Class 12

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Class 12 Psychology Solutions Chapter 1 Psychology: A Scientific Discipline Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

Maharashtra State Board Class 12 Psychology Solutions Chapter 1 Psychology: A Scientific Discipline

1. Choose the correct option and complete the following statements.

Question 1.
Till 1879, psychology was a branch of ……….
(a) physics
(b) philosophy
(c) physiology
Answer:
(b) philosophy

Question 2.
Psychology is a science.
(a) natural
(b) social
(c) biological
Answer:
(b) social

Question 3.
…………………. is considered as founder of Psychoanalysis.
(a) Wilhelm Wundt
(b) Carl Rogers
(c) Sigmund Freud
Answer:
(c) Sigmund Freud

2. Match the pair

Group A	Group B
(1) Structuralism	(a) John Watson
(2) Functionalism	(b) Carl Rogers
(3) Behaviourism	(c) Ulric Neisser
(4) Cognitivism	(d) William James
	(e) Wilhelm Wundt

Answer:

Group A	Group B
(1) Structuralism	(e) Wilhelm Wundt
(2) Functionalism	(d) William James
(3) Behaviourism	(a) John Watson
(4) Cognitivism	(c) Ulric Neisser

3. State whether the following statements are true or false.

Question 1.
Psychology is a study of mental processes.
Answer:
True

Question 2.
Case study method is quite often used by clinical psychologists.
Answer:
True

Question 3.
An experimenter is a person on whom the experiment is conducted.
Answer:
False

4. Answer the following in one sentence each.

Question 1.
In which year was the first psychology laboratory established?
Answer:
The first psychology laboratory was established in 1879 by Wilhelm Wundt, at the University of Leipzig in Germany.

Question 2.
Who is considered as the ‘Father of American Psychology’?
Answer:
William James, founder of Functionalism school of thought of psychology is considered ‘Father of American Psychology’.

Question 3.
What is meant by an experimenter?
Answer:
The person who conducts the experiment is called the experimenter.

5. Define / Explain the concepts in 25 – 30 words each.

Question 1.
Replicability
Answer:
Replicability is one of the key features of science. Scientific knowledge can be replicated under the same circumstances as the original experiment. This ensures reliability of results towards establishing a scientific theory.

Question 2.
Correlation coefficient.
Answer:
Correlation coefficient is the measurement of the correlation between two or more variables. Its value extends between -1.00 to +1.00. The concept was first introduced by Sir Francis Galton. The Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient is the most commonly used type of correlation coefficient.

6. Write short notes on the following in 50 – 60 words each.

Question 1.
Observation method
Answer:
Observation method is a research method that is employed in conditions where experiments may not be possible or even necessary. Observation is used by child psychologists and social psychologists. It may be carried out in a natural setting, for e.g., observing candidates waiting their turn for an interview. It may also be carried out in controlled conditions.
The following factors should be kept in mind while carrying out the observation

1. it should be done systematically.
2. a comprehensive list of behaviours to be observed must be prepared.
3. the persons should not be aware of being observed.

The disadvantages of observation are:

1. it is a time consuming method.
2. objectivity is difficult to maintain during observation.
3. it is difficult to establish cause-effect relationships.

Question 2.
Survey method
Answer:
A survey is a research method used to collect data from a pre-determined group of respondents, i.e., a sample. It is used to obtain information about the preferences, opinions, etc., of the ‘sample’ population. It makes use of tools like questionnaire, checklist, interviews, etc. Survey method is employed by social psychologists, industrial psychologists, etc. The researcher must ensure that-

1. sample of respondents is representative of the population.
2. questions should not be ambiguous.

The disadvantages of survey method are:

1. it is a very subjective method,
2. it lacks reliability.

Question 3.
Case study method
Answer:
Case study method is a qualitative research method employed by clinical psychologists. It provides intensive, descriptive information about an individual from multiple sources such as family, peers, school, academic and health records, etc. This helps to assess the person’s level of psychological and social functioning. Researchers may employ techniques like observation, interview, psychological tests, etc. Psychologist such as Sigmund Freud and Jean Piaget made extensive use of case study method. However, this method is very time consuming and subjective.

Question 4.
Importance of rationality
Answer:
Rationality implies being agreeable to reason. According to Stanovich, “Rationality involves adaptive reasoning, good judgement and good decision making.”
According to Dr. Albert Ellis, rationality helps a person to successfully attain goals and be happy. He proposed Rational Emotive Behavioural Therapy (REBT), which is a popular intervention method in counselling psychology.
Rationality is important because:

1. It allows us to make decisions in new or unfamiliar situations by helping us to gather and process relevant information.
2. It enables the person to exhibit tolerance and flexibility.
3. A rational person accepts oneself unconditionally and assumes responsibility for their own behaviour.
4. Rationality helps to understand and respect the views and interests of others.

7. Define / Explain the concepts in 25 – 30 words each.

Question 1.
Science
Answer:
The word science is derived from the Latin word ‘Scientia’ which means ‘knowledge’. Science is the pursuit and application of knowledge and understanding of the natural and social world, following a systematic methodology based on evidence. The key features of science are empirical evidence, objectivity, scientific causality, systematic exploration and replication.

Question 2.
Objectivity
Answer:
Objectivity is one of the key features of science. It refers to the ability to observe and accept facts as they exist setting aside all sources of expectations, values, prejudices, etc. Science objectively studies some particular phenomenon.

8. Answer the following questions in detail.

Question 1.
Explain the types of correlation.
Answer:
A correlation refers to a statistical tool used to measure the relationship between two or more variables.
If the change in one variable is accompanied by a change in the other variable, this interdependence is called correlation. It is measured by correlation coefficient which extends between -1.00 to + 1.00.
The types of correlation are:
(i) Positive correlation – Both variables either increase or decrease at the same time, for e.g., extent of rehearsal (revision)↑ and recall score↑.
The value of positive correlation from 0.00 to + 1.00. It is represented as: variable 1 variable 2

(ii) Negative correlation – An increase in one variable is associated with a decrease in the other and vice-versa. The value of the correlation is between 0.00 to -1.00, for e.g., bunking of lectures (↑) and score in exams (↓).

(iii) Zero correlation – A change in one variable leads to no significant change in the other variable, for e.g., height and intelligence.

Question 2.
Explain some of the challenges in establishing psychology as a science.
Answer:
Many criticisms of psychology as a science have been made on practical, philosophical and ethical grounds. The challenges in establishing psychology as a science are:
(i) It is in preparadigmatic state – According to American philosopher, Thomas Kuhn, psychology is still in a preparadigmatic state as it has not succeeded in producing a cumulative body of knowledge that has a clear conceptual cove.

(ii) Issues related to objectivity and validity – Methods used in psychology such as introspection, surveys and questionnaires are subjective. Due to this, psychology lacks two criteria of science, i.e., objectivity and validity.

(iii) Issues related to predictability and replicability – In psychology it is difficult to make exact predictions as people respond differently in different situations. Test result are more varied and hence difficult to replicate.

(iv) Objectifying humans – According to some psychologists, subjecting human behaviour to experimentation amounts to objectifying individuals.

Question 3.
Explain the key features of science.
Answer:
The word science is derived from the Latin word ‘Scientia’ which means ‘knowledge’. Science is the pursuit and application of knowledge and understanding of the natural and social world, following a systematic methodology based on evidence.
They key features of science are:

1. Empirical evidence – It refers to acquiring information through direct observation or experiments. Scientific knowledge is based on verifiable evidence.
2. Objectivity – This refers to the ability to observe and accept facts as they exist, setting aside all sources of expectations, values, prejudices, etc.
3. Scientific causality – Science aims to establish a cause-effect relationship between the variables under consideration, i.e., the effect of the Independent Variable on the Dependent Variable.
4. Systematic exploration – Science adopts a sequential procedure for studying various phenomena. It includes scientific steps like formulating a hypothesis, collection of facts, scientific generalisation etc.
5. Replication – Scientific knowledge can be replicated under the same circumstances as the original experiment. This ensures reliability of results towards establishing a scientific theory.
6. Predictability – Science involves describing and explaining phenomena as well as to make predictions accordingly.

Question 4.
Write detailed information of the experimental method in psychology.
Answer:
The systematic observation about a certain problem under controlled laboratory conditions is called an experiment.
For example, Albert Bandura conducted experiment to investigate if social behaviours i.e., aggression can be acquired by observation and imitation. The steps involved in an experiment are:

1. identifying the problem
2. formulation a hypothesis
3. selecting an experimental design
4. conducting the experiment and data collection
5. data analysis
6. drawing conclusions

The key terms of experimental method with examples are:

1. Problem: To study the effect of music on the level of blood Pressure.
2. Hypothesis: The music will help in regulating the level of blood pressure.
3. Independent variable: Music.
4. Dependent variable: Level of blood pressure.
5. Intervening variables: Age, gender, all other sounds other than music, etc.
6. Experimenter : A person who will be conducting this experiment. (May be you or your psychology teacher.)
7. Participant : A person on whom this experiment will be conducted. (May be your family member/ friend.)

The two variables in an experiment are:

1. Independent Variable (I.V.) – It is the variable that the experimenter manipulates or changes systematically to study it’s effect on the D.V. (Cause).
2. Dependent Variable (D.V.) – the variable that may change due to manipulation of the I.V. (effect).

The features of the method are:

1. it is the most objective and scientific method of studying behaviour
2. it helps to establish cause-effect relationship between two or more variables
3. the findings of an experiment are verifiable

The limitations of the method are:

1. it may not be possible to control all intervening variables
2. it has a limited scope, i.e., there may be ethical constraints or risk factors
3. experimenter’s expectations or participant attitude may influence the conclusions

Question 5.
Explain the characteristics of a rational individual.
Answer:
One of the significant aims of individuals is attainment of happiness. However, in the pursuit of happiness, one should not be driven by irrational influences or compromise on social norms and ethics. Psychology helps to improving life quality by applying the concept of rationality in daily life. According to Stanovich, “Rationality involves adaptive reasoning, good judgement and good decision making.”
According to Dr. Albert Ellis, rationality helps a person to successfully attain goals and be happy. He proposed Rational Emotive Behavioural Therapy (REBT), which is a popular intervention method in counselling Psychology.

According to Ellis, rational people possess characteristics such as:

1. Understanding both self-interest and social interest – Rational people understand what choices help them to grow and take responsibility for their actions. They are also careful not to violate other’s rights.
2. Self-direction – The person does not demand excessive attention or support from others as he/she assumes the responsibility for his/her own life.
3. Tolerance – It is the willingness to accept beliefs and behaviour patterns of others that may differ from our own way of thinking.
4. Flexibility – Rational people tend to be flexible and unbiased in their thoughts and actions.
5. Self-acceptance and self-responsibility – A rational person accepts him/herself unconditionally as well as responsibility for his/her thoughts, emotions and behaviour.

The concept of rationality can be explained as:

B (Balance)	Balance between self-interest and interest of others
E (Estimate)	Estimate the time, efforts, gains and losses
R (Respect)	Respect oneself and others
A (Affiliate)	Affiliate with others
T (Tolerate)	Tolerate oneself and others
I (Intergrate)	Integrate personal wellbeing with social wellbeing
0 (Optimize)	Optimize potential fully
N (Navigate)	Navigate path of success
A (Accept)	Accept the limitations and overcome them
L (Live)	Live life fully

How Rational Am I?

Question 1.
Identify the strongest and the weakest characteristics in you from those explained by Dr. Albert Ellis.
Answer:
Rational people are psychologically healthy and show adaptive reasoning and good decision making.
According to Dr. Albert Ellis, some characteristics of rational persons are:

1. Understanding self-interest and social interest
2. Self-direction
3. Tolerance
4. Flexibility
5. Self-acceptance and self-responsibility.

The strongest characteristic in me is self-direction. The weakest characteristic in me is flexibility.

Question 2.
How will you work on your weakest characteristic? Write two strategies.
Answer:
Two strategies that I can use to improve the flexibility in my life is:

1. Adopt an unbiased perspective and non-judgmental thinking
2. Practicing meditation and mindfulness.

(A) Identify the Independent Variable and Dependent Variable.

1. To study the effect of colour on moods.
2. To study the effect of positive feedback on self-confidence.
3. To study the effect of loud noise on concentration levels.
4. To study the effect of exposure to classical music on reading skills.
5. To study the effect of a type of diet on weight loss.
6. To study the effect of a fertilizer on crop growth.
7. To study the effect of solving previous years exam papers on scores in the exam.
8. To study the effect of worker’s participation in decision making on job satisfaction.

Answer:

Independent Variable	Dependent Variable
1. Colour	Moods
2. Positive feedback	Self confidence
3. Loud noise	Concentration levels
4. Classical music	Reading skills
5. Type of diet	Weight loss
6. Fertilizer	Crop Growth
7. Previous year question papers	Scores in the exam
8. Workers participation in decision making	Job satisfaction

(B) Identify the type of correlation.

1. Gender and Intelligence.
2. Cold weather and sales of air conditioners.
3. Low income and standard of living.
4. Consuming foods with antioxidants and immune system.
5. Speed and time taken to cover a distance.
6. Heads/tails,on flipping a coin and result when you flip another time.
7. Colour of the hair and learning a dance form.
8. Average temperature in a city and ice cream sales in it.
9. Chain smoking and lifespan.
10. Intelligence and language development.
11. Increasing age after 60 years and physical agility.
12. Level of water in a fish tank and area of fish habitat.
13. Large number of trees felled and probability of soil erosion.
14.  More hours spent at work and available leisure time.

Answer:

Positive Correlation	3, 4, 8, 10, 12, 13.
Negative Correlation	2, 5, 9, 11, 14.
Zero Correlation	1, 6, 7.

Class 12 Psychology Chapter 1 Psychology: A Scientific Discipline Intext Questions and Answers

ACTIVITIES (Textbook Page. No. 1)

Activity 1

Read the following statements. Think and discuss whether the given statements are facts or myths and misconceptions about psychology:
(i) Psychology is just common sense and not a real science.
(ii) Psychology is simply a pseudoscience.
(iii) Psychologists are simply mind readers or the face readers.
(iv) Psychology is related only to the study of crazy people who are in need of therapy.
(v) Psychologists, psychiatrists and counsellors have the same professional qualifications and their jobs are almost of the same nature.
(vi) Anyone with a degree in psychology can provide counselling to a need person. Answer:
Answer:
All the statements are misconceptions.
Statement 1, 2 are misconceptions because Psychology is a social science that fulfils the criteria of a science, e.g., it employs the scientific method.

Statement 3 is a misconception. Psychologists are trained professionals in some field of psychology, e.g., counselling psychology. They employ tools like observation, case study, experiments, etc.

Statement 4 is a misconception. There are numerous branches of psychology such as Social Psychology, Developmental Psychology, Abnormal Psychology, Environmental Psychology, etc.

Statement 5 is a misconception. Psychiatrists are trained medical doctors and focus on medication management. Psychologists employ psychotherapy such as CBT, REBT, etc.

Statement 6 is a misconception. A counsellor is a person who has academic qualifications as well as professional training in counselling techniques.

Activity 2 (Textbook Page. No. 3)

Read the following statements and discuss about the same in the classroom:
(i) Psychology is a science because it fulfils many conditions of science.
(ii) Psychology is not an exact science like physics or chemistry.
(iii) Psychology is a social science that studies human (and animal) behaviour and mental processes.
(iv) Psychology uses some objective research methods, it examines cause-and-effect relationships to produce laws governing human behaviour and its findings can be verified.
(v) Psychology can be distinguished from pseudoscience and folk wisdom as psychology has evidence against its theories.
(vi) The subject matter of psychology is complex as human behaviour is dynamic and the mental processes are abstract. Therefore, the theories of psychology are not as universal, exact and precise as those in physics and chemistry.
Answer:

1. Psychology fulfils conditions of science such as acquiring empirical evidence, objectivity, predictability, scientific causality, etc.
2. Psychology is a social science which deals with human beings. It is not a physical science.
3. Psychology is defined as the scientific study of human behaviour and mental processes.
4. Psychology uses objective methods like controlled laboratory experiments and aims to establish scientific causality and verifiable theories.
5. Psychology is not based on folk wisdom, pseudo knowledge or myths. It is based on systematic exploration and acquisition of empirical evidence.
6. Psychology is a social science so its theories cannot be universal or exact as in the physical science. Human behaviour is constantly evolving and unpredictable.

Activity 3 (Textbook Page. No. 4)

Visit the website given below and collect information about various schools of thought of psychology: https://www. verywellmind.com/psychology-schools-of-thought-2795247
Answer:

1. Structuralism – Focused on breaking down mental processes into the basic elements using techniques like introspection.
2. Functionalism – Focused on the mind’s functions and adaptations.
3. Gestalt school – Focused on looking at the ‘whole’ rather than individual elements.
4. Behavioural school – Focused on study of observable behaviour.
5. Psychoanalytic school – Emphasized the influence of the ‘unconscious’ on behaviour.
6. Humanistic school – It developed as a response to psychoanalysis and behaviourism. It focused on individual free will, personal growth and concept of self-actualization (achieving one’s full potential).
7. Cognitive school (Cognitivism) – Focused on the study of mental processes like learning, perception, memory etc.

In recent times, Behavioural school, Cognitive school and Humanistic school remain influential. Most psychologists adopt an eclectic approach drawing upon different perspectives.

Activity 5 (Textbook Page. No. 5)

Find out the Independent Variable and Dependent Variable from the experiment ideas given below:
(i) To study the effect of practice on memory.
(ii) To study the effect of mental set on problem solving.
(iii) To study the effect of noise pollution on the speed of writing.
(iv) To study the effect of colour on perception.
(v) To study the effect of feedback on decision making.
Answer:

Independent Variable	Dependent Variable
(1) Practice	Efficient memory
(2) Mental set	Problem solving
(3) Noise pollution	Speed of writing
(4) Colour	Perception
(5) Feedback	Efficient decision making

Activity 6 (Textbook Page. No. 8)

Discuss about the following topics that can be studied using correlation study method:
(i) Bunking lectures and score in exams
(ii) Weight and intelligence
(iii) Amount of salary and level of job satisfaction
(iv) Rehearsal and forgetting
(v) Height and aptitude in music
(vi) Urbanization and pollution
(vii) Speed of vehicles and road accidents
Answer:
(a) Positive correlation

1. Urbanization and pollution
2. Speed of vehicles and road accidents

(b) Negative correlation

1. Bunking lectures and score in exams
2. Rehearsal and forgetting

(c) Zero correlation

1. Weight and intelligence
2. Height and aptitude in music

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Class 12 Sociology Solutions Chapter 1 Introduction to Indian Society Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

Maharashtra State Board Class 12 Sociology Solutions Chapter 1 Introduction to Indian Society

1A. Complete the following statements by choosing the correct alternative given in the brackets and rewrite it.

Question 1.
Monks in Buddhist monasteries were called __________ (Bhikkus, Bhikkhunis, Rishis)
Answer:
Bhikkus

Question 2.
The Special Marriage Act was passed in the year __________ (1950, 1952, 1954)
Answer:
1954

1B. Correct the incorrect pair and rewrite it.

Question 1.
(a) Raj Marg – Hinduism
(b) Teerthankar – Jainism
(c) Saint Thomas – Sikhism
(d) Eight-fold Path – Buddhism
Answer:
(c) Saint Thomas – Christianity

1C. Identify the appropriate term from the given options in the box and rewrite it against the given statement.

Brahmo Samaj, Dr. B. R. Ambedkar, Harijan Sevak Sangh

Question 1.
An association was established by Raja Rammohan Roy.
Answer:
Brahmo Samaj

Question 2.
Head of the Drafting Committee of the Constitution of India.
Answer:
Dr. B.R Ambedkar

1D. Correct underlined words and complete the statement.

Question 1.
Elementary education was imparted in Khanqahs during the medieval period.
Answer:
Elementary education was imparted in Maktab during the medieval period.

Question 2.
The Theosophical Society was the Initiative of Mahatma Gandhi.
Answer:
The Theosophical Society was the Initiative of Annie Besant.

2. Write short notes.

Question 1.
Education during the Early Vedic period.
Answer:
During the Early Vedic period the content of education was based on sacred literature which was written in Sanskrit – which was not the language of the masses. The Yajur Veda commands education for all classes including women. The Atharva Veda states that “all classes have an equal right to study the Veda”.

To enter Vedic schools, it was a prerequisite for students of the first three Varnas to perform the Upanayana thread ceremony and they had to observe Brahmacharya for as long as they lived at the school to study the Vedas. There was an oral tradition of imparting knowledge, which was through rote-learning. Enunciation and pronunciation were an integral part of the oral tradition of learning. The aim of education was to sharpen the intellect as well as for character formation. Value was attached to being truthful, carrying out one’s duties (dharma), devotion to the guru and to one’s parents, hospitality, faith, and generosity.

The Kshatriyas learned the art of warfare and administration. Vaishyas studied trade and commerce and Shudras learned agriculture and animal husbandry. The Brahmanas stayed in the school until they attained mastery of the four Vedas They were known as Brahmanas – the possessors of Brahman (supreme knowledge)

Question 2.
Status of women during the Medieval period.
Answer:
The status of women deteriorated in Medieval India. Invasions from the Central Asian region along with zealous Brahmanical iron laws were the main causes for the degradation were Invasions from the Central Asian region and zealous Brahmanical iron laws.

Freedom of women was curtailed, knowledge of the scriptures and literacy was denied to them and her status was reduced to being dependent on men throughout her lifetime. Only women from upper castes and aristocracy were given education in private.

Widow remarriage which was permitted in the Vedic period came to be considered taboo. Women continued to be excluded from family inheritances. Practices of child marriage, sati, purdah system, and Devadasi system made women the objects of exploitation.

The patriarchal joint family, the customs of polygamy, and early marriage – all contributed to Curtailing the free development and growth of women.

3. Write differences.

Question 1.
Status of Women in the Early Vedic period and Later Vedic period.
Answer:

Status of Women in the Early Vedic period	Status of Women in the Later Vedic period
(i) Status: Indian women enjoyed a high status during the early Vedic period.	(i) Status: There was a decline in the status of women in society in the Later Vedic period.
(ii) Education: Women during the Early Vedic period had access to Vedic education.	(ii) Education: Women during the later Vedic period were denied access to education.
(iii) Participation in Social Activities: Women during the Early Vedic period could participate in social assemblies (vidath).	(iii) Participation in Social Activities: Women during the Later Vedic period were barred from attending social assemblies.
(iv) Marriage: Women during the Early Vedic period could pursue their education just until they were married or could remain unmarried. Adult marriage was practiced.	(iv) Marriage: Later Vedic period was the beginning of the practice of dowry and child marriage.

Question 2.
Education in the Ancient Period and Colonial Period in Indian society.
Answer:

Education in the Ancient Period in Indian society	Education in the Colonial Period in Indian society
(i) Education: In ancient times, education was provided on the basis of the caste system under the guidance of a guru.	(i) Education: Schools and colleges were open to all individuals, irrespective of caste, creed, gender, etc.
(ii) Medium of Instruction: During the ancient period education was imparted orally and the medium of instruction was Sanskrit.	(ii) Medium of Instruction: During the coloanal period medium of instruction was English and in written form.
(iii) The Content of Education: The content of education was religion-oriented.	(iii) The Content of Education: The content of education was not religion-oriented It was secular.
(iv) Values: The education was based on values like truthfulness, carrying out one’s duties (dharma), devotion to the guru and to one’s parents, hospitality, faith, and generosity.	(iv) Values: The education was based on values like rationality, equality, social justice, secular approach, and individualism.
(v) Centre of Education: During ancient times Buddhists established Nalanda and Takshashila which were centers of education.	Centre of Education: During the Buddhist period, the British established Universities, at Calcutta, Bombay, and Madras.

4. Explain the following concepts with examples.

Question 1.
Varna
Answer:
During the ancient period, Hindu society was divided into four Varna’s namely: The Kshatriyas learned the art of warfare and administration. Vaishyas studied trade and commerce and Shudras learned agriculture and animal husbandry.

The Brahmanas stayed in the school until they attained mastery of the four Vedas. The first three varnas began to call themselves the upper varnas. They became the ‘twice-born (dvija) because they were entitled to the initiation ceremony (upanayana)

In the beginning, there was flexibility and fluidity with respect to occupation. It was only towards the end of the Vedic period that Varna turned into a rigid jati (caste) hierarchy based on the ideology of purity and pollution. Notions of purity and pollution continue to be followed in everyday practices such as food and water intake, dressing, occupation, worship, social interactions, travel, etc. Thus, the flexible varna system was converted into a rigid caste system.
Example:

• Brahmin – priests, teachers, intellectuals
• Kshatriya – rulers, and warriors
• Vaishya – merchants’ traders, farmers
• Shudra – menial work

Question 2.
Social Legislation
Answer:
It refers to laws passed to promote social justice, social welfare, desirable social change, as well as protection of vulnerable and weaker sections of Indian society.

The increase in the number of reformative groups enabled Indians to exert pressure upon the British government, for passing laws against prevalent social evils. Concerns and problems of people and administration get recognized through academic research, scientific studies, media, advocacy groups, and interest groups. Laws are enacted accordingly.

It may be noted that laws by themselves cannot transform society, but they provided hope to those who were victims of injustice oppression, exploitation, and abuse.

Example:
Some significant legislation include

• 1829 – The Sati Prohibition Act
• 1843 – The Indian Slavery Act
• 1856 – The Hindu Widow Remarriage Act
• 1872 – The Civil (or Special) Marriage ACT
• 1929 – The Child Marriage Restraint Act

5A. Complete the concept map.

Question 1.

Answer:

5B. State whether the following statements are True or False with reasons.

Question 1.
The colonial rule has a significant impact on Indian society.
Answer:
This statement is True.

The British continued to rule India till the 20th century. Several systems were set in place under British rule in India. Some of the social reforms were also possible because of British policies. Let us look at some consequences of colonialism in India which had a significant impact on Indian society.

Education: The British set up a system of education that had a far-reaching impact on Indian society. The medium of instruction in the high school communication among the learned people now became English, schools, and colleges were open to all individuals, irrespective of caste, creed, gender, etc.

The content of education was secular – which included subjects like Mathematics, Science, Philosophy, Sociology, History, etc.

This led to the rise of a new class of intelligentsia, who were of Indian origin but trained in ‘Western’ values, customs, and practices. Some of them played a significant role in the reform movements.

New values like rationality, equality, social justice, secular approach, and individualism gained firmer ground in Indian society.

Culture: Many of the educated elite took to the lifestyle of the British with respect to food habits, dressing, customs mannerisms, attitudes, beliefs, language, sports, and entertainment, etc., M. N. Srinivas referred to this process of imitation of the British, as ‘westernization’.

Administration: The British started new systems of administration like the Economic Service, Education Service, Revenue Service, and Administrative Service. It was the English-educated Indians who entered the administrative services to assist the British rulers in governing the land and its people.

A new judiciary system was created, which took into consideration the earlier legal traditions of the Indian communities. However, its implementation was carried out on a secular basis; each individual was judged on an equal basis, irrespective of one’s caste and creed.

The Indian Councils Act, The Indian High Court Act, and The Indian Civil Service Act of 1861, all led to major changes in the Executive, Legislative and Judicial administration of India.

Question 2.
Buddhism spread to several parts of India and beyond.
Answer:
This statement is True.

The teachings of Gautama Buddha did not make reference to the concept of God. Also, the sacred literature (Tripitkas) was written in the language of the common people, namely, Pali. Buddha made monasticism an inseparable part of his creed. The function of monasticism was to provide suitable conditions for personal and societal development.

Thus, Jainism and Buddhism are perceived as ‘protest religions’. Both these religious traditions opened their doors to all sections of society. The right to salvation was no longer limited to a particular stratum of society. Understandably, Buddhism with its fewer rigid rules and regulations in comparison to Jainism was embraced by many.

Buddhism gave great importance to the moral upliftment of human beings and directed people to lead moral lives. It insisted on virtues like charity, self-sacrifice, control over passions, and non-injury in thought and action. These virtues are also advocated in the Upanishads and also widely practiced through the Buddhist way of life.

Buddhism thus spread far and wide even beyond the boundaries of India because of the patronage of the Mauryan emperor, Ashoka. As a missionary religion, Buddhism spread to foreign lands like Tibet, China, Japan, Mongolia, Burma, Java, Sumatra, and Sri Lanka.

6. Give your personal response.

Question 1.
Jainism and Buddhism provided hope to all people.
Answer:
In the Later Vedic period, the caste system and Brahminic supremacy became entrenched. Caste groups became rigid with the passage of time. The varna system now turned into an oppressive Jati (caste) system.

In all this, women became doubly oppressed. Jainism and Buddhism are perceived as “protest religions”. Both these religious traditions opened their doors to all sections of society.

The right to salvation was no longer limited to a particular stratum of society. Understandably, Buddhism with its fewer rigid rules and regulations in comparison to Jainism was embraced by many.

Gautama Buddha permitted women to join his monastic community and to fully participate in it. Buddhist doctrines do not differentiate between women and men, since everyone, regardless of gender, status or age, is subject to old age, illness, and mortality, thus suffering applies to all.

Several Jain nuns have played a very active part in the abolition of sati practice, abolition of slavery of women, and in the prohibition of animal sacrifices.

Jainism, being a religion of religious equality, is devoted to recognizing the rights of all living creatures. Jainism and Buddhism opposed the caste system in India. Thus, Jainism and Buddhism provided hope to all people.

Question 2.
Social reform movements are present even in 21st century India.
Answer:
A social movement is a mass movement and a collective attempt of people to bring about a change or to resist any change. In the 21st century, India, Industrialisation, and urbanisation technological advancements, and ongoing democratization have allowed people to push for change collectively, and question the legitimacy of the existing order. Social movements can be defined as collective challenges based on common purposes.

The emancipation of women, the spread of mass education, the removal of untouchability, the equality of opportunity for both the sexes and the growth of secularism are some examples of cultural drift which have led to the emergence of social movements today.

Changing society is, to some extent, disorganized because changes in different parts of society do not take place simultaneously. One part changes more rapidly than the other, thereby producing numerous lags. When there is an absence of social justice and a threat to the environmental system, social movements emerge.

For example, Meira Paibi struggle in Manipur was for the safety and well-being of their community. They have shifted their focus from anti-alcoholism to human rights. Women played a major role in this movement. Meria Paibi led a boycott of elections and used relay hunger strikes as means to fight for their rights. Irom Sharmila had been on hunger strike for nearly 16 years.

7. Answer the following question in detail. (About 150-200 words)

Question 1.
Discuss with relevant examples, how the following factors have changed Indian society today.
(i) English medium of instruction
(ii) Lowering the age for voting
(iii) Social legislations
(iv) Transport and Communication
Answer:
(i) English medium of instruction: Education in the English language was introduced by the British in India. The increased economic and cultural influence of globalisation has spread English, as has the rapid spread of the Internet and other technologies. As a result of this, in many states throughout Indian society where English is not the predominant language, there are English-medium schools. Also in higher education, due to the recent trend towards internationalization an increasing number of degree courses, are being taught through the medium of English.

(ii) Lowering the age for voting: The present-day youth are literate and enlightened and the lowering of the voting age has provided the unrepresented youth of the country an opportunity to express their feelings and opinions and help them become a part of the political process. It has increased the political participation of the people and the creation of public opinion.

(iii) Social Legislation: It refers to laws passed to promote social justice, social protection of vulnerable and weaker sections of Indian society. Concerns and problems of people and administration get recognized through academic research, scientific studies, media, advocacy groups, and interest groups.

Laws are made by the Indian Parliament. Several laws related to civil and criminal matters have been enacted, which may be amended or repealed. The problems of differences in caste, sex, religion, poverty, terrorism are serious and therefore, the impetus is given to enactment and enforcement of laws.

For example, the untouchability offense act 1955, is enacted and enforced to curb the problem of practice untouchability, to eradicate gender inequality the government has passed various legislations. The Special Marriage Act 1954, The Hindu Dowry Prohibition Act 1961. Prohibition of early marriage and fixing the minimum age of marriage under the Child Marriage Restraint Act 1929, and the Hindu Marriage Act, 1955, have lengthened the period of education for girls.

Now the position of women is far better as a result of the enactment of laws. Similarly, the distinction between touchable and untouchable is not much felt in modern times.

(iv) Transport and Communication: Transport facilitates trade and commerce by carrying goods from the areas of production to that of consumption. Goods from the areas that have surplus are shifted to those areas which are deficient in those items. Movement of people from one place to another place in search of job, education, and emergency through transport facility. Communication keeps us informed about the world’s events and trends. It has brought in positive changes in the life of the people and thereby enhancing their economic conditions.

Class 12 Sociology Chapter 1 Introduction to Indian Society Intext Questions and Answers

Check your progress (Textbook Page No. 15)

1. What was the nature of education during the Early Vedic Period?
Answer:

• During the Early Vedic period the content of education was based on sacred literature which was written in Sanskrit.
• The Yajur Veda commands education for all classes including women.
• To enter Vedic schools it was a prerequisite for students of the first three Varnas to perform the upanayana (thread) ceremony and they had to observe Brahmacharya for as long as they lived at the school to study the Vedas.
• There was an oral tradition of imparting knowledge, which was through rote-learning. Enunciation and pronunciation were an integral part of the oral were to sharpen the intellect as well as for character formation. Most scholars hold the view that the art of writing was unknown during this period.
• Value was attached to being truthful, carrying out one’s duties (dharma), devotion to the guru and to one’s parents, hospitality, faith, and generosity.
• The Kshatriyas learned the art of warfare and administration. Vaishyas studied trade and commerce and Shudras learned agriculture and animal husbandry. The Brahmanas probably stayed in the school until they attained mastery of the four Vedas.

2. State two indicators of the declining status of women during the Later Vedic Period.
Answer:
The first indicator of the declining status of women during the Later Vedic Period, is education being replaced by marriage and the practice of child marriage. In the Later Vedic Period, since education for girls was stopped, so was the sacrament of upanayana (thread ceremony) which initiated them into the Gurukul. It was replaced with marriage (‘vivaha) and child marriage. Marriage now became the only sacrament (samskara) permissible for women.

The second indicator of the declining status of women during the Later Vedic Period is the practice of dowry. The birth of a daughter began to be looked down upon and there is evidence to suggest the beginning of the practice of dowry.

3. Mention any two characteristics of Indian society in the Medieval Period.
Answer:
Status of women:
The status of women deteriorated in Medieval India. Invasions from the Central Asian region along with zealous Brahmanical iron laws were the main cause for this degradation. Freedom of women was curtailed; knowledge of the scriptures and literacy was denied to them and her status was reduced to being dependent on men throughout her lifetime.

Nature of education:
Education during the Medieval Period is centered on the Quran. The Prophet Mohammed exhorts all people of faith to acquire knowledge. Unlike the previous systems of learning, there was no requirement for being through with Vedic schools nor renunciation of the world. The Islamic system of education is open to all followers of the faith irrespective of one’s status.

Check your progress (Textbook Page No. 18)

With reference to the Colonial period:
1. Name two educational changes.
2. State two economic changes.
3. Cite two administrative changes.
Answer:
1. Name two educational changes.

• The medium of instruction in high school now became English which also became the common language of communication among the learned people.
• Schools and colleges were open to all individuals, irrespective of caste, creed, gender, etc.

2. State two economic changes.

• The economic system got transformed by industrial growth and the process of urbanization. Caste-based skills and occupations and social relationships gradually changed due to the impact of a changing economy and the rise of factories.
• New revenue systems were started by the British in different parts of India which affected the peasants adversely. There was the commercialization of agriculture also. The subsistence economy was replaced by a market system that was profit-oriented.

3. Cite two administrative changes.

• A new judiciary system was created, which took into consideration the earlier legal traditions of the Indian communities. However, its implementation was carried out on a secular basis, each individual judged on an equal basis, irrespective of one’s caste and creed.
• The authority of feudal lords and zamindars was abolished, affecting the gradual spread of democratic values into Indian society.

Activity 1 (Textbook Page No. 4)

Find out about the Eight-Fold Path of Buddhism.
Answer:
The Eightfold Path is composed of eight primary teachings that Buddhists follow and use in their everyday lives:

• Right View or Right Understanding: Insight into the true nature of reality
• Right Intention: The unselfish desire to realize enlightenment
• Right Speech: Using speech compassionately
• Right Action: Using ethical conduct to manifest compassion
• Right Livelihood: Making a living through ethical and no harmful means
• Right Effort: Cultivating wholesome qualities and releasing unwholesome qualities
• Right Mindfulness: Whole body-and-mind awareness
• Right Concentration: Meditation or some other dedicated, concentrated practice
• In Buddhist symbolism, the Noble Eightfold Path is often represented by means of the dharma wheel (dharma chakra), in which its eight spokes represent the eight elements of the path.

Activity 2 (Textbook Page No. 8)

Discuss whether there are similarities between the status of women in the Later Vedic period and modern Indian women. To what extent are there changes? Do some beliefs and practices still continue in 21st century India?
Answer:
Similarities between the status of women in the Later Vedic:

• The status of Hindu women in India has been fluctuating. It has gone through several changes during various historical stages.
• The Rig-Vedic society was a free society. During later Vedic, Women were deprived of the Upanayana ceremony and thereby of education. Many evil social practices, like the practice of prepuberty marriages, denial of the right of women to education and also to mate selection, etc. were imposed on women. Efforts have been taken to improve the status of women. According to India’s Constitution, women are legal citizens of the country and have equal rights with men.
• Because of the lack of acceptance from the male dominant society, Indian women suffer immensely. Women are responsible for bearing children, yet they are malnourished and in poor health. Most Indian women are uneducated, the constitutional dream of gender equality is miles away from becoming a reality.
• Even today, ‘the mainstream remains very much a male stream’.
• As compared to the past, the status of women in modern times has changed a lot but in reality, they have to still travel a long way.

Activity 3 (Textbook Page No. 12)

Find out more about the impact of Muslim rule on the following:

• Painting
• Architecture
• Music

Present your findings in class.
Answer:
Painting: Both Hindus and Muslim artists were encouraged at Mughals courts. The development of painting was very fast in the reign, of Jahangir. King Jahangir was interested in collecting pictures of historical interests. Hindu artists were also famous during this period.

Architecture: Mugal architecture started during the reign of Babar. During Mughal, reign mosques were built at Dholapur, Gwalior, and any other places. Akbar was a lover of art. Akbar fort and many other beautiful buildings were constructed during Akbar’s reign. Shahjahan was a great lover of architecture. The Red Fort of Delhi, Jama Masjid, Taj Mahal erected in the memory of his wife Mumtaj are the unforgettable work of Shahjahan.

Music: Babar and Humayun were interested in music. Tansen was one of the nine jewels of Akbar. Singers and musicians were encouraged during the Mughal period. Indian instruments were also influenced by Islam. The Indian Veena and the Irani Tambura merged together to emerge as Sitar.

Activity 4 (Textbook Page No. 18)

Discussion: Social reform movements are still present in India.
Answer:
Today, social movements have raised diverse demands pertaining to the environment, human rights, and equality. These are powerful means for ordinary people to participate directly in creating positive social change. These are deeply rooted in values of justice and democracy and many a time secure public support.

Example of social movements which we can see today: During the last few decades tribal and marginal farmers are also being threatened by commercial farmers, mining corporations, and dam projects. The Narmada Bachao Andolan (NBA) movement combines in itself many strands like the movement of indigenous people, the movement against neo-liberal policies, the struggle of farmers to hold on to their land as attempts are being made to take them over for dams, urbanization, industries, mines, and forests.

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Class 12 History Solutions Chapter 12 India Transformed Part 2 Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

Maharashtra State Board Class 12 History Solutions Chapter 12 India Transformed Part 2

1A. Choose the correct alternative and rewrite the statement.

Question 1.
In 1995, the health department of the Indian government launched the campaign, dubbed as __________
(a) Measles-Rubella
(b) Pulse Polio
(c) B.C.G.
(d) Triple vaccine
Answer:
(b) Pulse Polio

Question 2.
The first district in __________ to become completely literate was Ernakulum.
(a) Gujrat
(b) Kerala
(c) Karnataka
(d) Tamil Nadu
Answer:
(b) Kerala

1B. Find the incorrect pair from group ‘B’ and write the corrected one.

Question 1.

Group ‘A’	Group ‘B’
(a) National Human Rights Commission	Protection of Human Rights
(b) Centre for Science and Environment	Study of Pollution in Delhi
(c) SEESCAP	Institute for conservation of turtles
(d) INTACH	Organisation creating awareness for conservation of heritage

Answer:
SEESCAP – Institute for conservation of long-billed vultures

2. Write the names of historical places/persons/events.

Question 1.
Commission established vide Human Right Protection Act –
Answer:
National Human Rights Commission

Question 2.
The player who was awarded the highest title, ‘Bharat Ratna’ –
Answer:
Mr. Sachin Tendulkar

3. Complete the following concept map.

Question 1.

Answer:

4. Write short notes.

Question 1.
Speed Post
Answer:

• The Indian postal department started the service of speed post in 1986 which changed the nature of post service.
• This service was used by the majority of Indians, more than three crore letters and parcels were delivered from this service.
• The customer will get the message of successful delivery of their items.
• The postal department now offers courier services like passport delivery, business parcels, cash-on-delivery, logistics posts, and air freights.
• The post office even offers a packaging service. Over one lakh and fifty thousand post offices are offering the services like paying bills, sending festive cards and other objects.
• Since 2016, the postal department has started service of delivering Ganges water from Rishikesh and Gangotri at personal addresses.
• Buying personalised postage stamps with personal photographs and special schemes for philatelists are also available at ‘Post Shops’ opened at 80 post offices.

Question 2.
Air Pollution
Answer:

• The entire world, nowadays, is facing the problem of air pollution which is mainly done by vehicles.
• All most every state in India is facing the problem of air pollution.
• The ‘Centre for Science and Environment’, studied and proved that the increasing number of automobiles and vehicles of poor maintenance are the causes of air pollution in Delhi.
• The institution recommended the following suggestions to curb air pollution:
  • Use of CNG (Compressed Natural Gas) as fuel.
  • It was decided that vehicles without a ‘PUC’ certificate will not qualify for insurance and renewal of insurance.
• In this way, we can curb air pollution and make our environment clean and pure.

Question 3.
Eradication of Polio.
Answer:

• The government of India launched a campaign for the eradication of polio from India.
• The health department of the Indian government launched the campaign known as ‘Pulse Polio’ which was started with the joint sponsorship of‘World Health Organisation – WHO, Rotary International, UNICEF, and Indian Government.’
• The objective of the campaign was not to leave a single child under the age of five years without administering the polio vaccine.
• Awareness camps, home visits, and extensive advertising made this campaign successful.

5. Answer the following questions in detail.

Question 1.
Explain the sports policy of the Government of India.
Answer:
India is home to a diverse population playing and showing their talent in a variety of different sports. Every nation needs a well-knit sports policy.

• In 2001, the Government of India announced its sports policy. The main objective of this policy is:
  • To take sports to all parts of India.
  • To help the players to develop special skills.
  • To build supportive and fundamental sports facilities.
  • To help the National Sports Federation of India and associated institutions to search for sports talent.
  • To initiate co-operation from industries, corporate and private institutions for the cause of sports.
  • To create awareness of the importance of sports and interest in sports among people.
• In 2011, the Indian government announced a novel scheme for sports named ‘Come and Play’.
• Sports Authority of India gave permission to use five sports complexes in Delhi to local youths.
• They were also provided an opportunity to train under Sports Authority of India (SAI) coaches.
• The National Sports University was founded in Manipur in 2018.
• This university offers different courses from Bachelor and Masters to M.Phil. and Ph.D. Apart from this, sports universities also offer courses in sports, education, sports management, sports psychology, coaching, etc. Research in sports is also encouraged in the sports university.
• Khelo India.

Question 2.
Which programmes and facilities are created by the Ministry of Tourism of the Indian government to attract tourists?
Answer:
India has a rich cultural heritage. Several tourists visit India each year to see its cultural heritage, monuments, etc. The tourism industry is a continuously growing industry which also gives foreign exchange to the country. The Indian Government has adopted different policies to attract tourists. They are as follows:

• The government provides different facilities to the tourists who visit India. The three ministries of home affairs, tourism, and foreign affairs together created the facility of e-visa which included e-business visas, e-medical visas, and e-visa.
• A facility of giving information to tourists on mobile in Hindi and 10 other foreign languages, for 24 hours throughout the week was started.
• To avail of this facility, tourists have to dial 1363. The information regarding cruise tours, health, and sports tourism, eco-friendly tourism, adventurous sports tourism, film festivals are given through this service.
• Hotels with amenities and premium quality accommodation including luxurious services are available to the tourists.
• The Institutes which offer training courses in ‘Hospitality and Hotel Management’ have been established in major cities of India.
• An advertisement campaign called ‘Atulya Bharat’ was designed to attract tourists.
• A travel show entitled ‘GONORTHEAST’ was released on the Discovery channel to boost the tourism of beautiful places in the northeastern states of India.
• The government took the help of electronic and digital media channels like Discovery, BBC, History is showcasing various programs introducing India’s historical and cultural heritage.
• Swadesh’ and ‘Prasad’ schemes were launched by the Ministry of Tourism of Government of India to encourage visits to 95 pilgrimage and spiritual centers in India.
• The Ministry of Tourism, Government of India, and Federation of Associations in Indian Tourism and Hospitality (FAITH) organized Indian Tourism Mart – 2018. This was the first event based on the model of International Tourism Marts in other countries.

6. State your opinion.

Question 1.
Joint military practice sessions are beneficial for both participant countries.
Answer:

• Such sessions are extremely helpful for both countries because of the technological exchange that happens on these occasions.
• It also helps the armies of both the countries to know, learn and practice new methods of resolving problems.
• The process of modernization of arms gives impetus to further research.
• Due to the development of science and technology, there is increasing scope for the exchange of the latest technology to fight terrorism, to augment our own competencies, and optimum use of modern technology for the end of terrorism.
• The Indian army carried out exercises with different countries e.g., exercise with Oman army at Bakloh, there were combined exercises of Mangolian army and Jammu and Kashmir Rifles.

Question 2.
All of us have the responsibility of taking care of our heritage places.
Answer:

• India has an extraordinary and vast cultural heritage. It is in the form of ancient monuments, buildings, and other archaeological sites and remains.
• These monuments are the living witnesses of our golden historic era.
• It is our duty to preserve the monuments for the next generations. A little initiate from our side can save our heritage.
• The tourism industry generated foreign exchange on a large scale. Tourists come to India every year to see its cultural heritage. Therefore, it is our duty to preserve and protect our heritage.
• As a citizen of India, we should spread awareness among the people about the importance of the preservation of monuments. A little effort on our side can create desirable changes which will make past, present, and future generations of the country and the entire world proud of us.

Class 12 History Chapter 12 India Transformed Part 2 Intext Questions and Answers

Try to do this: (Textbook Page No. 100)

NRHM – Make a list of the benefits of the National Rural Health Mission to people.
Answer:

• The Indian government launched National Rural Health Mission (NRHM) in April 2005 with an aim to strengthen the health systems in rural and urban areas. The list of the benefits of the NRHM are as follows:
• It aims to provide equitable, affordable, and quality healthcare services.
• It has strengthened the healthcare infrastructure.
• It has brought down the maternal mortality rate among poor pregnant women.
• The prevalence of tobacco use and the number of tobacco users have been reduced.
• The Janani Shishu Suraksha Karyakram entitles pregnant women to give birth in public health institutions at no expense.
• The government launched different schemes for community participation under NRHM. Rogi Kalyan Samiti is responsible for maintaining the facilities and ensuring the provision of better facilities for the patients in the hospital.
• Established the Global Knowledge Hub for smokeless tobacco. It also issued an advisory to ban Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems.
• After the implementation of various initiates under NHRM many states have shown improved progress in healthcare facilities.

Try to do this: (Textbook Page No. 100)

Make a list of solutions to reduce the levels of air pollution.
Answer:
Air pollution is the biggest threat to the environment and to all living species. Following are some of the solutions to reduce the level of air pollution:

• Public Transport: Encourage greater use of public transport i.e. the use of railways, bus services or metros, etc. Instead of using private vehicles, people should encourage to use public transport.
• Use of CNG Vehicles: Citizens should also be encouraged to use CNG vehicles as it is a much cleaner fuel than petrol or diesel. New registration should be discouraged by increasing registration charges of vehicles.
• Use bicycles: Using bicycles is the best way to reduce air pollution. The government should mark out bicycle lanes in residential colonies as well as on roads.
• Plant and care for trees: Trees filter pollutants and absorb carbon dioxide. Trees release oxygen into the atmosphere. The practice of planting trees provides more benefits to the environment.
• Use less energy: Use energy-efficient appliances. Turn off electrical appliances when not in use. Get an energy audit done and follow the advice.
• Avoid the use of crackers: Avoid the use of crackers during festivals and weddings as it creates a lot of air pollution and is harmful to birds and animals including human beings.
• Reuse, Reduce and Recycle: The three ‘Rs’ are the best way to reduce air pollution.
• Avoid using chemical products: Avoid using chemical products like paint, perfumes, sprays, etc as they contain harmful products. Try to use products with less chemical content.
• Prevention of forest fires and burning of garbage: Don’t burn garbage or leaves because it releases harmful smoke in the air which decreases the quality of air.

Try to do this: (Textbook Page No. 102)

1990 was the ‘International Year of Literacy’. Make a list of similarly declared international years for special causes and campaigns launched on the occasion.
Answer:
The following are the international years currently observed by the United Nations.
2024:

• International Year of Camelids

2022:

• International Year of Artisanal Fisheries and Aquaculture

2021:

• International Year of Peace and Trust
• International Year of Creative Economy for Sustainable Development
• International Year of Fruits and Vegetables
• International Year of Eliminations of Child Labour

2020:

• International Year of Planet Health
• International Year of the Nurse and Midwife

2019:

• International Year of Indigenous Languages
• International Year of Moderation
• International Year of Periodic Table of Chemical Elements

2017:

• International Year of Sustainable Tourism for Development.

2016:

• International Year of Pulses

2015:

• International Year of Light and Light-based Technologies
• International Year of Soils

2014:

• International Year of Solidarity with the Palestinian People
• International Year of Small Island Developing States
• International Year of Crystallography
• International Year of Family Farming

2013:

• International Year of Water cooperation
• International Year of Quinoa

2012:

• International Year of Cooperatives
• International Year of Sustainable Energy for All

2011:

• International Year of Forest
• International Year of Chemistry
• The International Year of African Descent

2010:

• The International Year of Biodiversity
• The International Year for the Rapprochement of cultures
• The International Year of Youth

2009:

• The International Year of Astronomy
• The International Year of Human Rights Learning
• The International Year of Natural Fibres
• The International Year of Reconciliation

2008:

• The International Year of Languages
• The International Year of Planet Earth
• The International Year of the Potato
• The International Year of Sanitation

2007-08:

• International Polar Year

2006:

• International Year of Deserts and Desertification

2005:

• International Year of Physics
• International Year of Sport and Physical Education
• International Year of Microcredit

2004:

• International Year of Rice
• International Year to Commemorate the Struggle against Slavery and its Abolition

2003:

• International Year of Freshwater
• Year of Kyrgyz Statehood

2002:

• International Year of Mountains
• International Year of Eco-tourism
• United Nations Year for Cultural Heritage

2001:

• International Year of Volunteers
• International Year of Mobilisation against Racism, Racial Discrimination, Xenophobia, and Related Intolerance
• United Nations Year of Dialogue among Civilisation

2000:

• International Year of Thanksgiving
• International Year for the Culture of Peace

Find out and tell us (Textbook Page No. 106)

Make a list of employment opportunities generated by the tourism industry.
Answer:
The travel and tourism industry in India is growing rapidly so many opportunities are available in the coming years in this field. Some of the opportunities that are available in the tourism industry are as follows:
(i) Hotels: Many job perspectives are available in the hotel industry. Some fields of hotel industries are

• Manager
• Operations
• Housekeeping
• Food and Beverage
• Front office
• Gardener
• Security officer/personnel etc.

(ii) Airlines: One can take up the following job in airlines

• Pilot
• Ground staff (Traffic Assistant, Counter staff, Booking, and Reservation)
• Flight Attendant

(iii) Tourism Department:

• Tour guides
• Tour planner
• Information assistants
• Reservation and counter staffs
• Sales and Marketing
• Interpreters
• Translators

(iv) Transportation Industry:
This is an ever-growing industry where one can have many job opportunities. Job opportunities are available in all types of transportation i.e.

• Railway service
• Bus service
• Cruise service or ferry service
• Private transportation – Cars, Rickshaws, Horse riding, etc.

(v) The employment opportunities are also available in the management of adventure sports, theme parks, amusement parks, water sports, mountaineering, children’s fantasy land, etc.

(vi) The other job opportunities in this field include Destination Manager, Itinerary Planner, Travel Agent, Foreign Exchange, Counselor, etc.

Find out and tell us (Textbook Page No. 106)

Suggest ways and means to enhance the heritage and historical tourism in India.
Answer:
Heritage and historical tourism tend to attract many tourists. Different ways and means to enhance, this type of tourism are as follows:

• Build better roads and access points to the heritage sites, packaged train travel, proper bus connections should be provided to the tourists.
• Aggressive tourism and marketing strategies are also necessary whether it is broadcasting the ‘Incredible India’ campaign abroad, holding different seminars, or offering Indian locations with facilities to promote foreign film productions in the country are some of the strategies.
• The Government of India has already started making a lot of improvements in this area. We need to capitalize on India as a destination. The government should make a documentary based on the heritage of India. One can even design a promotional campaign to enhance historical tourism.
• The historical places always have a story to tell. They offer amazing aesthetics and attract people from all over the world. If tourism is accompanied by mind-blowing hotels, resorts, good public transportation facilities, and delectable cuisine then it becomes an added advantage to the tourist.

Project (Textbook Page No. 108)

Make a list of various business opportunities available at tourist destinations.
Answer:
Introduction: Tourism is a continuously growing industry. By the early 21st century, international tourism had become one of the world’s most important activities. Various business opportunities are available at the tourist destinations and they are as follows:
(i) Travel Agency: Everyone needs a platform where customers can come to and take advice about tour packages of different places which travel agency provides. The travel agency helps tourists in planning their travel for which they charge their commission.

(ii) Hotel: Hotel business is the best opportunity from which you can gain a high rate of return as well as expand your chain of hotels in the future.

(iii) Online Travel Business: In the modern era, the way of doing business is changing. Now everything is available online. With the change in technology, the way of doing business has also changed. One can start an online business portal where customers have easy access to everything online.

(iv) Photography: Tourists always want to save the memories of the places they visit and a photographer helps them to restore their memories through their art of photography. There is a huge demand for photographers.

(v) Vehicle Renting: Some tourists like to plan their tours according to their own wishes. They don’t want any unknown person to be a part of their travel for safety reasons. Such tourists search for a vehicle that they can get on rent and go in the direction that they want. To invest in this business is profitable.

(vi) Tour Guide: A Tourist guide is a person who guides visitors in the language of their choice and interprets the cultural and natural history of the particular place. This is a challenging field with an increase in tours and travels.

(vii) Executive Chef: The executive chef is in charge of a restaurant’s kitchen and is responsible for managing the kitchen staff, planning the menu, and making sure that food hygiene is maintained. This is a well suitable job for people who are passionate about cooking.

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Class 12 Sociology Solutions Chapter 2 Segments of Indian Society Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

Maharashtra State Board Class 12 Sociology Solutions Chapter 2 Segments of Indian Society

1A. Complete the following statements by choosing the correct alternative given in the brackets and rewrite it.

Question 1.
Secondary type relations are significant in ___________ community. (rural, tribal, urban)
Answer:
urban

Question 2.
Over 55% of the tribal population in India is found in the ___________ region of the country. (Western, Central, Southern)
Answer:
central

1B. Correct the incorrect pair and rewrite it.

Question 1.
(a) Landlord – Zamindar
(b) Initiative for rural development programme – Community Development Programme
(c) Three-tier system of governance – Integrated Rural Development Programme
(d) Primary occupations – Traditional societies
Answer:
(c) Three-tier system of governance – The village panchayat

1C. Identify the appropriate term from the given options in the box and rewrite it against the given statement.

Urban society, Devrai, Gramdevata

Question 1.
Sacred groves in the tribal community.
Answer:
Devrai

Question 2.
Instances of white-collar crime.
Answer:
Urban society

1D. Correct underlined words and complete the statement.

Question 1.
Individual status in urban society is mostly ascribed.
Answer:
Individual status in urban society is mostly achieved.

Question 2.
The custom of worshipping non-living bodies is called animism.
Answer:
The custom of worshipping non-living bodies is called animatism.

2. Write short notes.

Question 1.
Problems of the tribal community.
Answer:
Problems faced by the tribal community:
Alienation from forest land: Many tribes engage in primary agriculture, food-gathering and hunting hence they are heavily dependent on the produce of the forest. Therefore, when outsiders exploit the tribal land and its resources, the natural eco-cycle and the tribal life dependent on it is greatly disturbed. Industrialization and construction of water reservoirs resulted in the further acquisition of land by the State.

Bonded labour: Though Bonded labour is banned by Indian Law, it still prevails in some tribal areas. Bonded labour is considered to be a serious problem, which started due to rampant poverty and lack of stable income among the tribals. In fact, land alienation, indebtedness, bonded labour, and poverty are problems that exist hand-in-hand. However, due to the efforts of the government and voluntary organizations, many tribals are being freed from this problem.

Shifting cultivation: Shifting cultivation among tribals is a problem since it involves large-scale deforestation and soil erosion. Shifting cultivation is known by various names such as Jhum, Khallu, and Podu.

Illiteracy: Illiteracy among tribal is a major hindrance towards their development. School hours often clash with agricultural and wage-earning activities of children. Children are looked upon as economic assets and are thus expected to supplement their parents’ income Also, schools are often not located in the vicinity of tribal settlements. The formal courses in schools are not taught in tribal languages, so children lose interest in learning, leading to a high dropout rate.

Question 2.
Characteristics of urban community.
Answer:
Urban community includes towns, cities, and metros with their different way of life.
Urban communities have the following characteristics:
Heterogeneity: In urban areas, you will find people belonging to diverse groups as there is continuous migration from tribal and rural areas as people come in search of employment, education, healthcare, and the hope of raising their standard of living.

The high density of population: Cities and towns have a higher density of population due to the large population and also because of a steady influx of people pouring into urban centers.

Different occupations: Occupations are more specialized, as there is a widespread division of labour and specializations.

Secondary relations: In urban areas, interaction among people is not personal rather characterized by formal interactions and impersonal relationships which are based on vested interests.

3. Write differences.

Question 1.
Rural Economy and Urban Economy.
Answer:

Rural economy	Urban economy
(i) Occupation: The main occupation of the rural community is agriculture which is in a state of backwardness.	(i) Occupation: The occupation in urban areas is mainly non-agricultural, i.e. based on manufacturing, trade and commerce, professional and governance, services, etc.
(ii) Technology: Rural economy is dependent on the use of plough, animal power, seeds, fertilizers for agricultural activities.	(ii) Technology: The urban economy is dependent on advanced technology and up-to-date machinery for economic activities.
(iii) Division of Labour: There is less scope for division of labour and specializations in rural communities.	(iii) Division of Labour: Occupations are more specialized and based on the division of labour.
(iv) Markets: Rural weekly market is the main economic institution as rural economy is associated with various crafts like pottery, carpentry, etc.	(iv) Markets: Marketisation is an essential feature of urban centers today – E-marketing, E-biz, etc.
(v) Nature of Employment: Unemployment such as educated, total unemployment seasonal unemployment, underemployment are found in the rural community.	(v) Nature of Employment: All types of unemployment like literate, illiterate, skilled unemployment, unskilled unemployment are found in cities.
(vi) Dependence on Nature: Rural economy depends upon natural factors like a monsoon for agriculture.	(vi) Dependence on Nature: The problem of unemployment has intensified other problems like poverty, malnutrition, beggary, prostitution, etc.

Question 2.
Tribal Community and Urban Community.
Answer:

Tribal Community	Urban Community
(i) Size: According to in 2011 census, the tribal population constitutes about 8.6 percent of the total population.	(i) Size: According to the 2011 Census, 31% of the population lives in urban agglomerations/towns.
(ii) Density of Population: They are located in remote forests and hilly areas and the density of population is low.	(ii) Density of Population: An urban area is a human settlement with a high population density.
(iii) Occupation: They are engaged in varied occupations such as hunting, fishing, and food gathering of forest produce, basket making, weaving, iron-smith, etc.	(iii) Occupation: The occupation in urban areas is mainly non-agricultural, i.e. based on manufacturing, trade and commerce, professional and governance, services, etc.
(iv) Nature of Social Control: In tribal communities informal means of social control like Customs, traditions, religion, magic are effective social control mechanisms.	(iv) Nature of Social Control: In urban community formal means of social control like laws, police, court, maintain law and order.
(v) Way of Life: Tribal community has its own culture i.e common way of life, they share common behavior patterns dialect traditions, norms, and values.	(v) Way of Life: Urban community consists of people coming from different socio-cultural backgrounds belonging to different religions, caste, languages, etc, hence wide difference is found in the ways of living of urban people.

4. Explain the following concepts with examples.

Question 1.
Urban crime
Answer:
Urban crime: The problem of crime increases with the growth in urbanization.
The problem of urban crime is becoming more complicated in the present-day world because criminals often get protection from politicians, bureaucrats, and other urban elite.

Some criminals reach high political positions by using their money and muscle power. In fact, the increasing trend in urban crimes leads to much tension and insecurity which makes city life unsafe.

Not only the poor, deprived and slum dwellers take to crime; people from well-to-do families also resort to crime in order to make a fast buck and to meet cravings for a lavish life occasional failure in life also may drag youngsters to crime.

Examples: Violent urban crimes like abuse, rape, murder, kidnapping, cybercrime, economic offenses, and various forms of white-collar crime are rampant in many large cities.

Question 2.
Sacred groves
Answer:
Sacred groves:
Sacred groves are an integral part of tribal society. Sacred Groves are tracts of forest land dedicated to local deities who are manifestations of the energy of the universe. Since hunter-gatherer times, the tribal and rural people of India have been revering the ‘Earth-Energy’ and the ‘Cosmic-Forces’ manifested in the forests and the groves.

These deities are believed by the tribal people to be fiercely protective about the grove and the village. Sacred Groves are like a separate institution through which a myriad of relationships spread, giving rise to a cultural pattern. This pattern connects the local people with their fields, forests, and with one another.

Worship in the sacred groves is related to fields, forests, and to the survival of the tribal and rural which in turn have helped to conserve biodiversity.

Examples: “Shedoba Cha Van” (Forest of Shedoba) Sacred Grove in Murbad Taluka, Dist. Thane.
The common examples of sacred groves are Ficus Religiosa (Peepal tree), Ficus benghalensis (Banyan tree).

Other examples of sacred groves in India include:
Pavithravana in Andhra Pradesh, Gumpa Forests attached to Buddhist monasteries in Arunachal Pradesh, Sarana in Jharkhand, Kavu, and Sara Kavu in Kerala and Devrai, Devrahati, and Devgudi groves in Maharashtra.

5A. Complete the concept map.

Question 1.

Answer:

5B. State whether the following statements are True or False with reasons.

Question 1.
Division of labour is complex in urban communities.
Answer:
This statement is True.

• A very clear and specialized division of labour is found in urban areas. People are trained for their job and skills according to institutional and professional requirements.
• One can find the division of labour and specialization in every walk of life such as industry, trade, education, etc.
• An interdependence of professions is observed in almost all fields of life.
• Every work is divided among the employees, on the basis of age, sex, educational qualification, training, talents, etc.
• For example, in the medical profession, there are gynecologists, radiologists, pediatricians, anesthetists, and physicians.

Question 2.
The traditional influence of caste has changed today.
Answer:
This statement is True.

• Today the traditional influence of caste has changed due to the impact of industrialization, urbanization, advanced means of transport and communication, the spread of modern education, constitutional provisions, social legislations, etc.
  The restrictions of food habits of the Indian people have been relaxed. The distinction between touchable and untouchable is not felt in modern times.
• The special civil and religious privileges enjoyed by the upper castes and disabilities by the lower castes have been removed by the constitutional provisions and social legislations.
• Occupations are becoming more and more caste-free. The people have greater choice to take up an occupation based on their skills, education, and aptitude.
• Inter-caste marriages have increased. The caste councils have disappeared and their authority has been transferred to the State.
• The traditional rights, authorities, and sanctions based on caste hierarchy may not be apparent today, however, it is so deeply entrenched in people’s minds that it permeates social interactions Nevertheless, in the ordinary transactions of daily life, village people tend to cooperate with each other.

6. Give your personal response.

Question 1.
Why is there a lack of community feeling in cities?
Answer:
In cities, people are more individualistic in their attitudes. They behave and live independently without taking into consideration the will of others. Even the neighbors are often found to be strangers. Means of modern communications such as telephone, radio, and internet are mostly used by the people in cities for personal contacts. The connections in cities today are more superficial, less meaningful. City life is characterized by the predominance of secondary contacts, impersonal, casual, and short-lived relations. Due to these reasons we often find a lack of community feeling in cities.

Question 2.
Explain the need for rural development.
Answer:
The rural economy is an example of an agrarian economy. Although farming and agriculture are some of the most important primary activities, the problem lies in the fact that they share in the GDP of the agriculture sector is on a constant decline. At the same time, about two-thirds of India’s population depends on agriculture. As a result, productivity is not up to the mark. Moreover, public investment declined since 1991 coupled with a lack of adequate infrastructure, credit, transport, unemployment, etc. Henceforth the agricultural output has grown at only 3.2% during 2007-2011. All these factors have been denting the process of development. Therefore there is a need to focus on rural development and not just urban development.

7. Answer the following question in detail. (About 150-200 words)

Question 1.
Traditional communities tend to hold on to their customs, traditions, and beliefs.’ Using examples of your own, explain the statement with special reference to either family or religion. Also, discuss any three ways by which change is introduced into traditional communities.
Answer:
Traditions customs and beliefs bind people together and build bonds between them. By sharing a sacred quality and worshipping together a ‘collective conscience emerges’ religion is not just a set of beliefs, it involved sacred rituals. It creates a single moral community that is collective. Religion legitimizes society’s values, customs, and traditions by making them sacred. Hence ‘Traditional communities tend to hold on to their customs, traditions, and beliefs.’

With reference to family
In India in a typical joint family, all members reside together in one house. They eat food prepared jointly; they hold common property. In the Indian family, the feeling of dependence and discipline is found on a large scale. The social-economic, religious and cultural life of Indian families is collective in nature. In the family of traditional communities, the members believe in one religion and they worship the same deities. Various religious rituals are jointly celebrated and all the members participate in them. All family members take part in the common worship, rituals, rites, and ceremonies. They are homogeneous in nature and everybody works for a common goal and welfare of all members.it provides shelter to all its members, including the weak, aged, and widows.

The change introduced into traditional communities
Due to the impact of various factors like industrialization, urbanization, advanced means of transport and communication, social legislation, the spread of modern education, democratic political system, changes are occurring in the structure and functions of traditional communities. Accordingly, the family in India has undergone significant changes. Due to the impact of industrialization and urbanization traditional joint family is replaced by the nuclear family. Due to urbanization social relationships have become more formal and contractual. Customs, traditions, values, rituals, beliefs have changed.

Today the size of the family is decreasing. The power of patriarchal authority has been declining. Various social legislations have provided individuals many rights. Besides, due to the impact of the spread of education, individualism, democratic values like liberty and equality, personal desires are becoming dominant. Though the head of the family is the husband, and he has to make decisions by taking into consideration the opinions and desires of his wife and children. Families or religion in the traditional communities was based on collectivity. Due to the impact of individualism, the importance of kinship is decreasing. The recreational function of the family is losing its importance because modern means of recreation have become popular.

Class 12 Sociology Chapter 2 Segments of Indian Society Intext Questions and Answers

Check your progress (Textbook Page No. 28)

Question 1.
Name one tribe in South India, Western India, and North-East region.
Answer:

• Tribe in South India – Toda, Kota.
• Western India – Bhil, Warli.
• North-East region – Garo, Khasi

Question 2.
Identify any three tribal occupations.
Answer:

• Hunting and fishing.
• Simple agriculture and shifting cultivation.
• Food gathering of forest products.

Question 3.
Give examples of tribal belief systems.
Answer:
Belief in black and white magic, ancestor worship, benevolent and malevolent spirits. Sacred Groves are an integral part of tribal society, a tract of forest land dedicated to local deities who are believed by the tribal people to be fiercely protective about the grove and the village.

Check your progress (Textbook Page No. 30)

Question 1.
Why are tribal people slow to change? Give two reasons.
Answer:

• Tribal people are slow to change because.
• Tribal practice simple occupations based on primitive technology. Most of the occupations fall into the primary categories such as hunting, gathering, and agriculture. There is no profit nor surplus making in such an economy.
• Illiteracy among tribal is a major hindrance to their development.

Question 2.
Identify three forms of tribal religion.
Answer:

• Animism: The custom of worshipping the soul or ancestors.
• Manaism: The custom of worshipping force which is believed to move swiftly across the world and enter into objects and people, giving them powers that they previously lacked.
• Naturism: The custom of worshipping elements of nature like river, stream, Sun, Moon, forest, etc.

Question 3.
State two problems caused by cultural contact with non-tribal people.
Answer:
The two problems caused by cultural contact with non-tribal people are:

• The exploitation of tribal resources, which were rich in minerals and natural resources.
• Alienation of tribals from their traditional medicine due to the entry of specialists like medical professionals, agents, and vendors into the tribal areas.

Check your progress (Textbook Page No. 35)

Question 1.
State three characteristics of the rural community.
Answer:

• The dominance of agriculture.
• Primary relations.
• Social homogeneity.

Question 2.
Enumerate three changes in rural communities.
Answer:

• The joint family was once upon a time a significant pillar of village organization, has diminished significantly.
• The traditional rights, authorities, and sanctions based on caste hierarchy is not apparent today in a rural community.
• Abolition of intermediaries such as the zamindari system.

Question 3.
Identify any three programmes started by the Government for rural development.
Answer:

• The Community Development Programme (CDP) was started in 1952.
• The Integrated Rural Development Programme (IRDP) replaced the CDP in 1979.
• Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana.

Check your progress (Textbook Page No. 37)

Question 1.
State three characteristics of urban life.
Answer:

• Large-scale social mobility.
• Different occupations.
• The high density of population

Question 2.
Why are nuclear families more common in urban than rural communities?
Answer:
Nuclear families are more common in urban than rural communities due to individualism which has led to a significant increase in nuclear families. Family is less stable today. More than the family as a unit, it is the individual who is given more importance. Joint families are comparatively less in number, nuclear families are on the rise in the cities.

Question 3.
Why are secondary relationships a significant characteristic of urban areas?
Answer:
In urban areas, interaction among people is largely based on anonymity and secondary contact. It is not personal nor face-to-face, rather, cities are characterized by formal interactions and impersonal relationships which tend to become time-bound and based on vested interests.

Activity 1 (Textbook Page No. 25)

Question 1.
Form groups of five students. Refer to the geographical classification of tribes in India. Choose a tribe and prepare a PPT / or Chart Presentation of 8 – 10 slides of its cultural traits.
Answer:
Geographical Distribution of Indian Tribes: L. P. Vidyarthi (1977) has given a five-fold geographical classification of tribes in India on the basis of ecological, social, economic, administrative, ethnic, and racial.

Region	Location	Names of Tribes
Himalayan Region	It has three sub-regions: (a) North-Eastern Himalayan region (b) Central Himalayan region (c) North-Western Himalayan region	Garo, Khasi, Jainta, Naga, Mizo, Khasa, Lepcha, Gaddi
Middle Indian Region	Bihar, Jharkhand, West Bengal, Odisha, Madhya Pradesh, and Chhattisgarh. Over 55 percent of the tribal people of India live in this zone.	Gond, Santhal, Munda, Ho, Oraon, Birhor
Western-Indian Region	Rajasthan, Gujarat, Maharashtra, Goa, Dadra, and Nagar Haveli. It has about one crore tribal population.	Bhil, Katkari, Warli, Baina
South India Region	Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka and Kerala. About one-sixth of the tribal population of India is found in the Southern zone.	Toda, Kota, Irula, Badaga, Chenchu, Kurumba
The Island Region	The Islands of Andaman and Nicobar in the Bay of Bengal and Lakshadweep in the Arabian Sea.	Andamanese, Nicobarese, Onge, Jarawa, Sentinelese

[Presentation to be done in the classroom by students.]

Activity 2 (Textbook Page No. 29)

Visit a tribal settlement in your region and document different aspects of their life (e.g., clothing, shifting cultivation, sacred groves). If a physical visit is not possible then take information from the internet. Make a short presentation to your class and follow it up with a discussion.
Answer:
Presentation to be done in the classroom by students.

Activity 3 (Textbook Page No. 30)

Find out about any tribal scheme started by the government or an NGG. Share your findings with your class.
Answer:
Scheme of strengthening education among Scheduled Tribe (ST) girls in low literacy districts.
Objective – The scheme aims to bridge the gap in literacy levels between the general female population and tribal women, through facilitating 100% enrolment of tribal girls in the identified districts or blocks, more particularly in Naxal affected areas and in areas inhabited by Primitive Tribal Groups (PTGs), and reducing drop-outs at the elementary level by creating the required ambiance for education. Improvement of the literacy rate of tribal girls is essential to enable them to participate effectively in and benefit from socio-economic development.

The scheme is implemented through Voluntary Organisations/Non-governmental Organisations (NGOs) and autonomous society/institutions of State Government/Union Territory Administration.

Activity 4 (Textbook Page No. 35)

Class Debate/Discussion:
‘The impact of caste on Indian society has reduced today’.
Answer:
After India attained independence in 1947, the country introduced laws to make discrimination against lower castes illegal and to improve their socioeconomic positions. As a result, some from the underprivileged groups have made it to leading positions, such as Dr. B. R. Ambedkar, who wrote the Indian constitution, and KR Narayanan, who was elected president in 1997.

Reservations were introduced for college admissions and jobs. The scenario within the country has undergone a lot of change with the progress in technology, education, social outlook, urbanization, and modernization. With the spread of urbanization and secular education, the influence of caste has decreased. This has occurred especially in cities where inter-caste marriages and people of different castes living reside in societies. However, despite the growing changes the caste identity still holds a lot of importance in society.

Activity 5 (Textbook Page No. 36)

Debate the positive and negative effects of heterogeneity in an urban setting.
Answer:
In urban areas, you will find people belonging to diverse groups such as class, occupation, caste, language, and religion, etc., all living in the same territory. There is continuous migration from tribal and rural areas as people come in search of employment, education, and healthcare and with the hope of raising their standard of living. Heterogeneity can be an advantage because it creates a cosmopolitan and tolerant approach, traditions, values, and customs helps to improve the social life of people as they learn about a new culture, customs, and languages which helps to improve brotherhood among people.

It can also create tensions, the ways of life of a city’s inhabitants are culturally differentiated and most cities have significant minority populations that are dominated by specific ethnic groups/cultures.

Activity 6 (Textbook Page No. 39)

In schools located in urban areas conduct a survey using a questionnaire or interview techniques, to understand problems in slum areas. Students from rural and tribal areas should do the same exercise on farmers’ problems. Write and present your report to the class.
Answer:
A survey or interview is to be conducted by students to understand problems in slum areas or tribal/rural farmer’s problems.
Sample of a questionnaire for the slum survey

• General Information
• Location
• No. of years you’ve been living here
• No. of earning members
• Total members in the family
• Education level of male adults
• Education level of female adults
• The monthly income of the family
• How often do the members fall in sick
• No. of elderly people (above 60 years)
• Principle occupation and industry of the adults.

Activity 7 (Textbook Page No. 40)

Gather information on various tribal, rural, and urban development programmes in your area. Present your findings to your class and follow them up with a discussion.
Answer:
(i) Urban Development Programmes
Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana (Urban) or Housing for All by 2022 Mission:
The ‘Housing for All by 2022’ under the scheme of “Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana — Housing for All (Urban)” launched by the Central Government aims to provide housing to all urban people by 2022. It provides central assistance to States and UTs for constructing houses to all eligible sections by concentrating on urban slums and economically weaker sections.

Swachh Bharat Mission (SBM):
A major associated urban development programme is making India’s urban centers clean. For this, the SBM targets to achieve 100 percent scientific management of municipal solid waste in 4041 statutory towns/ cities in the country by 2019.

(ii) Rural Development Programmes
The government assured to provide electricity and clean cooking facility to all willing rural families by 2022 under Ujjwala and Saubhagya Yojana.

Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana – Gramin (PMAY-G) will provide 1.95 crore houses to eligible beneficiaries during its second phase (2019-20 to 2021-22) along with amenities like toilets, electricity, and LPG connections.

(iii) Tribal Development Programmes
On March 19, 2020, TRIFED, the Tribal Cooperative Marketing Development Federation of India launched the “Tech for Tribal” initiative. The initiative aims at providing entrepreneurship skills to the tribal people.
Pradhan Mantri Van Dhan Yojana It is an initiative that was launched in 2018. The Scheme aims to strengthen tribal producer companies. It was launched in 27 states.

Activity 8 (Textbook Page No. 42)

Visit a government primary or Ashram school in a tribal or rural or urban area. Find out from the school head about enrolment numbers, classes taught, the number of teachers, subjects they teach, problems they face, needs that they have. Write a report on your findings.
Answer:
[To be done by the student.]
General information:
There are a total number of 502 government Ashram schools under the tribal development department for the students belonging to socio-educationally backward tribal groups in the remote areas of the state. In order to provide quality education to the Scheduled Tribe students, the Central Government initiated “Ekalavya Residential Schools” on the basis of Navodaya Vidyalayas, through the funds distributed under Articles 275 (2) of the Indian constitutions, for the socio-economic development of the tribals in the country.

Activity 9 (Textbook Page No. 42)

What do you mean by rural reconstruction? Find out about programmes started by (a) government and (b) voluntary associations for people in rural India. Prepare a poster exhibition in your school or library.
Answer:
Rural reconstruction implies renovation of the villages for the total well-being of the people in villages. It is oriented to their social, economic, and political development. The principal objectives of rural reconstruction include (a) eradication of poverty by means of regeneration of cottage industries, the establishment of cooperative societies, improvement of transport, (b) spread of education, (c) progress of health, (d) the abolition of social malpractices like casteism, untouchability and the like.

In Post-Independence India, rural reconstruction programmes are affected through specific efforts. They include Land Reforms, Panchayati Raj, Co-operative Movement, Community Development Projects, and Five-Year Plans.

The Firka Development Scheme launched by Madras Government in 1946 aimed at the attainment of the Gandhian ideal of “Village Swaraj” by bringing about not only educational, economic, sanitary, and other developmental activities of villages but also by revitalizing the spirit of the people and making them self-confident and self-reliant. Sarvodaya Scheme was launched by the Bombay Government with a view to promoting the furtherance of Gandhiji’s constructive programme.

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Class 12 Psychology Solutions Chapter 3 Personality Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

Maharashtra State Board Class 12 Psychology Solutions Chapter 3 Personality

1. Choose the correct option and complete the following statements.

Question 1.
A person who is shy and reserved is called an ……………..
(a) introvert
(b) extrovert
(c) ambivert
Answer:
(a) introvert

Question 2.
The Ink-Blot test was developed by psychologist ………………….
(a) Murray
(b) Rorschach
(c) Morgan
Answer:
(b) Rorschach

Question 3.
……………….. traits are the dominant characteristics of a person.
(a) Cardinal
(b) Secondary
(c) Central
Answer:
(a) Cardinal

2. Match the Pair

Question 1.

Group A	Group B
(1) Self-report technique	(a) Interview
(2) Behavioural analysis	(b) MMPI
(3) Projective methods	(c) Permanent characteristics
	(d) TAT

Answer:

Group A	Group B
(1) Self-report technique	(b) MMPI
(2) Behavioural analysis	(a) Interview
(3) Projective methods	(d) TAT

3. State whether the following statements are true or false.

Question 1.
Personality is merely related to external appearance.
Answer:
False

Question 2.
People with high neuroticism are emotionally reactive.
Answer:
True

Question 3.
Children from families having a warm emotional atmosphere are well adjusted.
Answer:
True

4. Explain the concepts in 25 – 30 words each.

Question 1.
Personality
Answer:
The word personality is derived from the Latin word ‘persona’ which was used to refer to masks worn by actors during a stage performance, Thus, the meaning of personality was interpreted as ‘projected behaviour’ of an individual.

According to Gordon Allport, “Personality is the dynamic organization within the individual of those psychophysical systems that determines his unique adjustments to the environment.” According to Norman Munn, “Personality is a unique combination of individual’s physical structure, needs, interests, abilities and aptitudes.”

Question 2.
Trait
Answer:
A trait is a relatively enduring and consistent way of thinking, feeling and acting. It is some distinctive characteristic of the person that leads him/her to behave in more or less consistent ways across situations and over a period of time. Allport categorised traits as: (i) Cardinal Traits (single, dominant trait) (ii) Central Traits (core or basic traits) (iii) Secondary Traits

Question 3.
Sentence Completion Test
Answer:
Sentence Completion Test (SCT) is a type of projective technique used to assess personality. The individual is given a series of incomplete sentences and is asked to complete them in his/her own words, for e.g., My mother, My greatest fear is It is assumed that the endings provided by the person will reflect their motivation, urges, internal conflicts etc.

Question 4.
Structured interview
Answer:
Interview is a process in which the interviewer collects information about the personality of an interviewee by asking him/her specific questions. The main types of interview depending on the purpose of assessment are – structured and unstructured interview.

In structured interview, the number, type and sequence of questions to be asked are pre-determined. The answers expected from the interviewee are also specific. This type of interview is used where exact quantification is required, for e.g., industrial psychologists use structured interviews to select employees for a job.

Question 5.
Unstructured interview
Answer:
Interview is a process in which the interviewer collects information about the personality of an interviewee by asking him/her specific questions. The main types of interview depending on the purpose of assessment are – structured and unstructured interview.

In unstructured interview, the type and sequence of questions to be asked by the interviewee are not pre-determined. Detailed answers can be given and scoring is often subjective. It is employed by clinical psychologists, counsellors, etc.

5. Write short notes on the following in 50 – 60 words each.

Question 1.
Gordon Allport’s trait theory of personality.
Answer:
The word personality is derived from the Latin word ‘persona’. According to Gordon Allport, “Personality is the dynamic organization within the individual of those psychophysical systems that determines his unique adjustments to the environment.”

A trait is a relatively enduring and consistent way of thinking, feeling and acting. It is some distinctive characteristic of the person that leads him/her to behave in more or less consistent ways across situations and over a period of time. Allport categorised traits as Cardinal traits, Central traits and Secondary traits.
(i) Cardinal Traits – It is a single trait that dominates the individual’s personality. Every action of the person can be traced to the influence of this trait, for e.g., in case of Gandhiji honesty is the cardinal trait, in case of Napoleon, the cardinal trait was ambition.

(ii) Central Traits – These traits are ‘core’ traits or ‘basic’ characteristics that form the building blocks of personality. There are about 5-10 traits such as sensitivity, sociability, diligence, etc., that can best describe an individual’s personality.

(iii) Secondary Traits – These traits play a minor role in personality as they appear only in specific situations or under specific circumstances. They are sometimes related to preferences or attitudes.

Question 2.
Effect of mass media on personality development.
Answer:
The word personality is derived from the Latin word ‘persona’ which was used to refer to masks worn by actors during a stage performance, Thus, the meaning of personality was interpreted as ‘projected behaviour’ of an individual.

According to Gordon Allport, “Personality is the dynamic organization within the individual of those psychophysical systems that determines his unique adjustments to the environment.”

The psycho-social factors that have an effect on personality include heredity, family, peer group, culture and mass media. Mass media includes print media e.g., newspapers; audio-visual media e.g., T.V. and new media e.g., internet. Media is a source of information, education, entertainment and even socialization. It has a considerable effect on our value system, behaviour patterns and personality. However, excessive dependence on media may lead to egocentrism, poor academic performance, difficult in concentration, sleep disturbance, etc.

6. Answer the following questions with given points in 100 – 150 words each.

Question 1.
Explain the Big Five Factors model of Personality.
Points:
(i) Openness to experience
(ii) Conscientiousness
(iii) Extroversion
(iv) Agreeableness
(v) Neuroticism
Answer:
The word personality is derived from the Latin word ‘persona’ which was used to refer to masks worn by actors during a stage performance, Thus, the meaning of personality was interpreted as ‘projected behaviour’ of an individual.

According to Gordon Allport, “Personality is the dynamic organization within the individual of those psychophysical systems that determines his unique adjustments to the environment.” According to Norman Munn, “Personality is a unique combination of individual’s physical structure, needs, interests, abilities and aptitudes

The Five Factor Model of or Big Five Personality theory, based on the trait perspective proposed by Robert McCrae and Paul Costa. The five broad trait factors are-

1. Openness to Experience
2. Conscientiousness
3. Extroversion
4. Agreeableness
5. Neuroticism.

1. Openness to Experience – People who are open to experience are intellectually curious imaginative, appreciative of art, sensitive to beauty. They sometimes tend to think and act in nonconforming, adventurous ways. Individuals who score low on openness to experience tend to be conventional, resistant to change and prefer familiarity and routine. They may lack creativity and aesthetic sense.

2. Conscientiousness – It concerns the way in which people control, regulate and direct their impulses. People high in conscientiousness are hardworking, disciplined, responsible, dependable, etc, while those low on conscientiousness tend to be careless, unorganised, spontaneous, undisciplined, etc.

3. Extroversion – Extroversion is marked by pronounced engagement with the external world. People high on this trait are assertive, talkative, sociable, enthusiastic, etc. Individuals showing low extroversion tend to be shy, reserved, lack the activity levels of extroverts. They are low-key and disengaged from the social world.

4. Agreeableness – It refers to the ability of a person to get along with others and show a concern for social harmony. People high on this trait tend to be friendly, cooperative, generous and believe that people are basically decent and trustworthy. Persons low on agreeableness tend to be uncooperative, suspicious, even hostile and jealous.

5. Neuroticism – It refers to a tendency to experience negative emotions such as anger, anxiety or depression more intensely and for longer periods than normally experienced by others. Those who score high on neuroticism tend to be irritable, fearful, emotionally unstable and interpret ordinary situations as threatening and hopeless. People who score low in neuroticism are less emotionally reactive and hence tend to be calmer, emotionally stable and experience more of positive feelings.

Question 2.
Explain the factors influencing personality.
Points:
(i) Family
(ii) School
(iii) Peer group
(iv) Culture
Answer:
The word personality is derived from the Latin word ‘persona’ which was used to refer to masks worn by actors during a stage performance, Thus, the meaning of personality was interpreted as ‘projected behaviour’ of an individual.

According to Gordon Allport, “Personality is the dynamic organization within the individual of those psychophysical systems that determines his unique adjustments to the environment.” According to Norman Munn, “Personality is a unique combination of individual’s physical structure, needs, interests, abilities and aptitudes

Personality is shaped by biological factors such as heredity and hormones secreted by endocrine glands as well as psychosocial factors such as family, school, peer group, culture, mass media, etc.

(i) Family – As the first agency of socialization, the family exerts a strong influence on personality. Aspects of family such as family structure, atmosphere, and relationships, family interactions and childrearing practices influence personality, for e.g., if parents show rejection or over protection, etc., towards the child it leads to low self-esteem and adverse effects on the personality. A family with a warm emotional atmosphere and where parents adopt democratic discipline and show love, respect and concern for the children will positively influence the child’s personality, i.e., boost self-esteem.

(ii) School – Various aspects of school such as teaching-learning process, academic and co- curricular facilities, role of the teachers, school location, management and discipline, etc., influence the child’s personality, for e.g., teachers who are well qualified, creative, build a rapport which the students, tend to motivate students and help them to develop a good personality.

(iii) Peer group – It refers to individuals of the same age group, e.g., classmates or sharing the same interests, e.g., members of a sports club. Influence of the peer group is most noticed in adolescence since it serves as a reference group. The influence of peer group on the person may be positive such as developing healthy gender attitudes, skills of communication, etc., or it may be negative e.g., developing aggressive tendencies, prejudices, etc.

(iv) Cultural factors – Culture refers to the customs, values and social behaviour of a particular society. Every culture has its own set of beliefs, norms, expectations, etc., which influence the thoughts, feelings and behaviour of its members.

Question 3.
Explain the various methods of personality measurement.
Points:
(i) Behavioural analysis
(ii) Self-report technique
(iii) Projective method
Answer:
The word personality is derived from the Latin word ‘persona’ which was used to refer to masks worn by actors during a stage performance, Thus, the meaning of personality was interpreted as ‘projected behaviour’ of an individual.

According to Gordon Allport, “Personality is the dynamic organization within the individual of those psychophysical systems that determines his unique adjustments to the environment.”

According to Norman Munn, “Personality is a unique combination of individual’s physical structure, needs, interests, abilities and aptitudes. Personality can be assessed using techniques such as Self Report measures (inventories), Behavioural Analysis Techniques and Projective techniques.

(i) Behavioural Analysis Techniques
Behavioural Analysis techniques such as Interview and Observation can provide information about an individual’s personality in a variety of situations.
(a) Interview – It is a process in which the interviewer collects information about the personality of an interviewee by asking him/her specific questions. The main types of interview depending on the purpose of assessment are- Structured and unstructured interview.

• Structured interview – The number, type and sequence of questions to be asked in the interview are pre-determined. The answers expected are also specific. This type of interview is used where exact quantification is required, for e.g., industrial psychologists use structured interviews to select employees for a job.
• Unstructured interview – The type and sequence of questions to be asked by the interviewer are not pre-determined. Detailed answers can be given and scoring is often subjective. It is employed by clinical psychologists, counsellors, etc.

(ii) Self-Report Technique (Inventories)
The individual provides information about his/her personality by responding to statements/ questions on the inventory, for e.g., Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI), 16 Personality Factor Questionnaire (16 PFQ), etc. Responses are scored in quantitative terms and interpreted on the basis of norms that are developed for the test.

(iii) Projective Techniques
Projective techniques emerged from the psychoanalytic perspective. The individual responds freely to relatively unstructured or ambiguous stimuli/material. It is assumed that individuals project their own personality onto these stimuli, often revealing personal conflicts, coping styles, etc. Projective techniques cannot be scored in an objective manner. They use various materials like ink-blots, ambiguous pictures, incomplete sentences, word associations, etc. Main projective techniques include Rorschach’s Ink-Blot Tests, Thematic Apperception Test (TAT), Sentence Completion Test, etc.

Class 12 Psychology Chapter 3 Personality Intext Questions and Answers

ACTIVITIES (Textbook Page. No. 23)

Activity 1

Read the following examples and express your opinion about the concept of personality:
(i) Rohan is a good looking boy. He is a genius, but extremely arrogant. He always shouts at his friends. He always talks very rudely to his parents.
(ii) Ruchi is a girl with ordinary looks. She is poor in her studies but always gets along nicely with her friends. She always talks in a polite manner to everyone.
Answer:
[Information based question – refer textbook page no. 23 (3.1)]

Activity 2 (Textbook Page. No. 24)

Look at the list given below and discuss which of these factors have a stronger influence in shaping personality :
(i) Nutritious diet (ii) Junk food (iii) Physique (iv) Exercise (v) Technology (vi) Peer group (vii) Parents (vii) Neighbours (ix) Relatives (x) Childhood experiences.
Answer:
All the given factors tend to shape our personality. However, parents, peer group, physique, childhood experiences tend to exert greater influence.

Activity 3 (Textbook Page. No. 25)

Think how the peer group may influence you with respect to factors given below:
(i)Hairstyle (ii) Dressing style (iii) Eating habits (iv) Study habits (v) Communication skills (vi) Attitudes (vii) Decision making (viii) Likes and dislikes, etc
Answer:
The peer group refers to individuals who are of the same age or who tend to share similar interests. Peer group influences personality tremendously in late childhood and in adolescence. This may be in regard to physical appearance like hairstyle and dressing style. Peer group also influences how we interact with others i.e., interpersonal aspects like communication skills, decision-making, attitudes as well as personal preferences eating habits, study habits, like/dislikes, etc.

Activity 4 (Textbook Page. No. 27)

Make two separate lists of jobs requiring more need of talking and jobs requiring less need of talking. Try to find out which of your friends will be suitable for these two types of jobs.
Answer:
Jobs requiring more need of talking.

1. Teacher
2. Salesperson
3. Human resource manager
4. Lawyer
5. Event planner

Jobs requiring less need of talking.

1. Writer
2. Computer programmer
3. Librarian
4. Accountant
5. Researchers.

Activity 5 (Textbook Page. No. 29)

Use observation method and try to get few ideas of the personalities of the following individuals:

1. Traffic controller
2. News reporter
3. Private detective
4. Interior designer
5. Nurse
6. Teacher

Answer:

1. Traffic controller – He/she must have physical stamina, mental agility, negotiation skills, organizational skills.
2. News reporter – He/she must have curiosity, alertness, courage, language skills, empathy.
3. Private detective – He/she must be trustworthy, persistent, sociability, technological skills.
4. Interior designer – He/she must have creativity, interpersonal skills, aesthetic skills, communication skills.
5. Nurse – He/she must show empathy, stamina, communication skills, diligence, interpersonal skills.
6. Teacher – He/she must have good interpersonal and communication skills, be patient, creative.

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Class 12 Economics Solutions Chapter 10 Foreign Trade of India Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

Maharashtra State Board Class 12 Economics Solutions Chapter 10 Foreign Trade of India

1. Choose the correct option:

Question 1.
Types of foreign trade
a) Import trade
b) Export trade
c) Entrepot trade
d) Internal trade
Options:
1) a and b
2) a, b and c
3) a, b, c and d
4) None of these
Answer:
2) a, b and c

Question 2.
Export trends of India’s foreign trade includes
a) Engineering goods
b) Gems and Jewellery
c) Textiles and ready-made garments
d) Gold
Options:
1) a and c
2) a, b and c
3) b, c and d
4) None of these
Answer:
2) a, b and c

Question 3.
Role of foreign trade is
a) To earn foreign exchange
b) To encourage investment
c) Lead to division of labour
d) Bring change in composition of exports
Options:
1) a and b
2) a, b and c
3) b and d
4) None of these
Answer:
2) a, b and c

2. Identify and explain the concepts from the given illustrations:

Question 1.
India purchased petroleum from Iran.
Answer:
Concept: Import trade
Explanation: Import trade means purchase of goods and services by one country from another country.

Question 2.
Maharashtra purchased wheat from Punjab.
Answer:
Concept: Internal/Home/Domestic trade Explanation : Internal trade is also known as home trade or domestic trade. This trade is within the country. It is between two or more states of the country.

Question 3.
England imported cotton from India, made readymade garments from it and sold them to Malaysia.
Answer:
Concept: Entrepot trade
Explanation : It means purchase of goods and services from one country and selling the same to another country.

Question 4.
Japan sells smart phones to Myanmar.
Answer:
Concept: Export trade
Explanation : It means sell of goods and services by one country to another country.

3. Distinguish between the following:

Question 1.
Internal trade and International trade.
Answer:

Internal / Domestic / Home trade	External / Foreign / International trade
(a) It means exchange of goods and services within the country.	(a) It means exchange of goods and services between two or more countries.
(b) The goods and services are produced and sold within the country.	(b) The goods and services are produced in one country and sold in other country.
(c) E.g. Kashmir apples sold in Maharashtra.	(c) E.g. Kashmir apples sold in Dubai.

Question 2.
Trends in imports and Trends in exports of foreign trade.
Answer:

Trends in imports	Trends in exports
(a) It means year wise numerical changes in imports of a country.	(a) It means year wise numerical changes in exports of a country.
(b) India’s major imported goods are – petroleum, gold, fertilizers, iron and steel, etc.	(b) India’s major exported goods are engineering goods, petroleum and chemical products, gems and jewellery, etc.
(c) Petroleum has highest import percent of 22.6 in 2016-17.	(c) Engineering goods has highest export percent 23.7 in 2016-17.

Question 3.
Balance of payments and Balance of trade.
Answer:

Balance in payment	Balance in trade
(a) It means systematic recording of all international economic transactions of that country during a year.	(a) It means the difference between the value of a country’s exports and imports in a year.
(b) It is a broad concept.	(b) It is narrow concept.

4. Answer the following:

Question 1.
Explain the concept of foreign trade and its types.
Answer:

Foreign trade is the exchange of goods and c services between two or more countries, Foreign trade is the trade across the j boundaries of a country.

There are three important types of foreign trade.

• Import trade : It is a buying of goods and services from other country by home country. Excessive import can have a negative impact on home country. E.g. India buying petroleum from Iraq, Kuwait, etc.
• Export trade : It is selling of goods and services by home country to another country.
  Excessive export can have a positive impact on the home country. E.g. India exporting tea and spices to USA, China, etc.
• Entrepot trade : It means buying of goods and services from one country and selling them to another country. E.g. England importing cotton from India, making readymade garments from it and selling them to Malaysia.

Question 2.
Explain any four features of composition of Indias foreign trade.
Answer:
There are many changes in India’s foreign trade from last seven decades (70 years)

• Gross National Income : India’s foreign trade has great significance for its GNP. It increased upto 48.8% in the year 2016-17.
• Change in composition of exports : After independence there was change in the composition of India’s export trade from primary products to manufactured goods.
• Change in composition of imports :
  After independence there was change in the composition of India’s import trade from consumer goods to capital goods.
• Development of new ports : India’s foreign trade is handled mainly by Mumbai, Calcutta and Chennai ports. India has developed more new ports at Kandla, Cochin, Vishakhapatnam.
• Oceanic trade : Most of India’s foreign trade is by sea. About 68% of India’s trade is by sea.

Question 3.
Explain the trend in India’s imports.
Answer:
India is importing various goods from other countries. Following are the major imported goods of India :

• Petroleum : It has largest share in India’s import. In the year 2016-17, it has 22.6% share in India’s total import.
• Gold: After petroleum, the second most imported item is gold. In the year 2011, ) India’s import of gold was $53.9 billion and in the year 2018-19 it declined upto $32.8 billion.
• Fertilizers: The share of fertilizers in import expenditure declined from 4.1% in 1990-91 to only 1.3% in 2016-17.
• Iron and Steel: In the year 2016-17, the share of iron and steel in India’s total import was 2.1%.

5. State with reasons whether you agree or disagree with the following statements:

Question 1.
During British nile, indigenous handicrafts suffered a severe blow.
Answer:
Yes, I do agree with this statement.

• During the British rule India was exporting raw materials to England and was importing final goods from England.
• Indian handicraft was unable to face competition with imported goods from England.
• An imported goods were cheaper as compared to handicraft goods.
• The demand for machine made cheap commodity had raised in Indian market.
• That’s why Indian handicraft industries suffered during the British rule.

Question 2.
Trade is an engine of growth for an economy.
Answer:
Yes, I agree with this statement.

• Trade permits a more efficient allocation of national resources.
• Foreign trade provide foreign exchange which can be used to import modern machinery and technology from advanced countries.
• Foreign trade encourages producers to produce more goods for export.
• It leads to an increase in total investment in an economy.
• Thus, we can say, trade is an engine to growth for an economy.

Question 3.
Foreign trade leads to division of labour and specialization at world level.
Answer:
Yes, I agree with this statement.

• Some countries have abundant natural resources.
• These countries should export raw material and import finished goods from countries which are advanced in skilled man power
• Under specialisation specific work is given to the workers within a production process.
• Specialisation can increase the productivity of a firm or economy.
• Eg. Incase of car manufacturing company, some workers will design the cars, some workers will work on different section of assembly line, some workers will work on j testing cars, some workers will work on marketing of cars.

6. Observe the following table and answer the questions geven below it.

Direction of Indias imports

Questions:

Question 1.
Which organisation has the least share in the direction of India’s imports in 2015-16?
Answer:
Eastern Europe has the least share in the direction of India’s import.

Question 2.
Which orgamsation has maximum share in India’s direction of imports in 1990-91?
Answer:
OECD [Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development has maximum share in India’s direction of imports in 1990-91.

Question 3.
Expand the abbreviations of OECD and OPEC
Answer:
OECD : Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development.
OPEC : Organisation of Petroleum Exporting Countries.

Question 4.
State your opinion regarding the direction of India’s imports from 1990-91 to 2015-16.
Answer:
In the year 1990-91, OECD (54.0%) and in the year 2015-16, Developing nations (43.2%) has the highest share in the direction of India’s imports. India should encourage industries those are producing import substitute goods,which will help to reduce import from developing nations and help to save foreign exchange.

Question 5.
How much is the percentage of increase in the imports of developing nations in 2015-16 as
compared to 1990-9 1?
Answer:
There is 24.6% increase in the imports of developing nations.

7. Answer in detail :

Question 1.
Explain the meaning and role of foreign trade.
Answer:
Trade means buying and selling of goods and services. Foreign trade means when goods and services are exchanged between two or more countries.
According to Wasserman and Hultman “International trade consists of transaction between residents of different countries”.
Role of foreign trade :

• Brings reputation and helps earn goodwill : Exporting country can earn reputation and goodwill in the international market. Eg. Japan in electronic goods- Panasonic, Canon, Sony, Hitachi. Germany in Automobile – BMW, Audi, Mercedes- Benz, Volkswagen, Porsche. USA in food- McDonalds, KFC, USA in computers – Dell HP, IBM.
• Division of labour and specialisation: It helps to increase the productivity of a firm or economy. Under specialisation specific work is given to the workers within a production process. Eg. Some workers will design cars, some workers will work on assembly lines, some workers will work on testing cars, some workers will work on marketing of cars.
• To earn foreign exchange: Foreign trade is playing very important role in earning foreign exchange. This foreign exchange can be used to import advanced technology and machinery from developed countries.
• Encourages investment : Foreign trade leads to an increase in total investment in an economy. The rise in investment help to produce more goods and services for export.
• Availability of multiple choices : Due to availability of imported goods, it helps to improve standard of living of the people in the country.
• Stability in price level : Foreign trade helps to control the changes in price level by keeping demand and supply position stable,
• Helpful during natural calamities : Foreign trade enables a country to import food grains and medicines from other countries to help the affected people.
• Optimum allocation and utlization of resources : Due to foreign trade those goods are produced which have demand in international market. There is maximum allocation and utlisation of resources to produce more goods and services for export.
• Promotes world peace : Foreign trade is bringing countries closer which leads to better understanding, co-operation and integration.

Question 2.
Explain the recent trends in India’s exports.
Answer:
Export means selling of goods and services by home country to another country. Excessive export can have a positive impact on the home country.

(i) Engineering Goods : Engineering goods includes transport equipment, automobiles and auto components, machinery and instruments. India’s top export item is engineering goods accounting for 22.5% in India’s total export in 2014-15 and this share has increased upto 25% in the year 2017-18. India is exporting engineering goods to Sri Lanka, UAE and USA.

(ii) Petroleum Products : India’s refining capacity increased significantly since 2001-02 due to which India turned a net exporter of petroleum refinery products. In the year 2013-14 the share of petroleum products in total export was 20.1% and in the year 2016-17 it declined upto 11.7%.

(iii) Chemicals and chemical products:
It includes drugs (Medicines) and pharmaceuticals. This is one sector where India is highly competitive on both quality and pricing factor. India became global hub for pharma production. India is exporting its chemicals and chemical products to USA, China and Germany. The share of this item was 10.4% in 2014-15.

(iv) Gems and Jewellery: Gems and Jewellery plays an important role in earning the foreign exchange for India. In the year 2014¬15 the share of Gems and Jewellery was 13.3% in India’s total export and it declined upto 5.32% in the year 2018-19.

(v) Textiles and readymade garments :
India’s readymade garments have huge demand in the international market. India is exporting textiles to USA, China and Bangladesh. India is exporting readymade garments to USA, UAE and UK. In the year 2014-15 India’s export of textile and garments was 11.3% of total export of India and it has declined upto 6.3% in the year 2016-17.

Intext Questions

Try this : (Text Book Page No. 94)

Name the goods exported to and imported from India to China and Japan in recent years
Answer:

Goods exported by India	Goods imported by India
To China :	From China :
raw materials and industrial inputs like organic chemicals, mineral fuels, cotton, ores, plastic materials, etc.	electronic items, machinery, and plastic items.
To Japan :	From Japan :
fisheries products, wheat, tea, coffee, species and herbs.	mineral   fuels, machinery and food items.

Find out: (Text Book Page No. 95)

Find the recent share of India’s foreign trade in Gross National Income.
Answer:
India’s foreign trade accounts for 48.8% of her Gross National Income.

Find out: (Text Book Page No. 97)

List the countries coming under OPEC and OECD.
Answer:
The countries coming under OPEC (Organisation of Petroleum Exporting Countries) are :
(a) Algeria, (b) Angola, (c) Congo, (d) Equatorial Guinea, (e) Gabon, (f) Iran, (g) Iraq, (h) Kuwait, (i) Libya, (j) Nigeria, (k) Saudi Arabia (1) United Arab Emirates, 0 Venezuela.

Maharashtra State Board 12th Std Psychology Textbook Solutions Digest

• Chapter 1 Psychology: A Scientific Discipline
• Chapter 2 Intelligence
• Chapter 3 Personality
• Chapter 4 Cognitive Processes
• Chapter 5 Emotions
• Chapter 6 Psychological Disorders
• Chapter 7 First Aid in Mental Health
• Chapter 8 Positive Psychology

Maharashtra State Board Class 12 Textbook Solutions

Maharashtra State Board 12th Std Sociology Textbook Solutions Digest

• Chapter 1 Introduction to Indian Society
• Chapter 2 Segments of Indian Society
• Chapter 3 Diversity and Unity in Indian Society
• Chapter 4 Processes of Social Change in India
• Chapter 5 Social Movements in India
• Chapter 6 Social Problems in India
• Class 12 Sociology Passages Answers

Maharashtra State Board Class 12 Textbook Solutions

Balbharti Yuvakbharati English 12th Digest Chapter 1.6 Into the Wild Notes, Textbook Exercise Important Questions and Answers.

Maharashtra State Board Class 12 English Yuvakbharati Solutions Chapter 1.6 Into the Wild

12th English Digest Chapter 1.6 Into the Wild Textbook Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Narrate in your class any of the incidents of your life when you were extremely terrified or awestruck.
Answer:
(Points: alone on a lonely road – lost somewhere – seeing a beautiful sunset – seeing beautiful mountains, etc.)

Question 2.
Complete the given table regarding the factors/situations/reasons – why you sometimes get scared and the factors that add to it. Give possible solutions:
Answer:

Reasons	Factors which add to it	Solutions
1. While discussing about strange creatures	At midnight/ In the absence of parents	Avoid such discussions/ stories as they are baseless
2. If I get lost somewhere and cannot find my way home	If I am alone/ if it is at night/ if the place is lonely	Find out the way/route in detail before hand/Try not to go out at night alone.
3. Just before the exams.	If I am not prepared for them/ if I have not studied	Have a regular timetable for studies/make sure that I find ways to prepare subjects that I find difficult.

Question 3.
Given below are various activities which you can pursue as your hobby, passion, or profession. Complete the table accordingly:

Answer:

Activities	Hobby	Passion	Pro­fession	Reason/Challenge/Both
Painting	✓	✓	✓	(R) I can express myself well through the strokes of brush
Traveling	✓	✓	✓	(R) In tourism, there is great demand for professional tourist guides.
Wildlife photography	✓	✓		(C) In the age of computers limited professional scope
Conserving environment		✓	✓	(C) In a world which is careless, a tremendous challenge
Bird­ Watching	✓	✓		(R) Extremely interesting and rewarding; professional opportunities few

Question 4.
Match the following ‘Wildlife Sanctuaries’ with their locations:

Answer:

Wildlife Sanctuary	Location
1. Bandipur National Park	(c) Karnataka
2. Kaziranga National Park	(d) Assam
3. Jim Corbett National Park	(a) Uttarakhand
4. Ranthambore National Park	(e) Rajasthan
5. Kanha National Park	(b) Madhya Pradesh

(A1)

Question (i)
In pairs, discuss the professions and challenges one can take happily if one is really passionate about the job.
(Points – professions: photography, environmental conservation, writing, reporting, music, choreography, etc. challenges – low salary, difficulties with organizations, uncooperative colleagues, severe competition, etc.

Question (ii)
In groups, organize a role play activity associated with ‘Wildlife Expert’/‘Wildlife Photographer’/ ‘Wildlife Conservator’, explaining the differences and similarities involved in their profession.
(Students can find out the details of each profession from the internet and organize a role play.)

(A2)

Question (ii)
Correct the false statements:
1. Earlier Shaaz was in the field of finance.
2. The writer saw the fight between the two leopards.
3. The photograph of the old leopard made Shaaz famous.
4. Saya is a black panther.
Answer:
False statements:
2. The writer saw the fight between the two leopards.
3. The photograph of the old leopard made Shaaz famous.
Corrected statements:
2. The writer did not see the fight between the two leopards.
3. The photograph of the young leopard made Shaaz famous.

Question (iii)
Complete the given web:

Answer:

Question (iv)
Complete the following:

Answer:

Question (v)
Complete the flow chart stating the reactions of the petrified Langurs due to the presence of the Leopard.

Answer:

Question (vi)
Complete the web, describing each step taken by the writer as a solitary traveller while moving in the jungle with great precaution:

Answer:

Question (vii)
Complete the table explaining the qualities that you would like to imbibe from Nature within yourself and provide the reasons for the same:
Answer:

From	Quality	Reasons
Trees	Patience	Trees patiently bear up with seasons like winter and autumn, and the attacks on them by animals, birds and humans, and wait for spring, to bloom again.
Streams	Perseverance	Streams can even wear down rocks with their perseverance.

(A3)

Question (i)
Choose the appropriate phrase/ expression from the extract given in the brackets: (time and again, to one’s heart’s content, in a jiffy)
(a) I was on a diet for some days but today I am going to eat ……………… .
(b) Every mother scolds her children …………… for the overuse of the mobile phone.
(c) All their educational problems were sorted out ………….. because of the funds given by an NGO.
(d) Raj ran at a ……………… to catch the train.
Answer:
I was on a diet for some days but today I am going to eat to my heart’s content.
Every mother scolds her children time and again for the overuse of the mobile phone.
All their educational problems were sorted out in a jiffy because of the funds given by an NGO.
Raj ran at a frantic speed to catch the train.

(A4)

(i) Begin the following sentences with the words given in the brackets:

Question (a)
I can guide visitors. (Visitors….)
Answer:
Visitors can be guided by me.

Question (b)
Animals are paying me back. (I……..)
Answer:
I am being paid back by animals.

Question (c)
Madegowda is employed by The Bison.
(The Bison )
Answer:
The Bison employs Madegowda.

Question (d)
Older leopards like Pardus carry away livestock from villages. (Livestock….)
Answer:
Livestock are carried away from villages by older leopards like Pardus.

Question (e)
I have lost almost 80 per cent of a season’s yield of sugarcane. (Almost 80 per cent.)
Answer:
Almost 80 per cent of a season’s yield of sugarcane has been lost by me.

Question (f)
Tracking an animal also teaches you life lessons. (Life lessons)
Answer:
Life lessons are also taught by tracking an animal.

Question (g)
Many things have been taught to me by the forests. (The forests)
Answer:
The forests have taught me many things.

Question (h)
Resentment among locals towards the animals is created by this. (This)
Answer:
This creates resentment among locals towards the animals.

(ii) Rewrite the sentences by using ‘not only…… but also’:

Question (i)
Rewrite the sentences by using ‘not only….but also’:
1. The petrified Langurs speeded to the trees near and far and secured their places on the treetops.
2. Umbarzara is the haven for Tigers, Leopards and Sloth Bears.
3. I crossed the cement pillar and stones stacked by the Forest Development Corporation.
Answer:
1. The petrified Langurs not only speeded to the trees near and far but also secured their places on the treetops.
2. Umbarzara is the haven not only for Tigers but also for Leopards and Sloth Bears.
3. I crossed not only the cement pillar but also the stones stacked by the Forest Development Corporation.

(A5)

Question (i)
Your college has decided to celebrate the World Environment Day. Mr. Kiran Purandare has been invited as the ‘Chief Guest’ for the event. Imagine you are the Secretary of the ‘Nature Club’ of your college and you have to conduct an interview of Mr. Kiran Purandare. Frame 8/10 questions for the same.
Answer:
Questions to interview Mr Kiran Purandare

Good morning, Sir. On behalf of the Nature Club of our college, I congratulate you on your achievements. We also loved your book ‘Sakha Nagzira’. I would like to ask you a few questions. May I? Thank you.

1. Please tell us something about the ‘Environmental Studies’ Course that you studied’.
2. Are there any such courses in India, especially in Maharashtra?
3. How did you get interested in the conservation of the environment?
4. Do you think that we, in Maharashtra, are doing enough to look after our environment?
5. How can we get permission to spend time inside sanctuaries?
6. You were mostly a solitary traveller inside the forest. What was the reason for this?
7. Are there any excursions/expeditions in which you are going to participate, in the near future?
8. How can we help you in your work?
9. Any tips/message for our Nature Club?

Thank you, sir, for answering our questions so frankly. We wish you all the best in your future endeavours.

Question (ii)
Imagine you have visited the jungles of Nagarhole. Write a report, to be published in your college magazine/in a local newspaper.
Answer:
A Week in a Jungle

Mysuru, 13 May: Four of us from N.S. College, Mysuru, spent a week at Nagarhole National Park (Rajiv Gandhi National Park), located in Kodagu District.

It was an exhilarating and educative week. The park is filled with waterfalls, hills, valleys, streams and forests. It is famous for its rich population of animals and birds. The Bengal Tiger, Indian Leopard, Sloth Bear, Striped Hyena, etc. are the predators that can be spotted in the park. Herbivores like Elephants, Chital, Sambar Deer and Barking Deer are also spotted around the national park.

As it was the month of May, and the water holes were drying up, plenty of animals visited the lake, and we had a grand time observing their habits from the machaan which was built for tourists. We were particularly careful not to disturb the environment by talking loudly or playing music. Hence, the animals were at their natural best. We were thrilled to see a pair of Bengal Tigers and a Leopard.

It was wonderful to see these majestic animals from such a close distance. It is truly an unforgettable experience. We could not see the Sloth Bear, but there were plenty of elephants and deer. After an experience like this one, all four of us have decided to visit various sanctuaries and take an avid interest in the wildlife of India.
– Shantanu Pratap.

Question (iii)
Shaaz has contributed towards conserving the wild animals and their habitat. Your college has decided to spread the message in society and arrange a rally. Prepare an ‘Appeal’ to ensure maximum participation informing about the day, date and other relevant details.
Answer:
Come One Come All!
Come With Friends And Family!

We need your help to save our planet!
Every species is essential for the survival of the planet.
Hence, we need to protect and conserve wild animals and their habitat.
You are the One With A Voice
Protect The Ones Without A Voice

Participate in our rally.
N.S. College Grounds To Forest Office
Date: 12 November Time: 9 a.m.
Save Animals-They Will Save You!

Question (iv)
Nature is a great teacher and a guide. Complete the mind map as instructed as per the titled concept:

Answer:

(A6)

Question (i)
Surf the net and obtain more information about the conservation work done by Shaaz. Prepare posters to inspire others and display them on your college notice board.

Question (ii)
Find out the information about the I qualification and eligibility required in the professions related to wildlife such as …………

• Forest officer/Ranger
• Wildlife photographer
• Environmentalist
• Geologist
• Tour Manager

Yuvakbharati English 12th Digest Chapter 1.6 Into the Wild Additional Important Questions and Answers

Read the extract and complete the activities given below:

Global Understanding:

Question 1.
Pick out the sentences that are false and write them correctly:
1. The narrator had made notes of the langurs in the region.
2. One has to be really alert while walking in the jungle.
3. The leopard was petrified.
4. There was a lot of noise in the jungle.
Answer:
False sentences:
1. The narrator had made notes of the langurs in the region.
3. The leopard was petrified.
Correct sentences:
1. The narrator had made notes of the birds in the region.
2. The langurs were petrified.

Question 2.
Complete the following:
Answer:
1. Shaaz named the leopards:
(a) Saya
(b) Scarface
(c) Pardus
2. The visitors are welcomed because they can volunteer to teach a skills training class of their choice. This enables locals to find employment either at the numerous wildlife resorts in the region or in a city.

Question 3.
Correct the false statements:
1. BCRTI was founded out of the genuine urge to conserve the habitat of the wild life.
2. Shaaz failed to utilize the finance incurred out of tourism.
3. According to the local agriculturist seeing is more essential than listening.
4. There was no specific buffer zone around Nagarhole.
Answer:
False statements:
2. Shaaz failed to utilize the finance incurred out of tourism.
3. According to the local agriculturist seeing is more essential than listening.
Corrected statements :
2. Shaaz put the finance incurred out of tourism to good use.
3. According to the local agriculturist listening is more essential than seeing.

Complex Factual:

Question 1.
Pick out from the extract four sentences that show that the writer was frightened.
Answer:

1. The evening breeze flew through my wet curled hair.
2. My stomach was aching.
3. My legs were trembling.
4. The shaking of limbs had lessened a bit.

Question 2.
Describe the meaning of the acronym BCRTI and explain its benefits to the local people.
Answer:
The BCRTI is ‘Buffer Conflict Resolution Trust of India’. It’s an agency that educates villagers who live on the fringe of the forest on the importance of conservation. Under the BCRTI umbrella, Shaaz provides locals with vocational training, with the aim of educating them on the merits of conservation and to help them benefit from tourist currency. The visitors at the resort are welcome to volunteer to teach a skills training class of their choice. The acquired skills enable locals to find employment.

Inference/Interpretation/Analysis:

Question 1.
Explain: I was alone here like a fox:
Answer:
Foxes are solitary creatures. They move around and hunt alone. In the same way, the narrator was alone; he had come to the forest alone to do his research, and now he was going back to the village all alone. Hence, he compares himself to a fox.

Question 2.
Give the meaning of the word ‘hide’ in the context and give reasons for its usage here.
Answer:
A hide is a camouflaged shelter used to get a close view of wildlife. It is a place built to look like its surrounding. The writer was observing birds and noting their behaviour. If he was visible, the birds would not come near him or act in a natural manner. Hence, he had to build a hide, conceal himself in it and then observe birds unnoticed.

Question 3.
Give reasons:
Answer:
1. After meeting Raju, the writer and Raju both felt relaxed because now there were two of them-four eyes and four hands with a stick-to find their way out of the jungle and to battle predators.
2. The time was dreadful because it was evening and the sun was setting. Being alone in the jungle at night time with predators all around was dreadful.

Question 4.
What is called ‘silver lining’ of the trail by the writer? Why?
Answer:
The writer had lost his way in the jungle and was desperate to find a village and civilization. Then he found a bright red soil trail with the marks of a bicycle wheel on it. These marks showed that there was a village nearby. To the frightened and desperate writer, this was like a ‘silver lining’.

Question 5.
The writer said, “There still exists a jungle where we can get lost, isn’t this our good luck?” What does he mean by this?
Answer:
Human beings have tried to take over all the natural areas of the world. We have encroached on jungles and forests, and there are human inhabitations within the jungles too. To find a jungle where there is no sign of human life, and one can still get lost, shows that there are some areas untouched by humans and left to nature. That is what the writer called ‘our good luck’.

Question 6.
Describe Shaaz’s meetings with Scarface.
Answer:
One day, at sunset, Shaaz and his companions went round a blind turn and saw an old leopard, well past his prime. Close to him was another very young, good-looking male leopard who was soon to come into his prime. It was like looking at the past and the present. It was clear that there was going to be a fight. However, they had to leave as it was sunset.

The next day, when Shaaz went back to the spot, sitting on the high rock was Scarface, blood dripping from a gash across his face. He sat there like he was the king of the jungle, and Shaaz knew that he had taken over from the old leopard, and it was a new journey for both of them.

Question 7.
Find: The Bison is
Answer:
The Bison is an eco-friendly wildlife camp in South India. It offers some great opportunities for youngsters to learn about the area, people, the man-animal conflict, eco-tourism and hotel management.

Personal Response:

Question 1.
Describe a safari you have been on or a trip through a forest. Narrate your experience in brief.
Answer:
I have gone to the Periyar National Park in Kerala. It is in the Western Ghats. This wildlife sanctuary is home to tigers and elephants. There are also deer, leopards and Indian bison. I have also been on a boat ride in the Periyar Lake. It was a wonderful experience to see tigers drinking at the watering holes. I really enjoyed the experience and will repeat it as soon as I can.

Question 2.
Have you ever been lost/lost your way? Narrate the experience.
Answer:
Yes, once when I was in Panchgani with my family I got lost. I decided to go for a walk alone. I set out without finding out the name of the road on which our hotel was situated. As I was walking, it suddenly began to rain heavily, and got quite dark. When I looked around I found that I was in a sort of a jungle. I was terrified; then I met a villager, but he could not help me. I did not even have my cellphone with me. I was in tears when all at once I saw my hotel. I had walked round in circles! I was very relieved. It was indeed a frightening experience.

Question 3.
How do you relax at the end of a tiring day? Give a brief description.
Answer:
At the end of a tiring day, I pick up a nice book or watch a good film on TV or Netflix. This relaxes me completely. If I go to sleep j directly, I am too tired and do not get good sleep. But if I spend half an hour or so unwinding, I really feel relaxed and sleepy.

Question 4.
Would you like to meet wild animals face to face? Give reasons to support your answer.
Answer:
No, I would not. I like to see wild animals only on TV. I feel that we should not intrude into their territory, and leave them to live in peace. Besides, they are wild and not tame, and one never knows how they may behave. I have read about a lot of people being killed by wild animals.

Language Study:

Question 1.
The surroundings were reminding me.
(Rewrite, beginning the sentence with ‘I…)
Answer:
I was being reminded by the surroundings.

Question 2.
I had apparently entered in the sanctum sanctorum of a miracle called leopard.
(Pick out the finite verb/s and state the tense.)
Answer:
had entered – past perfect tense.

Question 3.
Raju was amazed at my solitary visits to Umbarzara.
(Rewrite beginning ‘My solitary’)
Answer:
My solitary visits to Umbarzara amazed Raju.

Question 3.
Then we both resumed our walking tour, (Identify the part of speech of the underlined word.)
Answer:
walking-present participle acting as an adjective.

Question 4.
I found a bright red soil trail. (Rewrite beginning with‘A ’.)
Answer:
A bright red soil trail was found by me.

Question 5.
I had no other way to climb the hillock before me. (Rewrite as an affirmative sentence.)
Answer:
This was the only way I had to climb the hillock before me.

Question 6.
I climbed one more hillock and tried to locate signs of human civilization. (Rewrite beginning ‘Climbing’.)
Answer:
Climbing one more hillock, I tried to locate signs of human civilization.

Question 7.
The behaviour of the first black panther is being documented. (They….)
Answer:
They are documenting the behaviour of the first black panther.

Question 8.
All the research on the animal has been done through camera traps. (They….)
Answer:
They have done all the research on the animal through camera traps.

Question 9.
Shaaz recalls the incident with great clarity.
(Rewrite the sentence replacing the underlined expression with a single word.)
Answer:
Shaaz recalls the incident clearly.

Question 10.
Unfortunately, the sun was setting and we had to leave. (Rewrite using ‘because’.)
Answer:
Unfortunately, we had to leave because the sun was setting.

Question 11.
Use the word ‘guide’ as a noun and a verb in two separate sentences:
Answer:
1. We can guide children to behave well. {verb)
2. I hired a local guide to show me the sights of the palace, {noun)

Question 12.
The black panther has taught me patience. (Rewrite using the adjective form of the underlined word.)
Answer:
The black panther has taught me to be patient.

Question 13.
Listening is a sense far more important than sight. (Rewrite using ‘as…as…’)
Answer:
Sight is a sense not as important as listening.

Vocabulary:

Question 1.
Guess the meaning of the following words :

1. upheaval
2. predator
3. hovering
4. antelope

Answer:

1. upheaval – uproar; disturbance.
2. predator – an animal that preys on other animals.
3. hovering – fluttering in the air.
4. antelope – deer-like animal with hollow horns.

Question 2.
Give the meaning of the phrase ‘to stay put’ and use it in your own sentence.
Answer:
to stay put:
Meaning: remain somewhere without moving.
Sentence: My mother told me to stay put near the entrance when she went to buy the train ticket.

Question 3.
Write two adjectives from the extract used for the leopard.
Answer:
mighty, elusive.

Question 4.
Choose the correct option for: spooked –
(a) frightened
(b) happy
(c) angry
Answer:
frightened

Question 5.
Find the contextual meaning of‘stacked’:
Answer:
stacked – piled one on top of the other

Question 6.
Guess the meaning of ‘in a jiffy’:
Answer:
in a jiffy – in a moment; very soon

Question 7.
Make sentences of your own using the words:
1. slumped
2. stumbled
Answer:
1. slumped: I was so tired after the trek that I slumped onto my bed and fell I asleep immediately.
2. stumbled: I did not see the stone in the middle of the road and stumbled over it.

Question 8.
Guess the meaning of:
1. ‘felines’
2. chronicler
Answer:
1. felines: belonging to the cat family,
2. chronicler: a person who records something.

Question 9.
Pick out two pairs of antonyms from the : extract:
Answer:
1. old × young
2. past × present

Question 10.
Write the noun forms of:

1. famous
2. enviable
3. collect
4. including

Answer:

1. famous – fame
2. enviable – envy
3. collect – collection
4. including – inclusion

Question 11.
Write the adjective forms of the following:

1. incursion
2. territory
3. resentment
4. occasion
5. employment
6. region

Answer:

1. incursion – incursive
2. territory – territorial
3. resentment – resentful
4. occasion – occasional
5. employment – employable
6. region – regional ?

Question 12.
Choose the correct simple past tense forms of the following from the brackets:

1. teach – (teached, teaching, taught)
2. lose – (loser, lost, loose)
3. put – (put, putted, putting)
4. learn – (lean, learnt, learns)

Answer:

1. teach – taught
2. lose – lost
3. put – put
4. learn – learnt.

Non Textual Grammar:

Do as directed:

Question 1.
He had won a prize in the drawing competition. (Rewrite using the future perfect tense of the verb.)
Answer:
He will have won a prize in the drawing competition.

Question 2.
How could I call him a liar? (Rewrite as an assertive sentence.)
Answer:
I could not call him a liar.

Question 3.
All other things are unimportant. (Add a question tag.)
Answer:
All other things are unimportant, aren’t they ?

Spot the error in the following sentences and rewrite them correctly:

Question 1.
Unless you do not listen to his advice, I am not going to help you.
Answer:
Unless you listen to his advice, I am not going to help you./If you do not listen to his ? advice, I am not going to help you.

Question 2.
Hardly had I reached the airport where I heard about the change in plans.
Answer:
Hardly had I reached the airport when I heard about the change in plans.

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Class 12 History Solutions Chapter 11 India Transformed Part 1 Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

Maharashtra State Board Class 12 History Solutions Chapter 11 India Transformed Part 1

1A. Choose the correct alternative and rewrite the statement.

Question 1.
A legal agreement was signed in Geneva which is known as ____________
(a) SEATO
(b) NATO
(c) GATT
(d) SAARC
Answer:
(c) GATT

Question 2.
An act similar to ‘Right to Information’ was first applied in ____________ in 1776.
(a) Sweden
(b) France
(c) England
(d) India
Answer:
(a) Sweden

Question 3.
The birth anniversary of Swami Vivekananda is observed as ____________
(a) National Education Day
(b) National Youth Day
(c) National Integration Day
(d) National Science Day
Answer:
(b) National Youth Day

2A. Write the names of historical places/persons/events.

Question 1.
In 2004, this became the biggest firm in Asia providing software services –
Answer:
Tata Consultancy Services

Question 2.
In 2002, the Metro railway was flagged off –
Answer:
The Delhi Metro Railway

2B. Choose the correct reason from those given below and complete the sentence.

Question 1.
India became member of World Trade Organisation, because ____________
(a) India want to compete with other nations
(b) India cannot stay aloof from the global economy
(c) India adopted the policy of liberalisation
(d) India wanted to be in the leading position at the global level
Answer:
(c) India adopted the policy of liberalisation

3. Complete the following concept map.

Question 1.

Answer:

4. Write short notes.

Question 1.
The Youth Policy of Government of India.
Answer:

• India is a country with a maximum proportion of young people. Individuals in the age group of 15-29 are considered as ‘youth’.
• Youth, if provided with opportunities, for education and skill training, can contribute significantly to the development of India.
• A number of centers of‘Nehru Yuva Kendra Sangathan’ were established in 1972 for the training of young people in various skills.
• The programmes run by these centers were eventually merged in the ‘National Youth Empowerment Programme’. This programme put a thrust on topics like literacy, education, health and hygiene, family welfare, preservation and conservation of the environment, awareness of social issues, rural development, and self-employment.
• 12th January the birth anniversary of Swami Vivekanand is celebrated as ‘National Youth Day. National Youth Festival is also celebrated in the month of January. This festival is designed to provide a platform for the artistic talents of young individuals.
• ‘Youth Hostels Association of India’ has established youth hostels in various parts of the country which works for encouraging adventure skills among young people.
• Training programmes are arranged by this association through ‘Bharat Scout and Guides, National Service Scheme and National Cadet Corps’.

Question 2.
‘Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana’.
Answer:

• The Government of India knows the importance of having roads in good condition in the interior areas started ‘Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana’ in 2000.
• Initially, the work of building roads began by linking the villages of population strength up to 1000. In 2001 this programme was merged in ‘Pradhan Mantri Gramoday Yojana’.
• The roads measuring about 75000 km. were completed till 2005. The purpose of this work was to extend the benefits of the country’s economic growth to people living in rural areas and to bring transformation in their lives.
• It aimed at providing amenities for good health, education, drinking water, dwellings, roads, and electricity.

5. State your opinion.

Question 1.
India is a leading country in the field of space research.
Answer:

• In 2007, India entered a new field of space research. It commercially launched the Italian satellite.
• Other countries had submitted tenders quoting very high rates, to get this contract. However, India got this contract by quoting reasonable rates.
• Before entering this field on a commercial basis, India had already successfully launched the satellite of Argentina, Belgium, South Korea, Indonesia, and Germany.
• In 2008, India launched ‘Chandrayaan-1’, the first lunar probe. India could collect evidence for the presence of water on the moon through this satellite.
• After that India also launched ‘Chandrayaan-2’ and ‘Mangalyaan’.
• All these achievements proved that India is a leading country in the field of space research.

6. Answer the following questions in detail.

Question 1.
Which programmes were launched in India for making the opportunities of wage-earning?
Answer:
Creating employment opportunities for an ever-increasing population is a major challenge for the government. There are several programmes launched by the government of India for wage earners.
These programs are as follows:

• Pradhan Mantri Rojgar Yojana and ‘Rojgar Hami Yojana’: To create job opportunities for educated youth the ‘Ministry of Commerce and Industry of the Government of India started this plan on 2nd October 1993 on the birth anniversary of Mahatma Gandhi.
• Rojgar Hami Yojana was to assure daily wages to the unemployed agricultural labourers. The objective of this plan was to provide wage-earning opportunity, who was in search. This programme was launched in 257 districts in India. A goal was to provide work to two young laborers in each family below the poverty line. In 2001, this plan was merged in ‘Gramin Rojgar Yojana’.
• In 1998, to provide support to farmers in difficult times “Kisan Credit Card” plan was started. It helps the farmer to avail funds for essential equipments and seeds for cultivation. Later, an insurance facility was also offered to farmers, who were Kisan Credit Card holders.
• Suvarnajayanti Gramin Svayam Rojgar Yojana: This plan was launched in 1999 by merging various plans together namely ‘Ekatmik Gramin Vikas Yojana’, Self-employment training programmes, ‘Ganga Kalyan Yojana’ etc.
• Jawahar Gram Samruddhi Yojana: In 1999, a new plan was implemented with the intention to provide adequate employment for unemployed men and women. It was merged in ‘Sampoorna Gramin Rojgar Yojana’ in 2001.
• Sampoorna Gramin Rojgar Yojana: This plan made provision for creating opportunities in rural areas of earning wages, to provide food grains in exchange for work, etc. This scheme was started in 150 economically backward districts in the country. In 2006, this scheme was merged in ‘Rashtriya Gramin Rojgar Hami Yojana’.
• Rashtriya Gramin Rojgar Hami Yojana: Under this scheme, each family in rural areas were given assurance of at least 100 days of work.

7. Answer the following question with the help of the given points.

Question 1.
Give information about the ‘Right to Information Act.
(a) Background of the act and the beginning of this movement in India.
(b) Definition of ‘Information’.
(c) The rights of citizens under this act.
Answer:
(a) Background of the act and the beginning of this movement in India:

• This kind of Act was first implemented in Sweden in 1776. In 1946, ‘United Nations’ declared the ‘Right to Information to be the fundamental human right.
• In 1982, L.K. Kulwant, a resident of Jaipur in Rajasthan, a social activist initiated the process by applying to know the Jaipur Municipal Corporation’s work for cleaning the city.
• The High Court gave a clear verdict stating that ‘Right to Information is a fundamental right of all citizens.
• In 1990, Aruna Roy started the movement called ‘Majdoor Kisan Shakti Sanghatan’. A need for ‘Right to Information was started through this movement.
• Harsh Mander, the Divisional Commissioner of Bilaspur showed courage to disclose official information while serving as a bureaucrat.
• The struggle of Anna Hazare in 2001, had a decisive role in Maharashtra in this matter. The Act was implemented in Maharashtra on 12th October 2005.

(b) Definition of ‘Information’:
The definition of term ‘Information’ includes official records, documents, memoranda, emails, comments, consultations, press notes, circulars, orders, logbooks, tenders, reports, correspondence, formats, models, electronic data, the information of a private institution or an individual that is available in the records of any public establishment.

(c) The rights of citizens under this act:

• Right to information grants access to official documents, records, permission to obtain their copies, to take notes, to extract passages, to get samples of authorised material and prints of data stored in CDs, Floppy discs, tapes, video cassettes, or in any other form, or stored on computers.
• Citizens can get the desired information after submitting an application to the ‘Information officer’ of a ‘Public Authority.

Class 12 History Chapter 11 India Transformed Part 1 Intext Questions and Answers

Collect information of following schemes: (Textbook Page No. 92)

National Pension Scheme, Pradhan Mantri Suraksha Vima Yojana, Pradhan Mantri Jeevan Jyoti Vima Yojana, Atal Pension Yojana, Indian Post Payments Bank.
Answer:
(A) National Pension Scheme:

• The National Pension Scheme is a voluntary contribution of the pension system in India which is sponsored by the government of India.
• This scheme was started by the Government of India in 2004 for all government employees.
• The scheme was made open to all citizens in 2009. It is a voluntary and long-term retirement scheme. It is regulated by Pension Fund Regulatory and Development Authority (PFRDA) and the central government.
• Any employee from the public, private, and even the unorganized sectors can opt for this.
• Personnel from the armed forces are not allowed. The scheme is open to all across industries and locations.

(B) Pradhan Mantri Suraksha Vima Yojana:

• The scheme is available to people in the age group 18 to 70 years with a bank account who give their consent to join/enable auto-debit on or before 31st May for the coverage period 1st June to 31st May on an annual renewal basis.
• Aadhar would be the primary KYC for the bank account. The risk coverage under the scheme is ₹ 2 lakh for accidental death and full disability and ₹ 1 lakh for partial disability.
• The premium of 112 per annum is to be deducted from the account holder’s bank account through ‘auto-debit facility in one installment.

(C) Pradhan Mantri Jeevan Jyoti Vima Yojana:

• Pradhan Mantri Jeevan Jyoti Vima Yojana is available to people between 18 and 50 years of age with a bank account.
• This scheme was launched on 9th May 2015 by Prime Minister Narendra Modi in Kolkata.
• It has an annual premium of ₹ 330. In case of death due to any cause, the payment to the nominee will be ₹ 2 lakh.
• As of 31st March 2019, 5.92 crore people have already enrolled for this scheme.

(D) Atal Pension Yojana:

• Atal Pension Yojana is a pension scheme under the Government of India.
• This scheme replaces the Swavalamban Yojana and was established to provide old age income security to the workers belonging to the unorganized sector.
• The Atal Pension Yojana was launched by Prime Minister Narendra Modi on 9th May 2015 in Kolkata.
• The scheme focuses on encouraging workers of the unorganized sectors to save for their future (Age limit 18-40 years).

(E) Indian Postal Payments Bank :

• The Indian Postal Payment Bank was launched on September 1, 2018, by Prime Minister Narendra Modi that aims at making banking services available at people’s doorstep.
• This is a 100% Government-owned public sector bank, operating with the Department of Posts under the Ministry of Communications.
• IPPB would be like any other bank but it will operate at a smaller scale without involving any credit risks and can’t issue advance loans or issue credit cards.

Let us know: (Textbook Page No. 92)

Collect information with the help of the internet about the ‘Rafi Ahmad Kidwai National Postal Academy (Gaziabad).

Answer:

• Rafi Ahmad Kidwai National Postal Academy, recently called Postal Staff College India (PSCI) is the apex training institution of Indian postal services.
• It was set up in the year 1977. Initially, the college functioned from Sanchar Bhavan and later from Dak Bhavan in Delhi.
• It was shifted to its present location in Gaziabad in the year 1990. It is a central training institute and has the primary role of training and grooming the young officers who get recruited to the Indian Postal Service.
• It also conducts various in-service training programmes on postal management for Postal Service officers in India and other foreign postal administrations.
• Its goal is to make the officers of the department of posts professionally competent to handle the ever-changing communication market.
• Training Program:
  • Advanced Development Program
  • Executive Development Program
  • Technology Management Program
  • Postal Life Insurance
  • Leadership Development for postmasters and mangers
  • Quality Management

Let us collect information (Textbook Page No. 92)

Collect information about various services like ‘Sarvabhaum Suvarn Rokhe’ (Gold Bonds issued by the Government), ‘Electronic Indian Postal Order’, ‘E-Dakghar’, ‘E-Payment Portal’, ‘Mobile App’ etc. by interviewing the Postmaster of any branch.
Answer:
(A) Sarvabhaum Suvarn Rokhe:

• This scheme was launched by Government in November 2015, under Gold Monetisation Scheme. The issues are made open for subscription in tranches by RBI in consultation with GOI.
• As per RBI instructions, every application must be accompanied by the PAN number issued by the income tax department to the investors as the PAN number of the first/ sole applicant is mandatory.
• SGBs are government securities denominated in grams of gold. They are substitutes for holding physical gold. Investors have to pay the issue price in cash and the bonds will be redeemed in cash on maturity. The bond is issued by Reserve Bank on behalf of the government of India.
• The SGB offers a superior alternative to holding gold in physical form. The quantity of gold for which the investor pays is protected since he receives the ongoing market price at the time of redemption /premature redemption.

(B) Electronic Indian Postal Order:

• The Department of Personnel and Training and Department of Posts have launched a service called e-IPO (Electronic Indian Postal Order) to enable the Indian citizens abroad to purchase an Indian Postal Order electronically by paying fee on-line through the e-post Office portal i.e., http://www.epostoffice.gov.in.
• It also facilitates them to file the Right to Information (RTI) application. Registration is mandatory to avail of this facility. Options for new account creation, user verification, search e-IPO, etc are available.

(C) e-Payment portal:

• e-Payment is a smart option for businesses and organizations to collect their bills or other payments through post office networks.
• When businesses require the collection of bills and other payments from customers across the country, Post offers them a simple and convenient solution in the form of e-payment.
• e-Payment is a many-to-one solution that allows the collection of money (telephone bills, electricity bills, examination fees, taxes, university fees, school fees, etc) on behalf of any organization. The collection is consolidated electronically using web-based software and payment is made centrally through cheque from a specified Post Office of billers choice.
• The information and MIS regarding the payment can be seen by the biller online. The MIS will contain the five fields of billers choice like name, telephone number, application number, etc. The services are currently available through more than 14,000 Post offices across the country.
• There is an agency in the market today with a large reach and establishing trust as the Post Office where the public can comfortably deposit all their bills in their neighbourhood.

(D) e-Dak Ghar:
The e-Post Office of India post offers a variety of online Postal services to the users. One can avail services-philately (purchase of stamps), PLI/RPLI (payment of the premium), and IPO (purchase order for RTI).

(E) Mobile app:

• The IPPB app is available on both Android and iOS platforms. This app, however, can only be used by those individuals who have an account in a core banking-enabled post office. KYC of the account should also be completed in advance.
• Internet banking and mobile banking services should also be completed in advance.
• Using the mobile app, account holders can also view account balances and statements, transfer funds, request a checkbook, stop payment on a cheque, use sweep-in-sweep-out facilities, and pay utility bills.

Project (Textbook Page No. 98)

Collect information about the States of India and Union Territories, as well as the names of their capital cities, with the help of the internet.
Answer:
The states of India and its capitals are as follows:

States	Capital
1. Andhra Pradesh	Hyderabad
2. Arunachal Pradesh	Itanagar
3. Assam	Dispur
4. Bihar	Patna
5. Chhattisgarh	Raipur
6. Goa	Panaji
7. Gujrat	Gandhinagar
8. Haryana	Chandigarh
9. Himachal Pradesh	Shimla
10. Jharkhand	Ranchi
11. Karnataka	Bengaluru
12. Kerala	Thiruvananthapuram
13. Madhya Pradesh	Bhopal
14. Maharashtra	Mumbai
15. Manipur	Imphal
16. Meghalaya	Shillong
17. Mizoram	Aizawl
18. Nagaland	Kohima
19. Odisha	Bhubaneswar
20. Punjab	Chandigarh
21. Rajasthan	Jaipur
22. Sikkim	Gangtok
23. Telangana	Hyderabad
24. Tamil Nadu	Chennai
25. Tripura	Agartala
26. Uttar Pradesh	Lucknow
27. West Bengal	Kolkata
28. Uttarakhand	Dehradun

Union Territories and its Capitals:

Union Territories	Capitals
1. Anadaman and Nicobar Island	Port Blair
2. Chandigarh	Chandigarh
3. Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu	Daman
4. Delhi	New Delhi
5. Lakshadweep	Kavaratti
6. Puducherry	Pondicherry
7. Ladakh	Leh (summer), Kargil (winter)
8. Jammu and Kashmir	Srinagar (summer) Jammu (winter)