Bhagya

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Class 11 History Important Questions Chapter 2 First Cities of India Important Questions and Answers.

Maharashtra State Board 11th History Important Questions Chapter 2 First Cities of India

1A. Choose the correct alternative and write the complete sentences.

Question 1.
The __________ empire was founded in 2334 B.C.E. by Emperor Sargon I.
(a) Egyptian
(b) Akkadian
(c) Meluhhan
(d) Mesopotamian
Answer:
(b) Akkadian

Question 2.
__________ is the largest Harappan site among all the sites from India and Pakistan.
(a) Lothal
(b) Dholavira
(c) Gulf of Kutch
(d) Rakhigarhi
Answer:
(d) Rakhigarhi

Question 3.
__________ was a small city compared to Harappa and Mohenjodaro.
(a) Kalibangan
(b) Lothal
(c) Dholavira
(d) Chahanudaro
Answer:
(a) Kalibangan

Question 4.
Lothal was excavated by __________
(a) J. P. Joshi
(b) S. R. Rao
(c) R. D. Banerjee
(d) Madho Swarup
Answer:
(b) S. R. Rao

Question 5.
__________ is described as Purandara.
(a) Agni
(b) Varuna
(c) Indra
(d) Vayu
Answer:
(c) Indra

1B. Find the incorrect pair from set B and write the correct ones.

Question 1.

Answer:
(b) Mohenjodaro – Pakistan

Question 2.

Answer:
(b) Discovery of Harappa – 1921

Question 3.

Answer:
(b) Early Harappan period – Early (beginning) Harappan phase

1C. Find the odd one out.

Question 1.
History of Harappan cities:
(a) Early Harappan
(b) Mature Harappan
(c) Vedic Period
(d) Late Harappan
Answer:
(c) Vedic Period

Question 2.
An archaeologist who excavated Harappan culture:
(a) Sir Alexander Cunningham
(b) Charles Masson
(c) R.K. Banerjee
(d) Sir John Marshall
Answer:
(b) Charles Masson

Question 3.
Harappan Period Sea trade route.
(a) Dilmun
(b) Makan
(c) Meluhha
(d) Lothal
Answer:
(d) Lothal

Question 4.
Religious centers of Harappa:
(a) Mohenjodaro
(b) Lotha
(c) Dholavira
(d) Kalibangan
Answer:
(c) Dholavira

2A. Write the names of historical places, persons, and events.

Question 1.
The city is situated on the banks of the river Ravi in Punjab, Pakistan.
Answer:
Harappa

Question 2.
British traveler who visited and wrote about archaeological remains at Harappa.
Answer:
Charles Masson

Question 3.
First Director-General of the Archaeological Survey of India.
Answer:
Sir Alexander Cunningham

Question 4.
Discovery of Harappa.
Answer:
1921

Question 5.
Excavations at Mohenjodaro.
Answer:
Rakhaldas Banerjee

Question 6.
Remains of Harappan dock in Gujarat.
Answer:
Lothal

Question 7.
Harappan settlement of Shortugai.
Answer:
Badakshan, Afghanistan

Question 8.
Mesopotamian temples.
Answer:
Ziggurats

2B. Choose the correct reason and complete the sentence.

Question 1.
The ancient civilisations of Mesopotamia and Harappa had cultural ties with each other because of __________
(a) fortifications
(b) the similarity between seals and artifacts
(c) public monuments were found
(d) impressive town planning
Answer:
(b) the similarity between seals and artifacts

Question 2.
The evidence of the first excavations at Harappa had indicated __________
(a) the first settlement of the Early Harappan period was established around 3300 B.C.E
(b) the city of Harappa was divided into two parts – the ‘Citadel’ and the ‘Lower Town’.
(c) internal changes begin to appear in Harappan cities.
(d) the decline of Harappan civilisation.
Answer:
(b) the city of Harappa was divided into two parts – the ‘Citadel’ and the ‘Lower Town’

Question 3.
The first settlement of the Early Harappan period was established __________
(a) around 2500 B.C.E
(b) around 2500 – 2800 B.C.E
(c) around 2600 B.C.E
(d) around 3300 B.C.E
Answer:
(d) around 3300 B.C.E

2C. Write the correct chronological order.

Question 1.
(a) Vedic Aryans
(b) Late Harappan period
(c) Mature Harappan period
(d) Early Harappan period
Answer:
(a) Early Harappan period
(b) Mature Harappan period
(c) Late Harappan period
(d) Vedic Aryans

Question 2.
(a) Mature (Urban) Harappan period
(b) Early Harappan period
(c) Post Harappan cultures
(d) Late Harappan period
Answer:
(a) Early Harappan period
(b) Mature (Urban) Harappan period
(c) Late Harappan period
(d) Post Harappan cultures

Question 3.
(a) Discovery of Harappa
(b) Excavation of Dholavira
(c) Excavation of Lothal
(d) Discovery of Mohenjodaro
Answer:
(a) Discovery of Harappa (1921)
(b) Discovery of Mohenjodaro (1922)
(c) Excavation of Lothal (1995 – 1960)
(d) Excavation of Dholavira (1990)
[Note: Years in a bracket are only given for understanding]

3. Observe the map on page 13 of your textbook and answer the following questions based on it.

Question 1.
Point out some of the Harappan sites in India.
Answer:
Some of the Harappan sites in India are Kalibangan, Dholavira, Surkotda, Lothal, Rangpur.

Question 2.
Point out the Harappan sites in modern-day Pakistan.
Answer:
Harappan sites in modern day Pakistan are Mohenjodaro, Harappa, Chahnudaro, Balakot.

Question 3.
Point out the only Harappan site in Afghanistan.
Answer:
The only Harappan site in Afghanistan is Shortugai.

Question 4.
Point out the modern city of India.
Answer:
The modern city of India – Delhi.

Question 5.
Near which river Daimabad is located?
Answer:
Daimabad is located near Godavari River.

4. Complete the concept maps.

Question 1.

Answer:

Question 2.

Answer:

Question 3.

Answer:

Question 4.

Answer:

5. Write short notes.

Question 1.
Lothal
Answer:

• Lothal was excavated from 1955 to 1960 under the supervision of S.R. Rao.
• It is situated near the Gulf of Kutch in Gujarat, 80 km away from Ahmedabad.
• It is known for the remains of the Harappan dock.
• The ‘Citadel’ and the ‘Lower Town’ at Lothal are surrounded by a single fortification wall.
• Lothal was established on the banks of the river Bhogao.
• The presence of platforms built for stalls, a warehouse, and the dock confirm that Lothal was an important port and trading center. Lothal is an example of the engineering excellence of ancient people.

Question 2.
Lapis Lazuli Stone
Answer:

• Lapis Lazuli a semi-precious stone was found in the region of Badakshan province of Afghanistan, ‘Shortugai’.
• This region is rich with mines of lapis lazuli.
• There was a great demand for this stone in Mesopotamia.
• The Mesopotamian epics describe Goddess Inanna’s palace, the walls of which were embedded with this stone.
• This Stone was a very important commodity in the Harappan trade with Mesopotamia.

Question 3.
Ziggurats
Answer:

• Mesopotamian temples are known as ‘ziggurats’.
• The administrative system of the Mesopotamian Cities revolved around the administration of these temples.
• The high priest of the temple used to be the ruler of the city.
• The social life, cultural events, Power and hierarchy of officials, etc were organized in accordance with the rituals and festivals of the presiding deity of the temple.

Question 4.
Rakhigarhi
Answer:

• The Hissar district of Haryana has situated the site of Rakhigarhi, a Harappan city.
• It is at a distance of 150 kilometers from Delhi.
• It is located on the banks of Chautang (ancient Drishdvati river).
• Rakhigarhi is the largest Harappan site, among all the sites from India and Pakistan.
• Its total area was more than 350 Hectares. The excavations at Rakhigarhi started in 1963.
• It continued in 1997-2000. Later, Dr. Vasant Shinde of the Deccan College, Pune also conducted excavations at the site.

Question 5.
Harappan Sites
Answer:

• Many sites of the Early Harappan and Mature Harappan (Urban) phases have been found in the basin of the river Ghaggar.
• The latest research based on the evidence from sites like Kunal, Bhirrana, Farman, Girwad, and Mitathal, etc. indicates a possibility of the rise of the Mature Harappan more than 5000 years ago.
• The Harappan sites of Mohenjodaro, Harappa, Ganweriwala in Pakistan, and Rakhigarhi and Dholavira in India have been declared as World Heritage sites.

6. State your opinion.

Question 1.
The river known as ‘Ghaggar Hakra’ flows only during the monsoon.
Answer:

• River Gjaggar Hakra originates in the Siwalik Hills in Himachal Pradesh and flows to Rajasthan through Punjab and Haryana.
• From there it enters the Desert of Cholistan in Pakistan. Ultimately it enters the Rann of Kutch.
• It is known as Ghaggar in India and as Hakra in Pakistan. Its bed remains dry through the year except during the monsoon.
• Thus, a river known as ‘Ghaggar Hakra’ flows only during the monsoon.

7. Answer the following questions in detail.

Question 1.
Explain the interrelationship between cities and villages in the Harappan Civilisation.
Answer:

• The Harappan people depended on natural resources and villages in the vicinity in order to meet the needs of the urban way of life and urban administration.
• The raw material needed for industrial production included clay, various siliceous and semi¬precious stones, metals, etc.
• The interrelationship between Harappan cities and villages was dependent on the mechanism of making available things like food grains and raw materials.
• There was a network of small towns, small and big villages and campsites of semi-nomadic people which functioned to cater to the needs of major urban centers of the Harappan civilization.
• The best example of it is the Harappan Settlement of Shortugai.

Question 2.
Write in detail on Mesopotamian temples, ‘Ziggurats’.
Answer:

• Mesopotamia is known for its grand temples.
• The administrative system of Mesopotamian cities revolved around the administration of these temples.
• Mesopotamian temples are known as ‘ziggurats’.
• The high priest of the temple used to be the ruler of the city.
• The social life, cultural events, power and hierarchy of officials, etc were organized in accordance with the ritual and festival of the presiding deity of the temple.
• The notion of a ‘priest king’ of the Harappan civilisation was formulated by presuming its close similarity with the Mesopotamian culture.

Question 3.
Reasons for the decline of cities.
Answer:
The reasons for the decline of cities are as follows:

• It is known that the Harappan civilisation began to decline around 2000 – 1900 B.C.E.
• People had to regret elsewhere with the beginning of the later Harappan Period.
• The Harappan trade with Mesopotamia was on the decline in the late Harappan Period because the Mesopotamia economy had weakened.
• A deteriorating environment was the main reason for the decline of Mesopotamia.
• Similarly, climatic changes and deteriorating environment were the main reason for the decline of the Harappan civilisation too.
• The late Harappan people were forced to migrate became of natural calamities.
• New villages were settled by the Nature Harappan and Late Harappan people wherever they went.
• The Harappan civilization deteriorated as the cumulative effect of various factors such as a decline in trade, climatic changes, weakening of two economies.

8. Answer the following questions with the help of given points.

Question 1.
Write about some cities of Harappa with the help of the following points:
(a) Harappa
(b) Mohenjodaro
(c) Kalibangan
(d) Lothal
(e) Dholavira
(f) Rakhigarhi
Answer:
(a) Harappa:

• Harappa is situated on the banks of the river Ravi (District Sahiwal in Punjab, Pakistan).
• The ancient site of Harappa had spread on 150 Hectares.
• The first excavation at Harappa began in 1921. The first settlement of the Early Harappan Period was established around 3300 B.C.E.
• It evolved to the Mature Harappan (urban) phase around 2600 B.C.E. It reached its peak during 2450-1900 B.C.E.

(b) Mohenjodaro:

• Mohenjodaro was built on the banks of the river Sindhu (Indus) in Pakistan (District Larkana, Sindh).
• Area-wise, Mohenjodaro is the biggest city, among those discovered in Pakistan so far.
• It was thought that the city was divided into two fortified sections, namely the ‘Citadel’ and the ‘Lower Town’.
• The excavations at Mohenjodaro by Rakhaldas Banerjee began in 1921-22.
• In 1923- 24 to gather more information about Mohenjodaro Madho Sarup Vats, Kashinath Narayan Dikshit, Ernest Mackay, and others conducted further excavations under Sir John Marshall’s direction.
• He was the Director-General of the Archaeological Survey of India at that time.
• During these excavations, various artifacts, houses, and public monuments were unearthed.

(b) Kalibangan:

• The site of Kalibangan is 205 kilometers away from Bikaner. It is located in the Hanumangarh district of Rajasthan.
• It was one of the important urban centers of the Harappan civilisation, situated on the banks of the river Ghaggar.
• L. P. Tessitore, an Italian linguist had visited Kalibangan during his study tour of the region. It was conducted under the direction of Brijabasi Lai, the then Director-General of the Archaeological Survey of India, and Balkrishna Thapar.
• At Kalibangan two settlements, one of the Mature Harappan period and the other of the Early Harappan period, were found. Kalibangan was a small city compared to Harappa and Mohenjodaro.

(c) Lothal:

• Lothal was established on the bank of the river Bhogao.
• The center of the Harappan civilisation at Lothal was situated near the Gulf of Kutch, in Gujarat, 80 kilometers away from Ahmedabad.
• It is known for the remains of Harappan dock.
• Lothal was excavated from 1955 to 1960 under the supervision of S.R. Rao. The ‘Citadel’ and the ‘Lower Town’ at Lothal do not have separate fortification walls.
• Rather, they are surrounded by a single fortification wall.

(d) Dholavira:

• Dholavira was discovered by J.P. Joshi, the Director-General of Archaeological Survey of India. The site is in ‘Khadirbet’ in Gujarat (Dist. Kutch).
• Excavations at the site were started by R.S. Bisht in 1990.
• Among the excavated Harappan sites, extent wise Dholavira is the fifth-largest city.
• An Early Harappan settlement was discovered at Dholavira.
• There was a protective wall built around it by using mud bricks (unbaked bricks) and dressed stones. It was surrounded by an outer fortification wall.
• The settlement within the outer fortification was divided into four sections.
  • Citadel
  • The adjacent section reserved for high officials
  • Lower Town – These three sections had walls, which separated them from each other.
  • The fourth section inside the outer fortification did not have any additional separating walls.

(e) Rakhigarhi:

• The Hissar district of Haryana has situated at the site of Rakhigarhi, a Harappan city.
• It is at a distance of 150 kilometers from Delhi.
• It is located on the banks of Chautang (ancient Drishdvati river).
• Rakhigarhi is the largest Harappan site, among all the sites from India and Pakistan.
• Its total area was more than 350 Hectares.
• The excavations at Rakhigarhi started in 1963. It continued in 1997-2000.
• Later, Dr. Vasant Shinde of the Deccan College, Pune also conducted excavations at the site.

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Class 11 History Important Questions Chapter 1 First Farmers Important Questions and Answers.

Maharashtra State Board 11th History Important Questions Chapter 1 First Farmers

1A. Choose the correct alternative and write the complete sentences.

Question 1.
____________ made the first stone tools.
(a) Homo erectus
(b) Home sapiens
(c) Homo habilis
(d) Homo phones
Answer:
(c) Homo habilis

Question 2.
Microliths were found in ____________ age.
(a) Neolithic
(b) Chalcolithic
(c) Mesolithic
(d) Palaeolithic
Answer:
(c) Mesolithic

Question 3.
Pasting wet clay ribbons and making patterns on them is known as ____________ work.
(a) application
(b) applique
(c) apply
(d) amalgamation
Answer:
(b) applique

Question 4.
In ____________ mesolithic man existed during 10000-4000 B.C.E.
(a) Uttar Pradesh
(b) Maharashtra
(c) Bihar
(d) Northeast India
Answer:
(b) Maharashtra

Question 5.
A ____________ site was found at Lahuradeva in Sant Kabirnagar district of Uttar Pradesh.
(a) Palaeolithic
(b) Mesolithic
(c) Neolithic
(d) Chalcolithic
Answer:
(c) Neolithic

1B. Find the incorrect pair from set ‘B’ and write the correct ones.

Question 1.

Answer:
(c) Mesopotamia – Middle One

Question 2.

Answer:
(c) Existence of Mesolithic man – 10000-4000

Question 3.

Answer:
(d) English translation of Huang He – Yellow River

1C. Find the odd one out.

Question 1.
Countries with ancient civilizations:
(a) Egypt
(b) China
(c) India
(d) England
Answer:
(d) England

Question 2.
Mesolithic tools:
(a) Fluted Core
(b) Screwdriver
(c) Blades
(d) Arrowheads
Answer:
(b) Screwdriver

Question 3.
Archaeological sites:
(a) Gilgal
(b) Inamgaon
(c) Aurangabad
(d) Lahuradeva
Answer:
(c) Aurangabad

Question 4.
Egypt originally known as:
(a) Kemet
(b) Huang He
(c) Hwat-ka-Pta
(d) Egyptus
Answer:
(a) Kemet

2A. Write the names of historical places, persons, and events.

Question 1.
Species who made the first stone tools.
Answer:
Homo Habilis

Question 2.
Palaeolithic Campsite near the Sea of Galilee.
Answer:
Ohalo

Question 3.
The region between the Tigris and Euphrates.
Answer:
Mesopotamia

Question 4.
The valley of the Nile.
Answer:
Egypt

Question 5.
The original name of Egypt.
Answer:
Kemet

Question 6.
The Arabic name of Egypt.
Answer:
Misra

Question 7.
The valley of the Huang He.
Answer:
China

Question 8.
The English translation of the Huang He.
Answer:
Yellow River

Question 9.
Palestinian city on the banks of the river Jordan.
Answer:
Jericho

Question 10.
Mesolithic culture of Japan
Answer:
Jomon

2B. Choose the correct reason and complete the sentence.

Question 1.
Huang He earned the name ‘Sorrow’ or ‘River of Tears’ ____________
(a) of the yellow silt
(b) Mother of Chinese culture
(c) the torrential floods caused great loss to life and assets.
(d) it flows from the Himalayas
Answer:
(c) the torrential floods caused great loss to life and assets.

Question 2.
Egypt got the name ‘Kemet’ ____________
(a) of the black soil that was deposited by the Nile floods
(b) it means Temple of God
(c) it was the beginning of agriculture
(d) because of the decipherment of the Rosetta stone
Answer:
(a) of the black soil that was deposited by the Nile floods.

Question 3.
The site of Mehrgarh is of great importance among ____________
(a) Neolithic villages in Indian Subcontinents established by farmers
(b) Mesolithic man that existed during 10000 – 4000 B.C.E.
(c) The farmers that cultivate the barley and wheat
(d) Chalcolithic people of Maharashtra
Answer:
(a) Neolithic villages in Indian Subcontinents established by farmers.

Question 4.
The first neolithic villages in Egypt came into ____________
(a) about 5000 B.C.E
(b) about 6000 B.C.E
(c) about 7000 B.C.E
(d) about 8000 B.C.E
Answer:
(b) about 6000 B.C.E

2C. Write correct chronological order.

Question 1.
(a) Making of microliths
(b) Beginning of the Neolithic age
(c) Beginning of the ‘Holocene’ epoch
(d) Beginning of agriculture and domestication of animals
Answer:
(a) Beginning of the ‘Holocene’ epoch.
(b) Making of microliths
(c) Beginning of the Neolithic age
(d) Beginning of agriculture and domestication of animals

Question 2.
(a) Increase in water bodies
(b) Availability of animals and vegetation for food increased
(c) Beginning of Holocene glaciers
(d) Glaciers began to melt
Answer:
(a) Beginning of Holocene glaciers
(b) Glaciers began to melt
(c) Increase in water bodies
(d) Availability of animals and vegetation for food increased

Question 3.
(a) Neolithic settlements in Jammu and Kashmir
(b) Neolithic settlements in Uttar Pradesh
(c) Neolithic settlements in Bihar
(d) Neolithic settlements in Northeast India
Answer:
(a) Neolithic settlements in Bihar
(b) Neolithic settlements in Jammu and Kashmir
(c) Neolithic settlements in Northeast India
(d) Neolithic settlements in Uttar Pradesh

Question 4.
Stages of Bead Making:
(a) To know the sources of siliceous stones and chank shells
(b) To manufacture finished beads from the stones of irregular shape and the core of chank shells
(c) To transport the raw material to the manufacturing site
(d) To obtain the raw material
Answer:
(a) To know the sources of siliceous stones and chank shells
(b) To obtain the raw material
(c) To transport the raw material to the manufacturing site
(d) To manufacture finished beads from the stones of irregular shape and the core of chank shells

3. Observe the map on page 2 of your textbook and answer the following questions based on it.

Question 1.
Name the different continents seen on the map.
Answer:
Asia, Africa, Europe, and Australia are the continents seen on the map.

Question 2.
Name the ocean in the north of Asia.
Answer:
The Arctic Ocean is in the north of Asia.

4. Complete the concept maps.

Question 1.

Answer:

Question 2.

Answer:

Question 3.

Answer:

5. Write short notes.

Question 1.
Paleolithic camp ‘Ohalo’
Answer:

• ‘Ohalo’ is a Palaeolithic campsite near the Sea of Galilee.
• At Ohalo the evidence of barley, other cereals, and seeds of fruits have been found, along with traces of human occupation.
• Various weeds, in the form of seeds, have been found with cultivated crops.
• Cereals found at Ohalo were remains of cultivated crops and not of the wild variety.
• Grinding stones found from Ohalo, reveal that cereals were first ground (grinding) and then cooked.

6. Explain the statements with reasons.

Question 1.
Ancient pottery throws light on various aspects of ancient cultures.
Answer:

• In all stages of pottery-making, we can understand the class of skilled potters, who were equipped with essential knowledge of pottery making.
• Ancient pottery throws light on various aspects of ancient cultures.
• We get to know about the cultural history, the material richness of the place, from where it was found.
• We can also know the contacts of the residents of a place with other cultures.

7. State your opinion.

Question 1.
The process of urbanisation began in the Neolithic age.
Answer:

• Settling down at one place for a long time, a feeling of ownership arose among the neolithic people.
• Gradually villages expanded, creating awareness of collective land holdings, making village boundaries prominent.
• Awareness of the natural right over a particular region, known as ‘territoriality’ arose.
• Rules and social norms were created to manage the collective resources, water resources, crafts, dependent on it, trade, and community life, resulting in rituals gaining importance.
• Administrative centers rose to manage and keep records of trade, rituals, and writing systems.
• With the increase in population, officials, and occupations, the periphery of the original settlement kept expanding, cities came into existence and the process of urbanisation began in the Neolithic age.

8. Answer the following questions with the help of given points.

Question 1.
Write a short note on River Valley civilisations.
(a) The valley of Euphrates and Tigris – Mesopotamia.
(b) The valley of Nile – Egypt
(c) The valley of Huang He – China
(d) The valleys of Sindhu (Indus) and Saraswati – India
Answer:
The progress in the techniques of systematic cultivation resulted in the rise of the most ancient river valley civilisations of the Neolithic age. The river valley civilisations grew in four regions of the world. Those regions were Mesopotamia, Egypt, the Indian Subcontinent, and China.

(a) The valley of Euphrates and Tigris – Mesopotamia: Mesopotamia is the Greek name of the region between the two rivers, Tigris and Euphrates. Mesos means the ‘middle one’. Potamos means ‘river’. The region between the two rivers is ‘Mesopotamia’. The Mesolithic people began to stay in this region for longer times because of the availability of ample water. Ancient Mesopotamia included modern Iraq, Syria as well as the western regions of Iran and south-eastern regions of Turkey. The camps of Mesolithic people developed into the first settled neolithic villages. These .first villages are dated to 10000 years B.C.E.

(b) The valley of Nile – Egypt: Napoleon Bonaparte had taken along many scholars from various fields during his invasion of Egypt in 1798. They studied the ancient remains in Egypt and published it. These studies received momentum because of the decipherment of the Rosetta inscriptions. The first neolithic villages in Egypt came into being at about 6000 B.C.E. The beginning of agriculture in Egypt coincides with the same time.

(c) The valley of Huang He – China: The valley of Huang He River is considered to be the v region of origin of the Chinese culture. The Chinese culture evolved here. Agriculture in the neolithic villages of China began at about 7000 B.C.E. Wheat, foxtail millet, and rice was grown by the farmers in these villages.

(d) The valleys of Sindhu (Indus) and Saraswati – Indian subcontinent: The region of the valleys of Sindhu and Saraswati is now divided between India and Pakistan. The archaeological excavations at Harappa on the banks of Ravi in Punjab and Mohenjo Daro on the banks of Sindhu in Sindh indicate the existence of a fully developed civilisation in the Indian subcontinent which was dated to circa 3000 B.C.E. It proves that there were well-settled villages in the Indian subcontinent as early as 8000 B.C.E. There is a general consensus among the scholars that the Harappan cities evolved from these early villages.

Question 2.
Explain the concept with the help of the following points:
(a) Origin of Egypt
(b) Yellow River
(c) Fluted core technique
Answer:
(a) Origin of Egypt: Egypt was originally known as ‘Kemet’. Egypt got this name because of ‘ the black soil that was deposited by the Nile floods. Later Egypt came to be known as ‘Hewat-ka- Pta’. It means the temple of God. The Greeks changed it to ‘Egyptus’. In the course of time, it was changed to ‘Egypt’. The Arabic name of Egypt is ‘Misra’.

(b) Yellow River: Yellow River’ is the English translation of the Chinese name ‘Huang He’. The yellow silt brought by her has earned her this name. ‘River’ and ‘Mother’ are her other names. These names indicate her extraordinary place in Chinese culture. The name ‘River’ indicates that she is considered to be the only river of importance. The fact that she is considered to be the mother of the Chinese culture is obvious in the name, ‘Mother’.

(c) Fluted core technique: The blades used for Mesolithic tools were removed from Siliceous stones by the technique known as ‘Fluted Core Technique’. These blades are as tiny as our fingernails. So they are called ‘Microliths’. The Mesolithic people used wooden arrows fixed with microlithic arrowheads.

Question 3.
Explain some Neolithic Sites in India.
Answer:
Some important Neolithic sites in India are as follows:
(a) The northwest region of the Indian continent: Phase I (7000- 6000 B.C.E.) No evidence of pottery (earthen pots). Phase II (6000-4000 B.C.E.) Beginning of pottery making, e.g. Mehrgarh.

(b) Jammu and Kashmir: In Jammu and Kashmir, around 2500 B.C.E. neolithic settlements were established at the sites of Burzhom and Gufkral.

(c) Uttar Pradesh: In Uttar Pradesh, around 6000 B.C.E. neolithic settlements were established at the sites of Chopani Mando, Koldihwa, and Mahagara.

(d) Bihar: In Bihar, around 2000 B.C.E. Neolithic settlements were established. It includes the sites like Chirand, Senuwar, etc.

(e) Northeast India: The evidence of neolithic settlement was first discovered at the site of Daojali Hading in Assam. The village was established around 2700 B.C.E. The neolithic tools found here show more affinity to neolithic tools found in China.

(f) South India: The neolithic settlements in Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, and Tamil Nadu first came into being around 4th – 3rd century B.C.E. Karnatak sites – Sangankallu, Maski, Brahmagiri, Tekkalkota, Piklihal, Hallur, etc. Andhra Pradesh site – Nagarjunikonda. Tamilnadu – Payyampalli.

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Class 11 Political Science Important Questions Chapter 9 The World Since 1945 – I Important Questions and Answers.

Maharashtra State Board 11th Political Science Important Questions Chapter 9 The World Since 1945 – I

1A. Choose the correct alternative and complete the following statements.

Question 1.
After the Second World War, East Germany came under the control of ____________ (Soviet Union, USA, West Germany, England)
Answer:
Soviet Union

Question 2.
After World War I, ____________ was created to maintain peace and security. (European Union, League of Nations, UNO, SAARC)
Answer:
League of Nations

Question 3.
The ____________ is the Chief Administrative Officer of the UN. (Trusteeship Council, President, Security Council, Secretary-General)
Answer:
Secretary-General

Question 4.
The UN Security Council has ____________ permanent members. (5, 10, 15, 193)
Answer:
5

Question 5.
The seat of the International Court of Justice is in ____________ (New York, Geneva, Paris, The Hague)
Answer:
The Hague

Question 6.
____________ coined the name United Nations. (Woodrow Wilson, Pandit Nehru, Franklin Roosevelt, Josef Stalin)
Answer:
Franklin Roosevelt

Question 7.
The UN Charter was signed in 1945 by representatives of ____________ countries. (24, 50, 101, 172)
Answer:
50

Question 8.
____________ used the term ‘iron curtain’ to refer to the division of Europe into the West and the East. (Woodrow Wilson, Franklin Roosevelt, Richard Nixon, Nikita Khrushchev)
Answer:
Woodrow Wilson

Question 9.
The Asian nation ____________ had a war from 1950-1953. (Japan, China, Korea, Vietnam)
Answer:
Korea

Question 10.
In 1959, heads of USA and USSR met at ____________ to seek serious dialogue. (New York, Moscow, Berlin, Camp David)
Answer:
Camp David

1B. Identify the incorrect pair in every set and correct it.

Question 1.
(a) Mao Zedong – Korea
(b) Nikita Khrushchev – Soviet Union
(c) President Eisenhower – USA
(d) Woodrow Wilson – England
Answer:
(a) Mao Zedong – China

Question 2.
(a) France – Capitalist Bloc
(b) Bulgaria – Communist Bloc
(c) Turkey – NATO
(d) Thailand – SEATO
Answer:
(c) Turkey – CENTO

1C. State the appropriate concept for the given statement.

Question 1.
The policy suggested by Khrushchev that the US capital system and Soviet system would have to co-exist.
Answer:
Peaceful Co-existence

Question 2.
Process of regional cooperation.
Answer:
Regionalism

Question 3.
Meetings of heads of states or governments to discuss pertinent issues.
Answer:
Summit Meetings

1D. Answer in one sentence.

Question 1.
Which organization was created after World War I to maintain peace and order in the world?
Answer:
The League of Nations was created after World War I to maintain peace and order in the world.

Question 2.
Which countries emerged as superpowers after the Second World War?
Answer:
USA and USSR emerged as superpowers after the Second World War.

Question 3.
What is the main purpose of the UNO?
Answer:
The main purpose of the UNO is the maintenance of international peace and security.

Question 4.
Name some countries under Soviet influence post-1945.
Answer:
Some countries under Soviet influence post-1945 were East Germany, Poland, Hungary, Bulgaria Romania, Albania, and Czechoslovakia.

Question 5.
Name some countries under US influence post-1945.
Answer:
Some countries under US influence were England, France, Spain, Belgium Netherlands, Greece, and West Germany.

Question 6.
Which Asian nation adopted communism in 1949?
Answer:
China, under Mao Zedong, adopted communism in 1949.

Question 7.
Which communist nations signed a pact in 1950?
Answer:
USSR and China signed a pact in 1950.

Question 8.
In 1959, which world leaders met at Camp David?
Answer:
In 1959, President Dwight Eisenhower of the United States and Prime Minister Nikita Khrushchev of the Soviet Union met at Camp David in the United States.

Question 9.
What is sustainable development?
Answer:
Sustainable development refers to development that promotes the protection of the environment and social well-being along with economic progress.

1E. Complete the sentences by choosing the appropriate reason.

Question 1.
SAARC is considered a regional organisation because
(a) it aims to establish regional cooperation in South Asia.
(b) it is a narrow scope organisation that leads to hostility in the region.
(c) it is in opposition to world peace and stability
Answer:
(a) it aims to establish regional cooperation in South Asia.

Question 2.
Camp David Summit was a turning point in the history of the Cold War
(a) it was an open expression of Cold War hostility
(b) it led to the formation of NATO and other military alliances
(c) it was the first serious attempt at seeking a dialogue between the Cold War rivals.
Answer:
(c) it was the first serious attempt at seeking a dialogue between the Cold War rivals.

1F. Find the odd word in the given set.

Question 1.
USA, China, Russia, India.
Answer:
India (it is the only NAM nation)

Question 2.
NATO, ASEAN, CENTO, SEATO.
Answer:
ASEAN (not a Cold War military alliance)

Question 3.
ASEAN, NATO, SAARC, E.U.
Answer:
NATO (a military alliance)

2A. State whether the following statements are true or false with reasons.

Question 1.
The League of Nations failed in achieving its purpose.
Answer:
This statement is True.

• The League of Nations was created in 1920 after the First World War as an international organisation to establish peace and order in the world.
• However, the League failed to stop aggression by the Nazi and Fascist parties or to eliminate conflicts in Europe eventually leading to the Second World War.

Question 2.
After the Second World War, the world ceased to be ‘Eurocentric’.
Answer:
This statement is True.

• The world had been described as ‘Eurocentric’ because of the dominant position enjoyed by major European powers like England, Francs, etc, in the 19th and early 20th centuries.
• Most of these powers such as France, Italy, Germany, England were devastated during the Second World war leading to the USA and USSR becoming superpowers in the world. Thus there were bipolarity post-1945.

Question 3.
The UNO was established in 1945.
Answer:
This statement is True.

• The League of Nations which was established after the First World War failed to secure world peace and stability.
• After the Second World War, the UN was established in 1945 to maintain world security and peace, protect human rights, and promote sustainable development.

Question 4.
The Trusteeship Council is the most significant organ of the UNO.
Answer:
This statement is False.

• The Trusteeship Council was set up to provide international supervision for 11 Trust Territories to prepare these towards self-government.
• The Security Council is considered the most significant organ of the UNO. It suspended operations on 1st November 1994, as all the Trust Territories had attained independence.

Question 5.
The hostile relations between the USA and USSR were called the Cold War.
Answer:
This statement is True.

• USA and USSR became superpowers after the Second World War (1945). There were ideological and economic differences between the USA and USSR and also a struggle for political influence in Europe.
• The hostile relations led to the East-West division of Europe, setting up of military alliances and armaments build-up but stopped short of a war actual war. This is referred to as the cold war.

Question 6.
The Korean War was actually a proxy of the Cold War.
Answer:
This statement is True.

• The Korean War (1950-1953) began when North Korea backed by Communist China and the USSR attacked South Korea.
• South Korea was helped by the US and its allies. Thus, the Korean War seemed to be an actual manifestation of the Cold War.

2B. Complete the concept maps.

Question 1.

Answer:

Question 2.

Answer:

3. Answer the following.

Question 1.
Write about the Berlin Wall (Division of Berlin).
Answer:
When the Second World War ended, the Soviets had control over East Germany while the USA, UK, and France had control over West Germany. This was the division of Germany. The city of Berlin, which was the capital of Germany was also divided between East and West Berlin. East Berlin was under Soviet influence while West Berlin was under American, British and French control. The city of Berlin was inside the territory of East Germany. Thus, West Berlin was surrounded by East Germany on all sides.

Question 2.
What was referred to as the “Iron Curtain”?
Answer:
The former British Prime Minister, Winston Churchill, during his visit to the United States in 1946, gave a speech at the Westminster College in Fulton where he described the situation in Europe as “From Stettin in the Baltic to Trieste in the Adriatic, an iron curtain has descended across the continent.”. This speech was the first clear expression of the division of Europe between the West and the East, between the capitalist and communist ideology.

Question 3.
Write about the Bandung Conference.
Answer:
The Bandung Conference (1955) was the first Afro-Asian conference that sought to broad base the concept of regionalism to include the countries of Africa. The conference had 24 participating countries besides the sponsoring countries, namely Burma (now, Myanmar), Ceylon (now, Sri Lanka), India, Indonesia, and Pakistan.
The main purposes of the conference were

• To promote goodwill and cooperation
• To consider social, economic, and cultural problems and problems of special interest to Asian and African people.
• To view the position of Asia and Africa in the world today and the contribution they can make to world peace.

The Bandung Conference was a historic event. It tried to spread the concept of regionalism to Asia and Africa.

Question 4.
Write about NATO.
Answer:
The North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO) is an inter-government military alliance of 29 countries from North America and Europe. It was established in April 1949. The members include its 12 original members and others who joined later. The founding countries were the USA, UK, Belgium, Canada, France, Denmark, Norway, Iceland, Italy, Portugal, Netherlands, and Luxembourg other NATO members are Greece, Turkey, West Germany, Spain, Poland Hungary, Czech Republic, Bulgaria, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Romania, Albania. The last nation to join NATO in 2017 was Montenegro.

Question 5.
Write about military alliances formed by the U.S (1945 – 55).
Answer:
The US-led capitalist bloc included alliances such as NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organisation) formed in 1949 with 12 founding countries like USA, UK, Canada, France, etc., and later joined by Greece, Turkey, West Germany, Spain, Poland Hungary, Czech Republic, Bulgaria, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Romania, Albania. Montenegro.

• ANZUS: (1952) comprising of Australia, New Zealand, and the USA.
• southeast Asia Treaty Organisation (SEATO): (1954) which included Thailand, Philippines, Australia, New Zealand, France, UK, US.
• Central Treaty Organisation (CENTO): (1955) which included Turkey, Iraq (Iraq withdrew in 1958), Iran (Iran withdrew in 1979), and Pakistan.

Question 6.
Write about the UN Security Council. (UNSC).
Answer:
The UN Security Council has the primary responsibility for the maintenance of international peace and security. It has 15 Members (5 permanent and 10 non-permanent members).

The permanent members include the USA, UK, Russia, France, and China. They have ‘veto’ power. Non-permanent members are elected for two-year terms by the General Assembly. Some of these members are Belgium, South Africa, Indonesia, and Germany. India has been a non-permanent member of the UNSC.

4. Answer the following in detail with reference to the given points.

Question 1.
Elaborate on the UNO.
(i) Establishment and Total membership of the UNO.
(ii) Main organs of the UNO.
(iii) Permanent members of the Security Council.
(iv) Secretary-General of the UN.
Answer:
(i) Establishment and Total membership of the UNO: The UNO was established on 24th October 1945. The UN declaration was signed in San Francisco by 50 member states. At present, it has 193 members.

(ii) Main organs of the UNO: The main organs of the UNO are General Assembly, Security Council, Economic and Social Council, Trusteeship Council (suspended operations in 1994), International Court of Justice, and Secretariat.

(iii) Permanent members of the Security Council: There are 5 permanent members of the Security council i.e., the USA, the UK, Russia, France, and China.

(iv) Secretary-General of the UN: The Secretariat comprises the Secretary-General and UN staff members, who carry out the day-to-day work of the UN. The Secretary-General is the Chief Administrative Officer of the UNO. He is appointed by the General Assembly on the recommendation of the Security Council for a five-year term.

The present Secretary-General is Antonio-Guterres. The first Secretary-General was Trygve Lie (1946-1952) Other Secretary-General were Dag Hammarskjold, U Thant, Kurt Waldheim, Javier Perez, Boutros Boutros-Ghali, Kofi Annan, Ban-ki-Moon.

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Class 11 Political Science Important Questions Chapter 8 Development Administration Important Questions and Answers.

Maharashtra State Board 11th Political Science Important Questions Chapter 8 Development Administration

1A. Choose the appropriate alternative and complete the following statements.

Question 1.
Panchayati Raj institutions were given constitutional status in 1992 by the ____________ Amendment Act. (42nd, 73rd, 74th, 91st)
Answer:
73rd

Question 2.
To establish a socialist pattern of economy, ____________ year plans were introduced. (3, 5, 7, 10)
Answer:
5

Question 3.
To increase agricultural production, the ____________ revolution was introduced in 1966-67. (Rural, White, Green, Swachh Bharat)
Answer:
Green

Question 4.
MGNREGA aims to guarantee ‘the right to ____________’. (nutrition, education, irrigation, work)
Answer:
work

1B. State the appropriate concept for the given statement.

Question 1.
It has replaced the Planning Commission since 2015.
Answer:
NITI Aayog

Question 2.
A modern approach to Public Administration.
Answer:
Development Administration

1C. Answer in one sentence.

Question 1.
What does ‘red tape’ refer to?
Answer:
In government administration, when official rules and procedures create unnecessary delays in the work, it is called ‘red tape.

Question 2.
What does the ‘holistic perspective’ of development include?
Answer:
A holistic perspective of development includes a focus on social change, economic growth, cultural progress and political development.

Question 3.
Name two Parliamentary Committees.
Answer:
Public Accounts Committee, Estimates Committee.

Question 4.
Name 4 tribunals in the field of Indian administration.
Answer:
Income Tax Appellate Tribunal, Central Administrative Tribunal (CAT), National Green Tribunal (NGT), Securities Appellate Tribunal (SAT).

Question 5.
What was the focus of the Community Development Programme (1952)?
Answer:
The focus of CDP (1952) was to promote development in rural and remote areas.

Question 6.
What is the significance of the 74th Amendment Act (1952).
Answer:
The 74th Amendment Act gave constitutional status to the municipalities so that they function effectively as units of local government in urban areas.

Question 7.
Name 4 areas that five-year plans focused on.
Answer:
Agriculture, Industrialization, Self-reliance, Infrastructure.

Question 8.
What was the objective of the Twenty Point Programme?
Answer:
The objective of the Twenty Point Programme was poverty eradication and raising of the standard of living, of the people.

Question 9.
Write 2 development programmes to deal with unemployment.
Answer:

• Jawahar Rozgar Yojna (JRY – 1989)
• Mahatma Gandhi Nation Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA – 2005)

Question 10.
What is the role of YASHADA?
Answer:
The role of YASHADA is as an Administrative Training Institute and a State Institute of Rural Development.

1D. Expand the abbreviations.

Question 1.
NITI Aayog
Answer:
NITI Aayog – National Institution for Transforming India.

Question 2.
IRDP
Answer:
IRDP – Integrated Rural Development Programme.

Question 3.
MGNREGA
Answer:
MGNREGA – Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act.

Question 4.
UIDAI
Answer:
UIDAI – The Unique Identification Authority of India.

Question 5.
JNNURM
Answer:
JNNURM – Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission.

2A. State whether the following statements are true or false with reasons.

Question 1.
Citizen participation is significant in development administration.
Answer:
This statement is True.

• Development is a process of social and economic change, it is important that people participate actively in it.
• This necessitates peoples’ participation in the process of planning, implementation, and eventual evaluation.

Question 2.
Land reforms were a major development goal in India after independence.
Answer:
This statement is True.

• When India became independent (zamindars). the ownership of agricultural land was mainly concentrated in the hands of a few landowners.
• To solve this issue land reforms were initiated and the land was freed up to be given to the actual tillers of the land e.g., the Zamindari system was abolished.

Question 3.
NITI Aayog replaced the Planning Commission in 2015.
Answer:
This statement is True.

• In the 1990s India adopted the New Economic Policy that focused on economic liberalisation. In this new setup, there was a need to change the approach to planning.
• In 2015 the Planning Commission was replaced by the NITI Aayog. India moved away from centralized planning to decentralized planning. The NITI Aayog proposes grassroots planning.

2B. Complete the concept maps.

Question 1.

Answer:

Question 2.

Answer:

4. Answer the following.

Question 1.
Explain how development administration evolved.
Answer:
After the Second World War, several Asian and African nations became independent. They did not want a government that merely carried out routine administration like law and order, external security, revenue, etc. These countries had heterogeneous societies, struggling economies and faced serious challenges like hunger, poverty, and socio-economic inequality. They needed to be planned and properly executed government action which would be holistic i.e., focusing on social change, political development, and economic growth.

The government had to become the instrument of development by taking up tasks like centralized economic planning, promotion of industrial growth, provision of social services, and encouraging people’s participation. The concept of the ‘Welfare State’ which had dominated the early part of the 20th century grows stronger. The state was expected to play a key role in the promotion of the economic and social well-being of its citizens. This led to the idea of the Development Administration.

Question 2.
Explain the features of development administration.
Answer:
Development Administration is the modern approach to public administration. Its features are-
(i) Change-oriented: Development administration seeks to re-orient towards development goals in the socio-economic and political sphere through transformation, innovation, and growth. In India after Independence, the two biggest challenges before the government were food scarcity and poverty, and economic backwardness. Hence, the focus was on agriculture as well as on industrial and infrastructural development.

(ii) Output-oriented: Development administration seeks to achieve certain outcomes on the basis of clear, quantitative norms of performance. This focus on targets motivates, the administration to produce the desired results, for e.g., pegging a target of 8 – 10% growth rate for the economy is a reasonable goal to be achieved.

(iii) Citizen participation: It is necessary that people actively participate in the development processes of planning, implementation and evaluation e.g., the 73rd and 74th amendments are a landmark in the evolution of grassroots democratic institutions both in rural and urban areas in India.

(iv) Public commitment: The process of development is filled with challenges and barriers. Hence, the civil servants (bureaucracy) need to have a strong sense of involvement, commitment, and concern to achieve the development objectives.

Question 3.
What were the goals of development in India post-1947?
Answer:
Post-independent India was struggling to rise from the ill effects of colonial exploitation i.e., from poverty and underdevelopment. The objectives of development in India were hence directed towards resolving these issues.

The goals of development include:
(i) Modernisation of the economy: The focus was on industrialization, which would increase employment facilities as well national income.

(ii) Land Reforms: aimed to free up land which was concentrated in the hands of a few rich landholders (zamindars).

(iii) Agriculture: The focus was to reduce rural poverty by developing agriculture. The use of machines, better fertilizers and pesticides, high yielding seeds, and irrigation would help to increase agricultural production i.e., through the Green Revolution.

(iv) Self-reliance: Although foreign aid was accepted by India for its industrial and infrastructural development, it did not want to be dependent on foreign capital for long.

(v) Socialist pattern of the economy: India decided to adopt the socialist pattern of the economy towards creating a Welfare State and reducing inequalities of wealth and income. The Planning Commission was created and 5-year plans were implemented.

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Class 11 Political Science Important Questions Chapter 7 Public Administration Important Questions and Answers.

Maharashtra State Board 11th Political Science Important Questions Chapter 7 Public Administration

1A. Choose the correct alternative and complete the following statements.

Question 1.
Civil Service/Bureaucracy refers to the _____________ executive. (political, temporary, statutory, permanent)
Answer:
permanent

Question 2.
_____________ is also called ‘government in action’. (Federalism, Public Administration, Centralization, Dyarchy)
Answer:
Public Administration

Question 3.
In a narrow perspective, focus is only the _____________ branch of the government. (legislature, judiciary, executive, collector)
Answer:
executive

Question 4.
_____________ is the premier policy ‘Think Tank’ of Government of India at present. (Planning Commission, NITI Aayog, Election Commission, Comptroller, and Auditor-General)
Answer:
NITI Aayog

Question 5.
India’s central recruiting agency for All-India Services is the _____________ (UPSC, NITI Aayog, HRD Ministry, Finance Ministry)
Answer:
UPSC

Question 6.
Public Administration as academic discipline originated in _____________ (Germany, USA, UK, France)
Answer:
USA

Question 7.
Arthashastra influenced administration during the reign of _____________ (Vikram Aditya, Chandragupta Maurya, Aristotle, Emperor Akbar)
Answer:
Chandragupta Maurya

Question 8.
Gram Panchayats are headed by a _____________ (Sarpanch, Minister, Tehsildar, Gram Sevak)
Answer:
Sarpanch

1B. Identify the incorrect pair in every set, correct it and rewrite.

Question 1.
(a) Rural areas – Gram Panchayat
(b) Urban areas – Municipal Corporations
(c) Military areas – Town Area Samitis
Answer:
Military areas – Cantonment Boards

Question 2.
(a) Cameralism – George Zincke
(b) Modern Public Administration – Woodrow Wilson.
(c) Adnyapatra – Emperor Akbar
Answer:
Adnyapatra – Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj

1C. State the appropriate concept for the given statements.

Question 1.
Science of management as applied to affairs of the state.
Answer:
Public Administration

Question 2.
The step-in administration involves preparing a blueprint.
Answer:
Planning

Question 3.
A new approach to understanding complex government activities.
Answer:
Public Policy

1D. Answer in one sentence.

Question 1.
What is the function of the Union Public Service Commission (UPSC)?
Answer:
Union Public Service Commission (UPSC) is India’s central recruitment agency which is responsible for conducting examinations and recruitment for All India Services and Group A, B of Central Services.

Question 2.
What approach has the NITI Aayog adopted?
Answer:
It has adopted a bottom-up approach where planning begins at the grassroots (local) level and then reaches to the top level.

Question 3.
Why is Coordination important in administration?
Answer:
Coordination helps in eliminating any overlapping of work and prevents conflict of responsibility.

Question 4.
Write four specialized functions of the government.
Answer:
Providing education, ensuring public health, promoting agriculture, providing social security are some specialized functions of the government.

Question 5.
Which Public Policy aims to electrify rural India?
Answer:
Rajiv Gandhi Grameen Vidyutikaran Yojana aims to electrify rural India.

Question 6.
Write some important administrative acts given by the British.
Answer:
Indian Councils Act (1909), Government of India Act (1919) Government of India Act (1935), Local Self Government Act.

Question 7.
What is meant by political neutrality?
Answer:
All civil servants owe allegiance only to the constitution and not to any political party. This is political neutrality.

1E. Complete the following sentences by using the appropriate reasons.

Question 1.
Reporting is important in public administration because
(a) it ensures accountability and responsibility within the administration.
(b) it ensures proper recruitment and training.
(c) it prevents jurisdictional conflict.
Answer:
(a) it ensures accountability and responsibility within the administration.

Question 2.
NITI Aayog is called the ‘Think Tank’ of the government because
(a) it carries out specialized government functions.
(b) it designs strategic and long-term programmes for the Government of India.
(c) It recruits civil servants for administration.
Answer:
(b) it designs strategic and long-term programmes for the Government of India.

1F. Find the odd word in the given set.

Question 1.
Mayor, Sarpanch, Tehsildar, Gram Sevak.
Answer:
Mayor (from urban administration)

Question 2.
Staffing, Directing, Budgeting, CSR.
Answer:
CSR (not included in POSCORB)

2A. State whether the following statements are true or false with reasons.

Question 1.
Civil Servants must follow the principle of political neutrality.
Answer:
This statement is True.

• Civil Service (Bureaucracy) is called the permanent or non-political executive which carries out the implementation of government policy.
• Personnel owes allegiance to the constitution and not to the party in power or to any other party. This is called political neutrality.

Question 2.
NITI Aayog is identified as the ‘Think Tank’ of the government of India.
Answer:
This statement is True.

• The National Institution for Transforming India (NITI Aayog) was established on 1st January 2015 to provide directional and policy inputs to the government.
• NITI Aayog designs strategic and long-term policies and programmes as well as provides relevant technical advice to both the Union as well as State governments.

Question 3.
Coordination is an important step in public administration.
Answer:
This statement is True.

• Gullick and Urwick explained the scope of public administration by the acronym POSDCORB. i.e., planning organization staffing, directing, coordinating, reporting and budgeting.
• Co-ordination involves an interrelation of the different branches and sections of administration to eliminate overlapping and duplication of work.

Question 4.
Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) has great significance today.
Answer:
This statement is True.

• The broad perspective of public administration views it as a cooperative group effort, engaged in collaborations with private groups in providing basic services to the community
• CSR means that companies try to integrate social and environmental concerns into their operations as a way to contribute to society. These activities include activities like disaster relief, limiting pollution, social awareness, and educational programmes.

2B. Complete the concept maps.

Question 1.

Answer:

Question 2.

Answer:

3. Answer the following.

Question 1.
Explain the meaning of Public Administration.
Answer:
Public Administration is a subdiscipline of Political Science. It focuses on ‘government in action’ i.e., implementation of government decisions, policies, and programmes in fields of social security and welfare, law and order, transport and communication, health and sanitation, etc.

The executive branch of government consists of the Political Executive (council of ministers) and Permanent /Non-political Executive or Bureaucracy.

Public Administration as a subject studies the activity and process of the government.
According to Waldo, ‘Public Administration is the art and science of management as applied to the affairs of the state’.

Public Administration broadly includes the following:

• Activities of all three branches of government, especially that of the executive branch.
• Non-political public bureaucracy operating in a political system.
• Management of public affairs and policy execution.
• Concerned with public welfare and hence provides service and regulatory functions to the people to attain a good life.

Question 2.
How did the discipline of Public Administration evolve?
Answer:
Since ancient times, various thinkers have contributed to administrative thought and practice e.g., Kautilya’s ‘Arthashastra’ (a text on administration and political economy), Aristotle’s ‘Politics’ (in ancient Greece), and Machiavelli’s ‘The Prince’ (in Medieval Italy).

In the 18th century, Cameralism in Germany and Austria was concerned with the systematic management of governmental affairs. It stressed descriptive studies of the structure and procedures of public administration as well as the professional training of public officials. George Zincke was the most distinguished scholar of this group.

Public administration as a separate subject of study originated in the USA mainly due to factors like-

• Large scale organisations that arose due to industrialization
• Scientific Management Movement by Taylor.
• The emergence of a welfare state where the government had to perform a variety of functions.

Woodrow Wilson’s celebrated essay ‘The Study of Administration’ (1887) laid the foundation for the systematic, separate study of public administration. He is regarded as ‘The Father of Public Administration’. He advocated politics administration dichotomy i.e., separation of administration from politics, according to him politics is concerned with policy-making while the administration is concerned with the implementation of policy decisions, Wilson emphasized the need to increase government efficiency.

Today, the subject matter of public administration has expanded to include areas like comparative studies, public policy, new public management, and good governance.

Question 3.
Explain Corporate Social Responsibility.
Answer:
Companies try to integrate social and environmental concerns into their business operations. Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) is not charity but a way to improve society. CSR activities include work like limiting pollution, disaster relief, clean water, and educational programmes in developing countries, etc.

4. Observe the given image and write in brief about it.

Answer:
In a narrow sense, it focuses on those aspects of administration that are related to only the executive branch of the government. This view was given by Gullick and Urwick in their famous acronym POSDCORB.

P-Planning: The first step in administration is planning where a broad outline or a blueprint is prepared. This happens at all three levels: National, State, and Local, For instance, the NITI Aayog has adopted a bottom-up approach where planning begins at the grassroots level and then reaches the top.

O-Organisation: The planned objectives and goals are achieved by establishing the formal structure of authority through which the work is arranged, defined, and coordinated. For example, All India Services, Central, State, and Local Services.

S-Staffing: Human resources are the backbone of any administrative system. The personnel who actively engage in the process of administration are to be recruited and trained. It is also important to maintain favorable working conditions for them. For example, recruitment through UPSC.

D-Directing: Administration is a continuous activity. Therefore making decisions and embodying them in specific and general orders and instructions is also necessary.

CO-Co-ordination: Administration is a complex and interrelated process hence different parts of organisation such as branches, divisions, sections need to be coordinated. This helps in the elimination of overlapping work and prevents conflict.

R-Reporting: Information related to the ongoing or completed task and its reporting to higher authorities is a key aspect of administration. This ensures accountability and responsibility within the administration.

B-Budgeting: Finance is a key aspect of any activity. Therefore accounting, fiscal planning, and its control are maintained through budgeting.