true only if the cost of production remains constant.
2. No change in Technique of Production : It is assumed that there is no change in the method of production. If there is any improvement in the technique of production then supply will increase at the same price.
3. 3. No change in Weather condition : Changes in weather and climatic condition would affect supply especially of agricultural products, so it is assumed to remain constant.
4. No change in Government Policies : Any change in government policies will affect the supply, so it is assumed that there is no change in government tax policies, subsidies or industrial policy.
5. No Speculations about Future Prices : It is assumed that the producers do not speculate about future changes in price.
6. No change in Transport Cost : It is assumed that there is no change in transport facility and transport cost.
7. Prices of Other Goods : It is assumed that the prices of competitive goods remain constant. If the price of competitive goods rises then it is quite likely that producer may transfer his resource to the production of those goods, whose price has arisen.
8. No change in the quantity of goods kept for Self – consumption : If sellers keep more goods for their personal use then supply cannot be increased even at a high price.
9. Constant Scale of Production : It is assumed that the scale of production remains constant during the given period of time.

4. State with resons whether you agree or disagree with the following statements.

Question 1.
Supply is directly related to price.
Answer:
Yes, I agree with this statement.

• According to the Law of Supply, other things being equal, the supply varies directly with its price.
• More quantity is offered for sale at a higher price and less is offered for sale at a lower price.
• So supply is directly related to its price.
• In order to earn a reasonable profit, the sellers tries to sells more at a higher price and less at a lower price.
  So the supply curve slopes upwards. It has a positive slope.
• Thus, the supply is directly related to price.

Question 2.
Stock can exceed supply.
OR
Supply cannot exceed stock.
Answer:
Yes, I agree with this statement.

• Stock is the entire quantity of a commodity, which is in the custody of the seller.
• Supply refers to that part of stock of a commodity which is offered for sale at prevailing market price during a period of time.
• Thus supply is a part of stock. c
• Stock is the potential supply. It is a fund or reservoir from which supply flows.
• Stock determines the ability of seller to supply.
  Thus, stock exceeds supply.

Question 3.
When price rises supply expands.
Answer:
Yes, I agree with this statement.

• According to the Law of Supply “Other things remaining constant more is supplied < at a higher price and less at a lower price.”
• The rise in price causes an expansion in supply because (i) the existing sellers will supply more than before in order to get larger profit and (ii) new suppliers with high reservation price will also now enter S the market.
• So supply expands when price rises.

Question 4.
The supply curve has a positive slope..
OR
The supply curve slopes upwards from left to right.
OR
The relationship between price and supply is positive.
OR
There is direct relation between price and quantity supplied.
Answer:
Yes, I agree with this statement.
OR The supply curve slopes downward from left to right.
Answer:
No, I do not agree with this statement.

• According to the Law of Supply “Other things remaining constant supply varies directly with price i.e., more quantity will be offered for sale at a higher price and less at a lower price. So there is a positive relationship between price and supply.”
  S = f(P)
• The supply curve which is a graphical representation of supply schedule slopes upward from left to right indicating a positive slope.
• In order to earn reasonable profit, the sellers try to sell more at higher prices and less at lower prices.
• The sellers earn more profit when market price is greater than their reservation price.
• Thus, the above statement is true.

Question 5.
Agricultural products are exceptions to the law of supply.
Answer:
Yes, I agree with this statement.

• The law of supply states that the supply of a commodity varies directly with its price.
• But in case of agricultural goods supply does not vary directly with price.
• Agricultural product being perishable in nature cannot be stored for long time. The sellers cannot wait for price to rise. They have to sell off the whole stock even at a low price. Here supply coincides with stock.
• Also agricultural production depends on unforeseen changes in weather. So even at higher price supply cannot be increased during drought or flood situation.
• So, the above statement is true.

Question 6.
Due to speedy transport supply falls.
Answer:
No, I do not agree with this statement.

• Transport facilities are one of the important determinants of supply.
• Modern speedy transport facilities in widening r the market.
• It increases the mobility of goods and helps in creating place utility for goods and services.
• Speedy transport helps in domestic as well; as international trade of goods and services.
• Thus, the above statement is false.

Question 7.
Reservation price is very low in respect of perishable commodities.
Answer:
Yes, I agree with this statement. ;

• Reservation price is sellers minimum price, below which the seller will not supply any unit of the commodity.
• Whether the sellers reservation price will be high or low depends upon number of factors. One of them is the durability of the commodity.
• If the commodity is durable like TV set, car etc., then sellers reservation price will be high.
• But if the commodity is perishable like fish, flowers, vegetables, milk etc., then reservation price will be low.
• As perishable commodities cannot be stored for long, it can become stale and useless.
  Therefore, sellers are forced to clear stock as early as possible.
  So the reservation price is low.

Question 8.
Supply depends on many factors.
OR
Market Supply depends on many factors.
Answer:
Yes, I agree with this statement.
OR
Price is the only determinant of Supply.
Answer:
No, I do not agree with this statement.
Supply depends on many factors. Price is the main factor. There is a direct relationship between price and supply. Besides price there are many other factors such as

• Cost of production and supply are indirectly related. Higher the cost, lesser will be the supply.
• State of technology i.e., advanced technology increases supply.
• Government policy like subsidies encourage production and increases supply, whereas heavy taxation decreases supply.
• Natural conditions like favourable weather condition increases supply.
• Exports decreases supply and imports increases supply.
  Better infrastructure facility increases supply.
• Nature of market like competitive market increases supply.
  Thus, the above statement is true.

Question 9.
Total cost includes Total Fixed Cost and Total Variable Cost.
Answer:
Yes, I agree with this statement.

• Total cost is the total cost incurred by a firm on the factors of production required for production of goods and services. Total cost is the sum total of fixed cost and variable cost.
• Total fixed cost includes cost incurred on fixed factors like factory building, plant size, machinery etc. Fixed cost remains fixed in the short run but changes in the long period. Total variable cost includes cost on variable factors like raw materials, fuel, labour etc., which changes according to the output in the short period also. So while calculating Total Cost we include Total Fixed Cost (TFC) and Total Variable Cost (TVC). So, TC = TFC + TVC. Thus, the above statement is true.

Question 10.
Supply of perishable goods is equal to its production.
OR
There is no difference between stock and supply of perishable goods.
Answer:
Yes, I agree with this statement.

• The stock of perishable goods like vegetables, flowers, fruits, milk, etc., is equal to supply.
• This is because perishable goods cannot be stored for long time. They become stale.
• They need to be sold within a short period of time irrespective of the price.
• Also the cost of storage is high.
• So, the above statement is true.

Question 11.
The supply curve of labour is backward bending.
Answer:
Yes, I agree with this statement.

• When the wage rate in the industry rises, the supply of labour (i.e., hours of work) rises upto a certain limit.
• Beyond certain limit with further rise in wages, supply of labour tends to fall.
• This is because the labour prefers leisure to work i.e., he substitutes work with leisure,
• With the increased wage rate he is able to satisfy his needs.
• So the supply curve instead of rising upwards
  starts sloping backward as he reduces the hours of work.

Question 12.
AR is always more than TR.
Answer:
No, I do not agree with this statement.

• TR or Total Revenue refers to total income earned by a firm from the sale of a given quantity of a commodity in the market of different price. It is derived by Price x l Quantity sold.
• AR or Average Revenue refers to the income earned per unit of a commodity sold. It is derived by TR Quantity sold.
• Hence, TR will always be greater than AR.
  Hence, the above statement is false.

Question 13.
Demand and Supply are opposite forces.
Answer:
Yes, I agree with this statement.
Both demand and supply are opposite forces.

• Demand explains the consumer’s behaviour with respect to change in price of a commodity. Supply explains the producer’s behaviour with respect to change in price of a commodity.
• Demand is inversely related to price of a commodity i.e., when price of a commodity rises the demand for it falls and when price falls the demand rises. Supply is directly related to the price i.e., when price rises, supply expands and when price falls, supply falls or contracts.
• The demand curve slopes downwards. It has a negative slope. The supply curve slopes upwards from left to right. It has a positive slope. Both opposite forces together determine the equilibrium price.
• A consumer aims at maximum satisfaction with his limited income. So he demands more at a lower price and less at a higher price. Whereas a producer aims at maximum profit so he supplies more at a higher price and less at a lower price.
• Thus, the above statement is true.

Question 14.
There is difference between stock and supply.
Answer:
Yes, I agree with this statement.
OR
There is no difference between stock and supply.
Answer:
No, I do not agree with this statement.

Stock	Supply
(a) Stock refers to the total quantity of commodity available with producer for sale.	(a)Supply is that part of stock which the seller is willing to offer for sale at a given price.
(b) It is outcome of production. If production increases, stock will also increase.	(b) It is outcome of stock. Stock is the basis of supply.
(c) It is a fund or reservoir and a static concept (inelastic).	(c) It is a flow concept. It changes according to change in price (elastic).
(d) It can exceed supply.	(d) It cannot exceed stock.

Question 15.
There are no exceptions to law of supply.
Answer:
No, I do not agree with this statement.
There are some exceptions to the law of s supply. Following are such cases when supply may fall with the rises in price or rise with the fall in price.

(1) Labour supply : Supply of labour in the terms of hours of work is an important exception pointed out by economists. Generally when wages rise, workers work more, but after a certain point if wages continue to rise, supply of labour falls i.e. workers wish to earn more by work in for less hours and supply curve of labour would bend backwards as shown below :

In this figure as wage rate rises up to 0W, ;i supply of labor also rises up to ON, but when wage rate rises to 0W₁, labour supply falls from ON to 0N₁ Hence an exception.

(2) Saving : In case of savings generally it is observed that as the rate of interest rises, savings also rises but some people want to have a fixed regular income by way of interest. They may save less at a higher rate ( of interest and save more at a lower rate of interest. For example : suppose a person is interested in earning a fixed income of ? 800 p.a. then he saves ₹ 10,000/- at 8% rate of interest but when rate of interest increases to 10%, he will save only ₹ 8,000/-.

(3) Future Expectations: If the seller expects a fall in price in future, then he will supply more today even at a low price. But if he expects the prices to rise further in future he will withhold the supply today to supply more in future at a high price.

(4) Need for Cash : When the sellers are in urgent need of liquid cash, then even at a lower price they will offer more goods for sale.

(5) Rare Goods : In case of rare collections such as rare painting, old coins, antique, the law is not applicable as the supply remains fixed. The supply curve is a vertical straight line parallel to Y axis.

(6) Agricultural Goods: Supply of agricultural product is influenced by natural factors like climatic conditions, rainfall etc., which cannot be controlled by man. So in bad weather condition, even at a higher price the supply of agricultural commodities will not increase.

Question 16.
Price is the only determinant of supply.
Answer:
No, I do not agree with this statement.

1. Cost of Production : Changes in the price of factors of production like rent, wages, interest affects the cost of production. When cost of production increases, supply decreases.
2. Price of Other Goods : The supply of a given commodity depends on the price of other commodity. E.g. if the price of wheat rises and that of rice remains the constant, then the producer will think of producing more of wheat. This will affect the supply of rice.
3. price of the Commodity : Price is an important factor influencing the supply. More is supplied at a higher price and less at a lower price. So price and supply are 5 directly related.
4. Climatic Conditions : The supply of commodity is also influenced by the forces
5. Government Policy : Government policies like taxation, subsidies, industrial policies etc., may encourage or discourage production and supply. A tax on the commodity will raise the cost of production and reduce the supply while a subsidy on the other hand will provide an incentive to increase production and supply.
6. Exports and Imports : When the
   government resort to imports, supply expands, at the same time heavy exports would reduce the supply in the domestic market.
7. Nature of Market : In a competitive market, the supply would be more but in a monopoly market the seller may create artificial scarcity to raise the price.
8. Future Expectation : If future trends indicate a rise in price, the supply decreases at present. On the other hand if the sellers expect the future price to fall, supply would increase in the current period.
9. Technique of Production : Improvement in the technique of production will lead to increase in supply. Application of advanced technology enables the producer to produce goods on large scale at a lower cost and lesser price.
10. Infrastructure Facility : If means of transport and communication are well developed, the extent of market would be wide. i.e. supply will increase.
11. Natural and Man-made Calamities : Natural calamities like earthquake, cyclone, flood etc., will affect the supply in the market. Even man-made calamities like a bomb-blast, affects supply. Even a strike call can affect supply in the market.

5. Study the following table / figures and answer the questions :

Question 1.
TFC (Total Fixed Cost) of a commodity ‘x’ of a firm is ₹ 20 Calculate (a) TVC and (b) TC from the following data.

Answer:

Question 2.
Find TR of a firm if it sells 500 units of £ commodity ‘X? at 25 ₹ per unit.
Answer:
TR is the revenue derived by a firm by multiplying total units sold by its price.
Hence, TR = P x Q
= 25 x 500
= 12, 500₹

Question 3.
Calculate MC at each level of output of the following data.

Answer:

Question 4.
Workout : Price of oranges is ₹ 200 per dozen. During festival time at the same price 2 dozen, oranges are offered for sale. On the basis of this answer the following

1. Draw the figure for this.
Answer:

2. Is it the case of variation or change in supply. Give reason.
Answer:
It is a case of change in supply, as here the price remains the same at ? 200, while quantity increases from 1 dozen to 2 dozen. So, here supply changes due to festival season and due to change in price.

Question 5.
Demand in world market for Indian antique goods have increased but supply of these are fixed even though buyers are ready to pay high price for it. On the basis of this answer the following :

1. Draw figure for this.
Answer:

Question 6.
Does this justify the law of supply? Give reason for your answer.
Answer:
No, it does not justify the law of supply. As per law of supply, as the price increases, supply of a commodity should increase. But in above case even though the price is increasing supply remains the same. So it is an exception to the law of supply.

6. Answer in detail:

Question 1.
State and explain the law of supply. What are its assumptions?
Answer:
Law of Supply :
(A) Introduction : The law of supply was introduced by Dr. Alfred Marshall in his book “Principles of Economics” published in 1890. The law establishes a functional relationship between the price of a commodity and quantity supplied of that commodity. It explains the general tendency of the sellers in offering more goods for sale at a higher price than at a lower price.

(B) Statement of the Law : According to Prof. Alfred Marshall “Other things remaining constant, the higher the price of the commodity, greater is the quantity supplied and lower the price of the commodity, smaller is the quantity supplied.”In other words, quantity supplied of a commodity varies directly with price i.e., with a fall in price supply contract and with a rise in price supply expands.
S = f (P) [S = Supply, P = Price, f = Function of
The law can be better understood with the help of a market supply schedule and market supply curve.

(C) Market Supply Schedule : Market supply schedule is a tabular representation of various quantities of a commodity offered for sale by all the sellers in the market at different prices during a given period of time. The schedule is a hypothetical one except one price rest are imaginary prices.

The above schedule clearly shows that sellers in general want to sell more at high prices and less at low price. E.g., at a low price of ₹10 per unit the seller supplies only 100 units per day and at high price of ₹ 50 the supply rises to 500 units of ‘X’ per day.

(D) Market Supply Curve : It is graphical representation of the above market supply schedule. Price is measured on ‘Y’ axis and quantity supplied on ‘X’ axis and above schedule is plotted. We derive a supply curve SS. ’

In the diagram, supply curve SS is a linear supply curve (straight – line). It slopes upwards from left to right. It has a positive slope indicating direct relationship between price and quantity supplied.

(E) Assumptions of the Law of Supply : The law of supply is conditional. It is based on certain assumptions. They are as follows:

• No change in Cost of Production: The law will hold true only if the cost of production remains constant.
• No change in Technique of Production : It is assumed that there is no change in the method of production. If there is any improvement in the technique of production then supply will increase at the same price.
• No change in Weather condition : Changes in weather and climatic condition would affect supply especially of agricultural products, so it is assumed to remain constant.
• No change in Government Policies : Any change in government policies will affect the supply, so it is assumed that there is no change in government tax policies, subsidies or industrial policy.
• No Speculations about Future Prices : It is assumed that the producers do not speculate about future changes in price.
• No change in Transport Cost : It is assumed that there is no change in transport facility and transport cost.
• Prices of Other Goods : It is assumed that the prices of competitive goods remain constant. If the price of competitive goods rises then it is quite likely that producer may transfer his resource to the production of those goods, whose price has arisen.
• change in the quantity of goods kept for Self – consumption : If sellers keep more goods for their personal use then supply cannot be increased even at a high price.
• Constant Scale of Production : It is assumed that the scale of production remains constant during the given period of time.

Question 2.
State and explain the law of supply with exceptions.
Answer:
Law of Supply :
(A) Introduction : The law of supply was introduced by Dr. Alfred Marshall in his book “Principles of Economics” published in 1890. The law establishes a functional relationship between the price of a commodity and quantity supplied of that commodity. It explains the general tendency of the sellers in offering more goods for sale at a higher price than at a lower price.

(B) Statement of the Law : According to Prof. Alfred Marshall “Other things remaining constant, the higher the price of the commodity, greater is the quantity supplied and lower the price of the commodity, smaller is the quantity supplied.”In other words, quantity supplied of a commodity varies directly with price i.e., with a fall in price supply contract and with a rise in price supply expands.
S = f (P) [S = Supply, P = Price, f = Function of]
The law can be better understood with the help of a market supply schedule and market supply curve.

(C) Market Supply Schedule : Market supply schedule is a tabular representation of various quantities of a commodity offered for sale by all the sellers in the market at different prices during a given period of time. The schedule is a hypothetical one except one price rest are imaginary prices.

The above schedule clearly shows that sellers in general want to sell more at high prices and less at low price. E.g., at a low price of Rs. 10 per unit the seller supplies only 100 units per day and at high price of Rs. 50 the supply rises to 500 units of ‘X’ per day.

(D) Market Supply Curve : It is graphical representation of the above market supply schedule. Price is measured on ‘Y’ axis and quantity supplied on ‘X’ axis and above schedule is plotted. We derive a supply curve SS. ’

In the diagram, supply curve SS is a linear supply curve (straight – line). It slopes upwards from left to right. It has a positive slope indicating direct relationship between price and quantity supplied.

There are some exceptions to the law of s supply. Following are such cases when supply may fall with the rises in price or rise with the fall in price.

(1) Labour supply : Supply of labour in the terms of hours of work is an important exception pointed out by economists. Generally when wages rise, workers work more, but after a certain point if wages continue to rise, supply of labour falls i.e. workers wish to earn more by work in for less hours and supply curve of labour would bend backwards as shown below :

In this figure as wage rate rises up to 0W, ;i supply of labor also rises up to ON, but when wage rate rises to 0W₁, labour supply falls from ON to 0N₁ Hence an exception.

(2) Saving : In case of savings generally it is observed that as the rate of interest rises, savings also rises but some people want to have a fixed regular income by way of interest. They may save less at a higher rate ( of interest and save more at a lower rate of interest. For example : suppose a person is interested in earning a fixed income of ? 800 p.a. then he saves ₹ 10,000/- at 8% rate of interest but when rate of interest increases to 10%, he will save only ₹ 8,000/-.

(3) Future Expectations: If the seller expects a fall in price in future, then he will supply more today even at a low price. But if he expects the prices to rise further in future he will withhold the supply today to supply more in future at a high price.

(4) Need for Cash : When the sellers are in urgent need of liquid cash, then even at a lower price they will offer more goods for sale.

(5) Rare Goods : In case of rare collections such as rare painting, old coins, antique, the law is not applicable as the supply remains fixed. The supply curve is a vertical straight line parallel to Y axis.

(6) Agricultural Goods: Supply of agricultural product is influenced by natural factors like climatic conditions, rainfall etc., which cannot be controlled by man. So in bad weather condition, even at a higher price the supply of agricultural commodities will not increase.

Question 3.
What is meant by Supply? State its determinants.
Answer:
Law of Supply :
(A) Introduction : The law of supply was introduced by Dr. Alfred Marshall in his book “Principles of Economics” published in 1890. The law establishes a functional relationship between the price of a commodity and quantity supplied of that commodity. It explains the general tendency of the sellers in offering more goods for sale at a higher price than at a lower price.

(B) Statement of the Law : According to Prof. Alfred Marshall “Other things remaining constant, the higher the price of the commodity, greater is the quantity supplied and lower the price of the commodity, smaller is the quantity supplied.”In other words, quantity supplied of a commodity varies directly with price i.e., with a fall in price supply contract and with a rise in price supply expands.
S = f (P) [S = Supply, P = Price, f = Function of]
The law can be better understood with the help of a market supply schedule and market supply curve.

(C) Market Supply Schedule : Market supply schedule is a tabular representation of various quantities of a commodity offered for sale by all the sellers in the market at different prices during a given period of time. The schedule is a hypothetical one except one price rest are imaginary prices.

The above schedule clearly shows that sellers in general want to sell more at high prices and less at low price. E.g., at a low price of Rs. 10 per unit the seller supplies only 100 units per day and at high price of Rs. 50 the supply rises to 500 units of ‘X’ per day.

(D) Market Supply Curve : It is graphical representation of the above market supply schedule. Price is measured on ‘Y’ axis and quantity supplied on ‘X’ axis and above schedule is plotted. We derive a supply curve SS. ’

In the diagram, supply curve SS is a linear supply curve (straight – line). It slopes upwards from left to right. It has a positive slope indicating direct relationship between price and quantity supplied.

1. Cost of Production : Changes in the price of factors of production like rent, wages, interest affects the cost of production. When cost of production increases, supply decreases.
2. Price of Other Goods : The supply of a given commodity depends on the price of other commodity. E.g. if the price of wheat rises and that of rice remains the constant, then the producer will think of producing J more of wheat. This will affect the supply of rice.
3. price of the Commodity : Price is an important factor influencing the supply. More is supplied at a higher price and less at a lower price. So price and supply are 5 directly related.
4. Climatic Conditions : The supply of commodity is also influenced by the forces
5. Government Policy : Government policies like taxation, subsidies, industrial policies etc., may encourage or discourage production and supply. A tax on the commodity will raise the cost of production and reduce the supply while a subsidy on the other hand will provide an incentive to increase production and supply.
6. Exports and Imports : When the
   government resort to imports, supply expands, at the same time heavy exports would reduce the supply in the domestic market.
7. Nature of Market : In a competitive market, the supply would be more but in a monopoly market the seller may create artificial scarcity to raise the price.
8. Future Expectation : If future trends indicate a rise in price, the supply decreases at present. On the other hand if the sellers expect the future price to fall, supply would increase in the current period.
9. Technique of Production : Improvement in the technique of production will lead to increase in supply. Application of advanced technology enables the producer to produce goods on large scale at a lower cost and lesser price.
10. Infrastructure Facility : If means of transport and communication are well developed, the extent of market would be wide. i.e. supply will increase.
11. Natural and Man-made Calamities : Natural calamities like earthquake, cyclone, flood etc., will affect the supply in the market. Even man-made calamities like a bomb-blast, affects supply. Even a strike call can affect supply in the market.

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Class 12 History Important Questions Chapter 12 India Transformed Part 2 Important Questions and Answers.

Maharashtra State Board 12th History Important Questions Chapter 12 India Transformed Part 2

1A. Choose the correct alternative and rewrite the statement.

Question 1.
Sundarlal Bahuguna started ___________ movement.
(a) Civil Disobedience
(b) Right to Information
(c) Chipko
(d) Water conservation
Answer:
(c) Chipko

Question 2.
Rahibai Popere is popularly known as ___________
(a) Beejmata (seed mother)
(b) Adimata
(c) Narishakti
(d) Strishakti
Answer:
(a) Beejmata (seed mother)

Question 3.
As a result of work of ‘Sahyadri Nisarga Mitra’ ___________ were included in schedule I of the ‘Wildlife Protection Act – 1972.’
(a) Indian Blackege
(b) Sherpalite
(c) Indian Turtlelets
(d) Indian Swiftlets
Answer:
(d) Indian swiftlets

Question 4.
“Lets’s all learn, Let’s all progress” was the motto of ___________ programme.
(a) Khelo India
(b) Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan – SSA
(c) Padhega India
(d) Mid-day Meal
Answer:
(b) Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan – SSA

Question 5.
Indian wrestler ___________ earned fame in international wrestling.
(a) Kling Chang
(b) Muhammad Ali
(c) Bruce Lee
(d) Khashaba Jadhav
Answer:
(d) Khashaba Jadhav

Question 6.
Sachin Tendulkar was awarded the highest award of ___________
(a) Paramveer Chakra
(b) Bharat Ratna
(c) Dronacharya
(d) Padmacharya
Answer:
(b) Bharat Ratna

Question 7.
In 2011, Government of India announced a scheme named as ___________
(a) Play and music
(b) Play and chat
(c) Come and play
(d) run for India
Answer:
(c) Come and play

Question 8.
The Government of India established National Sports University at ___________ in 2018.
(a) Delhi
(b) Manipur
(c) Pune
(d) Kolkata
Answer:
(b) Manipur

Question 9.
___________ was an advertisement campaign designed to boost tourism.
(a) Mahan Bharat
(b) Atulya Bharat
(c) Enriched India
(d) The Indian Charisma
Answer:
(b) Atulya Bharat

Question 10.
On 6th July 2019, ___________ city in Rajasthan was inscribed as ‘World Heritage’ by UNESCO.
(a) Bikaner
(b) Jaipur
(c) Aajamghad
(d) Kotta
Answer:
(b) Jaipur

1B. Find the incorrect pair from group ‘B’ and write the corrected one.

Question 1.

Group ‘A’	Group ‘B’
(a) Sahyadri Nisarg Mitra	Institute for conservation of turtles
(b) Department of Ayurveda, Yoga and Naturopathy, Unani Medicine, Siddha and Homeopathy	AYUR
(c) Federation of Association in Indian Tourism and Hospitality (FAITH)	Organised Indian Tourism Mart – 2018
(d) National Education Policy (NEP)	Emphasised on universalisation of education

Answer:
Department of Ayurveda, Yoga, and Naturopathy, Unani Medicine, Siddha, and Homeopathy – AYUSH

Question 2.

Group ‘A’	Group ‘B’
(a) Medha Patkar	Narmada Bachao Movement
(b) Sundarlal Bahuguna	Chipko Movement
(c) Dr. Rajendra Singh	Soil conservation
(d) Premsagar Mestri	SEESCAP

Answer:
Dr. Rajendra Singh – Water Conservation

Question 3.

Group ‘A’	Group ‘B’
(a) (DPEP) District Primary Education Programme	Providing access to Primary Education
(b) Mid-day Meal	to provide mid-day meals to children in Primary Schools
(c) Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan – SSA	The right to free education was granted to children
(d) Sakharshala	Night Schools

Answer:
Sakharshala – Schools for the seasonal workers harvesting sugarcane

2A. Write the names of historical places/persons/events.

Question 1.
This programme was launched by the State Government of Maharashtra to save girl child –
Answer:
Lek Ladki

Question 2.
The fuel which is used for vehicles to overcome pollution problem –
Answer:
CNG – Compressed Natural Gas

Question 3.
Rahibai Popere was felicitated by the President of India by this award on 8th March 2018 –
Answer:
Nari Shakti Award

Question 4.
The annual event celebrated by ‘Sahyadri Nisarg Mitra’ every year –
Answer:
Turtle Festival

Question 5.
To achieve universalisation of education in India, this satellite was launched in 2004 –
Answer:
EDUSAT (GSAT-3)

Question 6.
The travel show was released on the discovery channel to boost tourism to places of unique nature and culture in the northeastern states of India –
Answer:
GO NORTHEAST

Question 7.
The founder of ‘Muslim Satyashodhak Samaj’ –
Answer:
Hamid Dalwai

Question 8.
The act which was formed to provide protection to women from domestic violence in 2005 –
Answer:
Domestic Violence Act

Question 9.
The movement started by Sunadarlal Bahuguna for the protection of the environment –
Answer:
Chipko Movement

Question 10.
The person who started first night school in Maharashtra –
Answer:
Mahatma Jotiba Phule

Question 11.
The schools started by the government for the children of seasonal workers harvesting sugarcane –
Answer:
Sakharshala

Question 12.
The programme is specially meant to benefit the students who work in the daytime –
Answer:
Ratrashala

Question 13.
The motto of Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan – SSA –
Answer:
“Let’s all learn, Let’s all progress”

Question 14.
The satellite launched in 2004 to achieve universalisation of education –
Answer:
EDUSAT (GSAT-3)

Question 15.
An institution established in Delhi, in 1984 which is working for heritage conservation –
Answer:
INTACH – Indian National Trust for Art and Cultural Heritage

Question 16.
The fund which was established for the development of sports in India –
Answer:
The ‘National Sports Development Fund’

Question 17.
The scheme launched by the Ministry of Tourism of the Indian government to chalk out tours to the pilgrim and spiritual centers –
Answer:
‘Swadesh Darshan’ or ‘Prasad’

Question 18.
The Samiti in which Rahibai Popere worked for the conservation of seeds –
Answer:
Kalasubai Parisar Biyanee Samvardhan Samiti

Question 19.
Bhau Katdare and his associates work for the conservation of nature through this institute –
Answer:
Sahyadri Nisarg Mitra

Question 20.
A non-governmental organisation in which Premsagar Mestri and his associates work for the conservation of vultures –
Answer:
SEESCAP ‘Society for Eco Endangered Species Conservation and Protection’.

2B. Choose the correct reason from those given below and complete the sentence.

Question 1.
The main objective of National Human Rights Commission is ___________
(a) to protect the girl child
(b) to protect fundamental human rights
(c) to provide shelter to all middle-class people
(d) to establish committee far environment conservation
Answer:
(b) to protect fundamental human rights

Question 2.
The pollution of water and food is increasing because ___________
(a) of artificial and non-biodegradable materials like plastic and pesticides
(b) increasing air pollution
(c) using oil for making food
(d) use of natural ingredients for the preparation of food
Answer:
(a) of artificial and non-biodegradable materials like plastic and pesticides

3. Complete the following concept map.

Question 1.

Plan	Year of	Objective
1. (DPEP) District Primary Education Programme	……………………….	To provide access to primary education to all.
2. ………………………….	13th August 1995	To provide mid-day meals to children in primary school
3. Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan (SSA)	………………………..	The right to free education was granted to children in the age group of 6 – 14 years.

Answer:

Plan	Year of	Objective
1. (DPEP) District Primary Education Programme	1994	To provide access to primary education to all.
2. Mid-day Meal (Shaley Poshan Ahar)	13th August 1995	To provide mid-day meals to children in primary school
3. Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan (SSA)	2001	The right to free education was granted to children in the age group of 6 – 14 years.

4A. Write short notes.

Question 1.
AYUSH
Answer:

• For developing alternate medicine a new department was established by the ‘Ministry of Health and Family Welfare of the Government of India.
• In 2009, this department was renamed as ‘Department of Ayurveda, Yoga, and Naturopathy, Unani Medicine, Siddha and Homeopathy (AYUSH).
• This department is also working for the development of syllabi and education of these branches of medicine, advanced research, standardisation of medicine, etc.

Question 2.
Hamid Dalwai.
Answer:

• Hamid Dalwai was a social reformer inspired by the work and thoughts of Mahatma Jotiba Phule.
• He founded ‘Muslim Satyashodhak Samaj’ in 1970. His main concern was the rights of Muslim women.
• He opposed the custom of ‘Triple Talaq’. The law passed by the Indian Parliament in 2019, has declared this custom illegal.
• He was of the opinion that in Secular India uniform civil code should be applicable to all.

4B. Explain the following statements with reasons.

Question 1.
The Indian government launched a new scheme named ‘Khelo India’.
Answer:

• The Indian government launched a new scheme named ‘Khelo India’ by combining some old schemes with some new objectives.
• The main objective of this scheme was to establish excellence in sports by creating a larger popular platform.
• The scheme also aimed at creating interest among the students about sports from early days in schools and to increase girl’s participation in sports.
• For the development of sports, the ‘National Development Fund’ was established and donation to this fund is eligible for 100% exemption of income tax.
• The Indian Government gives various awards for different sports each year. Some of them are the ‘Arjun Award’, ‘Rajiv Gandhi Khel Ratna award, Lifetime Achievement Award, Dronacharya’, etc.
• ₹ 75,00,000 was given to the player who wins the gold medal in Olympics. Similarly visually impaired are given a good amount of rewards and jobs.
• There is a provision of pension for a retired sportsperson. A winner of the Olympics is given a pension of ₹ 20,000 since 2018 and the winner of the Asian games gets ₹ 12,000 per month.
• In this way, the Indian government launched various schemes for making the youth aware of sports as a life career.

Question 2.
The Government of Maharashtra decided to teach English from the 1st standard.
Answer:

• The Government of Maharashtra decided to teach English from 1st standard so that the children could master the English language along with their mother tongue.
• Emphasis was given on listening, speaking, reading, and writing skills with the emphasis on children enjoying the learning of English as a language.
• Following the syllabus, the Maharashtra State Textbook Bureau (Balbharati) took up the responsibility of preparing best-illustrated textbooks. The initiative was appreciated by the national knowledge commission.

5. Answer the following question with the help of the given points.

Question 1.
Explain different policies implemented by the Indian Government in the field of education.
(a) Primary Education
(b) Mid-day Meal
(c) Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan
Answer:
The transformation of India is seen in the field of education as well. 1990 was declared as the ‘International Year of Literacy.’ During this year Kerala became the first state in India to achieve a 100% literacy rate. The government of India has started different innovative programmes to educate people:
(a) Primary Education:

• District Primary Education Programme (DPEP) was started in 1994 aiming at providing access to primary education to all.
• This programme was financially supported by the world bank and started in seven states including Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Kerala, Haryana, and Assam.
• The main objective of this programme was to achieve 100% registration and attendance of children in primary schools and bringing down the number of drop-outs.

(b) Mid-day Meal (Shaley Poshan Ahar):

• A programme was implemented by the government on 15th August 1995, to provide mid-day meals to children in primary schools.
• If the facility to cook the food in schools was not available then food grains were distributed to each child to ensure his/her attendance in school.

(c) Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan:

• This programme was launched in 2001. The motto of this programme was “Let’s all learn, Let’s all progress”.
• By the 86th Amendment in the Constitution of India, the right to free education was granted to children in the age group of 6-14.
• This programme was launched by combining the earlier programme of ‘Khadu-Phala Yojana’ and ‘Mid-day Meal’.
• The programme gives special attention to the education of girl children and children with special needs (Divyang).

Question 2.
Explain the contribution of the following environment activists in the context of conservation and preservation of the environment with special reference to Maharashtra:
(a) Rahibai Popere
(b) Bhau Katdare
(c) Premsagar Mestri
Answer:
Efforts of a number of environmental activists have contributed to environmental conservation and preservation. In Maharashtra, the following three people worked tirelessly to further the goal of environmental conservation and to protect endangered animal species.
(a) Rahibai Popere:

• She was facilitated by the ‘Nari Shakti Award’ by the President of India on 8th March 2018.
• She is popularly known as ‘Beejmata’ (seed mother) for her work in ‘Kalasubai Parisar Biyanee Samvardhan Samiti.’
• She has worked relentlessly to preserve seeds of native cultivars for the future generation.
• The food made with hybrid varieties of food grains and vegetables caused many problems in the human body so thought to preserve native varieties of food grains to overcome the problems.
• She began to cultivate native varieties of food grains and store the seeds of those landraces. She did not confine her efforts to only to her family, but through micro banking groups (bachat gat) she spread this movement into other villages.
• This movement was supported by ‘Bharatiya Agro Industries Foundation (BAIF)’.
• She preserves these seeds in an earthen pot which is covered by the plaster of soil and cow dung in order to save the seeds from ants and insects.
• She has a collection of more than 50 landraces of food grains and 30 landraces of vegetables.
• She is one of the three Indian women selected as ‘Women of the year 2018’ by BBC among 100 women from various countries.

(b) Bhau Katdare:

• Bhau Katdare and his associates worked to save an endangered species of ‘White-breasted Sea Eagle’ through an institute called ‘Sahyadri Nisarg Mitra’.
• He created public awareness to save and conserve this bird by trekking the sea coast of Ratnagiri district.
• The nests of this bird were smuggled out and sold in foreign countries. Due to the efforts of Bhau Katdare and his associate’s Indian swiftlets were included in schedule ‘I’ of the ‘Wildlife Protection Act’ – 1972, which was a remarkable contribution of ‘Sahyadri Nisarg Mitra’.
• Through his institution, he also worked to save Olive Ridley turtles. In the first year, they successfully protected 50 nests and 2734 baby turtles. From these 50 nests were released back into the sea. Hundreds of tourists come every year to watch the ‘Turtle festival’ to watch the occasion of baby turtles returning to sea.
• To accommodate them, facilities of ‘Home Stay’ were developed and the peasants were trained in this.
• Now, they started the protection of the endangered ‘Pangolin’ (anteater / Khavalya Manjar)

(c) Premsagar Mestri:

• Prem Sagar Mestri and his associates are working for the protection of two species of vultures, ‘Long-billed vultures’ and ‘White back vultures’ which are observed in the region around Raigad.
• They are also working for increasing the number of these species of vultures and to make available safe food for them through ‘Society for Eco Endangered Species Conservation and Protection – SEESCAP a non-governmental organisation.
• The number of vultures is decreasing because of the painkillers given to animals which have proved to be toxic for these scavengers. Besides the dearth of trees with adequate height, scarcity of food, etc., are the causes responsible for the decrease in the vulture population. People working for SEESCAP are successful in saving the vultures of this vicinity.

Question 3.
Explain in detail India’s transformation in the social domain.
(a) Human Rights Protection Act-1993
(b) Establishment of Human Rights Commission
(c) The ‘Domestic Violence Act of 2005
(d) Low sex ratio of girls
(e) Government schemes to overcome this problem
Answer:
A lot of changes have been taken place in the field of the social domain. These changes are as follows:
(a) Human Rights Protection Act 1993: The government is trying hard to reduce the social disparity and to bring all the classes of people in the society into the mainstream of economic development. Human Rights Protection Act was passed in 1993.

(b) Establishment of Human Rights Commission: National Human Rights Commission was established under this act. The main objective of this act is to protect fundamental human rights like the right to life, equality, etc., and to see that nobody is deprived of these rights. According to this act, the commission can act on the basis of a report of a case of deprivation of fundamental rights, published in a newspaper or other media (‘Sui Moto cognizance’). A complaint can be lodged by a social activist or a social institute on behalf of the victim.

(c) The ‘Domestic Violence Act of 2005: The domestic violence act was passed in 2005 to provide protection to women from domestic violence. The most important provision of this act is the right of a woman to the house where she has been residing even if she doesn’t own the house.

(d) Low sex ratio of girls: According to the 2011 census, the sex ratio of girls in India is very low. In the age group of 0-6 years, the number of girls is 914 against 1000 boys. This is really an alarming situation and several women organizations raised a voice expressing their concern over this matter.

(e) Government schemes to overcome this problem: The state government of Maharashtra implemented different schemes to overcome the problem of the low sex ratio of girls. The Maharashtra state government banned sex/gender prediction tests of a fetus and launched a programme called ‘Lek Ladki’. After all these programmes, awareness has been created among the people and the social loathing for the birth of a girl is diminishing.

Question 4.
Explain the changes that took place in the field of education with special reference to Maharashtra.
(a) Need for modification in the school syllabi
(b) The guidelines for the new syllabi
(c) Recommendation of ‘Acharya Ram Murti committee
(d) Objectives of ‘Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan’
(e) Establishment of central schools with uniform syllabi
(f) The programs of ‘Ratrashala’ and ‘Sakharshala’
Answer:
Different positive changes that took place in the education field are as follows:
(a) Need for modification in the school syllabi: The National Council of Educational Research and Training, Delhi suggested some modifications in the school syllabi and the structure of school textbooks.

(b) The guidelines for the new syllabi: The guidelines in the new syllabi were based on democratic principles, social justice, awareness of duties and responsibilities, gender equality, protection of the environment, eradication of superstition, population education as also norms of individual behaviour. The syllabi were also formed for creating awareness among the students regarding unity in diversity. Several training programs are arranged for teachers all over Maharashtra for intensifying the effects to fulfill the objectives of the new syllabi. It helped to create awareness regarding the state-level training and school textbooks, comparable to the awareness created at the time of the ‘National Literacy Mission’.

(c) Recommendation of‘Acharya Ram Murti Committee: In 1990, the report of‘Acharya Ram Murti Committee was received by the Government of India. The committee examined the National Educational Policy (NEP). This committee emphasised on universalisation of education, education for women and backward classes, and educational democracy. The most important recommendation of this committee was to include education in fundamental rights and to raise the government funds allotted to education. The directives were issued related to the weight of school bags of children which leads to a reduction in the weight of a school bag. The practices of interviewing children before school admission were banned.

(d) Objectives of ‘Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan’:

• To enroll every child in school to raise the standard of education.
• To eliminate gender discrimination in education.
• To achieve 100% attendance in school by 2010.

(e) Establishment of Central Schools with uniform syllabi: Central schools with uniform syllabi were created throughout the country so that the wards of Central Government’s and Armed forces employee may not have to suffer. The central schools focus on sports and extracurricular activities along with the academic syllabi.

(f) The programmes of ‘Ratrashala’ and ‘Sakharshala’: The Government started the programmes like ‘Ratrashala’ and ‘Sakharshala’. Mahatma Jotirao Phule started first night school in Maharashtra in the 19th century. A number of night schools are opened in Maharashtra inspired by Mahatma Phule’s work. This programme is specially meant to benefit the students who work in the daytime. In the season of sugarcane harvesting, many labourers migrate temporarily to the sites of various sugar factories. To facilitate the education of their children special schools known as ‘Sakharshala’ were started. The State Government also take help of voluntary organization to increase literacy rate. This has helped in increasing the literacy rate. The districts of Sindhudurg and Wardha achieved a 100% literacy rate. It provided an impetus to adult education. The government provided books to school children for supplementary reading.

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Class 12 Economics Important Questions Chapter 3B Elasticity of Demand Important Questions and Answers.

Maharashtra State Board 12th Economics Important Questions Chapter 3B Elasticity of Demand

1.[A] Choose the correct option.

Question 1.
When percentage change in quantity demanded is less than the percentage change in price, the demand curve is ……………..
(a) flatter
(b) steeper
(c) rectangular
(d) vertical
Answer:
(b) steeper

Question 2.
When changes in price does not affect demand at all, it is called as ……………..
(a) unitary elastic
(b) perfectly inelastic
(c) relatively elastic
(d) perfectly elastic
Answer:
(b) perfectly inelastic

Question 3.
When slight change in price brings infinite change in demand, then ……………..
(a) Ed = 0
(b) Ed = ∞
(c) Ed <1 (d) Ed > 1
Answer:
(b) Ed = ∞

Question 4.
When percentage change in quantity demanded is equal to changes in price, the demand curve is …………
(a) steeper
(b) flatter
(c) rectangular hyperbola
(d) vertical
Answer:
(c) rectangular hyperbola

Question 5.
Demand for salt is …………….
(a) elastic
(b) inelastic
(c) perfectly elastic
(d) perfectly inelastic
Answer:
(d) perfectly inelastic

Question 6.
Demand for Medicine is ……………
(a) elastic
(b) inelastic
(c) relatively elastic
(d) relatively inelastic
Answer:
(d) relatively inelastic

Question 7.
Demand for cosmetics is ……………..
(a) relatively elastic
(b) relatively inelastic
(c) perfectly elastic
(d) perfectly inelastic
Answer:
(a) relatively elastic

Question 8.
Demand for air conditions is ………….
(a) elastic
(b) inelastic
(c) vertical
(d) horizontal
Answer:
(a) elastic

Question 9.
Demand for essential commodities in life is …………..
(a) elastic demand
(b) relatively inelastic
(c) perfectly elastic
(d) perfectly inelastic
Answer:
(b) relatively inelastic

Question 10.
Demand for school uniform is……………..
(a) relatively elastic
(b) relatively inelastic
(c) perfectly elastic
(d) none of the above
Answer:
(b) relatively inelastic

Question 11.
Demand for not habituated goods is ………….. demand.
(a) relatively inelastic
(b) perfectly inelastic
(c) perfectly elastic
(d) relatively inelastic
Answer:
(c) perfectly elastic

Question 12.
Specific uses of a commodity demand is …………………..
(a) relatively elastic
(b) relatively inelastic
(c) perfectly elastic
(d) none of the above
Answer:
(b) relatively inelastic

Question 13.
In case of inferior goods the income elasticity of demand is ………………..
(a) positive
(b) negative
(c) infinite
(d) zero
Answer:
(b) negative

Question 14.
In case of necessary goods the income elasticity of demand is ………………..
(a) positive
(b) negative
(c) infinite
(d) zero
Answer:
(d) zero

Question 15.
In case of substitute goods the cross elasticity of demand is ………………..
(a) negative
(b) positive
(c) zero
(d) infinite
Answer:
(b) positive

(B) Complete the Correlation . (1 mark each)

(1) Demand for pins : Inelastic :: Demand for perfume : ……………….
(2) Demand for specialised labour : ………………. :: Demand for luxury goods : Relatively Elastic
(3) The demand for durable goods : ………………. :: Demand for perishable goods : inelastic
(4) Normal goods the income elasticity of demand is : Positive :: Complementary goods the cross elasticity of demand is : ……………….
(5) After devaluation exports become : ………………. :: Devaluation succeeds when exports have elastic demand
(6) Demand for luxury goods : Elastic :: Demand for food grain : ……………….
(7) Rectangular hyperbola curve : Ed = 1 :: Steeper demand curve : ……………….
(8) Total outlay remains same : Ed = 1 :: Total outlay increases : ……………….
(9) Total outlay decreases : Ed < 1:: Total outlay remains same : ……………….
Answer:

1. Elastic
2. Inelastic
3. Relatively elastic
4. Negative
5. Cheaper
6. inelastic
7. Ed < 1
8. Ed > 1
9. Ed = 1

(C) Give economic terms.

1. Elasticity resulting from changes in price does not affect demand at all.
2. Product of price and quantity demanded.
3. Elasticity resulting from changes in demand is more than change in price.
4. Elasticity of demand is measured with the following formula:
   \(\frac { Lower segment of demand curve below a given point }{ Upper segment of demand curve above a given point }\)
5. A fall in the price of mobile handsets may lead to rise in the demand for sim cards.

Answer:

1. Perfectly inelastic
2. Total Expenditure
3. Relatively elastic
4. Point I Geometric method
5. Complementary goods

[D] Find the odd word out.

1. Types of price elasticity of demand:
   Perfectly elastic demand, Perfectly inelastic demand, Relatively inelastic demand, Cross elasticity of demand.
2. Types of elasticity of demand:
   Total outlay, Cross elasticity, Income elasticity, Price elasticity.
3. Methods of measuring price elasticity of demand:
   Ratio method, Geometric method, Total outlay method, Unitary elastic demand.
4. Types of Income Elasticity of demand:
   Positive, Negative, Cross, Zero
5. Examples of Substitute Goods:
   Coca-cola, Pepsi, Thumsup, Fanta
6. Examples of Complementary Goods:
   Tea – Sugar, Car – Petrol, Tea – Coffee

Answers:

1. Cross elasticity of demand
2. Total outlay
3. Unitary elastic demand
4. Cross
5. Fanta
6. Tea – Coffee

(E) Complete the following statements.

(1) Price multiplied by quantity = …………………
(2) Demand for luxuries is ………………… demand.
(3) The life saving medicines have ………………… demand.
(4) A unitary elastic demand curve is a …………………
(5) The demand for necessaries is …………………
(6) The demand for durable goods tends to be …………………
(7) Degree of responsiveness of a change in quantity demanded to a change in the income is called as …………………
(8) Normal goods for which demand increases with increases in income …………………
(9) Inferior goods for which demand decreases with increase in income of consumer …………………
(10) Necessary goods for which demand remain constant with increase in income of the consumer …………………
(11) explained the concept of elasticity ………………… of demand.
(12) Demand for perishable goods is …………………
Answers:

1. Total outlay
2. elastic
3. inelastic
4. rectangular hyperbola
5. inelastic
6. elastic
7. income elasticity
8. positive income elasticity
9. negative income elasticity
10. zero income elasticity
11. Prof. Alfred Marshall
12. inelastic

(F) Choose the wrong pair

Group ‘A’	Group ‘B’
1. Car and petrol	Complementary goods
2. Point method	Geometric method
3. Necessaries	Inelastic demand
4. Unitary elastic	Steeper curve

Answer:
Wrong pair : Unitary elastic – Steeper curve

II.

Group ‘A’	Group ‘B’
1. Inelastic demand	Steep slope of demand curve
2. BMW Car	Inelastic demand
3. Income elasticity	Responsiveness of quantity demanded of a commodity to change in income
4. Elastic demand	Flatter slope of demand curve

Answer:
Wrong pair: BMW Car – Inelastic demand

(G) Assertion and Reasoning

Question 1.
Assertion (A) Degree of Price Elasticity is less than one in case of relatively inelastic demand.
Reasoning (R) – Change in demand is less than the change in price.
(i) (A) is true but (R) is false.
(ii) (A) is false but (R) is true.
(iii) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).
(iv) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is not the correct explanation of (A).
Answer:
(i) (A) is true but (R) is false.

Question 2.
Assertion (A) – Substitute goods have positive elasticity.
Reasoning (R) – Increase in price of tea leads to increase in demand of coffee.
(i) (A) is true but (R) is false.
(ii) (A) is false but (R) is true.
(iii) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).
(iv) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is not the correct explanation of (A).
Answer:
(iii) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).

Question 3.
Assertion (A) – Cross elasticity of non – related goods is more than one.
Reasoning (R) – Tea and books are the examples of non-related goods.
(i) (A) is true but (R) is false.
(ii) (A) is false but (R) is true.
(iii) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).
(iv) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is not the correct explanation of (A).
Answer:
(ii) (A) is false but (R) is true.

Question 4.
Assertion (A) – Perfectly Elastic demand is infinite.
Reasoning (R) – 10 % fall in price leads to 200% increase in demand.
(i) (A) is true but (R) is false.
(ii) (A) is false but (R) is true.
(iii) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).
(iv) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is not the correct explanation of (A).
Answer:
(iii) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).

Question 5.
Assertion (A) – Unitary elastic demand has rectangular hyberbola curve.
Reasoning (R) – 50% decrease in price, brings 50% increase in demand of a commodity.
(i) (A) is true but (R) is false.
(ii) (A) is false but (R) is true.
(iii) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).
(iv) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is not the correct explanation of (A).
Answer:
(iii) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A)’.

(H) Choose the correct pair

I.

Group ‘A’	Group ‘B’
1. Salt	(a) Demand  curve parallel to ‘X’ axis
2. Income elasticity	(b) Flatter in shape
3. Perfectly elastic demand	(c) Related goods
4. Relatively elastic demand	(d) Inelastic demand
5. Cross elasticity	(e) Change in demand due to change in income

Answer:
(1) – (d), (2) – (e), (3) – (a), (4) – (b), (5)-(c).

II.

Group ‘A’	Group ‘B’
1. Essential commodities	(a) flatter in shape
2. Unitary elastic demand	(b) change in income
3. Elasticity of demand	(c) Ed = 1
4. Relatively elastic demand	(d) Prof. Alfred Marshall
5. Income Elasticity	(e) Inelastic demand

Answer:
(1) – (e), (2) – (c), (3) – (d), (4) – (a), (5)-(b).

2. (B) Distinguish between :

Question 1.
Income Elasticity and Cross Elasticity.
Answer:
Income Elasticity:

1. Income elasticity of demand is the proportionate change in quantity demanded of a commodity to a given change in the consumer’s income.
2. Income Elasticity of demand are of three types –
   • Positive Income Elasticity is found in case of Normal Goods.
   • Negative Income Elasticity for inferior goods cheap bread, rice, etc.
   • Zero Income Elasticity.

Cross Elasticity:

1. Cross Elasticity of demand is the proportionate change in the quantity demanded of a commodity to a given change in the price of substitute or complementary goods.
2. Cross Elasticity of demand are of three types –
   • Positive Cross Elasticity is found in case of substitute goods like tea and coffee.
   • Negative Cross Elasticity is seen in case of Complementary Goods.
   • Zero Cross Elasticity in case of unrelated goods like cup and book.

Question 2.
Positive Income Elasticity and Negative Income Elasticity.
Answer:
Positive Income Elasticity

1. When a change in income brings about change in demand in the same direction the Income Elasticity of demand is positive.
2. When income rises demand also rises and fall in income brings a fall in demand.
3. In case of normal goods, the Income Elasticity is positive.
4. The slope of  Income Curve is positive. It slopes upward indicating that as income rises the demand also rises
   

Negative Income Elasticity:

1. When a change in income of the consumer brings about a change in demand of the commodity in the opposite direction then Income Elasticity is negative.
2. When income increases the demand decreases and when income decreases demand increases.
3. In case of inferior goods, the Income Elasticity is negative.
4. The slope of the Income Curve is negative. It slopes downward indicating that as income increases, demand decreases.
   

Question 3.
Perfectly Inelastic Demand and Perfectly Elastic Demand.
Answer:
Perfectly Inelastic Demand:

1. When a change in price brings no change in quantity demanded, then demand is said to be Perfectly Inelastic demand.
2. The numerical co-efficient is zero (e = 0).
3. The demand curve is vertical straight line parallel to Y-axis.
   

Perfectly Elastic Demand:

1. When a small change in price brings infinite change in the quantity demanded, then demand is said to be Perfectly Elastic demand.
2. The numerical co-efficient is infinity (e = ∞).
3. The demand curve is a horizontal straight line parallel to X-axis.
   

Question 6.
Price Elasticity and Income Elasticity.
Answer:
Price Elasticity:

1. Price Elasticity of demand refers to the degree of responsiveness of quantity demanded of a commodity to given change in price.
2. Symbolically:
   
3. There is inverse relation between price and demand.
4. Price Elasticity of demand are of five type :
   1. Relatively elastic demand
   2. Relatively inelastic demand
   3. Unitary elastic demand
   4. Perfectly elastic demand
   5. erfectly inelastic demand

Income Elasticity:

1. Income elasticity of demand refers, to the degree of responsiveness of quantity demanded of the commodity to a given change in income.
2. Symbolically :
   
3. There is direct relation between Income and demand.
4. Income elasticity of demand are of three types:
   • Positive Income elasticity
   • Negative Income elasticity
   • Zero Income elasticity

Question 7.
Perfectly Inelastic Demand and Relatively Inelastic Demand.
Answer:
Perfectly Inelastic Demand:

1. When a change in price brings no change in quantity demanded then, demand is said to be Perfectly Inelastic demand.
2. The numerical co-efficient is zero (e = 0).
3. The slope of the demand curve is straight line parallel to Y-axis.
   
4. Example : life saving drugs, salt, etc

Relatively Inelastic Demand:

1. When percentage change in quantity demanded is less than percentage change in price then, demand is said to be Relatively Inelastic demand.
2. The numerical co-efficient is less than one (e < 1).
3. The slope of the demand curve is steeper.
   
4. Example: food grains

Question 8.
Perfectly Elastic Demand and Relatively Elastic Demand.
Answer:
Perfectly Elastic Demand:

1. When with a small change in price brings infinite change in the quantity then it is said to be Perfectly Elastic demand.
2. The numerical co-efficient is infinity (e = ∞).
3. The demand curve is a horizontal straight line parallel to X-axis.
   

Relatively Elastic Demand :

1. When percentage change in quantity demanded is greater than the percentage change in price demand then it is said to be Relatively Elastic demand.
2. The numerical co-efficient is greater than one (e > 1)
3. The demand curve slope is flatter.
   

Question 9.
Percentage Method and Total Outlay Method.
Answer:
Percentage Method:

1. According to this method elasticity of demand is equal to the ratio of percentage change in the quantity demanded to percentage change in the price.
2. (1) If the result in one, the Elasticity is unitary.
   (2) If the result is > 1 the demand is relatively elastic and
   (3) If the result is < 1 then demand is relatively Inelastic.

Total Outlay Method:

1. Under this method Elasticity is measured by observing the changes in outlay in response to change in price.
2. Elasticity of demand is measured by the kind of changes in total expenditure.
   • When with increase or decrease in price, the outlay remain constant the elasticity is equal to one.
   • If outlay and price are inversely related then demand is relatively elastic.
   • If outlay and price are directly related then demand is relatively Inelastic.

3. Answer the following questions:

Question 1.
Explain the concept of Elasticity of Demand?
Answer:
The concept of Price Elasticity was developed by great neo-classical economist Dr. Alfred Marshall in the year 1890.

According to Dr. Alfred Marshall, “The elasticity or responsiveness of demand in a market is great or small, according to the amount demanded which increases much or little for a given fall in price, and diminishes much or little for a given rise in price. ”
Elasticity of demand in fact refers to the degree of responsiveness of the quantity demanded of a commodity to change in the variable on which demand depends.

Question 2.
Which are the types of Elasticity of Demand.
Answer:
Types of Elasticity of Demand :

1. Price Elasticity of Demand
2. Income Elasticity of Demand
3. Cross Elasticity of Demand

1. Price Elasticity of Demand : It is a ratio of proportionate change in the quantity demanded of a commodity to a given proportionate change in its price.
ed = \(\frac { Percentage change in Quantity Demanded }{ Percentage change in Price }\)
There are 5 types of Price Elasticity of demand i.e.

1. Perfectly Elastic demand (Ed = ∞)
2. Perfectly Inelastic demand (Ed = 0)
3. Unitary Elastic demand (Ed = 1)
4. Relatively Elastic demand (Ed > 1)
5. Relatively Inelastic demand (Ed < 1)

2. Income Elasticity of demand : It refers to the degree of responsiveness of a change in the quantity demanded to a change in the income only, other factors including price remaining unchanged.
\(\frac { Percentage change in Quantity Demanded }{ Percentage change in Income }\)
There are 3 types of Income elasticity i.e.:

1. Positive Income elasticity
2. Negative Income elasticity
3. Zero Income elasticity

3. Cross Elasticity of Demand :
It refers to a change in quantity demanded of one commodity due to a change in the price of other commodity i.e. complementary goods or substitute goods.
\(\frac { of commodity ‘X’ }{ Percentage change in Price of commodity ‘Y’ }\)

Cross elasticity of demand are of 3 types i.e.

1. Positive Cross elasticity
2. Negative Cross elasticity
3. Zero Cross elasticity

Question 3.
Explain any two types of price elasticity of demand.
Answer:
Types of price elasticity of demand :
(a) Perfectly Elastic Demand (Ed = ∞) :

When a change in price leads to infinite change in quantity demanded of a commodity it is called as perfectly elastic demand. It is an extreme case, which is very rare. It is a theoretical concept not found in real life.

In the diagram demand curve ‘DD’ is horizontal straight line parallel to X-axis,

(b) Perfectly Inelastic Demand (Ed = 0) : When a change in price has no effect on the quantity demanded of that commodity then it is called Perfectly Inelastic Demand. The demand does not respond to the change in price at all. For instance, if price changes by 10% and the demand does not change at all then e = 0.

In this case the numerical coefficient value is zero. It is also extreme case which rarely exists. Salt and life saving medicine are a ) few example of Perfectly Inelastic Demand as they are absolute necessity. The demand ) curve ‘DD’ is a vertical straight line parallel to Y-axis.

Question 4.
Explain the types of Income Elasticity.
Answer:
(a) Positive Income Elasticity (Normal goods)
(b) Negative Income Elasticity (Inferior goods
(c) Zero Income Elasticity

(a) Positive Income Elasticity : In case of normal goods the income elasticity of demand is positive. When a change in income brings about a change in demand in same direction then income elasticity is positive. There is a direct relationship between income and quantity demanded. Normal goods which include necessities, comforts and luxuries have positive Income Elasticity.

(b) Negative Income Elasticity : Inferior goods have a negative income elasticity. As income increases the demand for inferior goods fall. There is an inverse relation between income and quantity demanded of inferior commodity. Inferior goods are substituted by superior goods.

(c) Zero Income Elasticity : When change in income does not have any effect on the demand for a commodity then the income elasticity is Zero – for E.g. goods like salt, pins etc.

Question 5.
Explain the types of Cross Elasticity of Demand.
Answer:
(a) Positive Cross Elasticity (Substitutes)
(b) Negative Cross Elasticity (Complementary)
(c) Zero Cross Elasticity (Unrelated goods)

(a) Positive Cross Elasticity : Positive cross elasticity of demand takes place in the case of substitute such as tea and coffee, pepsi and coke. If the price of coffee rises it will lead to an increase in the demand for tea. Similarly a fall in price of coffee will cause a decrease in demand for tea. Thus price and demand move in the same direction in case of substitute.

(b) Negative Cross Elasticity : Negative cross elasticity takes place in the case of complementary goods. It takes place when a change in the price of (petrol) one complementary good brings about a change in demand for (car) another commodity in the opposite direction. For e.g. a rise in petrol prices may lead to fall in demand for car and vice-versa.

(c) Zero Cross Elasticity: Zero cross elasticity of demand takes place in case of unrelated goods. For instance a rise or fall in price of car may not affect the demand for books.

Question 6.
Explain the importance of the concept of Elasticity of Demand.
Or
Give the significance of Price elasticity of demand.
Answer:
Importance of Concept of Elasticity of Demand:
1. To a Producer : It helps the producer to decide the price for his product. If the demand for his product is relatively inelastic, he will fix higher price and vice versa.

2. To Government : In order to raise additional revenue by means of new taxes like excise duties on commodities Govt, has to keep in mind the elasticity of demand for a commodity. So a high tax can be imposed on commodities like petrol or cigarettes, the demand for which is relatively inelastic.

3. In International Trade : If the foreign demand for exportable products of a country is relatively elastic, its export will rise much after a slight reduction in their prices. But if foreign demand is relatively inelastic, the exporters can raise their prices without much fall in exports.

4. Trade Union : Knowledge of elasticity of demand can help the trade union in wage bargaining. They can ask the employees { to pay higher wages to the workers by changing the price policy of their product. If the demand for the product produced by them is inelastic then the trade unionist may suggest the employer to raise the price, so as to earn higher profit. Which then can be used to pay higher wages.

5. Public Utility Services : It is the Government who takes the decision to distribute certain essential goods and services, which have inelastic demand. For eg. Indian Railways, bank service, water supply, etc. If such services are left to private sector they will exploit the consumers by charging high prices.

6. Devaluation : Devaluation measure is adopted by the government to promote exports and correct deficit in the balance of payment. Devaluation makes our goods cheaper in the foreign market. However, devaluation is successful only if exports have elastic demand.

7. Factor Pricing: It is helpful in determining the prices of various factors of production like rent for land, wages or salary for labour, interest for capital, etc.

4. State with reasons whether you agtae or disagree with the following statements;

Question 1.
Various factors influence elasticity of demand.
Answer:
Yes, I agree with this statement.

• Nature of Commodity : By nature, commodities are classified as necessaries, comforts and luxuries. Normally demand for necessaries like food grains are relatively inelastic and for comforts and luxuries like diamond, perfumes, etc is relatively elastic.
• Availability of Substitutes : The larger the number of substitutes available for a commodity, the greater would be the elasticity. Demand for products like soap, soft drinks, detergents, tooth paste, etc. have many substitute so demand is elastic, ‘However, salt, garlic, onions have no substitute so demand is inelastic.
• Durability of the Commodity : The demand for durable goods like T.V., car, fridge, etc is relatively inelastic in the short run and elastic in the long run. Whereas the demand for perishable goods is relatively inelastic.
• Uses of Commodity : Single use commodities have less elastic demand and multi-use goods like coal, electricity, sugar, etc. have relatively elastic demand.
• Range of Price : The demand for commodities which are highly priced and will have a inelastic demand like AC, car, etc. Even very low priced goods have inelastic demand.
• Consumer’s Income : Generally if income is very high, the demand for over allcommodities tends to be relatively inelastic. The demand pattern of the rich people is rarely affected even when there is significant price change.

Question 2.
The price elasticity of demand depends only on the nature of commodity.
Answer:

• Nature of Commodity : By nature, commodities are classified as necessaries, comforts and luxuries. Normally demand for necessaries like food grains are relatively inelastic and for comforts and luxuries like diamond, perfumes, etc is relatively elastic.
• Availability of Substitutes : The larger the number of substitutes available for a commodity, the greater would be the elasticity. Demand for products like soap, soft drinks, detergents, tooth paste, etc. have many substitute so demand is elastic, ‘However, salt, garlic, onions have no substitute so demand is inelastic.
• Durability of the Commodity : The demand for durable goods like T.V., car, fridge, etc is relatively inelastic in the short run and elastic in the long run. Whereas the demand for perishable goods is relatively inelastic.
• Uses of Commodity : Single use commodities have less elastic demand and multi-use goods like coal, electricity, sugar, etc. have relatively elastic demand.
• Range of Price : The demand for commodities which are highly priced and will have a inelastic demand like AC, car, etc. Even very low priced goods have inelastic demand.
• Consumer’s Income : Generally if income is very high, the demand for over allcommodities tends to be relatively inelastic. The demand pattern of the rich people is rarely affected even when there is significant price change.

Question 3.
The Income Elasticity of Demand is only positive.
Answer:
No, I do not agree with this statement, s Income Elasticity of demand is not only positive but can also be negative or zero.

• Negative Income Elasticity : Inferior goods have a negative income elasticity. As income increases the demand for inferior goods fall. There is an inverse relation s between income and quantity demanded of inferior commodity. Inferior goods are substituted by superior goods.
• Zero Income Elasticity : When change in income does not have any effect on the demand for a commodity then the income elasticity is Zero – for E.g. goods like salt, pins etc.

Question 4.
Elasticity of Demand cannot be measured.
Answer:
No, I do not agree with this statement,
Elasticity of demand can be measured in 3 methods i.e. Percentage method, Point method or Total Outlay method.

(i) Percentage Method : This method is also known as Arithmetic Method. In this method we compare the percentage of change in demand with percentage of change in price. When we divide the percentage of change in demand by the percentage of change in price, we get Elasticity of demand.

By applying the above formula we can calculate and find the type of elasticity. If the result is one, then elasticity is unitary, if it is more than one, then it is relatively elastic and if it is less than one, it is relatively inelastic.
Ed = \(\frac { Percentage change in Quantity demanded }{ Percentage change in Price }\)

(ii) Point Method : In this method we can find elasticity of demand at a point on a given demand curve by using the following formula –
Ed = \(\frac { Lower segment of the demand curve }{ Upper segment of the demand curve }\)

(iii) Total Outlay Method : According to this method, elasticity of demand is measured on the basis of expenditure incurred by consumer when the price of a commodity changes.
Total outlay can be calculated by multiplying the price with the quantity demanded i.e. Total Outlay = Price x Quantity Demanded

5. Answer in detail:

Question 1.
What is Elasticity of demand? Explain the types of Elasticity of Demand.
Answer:

The concept of Price Elasticity was developed by great neo-classical economist Dr. Alfred Marshall in the year 1890.

According to Dr. Alfred Marshall, “The elasticity or responsiveness of demand in a market is great or small, according to the amount demanded which increases much or little for a given fall in price, and diminishes much or little for a given rise in price. ”
Elasticity of demand in fact refers to the degree of responsiveness of the quantity demanded of a commodity to change in the variable on which demand depends.

Types of Elasticity of Demand :

1. Price Elasticity of Demand
2. Income Elasticity of Demand
3. Cross Elasticity of Demand

1. Price Elasticity of Demand : It is a ratio of proportionate change in the quantity demanded of a commodity to a given proportionate change in its price.
ed = \(\frac { Percentage change in Quantity Demanded }{ Percentage change in Price }\)
There are 5 types of Price Elasticity of demand i.e.

1. Perfectly Elastic demand (Ed = ∞)
2. Perfectly Inelastic demand (Ed = 0)
3. Unitary Elastic demand (Ed = 1)
4. Relatively Elastic demand (Ed > 1)
5. Relatively Inelastic demand (Ed < 1)

2. Income Elasticity of demand : It refers to the degree of responsiveness of a change in the quantity demanded to a change in the income only, other factors including price remaining unchanged.
\(\frac { Percentage change in Quantity Demanded }{ Percentage change in Income }\)
There are 3 types of Income elasticity i.e.:

1. Positive Income elasticity
2. Negative Income elasticity
3. Zero Income elasticity

3. Cross Elasticity of Demand :
It refers to a change in quantity demanded of one commodity due to a change in the price of other commodity i.e. complementary goods or substitute goods.
Percentage change in Quantity demanded
\(\frac { of commodity ‘X’ }{ Percentage change in Price of commodity ‘Y’ }\)

Cross elasticity of demand are of 3 types i.e.

1. Positive Cross elasticity
2. Negative Cross elasticity
3. Zero Cross elasticity

Question 2.
What is Price Elasticity of Demand? Explain the types of Price Elasticity of Demand?
Answer:
(A) Price Elasticity of Demand :
Price Elasticity of demand refers to the degree of responsiveness of quantity demanded of a commodity to the change in its price, other factors remaining constant. According to Marshall Price Elasticity of Demand (Ed) is the ratio of proportionate change in quantity demanded of a commodity to a \ given proportionate change in its price.

∆ (delta) = Stands for change
∆Q = Change in Quantity demanded (New Qty. – Old Qty. demanded)
AP = Change in Price (New price – Old price)
P & Q = Original Price and Original Quantity Demanded

Using this formula price Elasticity of demand can be calculated for any set of data of demand and price. The value obtained may range from zero to infinity. Since quantity demanded has a negative relationship with price, the elasticity of demand so obtained will have negative sign, we ignore the negative sign altogether.

(B) Types of price elasticity of demand :
Answer:
Types of price elasticity of demand :
(a) Perfectly Elastic Demand (Ed = ∞) :
When a change in price leads to infinite change in quantity demanded of a commodity it is called as perfectly elastic demand. It is an extreme case, which is very rare. It is a theoretical concept not found in real life.

In the diagram demand curve ‘DD’ is horizontal straight line parallel to X-axis,

(b) Perfectly Inelastic Demand (Ed = 0) : When a change in price has no effect on the quantity demanded of that commodity then it is called Perfectly Inelastic Demand. The demand does not respond to the change in price at all. For instance, if price changes by 10% and the demand does not change at all then e = 0.

In this case the numerical coefficient value is zero. It is also extreme case which rarely exists. Salt and life saving medicine are a ) few example of Perfectly Inelastic Demand as they are absolute necessity. The demand ) curve ‘DD’ is a vertical straight line parallel to Y-axis.

(c) Relatively Elastic Demand (Ed > 1):
When the proportionate or percentage change in the quantity demanded of a commodity is greater than proportionate or percentage change in its price then, demand is said to the relatively elastic.
Here the amount demanded of a commodity rises much after a slight fall in its price. For instance a 5% fall in price will bring a 10% rise in demand for that commodity.

The numerical coefficient value is greater than one and lies between 1 and ∞.

Example : Luxury goods BMW Car, air – conditioners, LED TV etc. will have relatively elastic demand. In the diagram the demand curve DD has a flatter slope. It slopes gradually.

(d) Relatively Inelastic Demand (Ed < 1):
When the proportionate or percentage change in quantity demanded of a commodity is less than proportionate or percentage change in its price then demand is said to be relatively inelastic. Here the degree of responsiveness of demand is very little to a given change in its price. For instance, if price falls by 10% then quantity demanded may rise by say 5%.

The numerical coefficient value is less than one and lies between 0 and 1.
Example : The demand for necessary goods like wheat, rice, sugar etc. is said to be relatively inelastic as the demand is less responsive to a given change in price. In the diagram the demand curve DD has a rapid and steep slope.

(e) Unitary Elastic Demand (Ed = 1) :
When proportionate or percentage change in quantity demanded is exactly equal to proportionate or percentage change in price, then demand is said to be unitary elastic. For instance a 10% fall in price of a commodity leads to 10% rise in demand of that commodity.

In this case the demand curve slopes downwards uniformly. This demand curve is called a rectangular hyperbola as shown in the figure. The unity elasticity of demand is a dividing line to distinguish between relatively elastic demand and relatively inelastic demand.

Question 3.
Explain the different method of measuring Price Elasticity of Demand.
Answer:
(A) Percentage Method or Ratio Method : This method is also known as Arithmetic Method. In this method} we compare the percentage of change in demand with percentage of change in price. When we divide the percentage of change in demand by the percentage of change in price, we get Elasticity of demand.

ΔQ = Change in demand (Original – new ( quantity)
ΔP = Change in price (Original – new price)
Q = Original quantity
P = Original price
By applying the above formula we can ( calculate and find the type of elasticity. If the ) result is one, then elasticity is unitary. If it

[ ΔQ (Change in Qty) = (10 -14) = -4, Original Qty = 10, ΔP (Change in price) = (6 – 8) = -2, Original price = 8 ]
= \(\frac{-4}{-2} \times \frac{8}{10}=\frac{8}{5}\)
= 1.6 (e > 1)
So the commodity has Relatively Elastic Demand e > 1.
If the Answer was < 1 then it would have been relatively inelastic.

(B) Total Outlay Method : This method was introduced by Dr. Alfred Marshall. The limitation of this method is that in this method unlike ratio method, the exact numerical value of the elasticity of demand cannot be determined. According, to this method, the elasticity of demand is measured on the basis of expenditure incurred by consumer when the price of a commodity changes.

Total outlay or total expenditure can be calculated by multiplying the price with the quantity demanded (Price x Quantity demand = Total Expenditure). Depending upon the kind of change in total outlay, whether it increases, or decreases, or remain constant with the change in price we will be able to decide the type of elasticity. This can be explained with the following example:-

(1) If the total outlay remains the same with a rise or fall in price then the demand is said to be unitary (e = 1) elastic.
(2) If the total outlay decreases with a rise in price and increases with a fall in price, the elasticity of demand is greater than one or Relatively Elastic e > 1.
(3) If the total outlay increases with a rise in price and decreases with a fall in price, then elasticity is less than one or relatively inelastic, e < 1.

(C) Point Method : In this method given by Prof. Marshall we will be able to find out elasticity at a point on a given demand curve.
To find out elasticity at any given point ‘P on a linear demand curve DD (Straight Line) extend the demand curve towards Y axis and X axis to meet at point A and B respectively as shown in the diagram. Then measure the distance of segment PA and segment PB. Then divide the distance of lower segment PB by upper segment PA.
Point Elasticity of demand = \(\frac { Lower segment of the demand curve }{ Upper segment of the demand curve }\)

Suppose the distance of lower segment PB is 6 cm and upper segment PA is 4 cm.
\(\frac{6}{4}=\frac{\mathrm{PB}}{\mathrm{PA}}\) = 1.5
Then Elasticity at point “P” is 1.5 which is e > 1. So demand is Relatively Elastic. On a given linear demand curve elasticity of demand at different point is different as shown in the diagram.
Now to find elasticity of demand on a non-linear demand curve on a given point “P” as shown in the diagram. First draw a tangent line AB to meet Y and X axis at Point A and B. Then divide the
PB
lower Seg PB by the upper Seg PA i.e. \(\frac{\mathrm{PB}}{\mathrm{PA}}\)

Suppose distance PA’is 8 cm and PB is 4 cm, then ED = \(\frac{4}{8}\) = 0.5 i.e. e < 1. It is a case of Relatively Inelastic demand.

Question 4.
Explain Ratio method and Geometric method of measuring price elasticity of demand.
Answer:
(A) Percentage Method or Ratio Method : This method is also known as Arithmetic Method. In this method} we compare the percentage of change in demand with percentage of change in price. When we divide the percentage of change in demand by the percentage of change in price, we get Elasticity of demand.

ΔQ = Change in demand (Original – new ( quantity)
ΔP = Change in price (Original – new price)
Q = Original quantity
P = Original price
By applying the above formula we can ( calculate and find the type of elasticity. If the ) result is one, then elasticity is unitary. If it

[ ΔQ (Change in Qty) = (10 -14) = -4, Original Qty = 10, ΔP (Change in price) = (6 – 8) = -2, Original price = 8 ]
= \(\frac{-4}{-2} \times \frac{8}{10}=\frac{8}{5}\)
= 1.6 (e > 1)
So the commodity has Relatively Elastic Demand e > 1.
If the Answer was < 1 then it would have been relatively inelastic.

(C) Point Method : In this method given by Prof. Marshall we will be able to find out elasticity at a point on a given demand curve.
To find out elasticity at any given point ‘P on a linear demand curve DD (Straight Line) extend the demand curve towards Y axis and X axis to meet at point A and B respectively as shown in the diagram. Then measure the distance of segment PA and segment PB. Then divide the distance of lower segment PB by upper segment PA.
Point Elasticity of demand = \(\frac { Lower segment of the demand curve }{ Upper segment of the demand curve }\)

Suppose the distance of lower segment PB is 6 cm and upper segment PA is 4 cm.
\(\frac{6}{4}=\frac{\mathrm{PB}}{\mathrm{PA}}\) = 1.5
Then Elasticity at point “P” is 1.5 which is e > 1. So demand is Relatively Elastic. On a given linear demand curve elasticity of demand at different point is different as shown in the diagram.
Now to find elasticity of demand on a non-linear demand curve on a given point “P” as shown in the diagram. First draw a tangent line AB to meet Y and X axis at Point A and B. Then divide the
PB
lower Seg PB by the upper Seg PA i.e. \(\frac{\mathrm{PB}}{\mathrm{PA}}\)

Suppose distance PA’is 8 cm and PB is 4 cm, then ED = \(\frac{4}{8}\) = 0.5 i.e. e < 1. It is a case of Relatively Inelastic demand.