Bhagya

Balbharti Yuvakbharati English 11th Digest Chapter 4.2 The Rising of the Moon Notes, Textbook Exercise Important Questions and Answers.

Maharashtra State Board Class 11 English Yuvakbharati Solutions Chapter 4.2 The Rising of the Moon

11th English Digest Chapter 4.2 The Rising of the Moon Textbook Questions and Answers

(A1)

Question 1.
There are some dialogues which are short, but quite effective. They give us enjoyment and add beauty to the main story. Find some more from the text. (Answers are given directly in bold)

Answer:

(A2)

Theme

Comment on the given statement after reading the given dialogue.

Question (a)
“And if we get him itself, nothing but abuse on our heads for it from the people, and may be from our own relations”.
Answer:
We don’t think of our society at large. If we catch the prisoner, Irish people will abuse us. They expect us to cooperate with the patriots as they are our own people. If we do not catch the escaped prisoner, the British Government will abuse us. In any case if we catch the prisoner or do not catch anyhow we are the one who are going to be abused.

Question (b)
“It’s a pity some honest man not to be better of that”.
Answer:
It was a good opportunity for the sergeant to show his honesty to the Britishers. He wanted to catch the escaped prisoner and also to get the reward.

Question (c)
“I wouldn’t be in your shoes if he reward me ten times as much. People generally fall victim to incentives. Some people stick to values”.
Answer:
Those who stick to values and are not templed at all, are the people of principles. Such people don’t betray anyone. They are very brave and loyal.

Question (d)
“But when I saw a man in trouble, I could never help trying to set him out of it. It’s human to help others”.
Answer:
The sergeant was alone in the dangerous dark night. The man wanted to help the sergeant to keep a watch. He told the sergeant that he would help him in his task and would not demand any share in the reward that the sergeant gets for catching the escaped prisoner.

Question (ii)
The priorities of the sergeant are shifted. Complete the given table by using the given clues.
Answer:

Question (iii)
Find the sentence from the play selected to the given points.
Answer:
a. Loyalty in Irish nationalism.

(a) “May be Sergeant, you’ll be on the side of the country yet”.
(b) “I have my duties and I know them”.
(c) “I am in the force”.
(d) “We have to do our duty in the force”.

b. Tension between different loyalties.

(a) “It’s little we get but abuse from the people, and no choice but to obey our orders”.
(b) ‘You won’t betray me… the friend of Granuaile”.
(c) “May be Sergeant, it comes into your head sometimes, in spite of your belt and your tunic, that it might have been as well for you to have followed Granuaile”.
(d) “Stop that that’s no song to be singing in these times”.

(A5)

The description of the character is given below. Identify the character from the play. Find some sentences which support your choice.

Question (a)
He is a brave but irresponsible person.
Answer:
The character is sergeant.
(Brave) (a) “I don’t want it. Bring it with you, He is irresponsible”.
(b) Sergeant (after a pause) – no one.

Question (b)
He is a major character. He dominates the story.
Answer:
The character is the man. ,
(Major) (a) “I know well the man you are waiting for”.
(Dominate) (b) “Will you let me pass or must I make you let me?”

Question (c)
He is smart as well as brave.
Answer:
The character is the man.
(Smart) (a) “Back to the town isn’t it?”
(Brave) (b) “You need’nt ask me who I am, that placard will tell you”.

Question (d)
He is the centre of the play.
Answer:
The character is sergeant.
(a) “Am I as great a fool as I think I am?”
(b) “Indeed it’s a hard thing to be in the force, out at night and no thanks for it, for all the danger we’re in. And it’s little we get but abuse from the people, and no choice but to obey our orders, and never asked when a man is sent into danger”.

Question (e)
He is obedient and simple.
Answer:
The answer is the policeman B.
(Obedient) (a) “You bade us to come back here and keep watch with you”.
(Simple) (b) ‘You might want it. There are clouds coming up and you have the darkness of the night before you.”

Yuvakbharati English 11th Digest Chapter 4.2 The Rising of the Moon Additional Important Questions and Answers

Character Analysis:

Question 1.
Write your opinion about the man and the sergeant.
Answer:
The sergeant plays an important character and grips the audience’s attention. He is basicallyan Irish man, however, his duty requires him to serve the British and go against his own country. In the beginning of the play, he is in need of money. He is eager to arrest the prisoner who has escaped the gaol and get the reward of hundred pounds. He is seen as a loyal police officer under the British Government. His words, “The whole country depends on us to keep law and order”, is inspiring. However, his character undergoes a change as the play proceeds.

He develops arrogance and begins to argue with the ragged man. When the ragged man begins to sing patriotic ballads, the sergeant’s behaviour suddenly turns patriotic and reminds him of the days when he used to indulge in freeing Ireland from the chains of the Britishers. Towards the end of the play we see the sacrificing behaviour of the sergeant as he sacrifices his reward and promotion by not arresting the prisoner. He is shown to be less intelligent than the ragged man but soft-hearted. However, he then asks himself, “I wonder, now, am I as great a fool as I think I am?” As audience, we can term him foolish but also call him a great patriot.

On the other hand, the ragged man in the play is having heroic qualities as he is smart and a passionate lover of his country. He introduces himself as a ballad singer and also touches the heart of the police officer by singing love and patriotic ballads. He is so perfect in making-up his identity that the policeman (sergeant) cannot suspect him until he reveals his identity. He intelligently brings out stories from the sergeant which proves his wittiness.

He succeeds in bringing out the feelings of patriotism from the sergeant, turns himself into a friend of the sergeant and escapes safely from being imprisoned again. But before escaping, he expresses gratitude to the sergeant with a note of optimism. He promises him to pay back his good turn. He is optimistic and tells that a day will surely come that Ireland will be free from the British rules.

Reference To Context:

Comment on the given statement after reading the given dialogue.

Question 1.
The man tries to enforce the sergeant in favour of the criminal.
Answer:
The man tries to enforce the sergeant in favour of the criminal by repetedly saying, “Never mind. I’m going. I wouldn’t be in your shoes if the reward was ten times as much”.

Thought-Provoking Questions:

Question 1.
The man and the sergeant need each other’s support. Find such examples.
Answer:
On that dark night, while keeping a watch, the man and the sergeant needed each other’s support. The man told the sergeant that he had seen the escaped criminal at his own place. Describing the criminal the man told that there wasn’t any weapon he didn’t know the use of. He also told that the escaped criminal was a strong and muscular man.

This description created fear in the mind of the sergeant and he actually needed the support of the man. The man also needed the sergeant’s support. He had planned to escape from the place which was not possible without the help of the sergeant. Thus the man and the sergeant both needed each other’s support.

Question 2.
Find out the reason of the man for staying at the place.
Answer:
The ballad singer, as the ragged man introduces himself in the play, is actually the escaped prisoner. Using his intelligence he however tries to stay with the sergeant because he knows that the police are in search of him to put him back into custody. The hour is not safe for him to move and therefore he engages himself with the sergeant so that the other policemen do not doubt him and he can make a move when the time is safe.

Question 3.
Write about the persuasive approach of the man.
Answer:
The man (the escaped prisoner) introduced himself as a ballad singer. He started singing ballads to persuade the sergeant in believing his identity. He also told the sergeant that he was so poor that he would earn money by singing ballads and would arrange for his supper. The man was dominating enough as he stuck to the place in spite of repeated warnings of the sergeant to go away from the place.

Question 4.
Find the life of a singer that is mentioned in the play.
Answer:
The man introduces himself as a poor ballad singer who sings patriotic ballads for the sailors to earn himself a living.

Question 5.
The wavelength of the man and the sergeant goes together. Find the evidences from the text.
Answer:
The wavelength of the man and sergeant goes together, this can be proved when the sergeant is eager find the escaped prisoner for a hundred pounds and a promotion on the basis of which he can support his family in a better way. On the other hand, the man introduces himself as a ballad singer who sings patriotic ballads to the sailors to earh living. In the other part of the act, the ragged man proves his patriotism by hiding his identity of prisoner belonging to Ireland. As the play comes to an end, the sergeant allows the man to escape in spite of knowing that he is the prisoner they were in search of. This is because the ragged man belongs to Ireland, the nation the sergeant used to belong, in his youth.

Question 6.
Discussion about patriotic songs goes on. Find the points from the text.
Answer:
On the dark night while keeping a watch,the man sings patriotic songs to which the sergeant says, “Stop that that’s no song to be singing in these times”. The man then explains to the sergeant that he was only singing to keep his heart up. The sergeant sympathetically says, “Well, you can sing if it gives you more courage”.However, when the man continues to sing the sergeant corrects the lyrics. They also further discuss about ‘Granuaile’.

Question 7.
The sergeant’s reaction surprises the audience. Write your opinion. .
Answer:
In the begining of the play, the sergeant was loyal to the British Government. As the play unfolds we find that the man has successfully brought about a change in the mind of the sergeant. He has aroused patriotism in the sergeant. The sergeant now lets go the prisoner easily. This surprises the audience. The change from the loyal British sergeant into the man with patriotism in the mind is drastic and surprising for the readers.

Question 8.
The sergeant supports the man by misguiding his comrades. Write your views.
Answer:
The sergeant was the loyal British servant. He wanted to catch the escaped prisoner for a reward. As the play unfolded the man who introduced himself as a ballad singer brought about changes in the mind of the sergeant. During their discussion the man arouse patriotism in his mind and reminded him of his youth when he had joined a group of patriots. The sergeant was torn between his duty and his nation. But finally patriotism won and the sergeant helped the man to escape. He misguided his assistants in order to let the prisoner escape easily.

Glossary:

1. lonesome – lonely, without any company
2. quay – wooden or metal platform projecting into the water for loading and unloading of ships
3. sergeant – a police officer ranking below an inspector
4. placard – a sign for public display, either posted on the wall or carried during a demonstration
5. gaol – jail
6. kelp – a large brown seaweed that typically has long, tough stalk
7. assize – The court which sat at intervals in each country of England and Wales to administer the civil and
8. criminal law
9. plaid – a type of woolen cloth
10. shuffles – move/walk by dragging one’s feet
11. barrack – police accommodation
12. queer – strange
13. to keep one’s heart up – to keep oneself happy
14. tunic – a loose garment
15. pike – an infantry weapon with a pointed steel or iron head on a long wooden shaft.

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board 12th Chemistry Important Questions Chapter 9 Coordination Compounds Important Questions and Answers.

Maharashtra State Board 12th Chemistry Important Questions Chapter 9 Coordination Compounds

Question 1.
What are double salts?
Answer:
Double salts are crystalline molecular or addition compounds containing more than one salt in simple molecular proportions soluble in water and in solution they ionise and exhibit all the properties of the constituent ions.

For example, K₂SO_4⁺ A1₂(SO₄)_3^– 24H₂O
\(\mathrm{K}_{2} \mathrm{SO}_{4} \cdot \mathrm{Al}_{2}\left(\mathrm{SO}_{4}\right)_{3} \cdot 24 \mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{O}_{(\mathrm{aq})} \longrightarrow 2 \mathrm{~K}_{(\mathrm{aq})}^{+}+2 \mathrm{Al}_{(\mathrm{aq})}^{3+}+4 \mathrm{SO}_{4(\mathrm{aq})}^{2-}+24 \mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{O}_{0}\)

Question 2.
Define coordination compound.
Answer:
Coordination compound : It consists of a central metal ion or atom surrounded by atoms, molecules or anions called ligands by coordinate bonds, e.g. cisplatin Pt(NH₃)₂Cl₂, [Cu(NH₃)₄]SO₄.

Question 3.
Define Lewis bases and Lewis acids with respect to a coordination compound.
Answer:

• Lewis bases : In a coordination compound the ligands being electron pair donors they are Lewis bases.
• Lewis acids : The central metal atom or ion being electron acceptor behaves as a Lewis acid.
• For example, in the coordination compound, [Cu(NH₃)₄]²⁺, NH₃ is a Lewis base and Cu²⁺ is a Lewis acid.

Question 4.
Define coordination sphere. Give example.
Answer:
Coordination sphere : A coordination entity consisting of a central metal atom or ion and the coordinating groups like neutral molecules or anions (ligands) written inside a square bracket is together called coordination sphere. This is a discrete structural unit. The ionisable groups (generally ions) called counter ions are written outside the bracket.

For example, in the coordination compound K₄[Fe(CN)₆], the coordination sphere is [Fe(CN)₆]^4- while K⁺ represents counter ion.

Question 5.
Define and explain charge number of a complexion.
Answer:
Charge number of a complexion : The net charge carried by a complexion or a coordination entity is called its charge number.

Explanation :
(i) Charge number is equal to the algebraic sum of the charges carried by central metal atom or ion and all the ligands attached to it.
(ii) E.g. consider anionic complex, [Fe(CN)₆]^4-.
Charge number of [Fe(CN)₆]^4- = Charge on Fe²⁺ ions + 6 x charge on CN^– = ( + 2) + 6( -1) = – 4 Hence charge number of [Fe(CN)₆]^4- is – 4.

Question 6.
Explain the oxidation state of a metal in a complex.
Answer:

• The oxidation state of a metal atom or ion in the complex is the apparent charge carried by it in the complex.
• It depends upon the atomic number and electronic configuration of the metal atom or ion.
• The coordination number, the formula and geometry of a complex depend upon the oxidation state of the metal
  atom or ion.

Question 7.
What is the charge on a monodentate ligand X in the complex, [NiX₄]^2-?
Answer:
The charge number of the complex ion is – 2. Nickel being divalent, its oxidation state is + 2. If the charge on monodentate ligand X is y, then Charge number = charge on Ni²⁺ charge on 6X – 2 = + 2 + 4 xy
∴ y = – 1
Hence the charge on ligand X is – 1.

Question 8.
Calculate the oxidation state of a metal in the following complexes :
(a) [Fe(NH₃)₆](NO₃)₃
(b) Ni(CO)₅.
Answer:
(a) [Fe(NH₃)₆](NO₃)₃ ⇌ [Fe(NH₃)₆]³⁺ + 3NO₃^–

NH₃ is a neutral ligand, and the charge number of complex ion is + 3.
If the oxidation state of Fe is x then,
+ 3 = x + 6(0)
∴ x = + 3
∴ The oxidation state of Fe is +3.

(b) Ni(CO)₅ is a neutral complex and CO is a neutral ligand. If the oxidation state of Ni is x, then zero = x + 5 x (zero)
∴ x = zero.
The oxidation state of Ni is zero.

Question 9.
Define and explain the term coordination number (C.N.) of a metal in the complex.
Answer:
Coordination number or legancy (C.N.) : The number of (monodentate) ligands which are directly bonded by coordinate bonds to central metal atom or ion in a coordination compound is called coordination number (C.N.) of the metal atom or ion.

Explanation :

• The coordination number (C.N.) is a characteristic property of the metal and its electronic configuration.
• C.N. takes the values from 2 to 10, of which 4 and 6 are very common.
• The light transition metals show C.N. 4 and 6 while the heavier transition metals show C.N. 8.
• The geometry and shape of a complex compound depends upon C.N. of the metal.

Question 10.
Mention primary valence, secondary valence and coordination number in the following complexes :
(a) [Cu(NH₃)JCI₂
(b) [Co(NH₃)₃CI₃]
(C) K4[Fe(CN)₆]
(d) [CoF₆]₃
(e) [Pt(NH₃)₂Cl₂]
(f) [Pt(NH₃)₂(P_y)₃CI₂]
(g) Cr(CO)₆
(h) [Ni(CN)₄]^2-
Answer:

Question 11.
Classify the following complexes as homoleptic and heteroleptic complex :
(a) [Cu(NH₃)₄]SO₄;
(b) [Cu(en)₂(H₂O)CI]²⁺
(c) [Fe(H₂O)₅(NCS)]²⁺
(d) Tetraaminezinc(II) nitrate.

Question 12.
Summarise the rules of IUPAC nomenclature of coordination compounds.
Answer:
Following rules are followed for naming coordination compounds recommended by IUPAC :

1. In case of a complexion or a neutral molecule, name the ligand first and then the metal.
2. The names of anionic ligands are obtained by changing the ending -ide to -o and -ate to -ato.
3. The name of a complex is one single word. There must not be any space between different ligand names as well as between ligand name and the name of the metal.
4. After the name of the metal, write its oxidation state in Roman number which appears in parentheses without any space between metal name and parentheses.
5. If complex has more than one ligand of the same type, the number is indicated with prefixes, di-, tri-, tetra-, penta-, hexa- and so on.
6. For the complex having more than one type of ligands, they are written in an alphabetical order. Suppose two ligands with prefixes are tetraaqua and dichloro. While naming in alphabetical order, tetraaqua is written first and then dichloro.
7. If the ligand itself contains numerical prefix in its name, then display number by prefixes bis for 2, tris for 3, tetrakis for 4 and so forth. Put the ligand name in parentheses. For example, (ethylenediamine)3 or (en)3 would appear as tris (ethylenediamine) or tris(ethane-l, 2-diamine).
8. The metal in cationic or neutral complex is specified by its usual name while in the anionic complex the name of metal ends with ‘ate’.

Question 13.
State effective atomic number (EAN).
OR
State and explain effective atomic number (EAN). How is it calculated?
Answer:
Effective atomic number (EAN) : It is the total number of electrons present around the central metal atom or ion and calculated as the sum of electrons of metal atom or ion and the number of electrons donated by ligands.

It is calculated by the formula : EAN = Z – X + Y where.
Z = Atomic number of metal atom
X = Number of electrons lost by a metal atom forming a metal ion
Y = Total number of electrons donated by all ligands in the complex.

Generally the value of EAN is equal to the atomic number of the nearest inert element.

Explanation : Consider a complex ion [Co(NH₃)₆]³⁺
Oxidation state of cobalt is + 3 hence X = 3.
There are six ligands, hence Y = 2 x 6 = 12
Atomic number of cobalt. Z = 27
∴ EAN = Z – X + Y = 27 – 3 + 12 = 36.

Question 14.
Find effective atomic number (EAN) in the following complexes :
(1) [Ni(CO)₄]
(2) [Fe(CN)₆]^4-
(3) [Co(NH₃)₆]³⁺
(4) [Zn(NH₃)J²⁺
(5) [Pt(NH₃)₆]⁴⁺
Answer:

Question 15.
What is effective atomic number (EAN) in the following complexes ?
(1) [Fe(CN)₆]^3-
(2) [CU(NH₃)₄]²⁺
(3) [Pt(NH₃)₄]²⁺
Answer:

Question 16.
Calculate EAN in the following complexes :
(1) [Cr(H₂O)₂(NH₃)₂(en)]CI₃;
(2) [Ni(en)₂]SO₄;
(3) Na3[Cr(C₂O₄)₃].
Answer:

Question 17.
Define in coordination compounds :
(1) Isomerism
(2) Isomers.
Answer:

1. Isomerism : It is the phenomenon in coordination compounds having same molecular formula but different physical and chemical properties due to different arrangements of the ligands around the central metal atom or ion in the space.
2. Isomers : The isomers are the coordination compounds having same molecular formula but different physical and chemical properties due to the difference in arrangements of the ligands in the space.

Question 18.
Mention the types of isomerisms in coordination compounds.
Answer:
There are two principal types of isomerisms in coordination compounds as follows :
(A) Stereoisomerism
(B) Structural isomerism (OR Constitutional isomerism)

(A) Stereoisomerism is further classified as :

• Geometrical isomerism
• Optical isomerism

(B) Structural isomerism is further classified as :

• Ionisation isomerism
• Linkage isomerism
• Coordination isomerism
• Solvate (or hydrate) isomerism

Question 19.
Why does stereoisomerism arise in the coordination compounds?
Answer:
In the coordination compounds (complexes) the ligands are linked to the central metal atom or ion by coordinate bonds which are directional in nature and hence give rise to the phenomenon of stereoisomerism.

In this isomerism, the different stereoisomers have different arrangements of ligands (atoms, molecules or ions) in space around the central metal atom or ion. Hence they have different physical and chemical properties and give rise to the phenomenon of stereoisomerism.

Question 20.
Define, in coordination compounds : (1) Stereoisomerism (2) Stereoisomers.
Answer:
(1) Stereoisomerism The phenomenon of isomerism in the coordination compounds arising due to different spatial positions of the ligands in the space around the central metal atom or ion is called stereoisomerism.

(2) Stereoisomers : The coordination compounds having same molecular formula but different stereoisomerism due to different spatial arrangements of the ligand groups in the space around the central metal atom or ion are called stereoisomers.

Question 21.
Define :
(1) Geometrical isomerism and
(2) Geometrical isomers.
Answer:
(1) Geometrical isomerism : The phenomenon of isomerism in the heteroleptic coordination compounds with the same molecular formula but different spatial arrangement of the ligands in the space around the central metal atom or ion is called geometrical isomerism.

(2) Geometrical isomers : The heteroleptic coordination compounds having same molecular formula but different geometrical isomerism due to different spatial arrangements of the ligands in the space around the central metal atom or ion are called geometrical isomers.

Question 22.
Define cis and trails isomers in the coordination compounds.
Answer:
(1) Cis-isomer : A heteroleptic coordination compound in which two similar ligands are arranged adjacent to each other is called cis-isomer. For example,

Gis-Diamminedichloroplatinum(II)

(2) Trans-isomer : A heteroleptic coordination compound in which two similar ligands are arranged diagonally opposite to each other is called trans-isomer. For example,

Trans-Diamminedichloroplatinum(II)

Question 23.
Write structures for geometrical isomers of Diamminebromochloroplatinum(II).
Answer:

Question 24.
Explain the geometrical isomerism of the octahedral complex of the type [MA₄B₂] with a suitable example.
Answer:

• Consider an octahedral complex of a metal M with coordination number six and monodentate ligands a and b having formula [MA₄B₂],
• CA-isomer is obtained when both the B ligands occupy adjacent (1,2) positions.
• Trans-isomer is obtained when the ligands B occupy the opposite (1,6) positions.
• For example, consider a complex [CO(NH₃)₄CI₂]⁺. The structures of cis and trans isomers are
  

Question 25.
Explain the geometrical isomerism of the octahedral complex of the type [M(AA)₂B₂]^n± with a suitable example.
Answer:

• Consider an octahedral complex of metal M with coordination number six and a bidentate ligand AA and monodentate ligand B having molecular formula [M(AA)₂B₂]^n± .
• Bidentate ligand AA has two identical coordinating atoms.
• Cis- isomer is obtained when two bidentate AA ligands as well as two ‘B’ ligands are at adjacent positions.
• Trans-isomer is obtained when two AA ligands and two B ligands are at opposite positions.
• For example, consider a complex [Co(en)₂CI₂]⁺.
  

Question 26.
Explain the geometrical isomerism of the octahedral complex of the type [MA4BC] with suitable example.
Answer:

• Consider an octahedral complex of metal M with coordination number six and monodentate ligands A, B andC.
• Cis-isomer is obtained when both the ligands B and C occupy adjacent (1,2) positions.
• Trans-isomer is obtained when the ligands B and C occupy opposite positions.
• For example, consider a complex [Pt(NH₃)₄BrCI] of the type [MA₄BC],
  

Question 27.
Define : (1) Optical isomerism (2) Optical isomers.
Answer:
(1) Optical isomerism : The phenomenon of isomerism in which different coordination compounds having same molecular formula have different optical activity is called optical isomerism.

(2) Optical isomers : Different coordination compounds having same molecular formula but different optical activity
are called optical isomers.

Question 28.
Explain : (1) Plane polarised light (2) Optical activity.
Answer:
(1) Plane polarised light : A monochromatic light having vibrations only in one plane is called a plane polarised light. This light is obtained by passing monochromatic light through NICOL prism.

(2) Optical activity : A phenomenon of rotating a plane of a plane polarised light by an optically active substance is
called optical activity. This substance is said to be optically active.

Question 29.
Explain : (1) Dextrorotatory substance (2) Laevorotatory substance. (1 mark each)
Answer:

1. Dextrorotatory substance : An optically active substance which rotates the plane of a plane polarised light to right hand side is called dextrorotatory or d isomer denoted by d.
2. Laevorotatory substance : An optically, active substance which rotates the plane of a plane polarised light to the left hand side is called laevorotatory or l isomer and denoted by l.

Question 30.
What are the conditions for the optical isomerism in coordination compounds?
Answer:

• Optical isomerism is exhibited by those coordination compounds which possess chirality.
• There should not be the presence of element of symmetry which makes the complex optically inactive.
• The mirror images of the complex molecule or ion must be non-superimposable with the molecule or ion. B

Question 31.
What are enantiomers?
Answer:
Enantiomers : The two forms of the optical active complex molecule which are mirror images of each other are called enantiomers.

There are two forms of enantiomers, d form and l form.

Question 32.
Draw diagrams for the optical isomers of a complex, [Co(en)₃]³⁺.
Answer:
The complex [Co(en)₃]³⁺ has two optical isomers.

Question 33.
Explain the optical isomerism in the octahedral complex with two symmetrical bidentate chelating ligands.
Answer:
The octahedral complexes of the type [M(AA)2Q2]”±, in which two symmetrical bidentate chelating ligands like AA and two monodentate ligands like a are coordinated to the central metal atom or ion exhibit optical isomerism and two optical isomers d and l can be resolved. For example, [Pt Cl2(en)2]2.

The cis-form is unsymmetrical and optically active while the trans-form is symmetrical and hence optically inactive. The optical isomers of cis-form (d and ) of this complex along with trans-form are shown below,

Question 34.
When are optical isomers called chiral?
Answer:
When the mirror images of optical isomers of the complex are nonsuperimposable they are said to be chiral. For example, [Co(en)₂(NH₃)₂]³⁺.

Question 35.
Define and explain ionisation isomerism.
Answer:
Ionisation isomerism : The phenomenon of isomerism in the metal complexes in which there is an exchange of ions between coordination (or inner) sphere and outer sphere is known as ionisation isomerism.

Explanation :

• Ionisation isomers have same molecular formula but different arrangement of ions in the inner sphere and outer sphere in the complex,
• Hence on ionisation, these ionisation isomers produce different ions in the solution. This ionisation isomerism is also called ion-ion exchange isomerism.

Examples:
(A) [CO(NH₃)₄CI₂]Br and (B) [Co(NH₃)₄CIBr] Cl

Ionisation :
(A) [CO(NH₃)₄CI₂] Br ⇌ [CO(NH₃)₄CI₂]⁺ + Br-
(B) [Co(NH₃)₄CIBr]Cl ⇌ [CO(NH₃)₄ClBr]⁺ + CP
In the isomers (A) and (B), there is an exchange of ions namely Br^– and CI^–.

Question 36.
Define : (1) Linkage isomerism (2) Linkage isomers.
OR
What is linkage isomerism ? Explain with an example.
Answer:
(1) Linkage isomerism : The phenomenon of isomerism in which the coordination compounds have same metal atom or ion and same ligand but bonded through different donor atoms or linkages is known as linkage isomerism.

(2) Linkage isomers : The coordination compounds having same metal atom or ion and ligand but bonded through different donor atoms or linkages are called linkage isomers.
For example : Nitro complex [CO(NH₃)₅NO₂]CI₂ = (Yellow) and nitrito complex [CO(NH₃)₅ONO]CI₂ (Red)

Question 37.
Explain linkage isomers with NO₂^– group as a ligand.
Answer:
(1) Nitro group (_–NO₂^–) is an ambidentate ligand. NO₂^– group may link to central metal atom, through N or O.
(2) The two linkage isomers are, [CI: → Ag ← : NO₂]^– and [CI: → Ag ← O-NO]^–
Choloronitroargentate(I) ion and Chloronitritoargentate(I) ion

Question 38.
Write linkage isomers of a complex having constituents Co³⁺, 5NH3 and NO^–₂.
Answer:
(i) NO^–₂ is an ambidentate ligand which can be linked through N or O.
(ii) The linkage isomers are as follows :
(a) [CO(NH₃)₅(NO₂)]²⁺ Pentaamminenitrocobalt(III) ion
(b) [CO(NH₃)₅(ONO)]²⁺ Pentaamminenitritocobalt(III) ion

Question 39.
Define: (1) Coordination isomerism (2) Coordination isomers.
Answer:
(1) Coordination isomerism : The phenomenon of isomerism in the ionic coordination compounds having the same molecular formula but different complex ions involving the interchange of ligands between cationic and anionic spheres of different metal. ions is called coordination isomerism.

(2) Coordination isomers : The ionic coordination compounds having same molecular formula but different complexions duc to interchange of ligands between cationic and anionic spheres of different metal ions are called coordination isomers.

For example,

Question 40.
Give three examples of coordination isomers. (I mark each)
Answer:

• [Cu(NH₃)₄] [PICI₄] and I Pt(NH₃)₄] [ICuCl4₄]
• [Cr(NH₃)₆] [Cr(CN)₆] and [Cr(NH₃)₄(CN)₂] [Cr(NH₃)₂(CN)₄]
• [Cr(NH₃)₆] [Cr(SCN)₆] and [Cr(NH₃)₄(SCN)₂] [Cr(SCN)₄(NH₃)₂]

Question 41.
Define Solvate or Hydrate isomerism.
Answer:
Solvate ate or Hydrate isomerism : The phenomenon of isomerism in the coordination compounds arising due to the exchange of solvent or H₂O molecules inside the coordination sphere and outer sphere of the complex is known as solvate or hydrate isomerism.

Question 42.
Define solvate or hydrate isomers.
OR
What are hydrate isomers? Explain with examples.
Answer:
Solvate or Hydrate isomers : The coordination compounds having the same molecular formula but differ in the number of solvent or H₂O molecules inside the coordination sphere and outer sphere of the complexes are called solvate or hydrate isomers.

For example : [Cr(H₂O)₆] CI₃; [Cr(H₂O)₅CI]CI₂ H₂O; and [Cr(H₂O)₄CI₂] CI 2H₂O.

Question 43.
A coordination compound has the formula COCI₃ 6H₂O. Write the hydrate isomers of the complex.
Answer:
The possible hydrate isomers of the coordination compounds having molecular formula COCI₃ 6H₂O are as follows :
(1) [CO(H₂O)₆]CI₃;
(2) [CO(H₂O)₅CI]CI₂ H₂O
(3) [CO(H₂O)₄CI₂] Cl – 2H₂O
(4) [Co(H₂O)₃ CI₃] 3H₂O.

Question 44.
Explain the steps involved in describing the bonding in coordination compounds using valence bond theory.
Answer:

• Vacant d-orbitais of metal ion form coordination bonds with ligands.
• s, p orbitais along with vacant d-orbitais of metal ion take part in hybridisation.
• The number of vacant hybrid orbitais formed is equal to number of hybridising orbitais which is equal to the number of ligand donor atoms or coordination number of the metal.
• The metal-ligand coordination bonds are formed by the overlap between the vacant hybrid orbitais of metal and the filled orbitais of the ligands.
• The hybrid orbitais used by the metal ion point in the direction of the ligands.
• When inner (n – 1)d orbitais of metal ion are used in the hybridisation then the complex is called (a) inner orbital complex while when outer nd orbitais are used, complexes are called (b) outer orbital complexes. .

Question 45.
Explain the steps involved ¡n the metal-ligand bonding.
Answer:

• Find the oxidation state of central metal ion in the complex.
• Write the valence shell electronic configuration of metal ion.
• From the formula of the complex determine the number of ligands and find the number of metal ion orbitais required for bonding.
• Find the orbitais of metal ion available for hybridisation and the type of hybridisation involved.
• Represent the electronic configuration of metal ion after hybridisation.
• Exhibit filling of hybrid orbitais after complex formation.
• Determine the nunther of unpaired electrons and predict magnetic property of the complex.
• Find whether the complex is low spin or high spin (applicable for octahedral complexes with d⁴ or d⁸ electronic configuration.)

Question 46.
What are the salient features of valence bond theory (VBT)?
Answer:
The salient features of valence bond theory (VBT) are as follows :

1. According to this theory, a central metal atom or ion present in a complex provides a definite number of vacant orbitals (s, p, d and) to accommodate the electrons from the ligands for the formation coordinate bonds with the metal ion atom.
2. The number of vacant orbitals provided by the central metal atom or ion is the same as the coordination number of the metal. For example : Cu²⁺ provides 4 vacant orbitals in the complex. [Cu(NH₃)₄]²⁺.
3. The vacant orbitals of metal atom or ion undergo hybridisation forming the same number of hybridised orbitals, since the bonding with the hybrid orbitals is stronger.
4. Each ligand has one or more orbitals containing one or more lone pairs of electrons.
5. The shape or geometry of the complex depends upon the type of hybridisation of the metal atom.
6. When inner orbitals namely (n – 1) d orbitals in transition metal atom or ion hybridise, the complex is called inner complex and when outer orbitals i.e., nd orbitals hybridise then the complex is called outer complex.
7. When the central metal atom or ion in the complex contains one or more unpaired electrons the complex is
   paramagnetic while if all the electrons are paired, the complex is diamagnetic.

Question 47.
What is the spin pairing process in the coordination compound?
Answer:
When the ligands approach the metal atom or ion for the formation of a complex, they influence the valence electrons of metal atom or ion. Accordingly the ligands are classified as (A) strong ligands and (B) weak ligands.

(A) Strong ligands :

• They cause the pairing of unpaired electrons present in the metal atom or ion.
• Spin pairing process :
  • The process of pairing of unpaired electrons in metal atom or ion due to the presence of ligands in the complex is called spin pairing process.
  • This spin pairing process decreases the number of unpaired electrons and hence decreases the paramagnetic character of the complex.
  • The strong ligands also promote the outer ns electrons to the vacant inner (n – 1)d orbitals.

(B) Weak ligands : The weak ligands have no effect on the electrons in the valence shell of a metal atom or ion.
Strong ligands : CO, CN, ethylenediammine (en), NH₃, EDTA, etc.
Weak ligands : CI^–, I^–, OH^–, etc.

[Note : If a complex has n number of unpaired electrons then the magnetic moment, μ is given by ‘spin only’ formula μ = n(n + 2) B.M. where B.M. (Bohr Magneton) is the unit of magnetic moment. Hence from the magnitude of p, the number of unpaired electrons in the complex and its structure can be evaluated.]

Question 48.
Explain the structure of octahedral complex, [CO(NH₃)₆]³⁺ on the basis of valence bond theory.
Answer:
(1) Hexaamminecobalt(III) ion, [CO(NH₃)₆]³⁺ is a cationic complex, the oxidation state of cobalt is + 3 and the coordination number is 6.

(2) Electronic configuration : ₂₇CO [Ar]¹⁸ 3d⁷ 4s²
Electronic configuration : Co³⁺ [Ar]¹⁸ 3d⁶ 4s° 4p°

(3) Since NH₃ is a strong ligand, due to spin pairing effect, all the four unpaired electrons in 3d orbital are paired giving two vacant 3d orbitals.

(4) Since the coordination number is Co³⁺ ion gets six vacant orbitais by hybridisation of two 3d vacant orbitais, One 4s and three 4p orbitais forming six d²sp³ hybrid orbitais giving octahedral geometly. It is an inner complex.

(5) 6 lone pairs of electrons from 6NH₃ ligands are accommodated in the six vacant d²sp³ hybrid orbitals. Thus six hybrid orbitals of Co³⁺ overlap with filled orbitals of NH³ forming 6 coordinate bonds giving octahedral geometry to the complex.

Since the complex has all electrons paired, it is diamagnetic.

Question 49.
Explain the geometry of [CoF₆]^3- on the basis of valence bond theory.
Answer:
(1) Hexafluorocobaltate(III) ion, [CoF]^3- is an anionic complex, the oxidation state of cobalt is +3 and the coordination number is 6.
(2) Electronic configuration : ₂₇Co [Ar]¹⁸ 3d⁷ 4s² 4p° 4d°
Electronic configuration : Co³⁺ [Ar]18 3d⁶ 4s° 4p° 4d°

(3) Since F is a weak ligand, there is no spin pairing effect and Co³⁺ possesses 4 unpaired electrons.
(4) Since the coordination number is 6, the Co³⁺ ion gets six vacant orbitals by hybridisation of one 45 orbital, three 4p orbitals and two 4d orbitals forming six sp³d² hybrid orbitals giving octahedral geometry.

(5) 6 lone pairs of electrons from 6F^– ligands are accommodated in the six vacant sp³d² hybrid orbitals. Thus six hybrid orbitals of Co³⁺ overlap with filled orbitals of F^– forming 6 coordinate bonds giving octahedral geometry to the complex. It is an outer complex.

As the complex has 4 unpaired electrons it is paramagnetic.
Magnetic movement μ is,

Question 50.
Explain the structure of tetrachloronickelate(II) [NiCI]^2- on the basis of valence bond theory.
Answer:
(1) Tetrachloronickelate(II) ion is an anionic complex, oxidation state of Ni is +2 and the coordination number is 4.
(2) Electronic configuration : ₂₈Ni [Ar]¹⁸ 3d⁸ 4s² 4p°
Electronic configuration : Ni²⁺ [Ar]¹⁸ 3d⁸ 4s° 4p°

(3) Since the coordination number is 4, it gets 4 vacant hybrid orbitals by sp³ -hybridisation of one 4s and three 4p orbitals giving tetrahedral geometry to the complex.

(4) As Cl is a weak ligand, 2 unpaired electrons in Ni²⁺ remain undisturbed.
(5) 4 lone pairs of electrons from 40 ligands are accommodated in the vacant four sp³ hybrid orbitals. Thus four sp³ hybrid orbitals of Ni²⁺ overlap with filled orbitals of Cl^– forming 4 coordination bonds, giving tetrahedral geometry to the complex.
Since the complex has 2 unpaired electrons, it is paramagnetic.

Magnetic moment \(\mu \text { is, } \mu=\sqrt{n(n+2)}=\sqrt{2(2+2)}=2.83 \text { B.M. }\)

Question 51.
Explain the structure of [Ni(CN)₄]^2- on the basis of valence bond theory.
Answer:
(1) Tetracyanonickelate (II) ion, INi(CN)₂]^2- is an anionic complex, oxidation state of Ni is + 2 and the coordination number is 4.
(2) Electronic configuration : ₂₂Ni [Ar]¹⁸ 3d⁸ 4s² 4p°
Electronic configuration: Ni²⁺ [Ai]¹⁸ 3d⁸ 4s° 4p°

(3) Since CN^– is a sa-ong ligand, one of the unpaired electrons in 3d orbital is promoted giving two paired electrons and one vacant 3d orbital.

(4) Since the coordination number is 4, Ni²⁺ gets 4 vacant hybrid orbitais by hybridisation of one 3d, one 4s and two 4p orbitais forming four dsp² hybrid orbitaIs. This has square planar geometry.

(5) 4 lone pairs from 4CN^– ligands are accommodated in the vacant four dsp² hybrid orbitais. Thus four dps² hybrid orbitais of Ni²⁺ overlap with filled orbitais of CN forming 4 coordinate bonds giving square planar geometry to the complex. It is an inner complex.

Since the complex ion has all electrons paired, it is diamagnetic.

Question 52.
What are the limitations of valence bond theory?
Answer:
In case of the coordination compounds, the valence bond theory has the following limitations :
(1) It cannot explain the spectral properties (colours) of the complex compounds.
(2) Even if the magnetic moments can be calculated from the number of unpaired electrons, it cannot explain the magnetic moment arising due to orbital motion of electrons.
(3) It cannot explain why the metal ions with the same oxidation state give inner complexes and outer complexes with different ligands.
(4) In every complex, it cannot explain magnetic properties based on geometry of the complex.
(5) Quantitative interpretations of thermodynamic and kinetic stabilities of the coordination compounds cannot be accounted.
(6) The complexes with weak field ligands and strong field ligands cannot be distinguished.
(7) It cannot predict the tetrahedral and square planar geometry of complexes with coordination number 4.
(8) The order of reactivity of inner complexes of d³, d⁴, d⁵ and d⁶ metal ions cannot be explained.
(9) It cannot explain the rates and mechanisms of reactions of the coordination compounds.

Question 53.
What are the assumptions of Crystal Field Theory (CFT)?
Answer:
Bethe and van Vleck developed Crystal Field Theory (CFT) to explain various properties of coordination compounds. The salient features of CFT are as follows :

1. In a complex, the central metal atom or ion is surrounded by various ligands which are either negatively charged ions (F^–, CI^–, CN^–, etc.) or neutral molecules (H₂O, NH₃, en, etc.) and the most electronegative atom in them points towards central metal ion.
2. The ligands are treated as point charges involving purely electrostatic attraction between them and metal ion.
   • The central metal ion has five, (n – 1)d degenerate orbitals namely d_xy, d_yz, d_zx, d_{(x² – y²)} and d_z².
   • When the ligands approach the metal ion, due to repulsive forces, the degeneracy of <i-orbitals is destroyed and they split into two groups of different energy, t_2g and e_g orbitals. This effect is called crystal field splitting which depends upon the geometry of the complex.
   • The T-orbitals lying in the direction of ligands are affected to a greater extent while those lying in between the ligands are affected to a less extent.
   • Due to repulsion, the orbitals along the axes of ligands acquire higher energy while those lying in between the ligands acquire less energy.
   • Hence repulsion by ligands give two sets of split up orbitals of metal ion with different energies.
   • The energy difference between two sets of d-orbitais after splitting by ligands is called crystal field splitting energy (CFSE) and represented by Δ₀ or by arbitrary term 10D_q. The value of Δ or 10D_q depends upon the geometry of the complex.
     
3. The electrons of metal ion occupy the split d-orbitais according to Hund’s rule. aufbau principle and those orbitais with minimum repulsion and the farthest away from the ligands.
4. CFI’ does not account for overlapping of orbitais of central metal ion and ligands, hence does not consider covalent nature of the complex.
5. From the crystal field stability energy, the stability of the complexes can he known.
   

Question 54.
What is crystal field splitting?
Answer:
The splitting of five degenerate d-orbitals of the transition metal ion into different sets of orbitals (to_2g and e_g) having different energies in the presence of ligands in the complex is called crystal field splitting.

Question 55.
What is crystal field stabilisation energy?
Answer:
Crystal field stabilisation energy (CFSE) It is the change in energy achieved by preferential filling up of the orbitals by electrons in the complex of metal atom or ion.

CFSE is expressed as a negative .quantity i.e., CFSE < 0. Higher the negative value more is the stability of the complex. m

Question 56.
Explain the factors affecting Crystal Field Splitting parameter (Δ₀).
Answer:
Crystal Field Splitting parameter (Δ₀) depends on. (a) Strength of the ligands and (b) Oxidation state of the metal.

(a) Strength of the ligands : Since strong field ligands like CN^–, en, etc. approach closer to the central metal ion, it results in a large crystal field splitting and hence Δ₀ has higher values.
(b) Oxidation state of the metal A metal ion with the higher positive charge draws the ligands closer to it which results in large separation of t_2g and e_g set of orbitals. The complexes involving metal ions with low oxidation state have low values of Δ₀. For example [Fe(NH₃)₆]³⁺ has higher Δ₀ than [Fe(NH₃)₆]²⁺. H

Question 57.
Explain the octahedral geometry of complexes using crystal field theory.
Answer:
(1) In an octahedral complex [MX₆]ⁿ⁺, the metal atom or ion is placed at the centre of regular octahedron while six ligands occupy the positions at six vertices of the octahedron.

(2) Among five degenerate d-orbitals. two orbitals namely d_{x² – y²} and d_z² are axial and have maximum electron density along the axes, while remaining three c-orbitals namely d_xy, d_yz and d_yz are planar and have maximum electron density in the planes and in-between the axes.

(3) Hence, when the ligands approach a metal ion, the orbitals d_{x² – y²} and d_z² experience greater repulsion and the orbitals d_zy, d_yz and d_zx experience less repulsion.

(4) Therefore the energy of d_{x² – y²} and d_z² increases while the energy of d_xy, d_yz and d_zx decreases and five d-orbital lose degeneracy and split into two point groups. The orbitals d_xy, d_yz and d_yz form t_2g group of lower energy while d_{x² – y²} and d_z² form e group of higher energy.

Thus t_2g has three degenerate orbitals while e_g has two degenerate orbitals.

(5) Experimental calculations show that the energy of t_2g orbitals is lowered by 0.4Δ₀ or 4D_q and energy of e_g. orbital is increased by 0.6 Δ₀ or 6D_q Thus energy difference between t_2g and e_g orbitals is Δ₀ or 10D_g which is crystal field splitting energy.

(6) CFSF increases with the increasing strength of ligands and oxidation stale of central metal ion.

Question 58.
Explain the tetrahedral geometry of complexes using crystal field theory.
Answer:
(1) In the tetrahedral complex, [MX₄]^n±, the metal atom or ion is placed at the centre of the regular tetrahedron and the four ligands, are placed at four corners of the tetrahedron.

(2) The ligands approach the central metal atom or ion in-between the three coordinates x, y and The orbitals d_xy, d_yz and d are pointed towards ligands and experience greater repulsion while the axial orbitals d_x² – _y² and d_z² lie in-between metal-ligand bond axes and experience comparatively less experience.

Fig. 9.12 (a) and (b) : Tetrahedral geometry hasing central metal atoll) (M) at the centre and four ligands (L) al the four corners

(3) Therefore energy of d_xy, d_yz and dd_zx orbitals is increased while that of d_x²y² and d_z² is lowered. Hence 5d-orbitals lose their degeneracy and split into two point groups, namely f2? of higher energy (d_xy, d_yz and d_zx) and e_g of lower energy (d_{x² – y²} and d_z²).

(4) The experimental calculations show that the energy of t_2g orbitals is increased by 0.4 Δ₀ or 4D_q and energy of e_g is lowered by 0.6 Δ₀ or 6D_g. Thus energy difference between t_2g and e_g orbitals is Δ₀ or 10D_g which is crystal field splitting energy (CFSE).

(5) This explains that the entry of each electron in e_g orbitals, stabilises the complex by 0.6 Δ₀ or 6D_q While the entry of each electron in t_2g orbitals destabilises the tetrahedral complex by 0.4 Δ₀ or 4D_g.

(6) In case of strong field ligands, the electrons prefer to pair up in e_g orbitals giving low spin (LS) complexes while in case of weak held ligands, the electrons prefer to enter higher energy t_2g orbitals giving more unpaired electrons and hence form high spin (HS) complexes.

Table 9.4 : Properties of complexes

Question 59.
Give valence bond description for the bonding in the complex [VCI₄]^–. Draw box diagrams for free metal ion. Which hybrid prbitals are used by the metal? State the number of unpaired electrons.
Answer:

Since CI^– is a weak ligand, there is no pairing of electrons.
Number of unpaired electrons = 2
Type of hybridisation = sp³

Geometry of complex ion = Tetrahedral
The complex ion is paramagnetic.

Question 60.
Write a note on colour in coordination compounds.
Answer:

• A large number of coordination compounds show wide range of colours due to d – d transition of electron and this can be explained by crystal field theory (CFT).
• The complex absorbs the light in one visible region (400 nm to 700 nm) and transmits the light in different visible region giving complementary colour.
• Consider an octahedral purple coloured complex of [Ti(H₂O)₆]³⁺ which absorbs green light and transmits purple colour. Similarly [Cu(H₂O)₆]²⁺ absorbs the light in the red region of radiation spectrum and transmits in the blue region, hence the complex appears blue.
• The absorption of light arises due to d-d transition of electron from lower energy level (t_2g) to higher energy level (e_g) in octahedral complex.
• The energy required for transition depends upon crystal field splitting energy Δ₀. If Δ₀ = ΔE, then the energy of an absorbed photon (hv) is \(\Delta E=h v=\frac{h c}{\lambda}\) where λ, v and c are wavelength, frequency and velocity of the absorbed light.
• Higher the magnitude of Δ₀ or ΔE, higher is the frequency or lower is the wavelength of the absorbed radiation.
• Since Δ₀ depends upon nature of metal atom or ion, its oxidation state, nature of ligands and the geometry of the complex, different coordination compounds have different colours.

Question 61.
Explain the purple colour of the complex, [Ti(H₂O)₆]³⁺ with the help of crystal field theory.
Answer:
(1) [Ti(H₂O)₆]³⁺ is an octahedral complex, oxidation state of titanium is +3 (Ti³⁺) and the coordination number is 6.

(2) Electronic configuration = ₂₂Ti [Ar]¹⁸ 3d² 4s²
Electronic configuration = Ti³⁺ + [Ar]¹⁸ 3d¹
OR

(3) According to crystal field theory, 3d orbitals undergo crystal field splitting giving higher energy e_g, two orbitals and lower energy t_2g, three orbitals.

(4) The crystal field splitting energy (CFSE), Δ₀ is found to be 3.99 x 10^-19 J/ion from the spectrochemical studies.

(5) The absorption of radiation of wavelength λ or frequency v results in the transition of one unpaired electron from Photon energy t_2g orbital to e_g orbital.

(6) The wavelength of the absorbed radiation will be.

(7) Hence the complex [Ti(H₂O)₆]³⁺ absorbs the green radiation of wavelength 498 nm in the visible region and transmits the complementary purple light. Therefore the complex is purple coloured.

Question 62.
An octahedral complex absorbs the radiation of wavelength 620 nm. Find the crystal field splitting energy.
Answer:
Crystal field splitting energy Δ₀ is given by,

Question 63.
What are the applications of coordination compounds ?
Answer:
(1) In biology : Several biologically important natural compounds are metal complexes which play an important role in number of processes occurring in plants and animals.

For example, chlorophyll in plants is a complex of Mg²⁺ ions, haemoglobin in blood is a complex of iron, vitamin B₁₂ is a complex of cobalt.

(2) In medicine : The complexes are used on a large scale in medicine. Many medicines in the complex form are more stable, more effective and can be assimilated easily.

For example, platinum complex [Pt(NH₃)₂CI₂] known as cisplatin is effectively used in cancer treatment. EDTA is used to treat poisoning by heavy metals like lead.

(3) To estimate hardness of water :

• The hardness of water is due to the presence Mg²⁺ and Ca²⁺ ion in water.
• The strong field ligand EDTA forms stable complexes with Mg²⁺ and Ca²⁺. Hence these ions can be removed by adding EDTA to hard water.

Similarly these ions can be selectively estimated due to the difference in their stability constants.

(4) Electroplating : This involves deposition of a metal on the other metal. For smooth plating, it is necessary to supply continuously the metal ions in small amounts.

For this purpose, a solution of a coordination compound is used which dissociates to a very less extent. For example, for uniform and thin plating of silver and gold, the complexes K[Ag(CN)₂] and K[Au(CN)₂] are used.

Multiple Choice Questions

Select and write the most appropriate answer from the given alternatives for each subquestion :

Question 1.
The coordination number of cobalt in the complex [Co(en)₂Br₂]CI₂ is
(a) 4
(b) 5
(c) 6
(d) 7
Answer:
(c) 6

Question 2.
EDTA combines with cations to form
(a) chelates
(b) polymers
(c) clathrates
(d) non-stoichiometric compounds
Answer:
(a) chelates

Question 3.
Which one of the following compounds can exhibit coordination isomerism?
(a) [Co(en)₂CI₂]Br
(b) [CO(NH₃)₆] [Cr(CN)₆]
(c) [Co(en)₃]CI₃
(d) [CO(NH₃)₅NO₂]CI₂
Answer:
(b) [CO(NH₃)₆] [Cr(CN)₆]

Question 4.
Which of the following compounds can exhibit linkage isomerism?
(a) [Co(en)₃]CI₃
(b) [Co(en)₂CI₂]CI
(c) [Co(en)₂NO₂Br]CI
(d) [Co(NH₃)₅CI]Br₂
Answer:
(c) [Co(en)₂NO₂Br]CI

Question 5.
Oxidation number of cobalt in K[COCI₄] is
(a) +1
(b) -1
(c) +3
(d) -3
Answer:
(b) -1

Question 6.
The correct structure of [Cr(H₂O)₆]³⁺ is ……………………
(a) octahedral
(b) tetrahedral
(c) square pyramidal
(d) trigonal bipyramidal
Answer:
(b) tetrahedral

Question 7.
Amongst the following ions which one has the highest paramagnetism?
(a) [Cr(H₂O)₆]³⁺
(b) [Fe(H₂O)₆]²⁺
(c) [CU(H₂O)₆]²⁺
(d) [Zn(H₂O)₆]²⁺
Answer:
(b) [Fe(H₂O)₆]²⁺

Question 8.
The geometry of [Ni(CN)₄]^3- and [NiCI₄]^-2 are
(a) both tetrahedral
(b) both square planar
(c) tetrahedral and square planar respectively
(d) square planar and tetrahedral respectively
Answer:
(d) square planar and tetrahedral respectively

Question 9.
The complex cis-[Pt(NH₃)₂CI₂] is used in treatment of cancer under the name.
(a) Aspirin
(b) Eqanil
(c) cisplatin
(d) transplatin
Answer:
(c) cisplatin

Question 10.
[CO(NH₃)₆]³⁺ is an orbital complex and is in nature.
(a) inner, paramagnetic
(b) inner, dimagnetic
(c) outer, paramagnetic
(d) outer, dimagnetic
Answer:
(b) inner, dimagnetic

Question 11.
The IUPAC name of [Ni(Co)₄] is
(a) tetra carbonyl nickel (O)
(b) tetra carbonyl nickel (II)
(c) tetra carbonyl nickelate (O)
(d) tetra carbonyl nickelate (II)
Answer:
(a) tetra carbonyl nickel (O)

Question 12.
The number of ions produced by the complex [CO(NH₃)₄CI₂] Cl is
(a) 1
(b) 2
(c) 3
(d) 4
Answer:
(b) 2

Question 13.
The dimagnetic species is
(a) [Ni(CN)₄]^2-
(b) [NiCl₄]^2-
(c) [CoCI₄]^2-
(d) [CoF₆]^2-
Answer:
(a) [Ni(CN)₄]^2-

Question 14.
Which one of the following is an inner orbital complex as well as diamagnetic in behaviour (Atomic no. Zn = 30, Cr = 24, Co = 27, Ni = 28)
(a) [Zn(NH₃)₆]²⁺
(b) [Cr(NH₃)₆]³⁺
(c) [CO(NH₃)₆]³⁺
(d) [Ni(NH₃)₆]²⁺
Answer:
(c) [CO(NH₃)₆]³⁺

Question 15.
Among [Ni(Co)J, [Ni(CN)4]2A [NiClJ2- Species, the hybridisation states at the Nickel atom are respectively
(a) sp³, dsp², sp³
(b) sp³, dsp², dsp²
(c) dsp², sp³, sp³
(d) sp³, sp³, dsp²
Answer:
(a) sp³, dsp², sp³

Question 16.
The strongest ligand in the following is
(a) CN^–
(b) Br^–
(c) HO^–
(d) F^–
Answer:
(a) CN^–

Question 17.
Magnetic moment of (NH4)2 (MnBr4) is BM
(a) 5.91
(b) 4.91
(c) 3.91
(d) 2.91
Answer:
(a) 5.91

Question 18.
The complex which violates EAN rule is
(a) Fe(CO)₅
(b) [Fe(CN)₆]^3-
(c) Ni(CO)₄
(d) [Zn(NH₃)₄]CI₂
Answer:
(b) [Fe(CN)₆]^3-

Question 19.
EDTA is a ligand of the type
(a) bidentate
(b) tridentate
(c) tetradentate
(d) hexadentate
Answer:
(d) hexadentate

Question 20.
The cationic complex among the following is
(a) K₃[Fe(CN)₆]
(b) Ni(CO)₄
(c) K₂HgI₄
(d) [CO(NH₃)₆]CI₂
Answer:
(d) [CO(NH₃)₆]CI₂

Question 21.
If Z is the atomic number of a metal, X is number of electrons lost forming metal ion and Y is the number of electrons from the ligands then EAN is
(a) Z + X + Y
(b) X – Z + Y
(c) Z – X + Y
(d) X + Z – Y
Answer:
(c) Z – X + Y

Question 22.
Octahedral complex has hybridisation,
(a) dsp²
(b) d³sp³
(c) dsp³
(d) d²sp³
Answer:
(d) d²sp³

Question 23.
Inner complex has hybridisation,
(a) d²sp³
(b) sp³d²
(c) sp³d
(d) sp³d³
Answer:
(a) d²sp³

Question 24.
The number of unpaired electrons in [CO(NH3)6]3+ is
(a) 0
(b) 1
(c) 2
(d) 4
Answer:
(a) 0

Question 25.
The number of unpaired electrons in [NiClJ2- and [Ni(CN)4]2_ are respectively,
(a) 2, 2
(b) 2, 0
(c) 0, 0
(d) 1, 2
Answer:
(b) 2, 0

Question 26.
Among the following complexes, the highest magnitude of crystal field stabilisation energy will be for [Co(H₂O)₆]³⁺, [CO(CN)₆]^3-, [Co(NH₃)₆]³⁺, [CoF₆]^3-
(a) [Co(H₂O)₆]³⁺
(b) [CO(CN)₆]^3-
(c) [Co(NH₃)₆]³⁺
(d) [CoF₆]^3-
Answer:
(b) [CO(CN)₆]^3-

Question 27.
The number of unpaired electrons in a low spin octahedral complex ion of d1 is
(a) 0
(b) 1
(c) 2
(d) 3
Answer:
(b) 1

Question 28.
The number of unpaired electrons in a high spin octahedral complex ion of d⁷ is
(a) 0
(b) 1
(c) 2
(d) 3
Answer:
(d) 3

Question 29.
Ligand used in the estimation of hardness of water is
(a) EDTA
(b) DBG
(c) chloride
(d) bromo
Answer:
(a) EDTA

Question 30.
Which of the following complexes will give a white precipitate on treatment with a solution of barium nitrate?
(a) [Cr(NH₃)₄SO₄] CI
(b) [CO(NH₃)₄CI₂] NO₂
(c) [Cr(NH₃)₄CI₂] SO₄
(d) [CrCI₃(H₂O)₄]CI
Answer:
(c) [Cr(NH₃)₄CI₂] SO₄

Question 31.
What is effective atomic number of Fe (z = 26) in [Fe(CN)₆]^4-?
(a) 12
(b) 30
(c) 26
(d) 36
Answer:
(d) 36

Question 32.
Cisplatin compound is used in the treatment of
(a) malaria
(b) cancer
(c) AIDS
(d) yellow fever
Answer:
(b) cancer

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board 12th Chemistry Textbook Solutions Chapter 9 Coordination Compounds Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

Maharashtra State Board Class 12 Chemistry Solutions Chapter 9 Coordination Compounds

1. Choose the most correct option.

Question i.
The oxidation state of cobalt ion in the complex [Co(NH₃)₅Br]SO₄ is ……………………….
a. + 2
b. + 3
c. + 1
d. + 4
Answer:
(b) + 3

Question ii.
IUPAC name of the complex [Pt(en)₂(SCN)₂]²⁺ is ………………………
a. bis (ethylenediamine dithiocyanatoplatinum (IV) ion
b. bis (ethylenediamine) dithiocyantoplatinate (IV) ion
c. dicyanatobis (ethylenediamine) platinate IV ion
d. bis (ethylenediammine)dithiocynato platinate (IV) ion
Answer:
(a) bis(ethylenediamine dithiocyanatoplatinum (IV) ion

Question iii.
Formula for the compound sodium hexacynoferrate (III) is
a. [NaFe(CN)₆]
b. Na₂[Fe(CN)₆]
c. Na[Fe(CN)₆]
d. Na₃[Fe(CN)₆]
Answer:
(d) Na₃[Fe(CN)₆]

Question iv.
Which of the following complexes exist as cis and trans isomers?
1. [Cr(NH₂)₂Cl₄]^⊕
2. [Co(NH₃)₅Br]^2⊕
3. [PtCl₂Br₂]^2⊕ (square planar)
4. [FeCl₂(NCS)₂]^2⊕ (tetrahedral)
a. 1 and 3
b. 2 and 3
c. 1 and 3
d. 4 only
Answer:
(a) 1 and 3

Question v.
Which of the following complexes are chiral?
1. [Co(en)₂Cl₂]^⊕
2. [Pt(en)Cl₂]
3. [Cr(C₂O₄)₃]^3⊕
4. [Co(NH₃)4CI₂]^⊕
a. 1 and 3
b. 2 and 3
c. 1 and 4
d. 2 and 4
Answer:
(a) 1 and 3

Question vi.
On the basis of CFT predict the number of unpaired electrons in [CrF₆]^3⊕.
a. 1
b. 2
c. 3
d. 4
Answer:
(c) 3

Question vii.
When an excess of AgNO₃ is added to the complex one mole of AgCl is precipitated. The formula of the complex is ……………..
a. [CoCl2(NH₃)₄]Cl
b. [CoCl(NH₃)₄] Cl₂
c. [CoCl₃(NH₃)₃]
d. [Co(NH₃)₄]Cl₃
Answer:
(a) [COCI₃(NH₃)₄]CI

Question viii.
The sum of coordination number and oxidation number of M in [M(en)₂C₂O₄]Cl is
a. 6
b. 7
c. 9
d. 8
Answer:
(c) 9

2. Answer the following in one or two sentences.

Question i.
Write the formula for tetraammineplatinum (II) chloride.
Answer:
Formula of tetraamineplatinum(II) chloride : [Pt(NH₃)₄]CI₂

Table 9.1 : IUPAC names of anionic and neutral ligands

Table 9.2: IUPAC names of anionic complexes

Table 9.3 : IUPAC names of some complexes

Question ii.
Predict whether the [Cr(en)₂(H₂O)₂]³⁺ complex is chiral. Write structure of its enantiomer.
Answer:
(i) Complex is chiral.
(ii) The following are its enantiomers

Question iv.
Name the Lewis acids and bases in the complex [PtCl₂(NH₃)₂].
Answer:
Lewis acid : Pt²⁺
Lewis bases : Cl^– and NF₃

Question v.
What is the shape of a complex in which the coordination number of central metal ion is 4?
Answer:
A complex with the coordination number of central metal ion equal to 4 may be tetrahedral or square planar.

Question vi.
Is the complex [CoF₆] cationic or anionic if the oxidation state of cobalt ion is +3?
Answer:
In the complex, Co carries + 3 charge while 6F^– carry – 6 charge. Hence the net charge on the complex is – 3.
Therefore it is an anionic complex.

Question vii.
Consider the complexes [Cu(NH₃)₄][PtCl₄] and [Pt(NH₃)₄] [CuCl₄]. What type of isomerism these two complexes exhibit?
Answer:
Since in these two given complexes, there is an exchange of ligands between cationic and anionic constituents, they exhibit coordination isomerism.

Question viii.
Mention two applications of coordination compounds.
Answer:
(1) In biology : Several biologically important natural compounds are metal complexes which play an important role in number of processes occurring in plants and animals.

For example, chlorophyll in plants is a complex of Mg²⁺ ions, haemoglobin in blood is a complex of iron, vitamin B₁₂ is a complex of cobalt.

(2) In medicine : The complexes are used on a large scale in medicine. Many medicines in the complex form are more stable, more effective and can be assimilated easily.

For example, platinum complex [Pt(NH₃)₂CI₂] known as cisplatin is effectively used in cancer treatment. EDTA is used to treat poisoning by heavy metals like lead.

(3) To estimate hardness of water :

• The hardness of water is due to the presence Mg²⁺ and Ca²⁺ ion in water.
• The strong field ligand EDTA forms stable complexes with Mg²⁺ and Ca²⁺. Hence these ions can be removed by adding EDTA to hard water.

Similarly these ions can be selectively estimated due to the difference in their stability constants.

(4) Electroplating : This involves deposition of a metal on the other metal. For smooth plating, it is necessary to supply continuously the metal ions in small amounts.
For this purpose, a solution of a coordination compound is used which dissociates to a very less extent. For example, for uniform and thin plating of silver and gold, the complexes K[Ag(CN)₂] and K[Au(CN)₂] are used.

3. Answer in brief.

Question i.
What are bidentate ligands? Give one example.
Answer:
Bidentate ligand : This ligand has two donor atoms in the molecule or ion. For example, ethylenediamine, H₂N – (CH₂)₂ – NH₂.

Question ii.
What is the coordination number and oxidation state of metal ion in the complex [Pt(NH₃)Cl₅]²?
Answer:
Coordination number = 6
Oxidation state of Pt = +4.

Question iii.
What is the difference between a double salt and a complex? Give an example.
Answer:

Question iv.
Classify the following complexes as homoleptic and heteroleptic
[Cu(NH₃)₄]SO₄, [Cu(en)₂(H₂O)Cl]^3⊕, [Fe(H₂O)₅(NCS)]^2⊕, tetraammine zinc (II) nitrate.
Answer:
Homoleptic complex :
(a) [Cu(NH₃)₄]SO₄
(d) Tetraaminezinc (II) nitrate : [Zn(NH₃)₄](NO₃)₂

Heteroleptic Complex :
(b) [Cu(en)₂(H₂O)CI]²⁺
(c) [Fe(H₂O)₅(NCS)]²⁺

Question v.
Write formulae of the following complexes
a. Potassium ammine-tri chloroplatinate (II)
b. Dicyanoaurate (I) ion
Answer:
(a) Potassium amminetrichloroplatinate(II) K[Pt(NH₃)CI₃]
(b) Dicyanoaurate (I) ion [AU(CN)₂]^–

Question vi.
What are ionization isomers? Give an example.
Answer:
Ionisation isomers : The coordination compounds having same molecular composition but differ in the compositions of coordination (or inner) sphere and outer sphere and produce different ions on ionisation in the solution are called ionisation isomers. For example, Pentaamminesulphatocobalt (III) bromide [Co(NH₃)₅SO₄] Br, Pentaamminebromocobalt(III) sulphate [Co(NH₃)₅Br] SO₄.

Question vii.
What are the high-spin and low-spin complexes?
Answer:
(1) High spin complex (HS) :

• The complex which has greater iwmher of unpaired electrons and hence a higher value of resultant spin and magnetic moment is called high spin (or spin free) or IlS complex.
• It is formed with weak field ligands and the complexes have lower values for crystal field splitting energy (CFSE). Δ₀
• The paramagnetism of HS complex is larger.

(2) Low spin complex (LS) :

• The complex which has the Icasi number of unpaired electrons or all electrons paired and hence the lowest
  (or no) resultant spin or magnetic moment is called low spin (or spin paired) or LS complex.
• It is formed with strong tickl ligands and the complexes have higher values of crystal field splitting energy (Δ₀).
• Low spin complex is diamagnetic or has low paramagnetism.

Table 9.5 : d-orbitai diagrams fir high spin and low spin complexes

(Only the electronic configurations c4 to d1 render the high spin and low spin complexes)

Question viii.
[CoCl₄]^2⊕ is a tetrahedral complex. Draw its box orbital diagram. State which orbitals participate in hybridization.
Answer:
₂₇Co [Ar] 3d⁷4s²
Oxidation state of Co = +2 Co²⁺ [Ar] 3d⁷ 4s°
Since CI^– is a weak ligand, there is no pairing of electrons. Since C.N. is 4, there is sp³ hybridisation.

Question ix.
What are strong field and weak field ligands? Give one example of each.
Answer:
The ligands are then classified as (a) strong field and (b) weak field ligands. Strong field ligands are those in which donor atoms are C,N or P. Thus CN^–, NC^–, CO, HN₃, EDTA, en (ethylenediammine) are considered to be strong ligands. They cause larger splitting of d orbitals and pairing of electrons is favoured. These ligands tend to form low spin complexes. Weak field ligands are those in which donor atoms are halogens, oxygen or sulphur.

For example, F^–, CI^–, Br^–, I^–, SCN^–, C₂O₄^2-. In case of these ligands the A0 parameter is smaller compared to the energy required for the pairing of electrons, which is called as electron pairing energy. The ligands then can be arranged in order of their increasing field strength as
I^– < Br^– < CI^– < S^2- < F^– < OH^– < C₂O₄^2- < H₂O < NCS^– < EDTA < NH₃ < en < CN^– < CO.

Question x.
With the help of a crystal field energy-level diagram explain why the complex [Cr(en)₃]^3⊕ is coloured?
Answer:

Since (en) is a strong field ligand there is pairing of electrons. The electrons occupy the t_2g orbitals of lower energy. It has one unpaired electron. Due to d-d transition, it is coloured.

4. Answer the following questions.

Question i.
Give valence bond description for the hybrid orbitals are used by the metal? State the number of unpaired electrons.
Answer:
Since CI^– is a weak ligand, there is no pairing of electrons.
Number of unpaired electrons = 2
Type of hybridisation = sp³

Geometry of complex ion = Tetrahedral
The complex ion is paramagnetic.

Question ii.
Draw a qualitatively energy-level diagram showing d-orbital splitting in the octahedral environment. Predict the number of unpaired electrons in the complex [Fe(CN)₆]^4⊕. Is the complex diamagnetic or paramagnetic? Is it coloured? Explain.
Answer:
(A) r-orbital splitting in the octahedral environment :

(B) [Fe (CN)₆]^4- is an octahedral complex.
(C) Since CN^– is a strong ligand, there is pairing of electrons and the complex is diamagnetic.
(D) The complex exists as lemon yellow crystals.
(In the complex all electrons in t_2g are paired and requires high radiation energy for excitation.)

Question iii.
Draw isomers in each of the following
a. [Pt(NH₃)₂ClNO₂]
b. [Ru(NH₃)4Cl₂]
c. [Cr(en₂)Br₂]^⊕
Answer:
(a) [Pt(NH₃)₂CINO₂]

(b) [RU(NH₃)₄CI₂]

(c) [Cr(en₂)Br₂]⁺

Question iv.
Draw geometric isomers and enantiomers of the following complexes.
a. [Pt(en)₃]^4⊕
b. [Pt(en)₂ClBr]^2⊕
Answer:
The complex [Pt(en)₃]⁴⁺ has two optical isomers.

Question v.
What are ligands? What are their types? Give one example of each type.
Answer:
Ligands : The neutral molecules or negatively charged anions (or rarely positive ions) which are bonded by coordinate bonds to the central metal atom or metal ion in a coordination compound are called ligands or donor groups. For example in [Cu(CN)₄]^2-, four CN^– ions are ligands coordinated to central metal ion Cu²⁺. Ligands can be classified on the basis of number of electron donor atoms in the ligand i.e. denticity.

(1) Monodentate or unidentate ligand : A ligand molecule or an ion which has only one donor atom with a lone pair of electrons forming only one coordinate bond with metal atom or ion in the complex is called monodentate or unidentate ligand. For example NH₃, Cl^–, OH^–, H₂O, etc.

(2) Polydentate or multidentate ligand : A ligand molecule or an ion which has two or more donor atoms with the lone pairs of electrons forming two or more coordinate bonds with the central metal atom or ion in the complex is called polydentate or multidentate ligand. For example, ethylene diamine, H₂N – (CH₂)₂ – NH₂.
According to the number of donor atoms they are classified as follows :

• Bidentate ligand : This ligand has two donor atoms in the molecule or ion. For example, ethylenediamine, H₂N – (CH₂)₂ – NH₂.
• Tridentate ligand : This ligand molecule has three donor atoms or three sites of attachment.
  E.g. Diethelene triamine, H₂N – CH₂ – CH₂ – NH – CH₂ – CH₂ – NH₂. This has three N donor atoms.
• Tetradentate (or quadridentate) ligand : This ligand molecule has four donor atoms.
  Eg. Triethylene tetraamine which has four N donor atoms.
• Hexdentate ligand : This ligand molecule has six donor atoms. E.g. Ethylenediamine tetracetato.

(3) Ambidentate ligand : A ligand molecule or an ion which has two or more donor atoms, however in the formation of a complex, only one donor atom is attached to the metal atom or an ion is called ambidentate ligand. For example, NO^–₂ which has two donor atoms N and O forming a coordinate bond, M ← ONO (nitrito) or M ← NO₂ (nitro).

(4) Bridging ligand : A monodentate ligand having more than one lone pairs of electrons, hence can attach to two or more metal atoms or ions and hence acts as a bridge between different metal atoms is called bridging ligand. For example : OH^–, F^–, SO₄^-2, etc.

Question vi.
What are cationic, anionic and neutral complexes? Give one example of each.
Answer:
(1) Cationic sphere complexes : A positively charged coordination sphere or a coordination compound having a positively charged coordination sphere is called cationic sphere complex.

For example : [Zn(NH₃)₄]²⁺ and [Co(NH₃)₅CI] SO₄ are cationic complexes. The latter has coordination sphere [Co(NH₃)₅CI]²⁺, the anion SO₄²⁺ makes it electrically neutral.

(2) Anionic sphere complexes : A negatively charged coordination sphere or a coordination compound having negatively charged coordination sphere is called anionic sphere complex. For example, [Ni(CN)₄]²⁺ and K₃[Fe(CN)₆] have anionic coordination sphere; [Fe(CN)₆]^3- and three K+ ions make the latter electrically neutral.

(3) Neutral sphere complexes : A neutral coordination complex does not possess cationic or anionic sphere.

[Pt(NH₃)₂CI₂] or [Ni(CO)₄] are neither cation nor anion but are neutral sphere complexes.

Question vii.
How stability of the coordination compounds can be explained in terms of equilibrium constants?
Answer:
Stability of the coordination compounds : The stability of coordination compounds can be explained on the basis of their stability constants. The stability of coordination compounds depends on metal-ligand interactions. In the complex, metal serves as electron-pair acceptor (Lewis acid) while the ligand as Lewis base (since it is electron
donor). The metal-ligand interaction can be realized as the Lewis acid-Lewis base interaction. Stronger the interaction greater is stability of the complex.

Consider the equilibrium for the metal-ligand interaction :
M^a+ + nL^x- ⇌ [ML_n]^a+(-nx)
where a, x, [a + ( – nx)] denote the charge on the metal, ligand and the complex, respectively. Now, the equilibrium constant K is given by

Stability of the complex can be explained in terms of K. Higher the value of K larger is the thermodynamic stability of the complex hence K is called stability constant, and denoted by Kstah. The equilibria for the complex formation with the corresponding K values are given below.

Ag⁺ + 2CN^– ⇌ [Ag(CN)2]^– K = 5.5 x 10¹⁸
Cu²⁺ + 4CN^– ⇌ [CU(CN)4]^2- K = 2.0 x 10²⁷
Co³⁺ + 6NH₃ ⇌ [CO(NH3)6]³⁺ K = 5.0 x 10³³

From the above data, the stability of the complexes is [Co(NH₃)₆]³⁺ > [Cu(CN)₄]^2- > [Ag(CN)₂]^–.

Question viii.
Name the factors governing the equilibrium constants of the coordination compounds.
Answer:
The equilibrium constant of the complex depends on the following factors :

(a) Charge to size ratio of the metal ion : Higher the ratio greater is the stability. For the divalent metal ion complexes their stability shows the trend : Cu²⁺ > Ni²⁺ > Co²⁺ > Fe²⁺ > Mn²⁺ > Cd²⁺. The above stability order is called the Irving-William order. In the above list both Cu and Cd have the charge + 2, however, the ionic radius of Cu2 + is 69 pm and that of Cd2 + is 97 pm. The charge to size ratio of Cu²⁺ is greater than that of Cd²⁺. Therefore the Cu²⁺ forms stable complexes than Cd²⁺.

(b) Nature of the ligand : A second factor that governs stability of the complexes is related to how easily the ligand can donate its lone pair of electrons to the central metal ion that is, the basicity of the ligand. The ligands those are stronger bases tend to form more stable complexes.

Activity :
1. The reaction of chromium metal with H 2SO4 in the absence of air gives blue solution of chromium ion.
Cr(s) + 2H^⊕(aq) → Cr^2⊕(aq) + H₂(s)
Cr^2⊕ forms octahedral complex with H₂O ligands.
a. Write formula of the complex
b. Describe bonding in the complex using CFT and VBT.
Draw crystal field splitting and valence bond orbital diagrams.

2. Reaction of complex [Co(NH₃)₃(NO₂)₃ with HCl gives a complex [Co(NH₃)₃H₂OCl₂]^⊕ in which two chloride ligands are trans to one another.
a. Draw possible stereoisomers of starting material
b. Assuming that NH₃ groups remain in place, which of two starting isomers would give the observed product?

12th Chemistry Digest Chapter 9 Coordination Compounds Intext Questions and Answers

Use your brain power ……. (Textbook page 192)

Question 1.
Draw Lewis structures of the following ligands and identify the donor atom in them :
NH₃, H₂O.
Answer:

Try this ………. (Textbook page 193)

Question 1.
Can you write ionisation of [Ni (NH₃)₆] CI₂?
Answer:
[Ni (NH₃)₆] CI₂ → [Ni(NH₃)₆]²⁺ + 2CI^–

Question 2.
Identify coordination sphere and counter ions.
Answer:
Coordination sphere : [Ni(NH₃)₆]²⁺
Counter ions : CI^–

Can you tell ? (Textbook page 193)

Question 1.
A complex is made of Co (III) and consists of four NH₃ molecules and two CI^– ions as ligands. What is the charge number and formula of complexion?
Answer:
The complex ion has formula, [Co(NH₃)₄CI₂]⁺.
The charge number is + 1.

Use vour brain power ……………… (Textbook page 193)

Question 1.
Coordination number used in coordination of compounds is somewhat different than that used in solid state. Explain.
Answer:

• In a coordination compound the coordination number is the number of donor atoms of ligands directly attached to metal atom or ion.
• In a solid state, the number of closest constituent atoms or ions in contact with a particular atom in the crystal lattice is called coordination number.
• In a coordination compound, coordination number depends upon nature of metal atom or ion, and its electronic configuration.
• In a solid state, the coordination number depends upon the crystalline structure of the unit cell.

Can you tell? ………………. (Textbook page 194)

Question 1.
What is the coordination number of
(a) Co in [CoCl₂(en)₂]⁺ = 6
(b) Ir in [Ir(C₂O₄)₂Cl₂]³⁺ and
(c) Pt in [Pt(NO₂)₂(NH₃)₂] ?
Answer:
(a) Coordination number of Co in [CoCl₂(en)₂]⁺ = 6
(b) Coordination number of Ir in [Ir(C₂O₄)₂Cl₂]³⁺ = 6
(c) Coordination number of Pt in [Pt(NO₂)₂(NH₃)₂] = 4

Use your brain power ……… (Textbook page 195)

Question 1.
Classify the complexes as homoleptic and heteroleptic:
(a) [Co (NH₃)₅CI]SO₄,
(b) [CO(ONO)(NH₃)₅]CI₂,
(c) [CoCl(NH₃)(en)₂]²⁺ and
(d) [Cu(C2O₄)₃]^3-
Answer:
Homoleptic Complexes : (d) [Cu(C₂O₄)₃]^3-
Heteroleptic Complexes : (a) [CO(NH₃)₅CI]SO₄
(b) [CO(ONO)(NH₃)₅]CI₂,
(C) [CoCl(NH₃)(en)₂]²⁺

Use your brain power ……… (Textbook page 195)

Question 1.
Classify the complexes as cationic, anionic or Cr(H₂O)₂(C₂O₄)_2^3-, PtCI₂(en)₂ and Cr(CO)₆.
Answer:
Cationic complexes : [CO(NH₃)₆]CI₂
Anionic complexes : Na4[Fe(CN)₆], [Cr(H₂O)₂ (C₂O₄)2]^3-
Neutral complexes : Cr(CO)₆, Pt CI₂(en)₂

Try this ……. (Textbook page 197)

Question 1.
Write the representation of the following :
(i) Tricarbonatocobaltate(III) ion.
(ii) Sodium hexacyanoferrate(III).
(iii) Potassium hexacyafioferrate(II).
(iv) Aquachlorobis(ethylenediamine)cobalt(III).
(v) Tetraaquadichlorochromium(III) chloride.
(vi) Diamminedichloroplatinum(II).
Answer:
(i) [Co(C0₃)₃]^3-
(ii) Na₃[Fe(CN)₆]
(iii) K₄[Fe(CN)₆]
(iv) Co(en)₂(H₂O)(Cl)
(v) [Cr(H₂O)₄CI₂]CI
(vi) Pt(NH₃)₂CI₂

Try this …… (Textbook page 196)

Question 1.
Find out the EAN of
(a) [Zn(NH₃)₄]²⁺
(b) [Fe(CN)₆]⁴⁺
Answer:
(a) For the complex ion, [Zn(NH₃)₄]²⁺ :
Atomic number of Zn = Z = 30
Charge on metal ion = + 2
∴ Number of electrons lost by Zn atom = X = 2 Total number of electrons donated by 4NH^₂3
ligands = Y = 2 x 4 = 8
EAN = Z – X + Y
= 30 – 2 + 8
= 36

(Note : This is atomic number of the nearest inert element 3₆Kr.)

(b) For the complex ion, [Fe(CN)J^4- :
For Fe, Z = 26 (Atomic number)
X = 2 (Due to + 2 charge on Fe)
Y = 12 (Due to 6 CN^– ligands)
∴ EAN = Z – X + Y
= 26 – 2 + 12
= 36

Use your brain power …… (Textbook page 197)

Question 1.
Do the following complexes follow the EAN rule
(a) Cr(CO)₄,
(b) Ni(CO)₄,
(c) Mn(CO)₅,
(d) Fe(CO)₅?
Answer:
(a) Cr(CO)₄ : EAN = Z – X + Y
(b) Ni(C0)4 : EAN = Z – X + Y
= 24 – 0 + 8
= 28 – 0 + 8
= 32
= 36
(c) Mn(CO)₅ : EAN = Z – X + Y
= 25 – 0 + 10
= 35

(d) Fe(CO)5 : EAN = Z – X + Y
= 26 – 0 + 10
= 36

Conclusion :
(a) Cr(CO)₄ and (c) Mn(CO)₅ do not follow EAN Rule.

Try this ….. (Textbook page 199)

Question 1.
Draw structures of ci,c and trans isomers of [Fe(NH₃)₂(CN)₄]
Answer:

Remember ….. (Textbook page 199)

Our hands are non-superimposable mirror images. When you hold your left hand up to a mirror the image looks like right hand.

Try this ….. (Textbook page 199)

Question 1.
Draw enantiomers of [Cr(OX)₂]³ where OX = C₂O4 :
Answer:

Question 2.
Draw (A) enantiomers and (B) cis and trans isomers of [Cr(H₂O)₂(OX)₂] :
Answer:
(A) Enantiomers :

(B) as and trans isomers :

Can you tell ? ….. (Textbook page 200)

Question 1.
Can you write IUPAC names of isomers (I) [Co(NH₃)₅SO₄]Br and (II) [Co(NH₃)₅Br]SO₄?
Answer:

Question 2.
Write linkage isomers of [Fe(H₂O)₅SCN]⁺. Write their IUPAC names.
Answer:

Use your brain power …..(Textbook page 201)

Question 1.
The stability constant K of the [Ag(CN)₂]^– is 5.5 x 10 while that for the corresponding [Ag(NH₃)₂]⁺ is 1.6 x 10⁷. Explain why [Ag(CN)₂]^2- is more stable.
Answer:
Stability constant of [Ag(CN)₂]^2- is larger than that of [Ag(NH₃)₂]⁺ and hence [Ag(CN)₂]^2- is more stable. Also, CN is a stronger ligand than NH₃.

Remember …… (Textbook Page 202)

Question 1.
Complete the missing entries.

(Note : The missing entries are underlined.)

Table 9.3: Type of hybridisation and geometry of a complex

Try this ….. (Textbook page 204)

Question 1.
Based on the VBT predict structure and magnetic behaviour of the [Ni(NH₃)₆]
Answer:
₂₈Ni [Ar] 3d⁸ 4s²
Ni³⁺ [Ar] 3d⁷ 4s°
Hybridisation : sp³d²
Geometry : Octahedral
Magnetic property : Paramagnetic

Try this …… (Textbook page 202)

Question 1.
Give VBT description of bonding in each of following complexes. Predict their magnetic behaviour.
(a) [ZnCI₄]²⁺
(b) [CO(H₂O)₆]^2- (high spin)
(c) [Pt(CN)₄]^2- (square planar)
(d) [CoCI₄]^2- (tetrahedral)
(e) [Cr(NH₃)₆]³⁺

Try this ……. (Textbook page 206)

Question 1.
Sketch qualitatively crystal field d orbital energy level diagrams for each of the following complexes :
(a) [Ni(en)₃]²⁺ (b) [Mn(CN)₆]^3- (c) [Fe(H₂O)₆]²⁺
Predict whether each of the complexes is diamagnetic or paramagnetic.
Answer:
(a) The complex ion, [Ni(en)₃]²⁺ is octahedral.
₂₈Ni [Ar] 3d⁸ 4s²
Ni²⁺ [Ar] 3d⁸ 4s°.

Since en is a strong ligand there is pairing of electrons.
Number of unpaired electrons = n = 2 in t_2g, orbitals
Magnetic moment = \(\mu=\sqrt{n(n+2)}\)
\(=\sqrt{2(2+2)}=2.83 \mathrm{~B} . \mathrm{M} .\)

The complex ion is paramagnetic.

(b) The complex ion [Mn(CN)₆]^3- is octahedral.
₂₅Mn [Ar] 3d⁵ 4s²
Mn³⁺ [Ar] 3d⁴ 4s°

Since CN^– is a strong ligand there is pairing of electrons.
Number of unpaired electrons = n = 2 in t_2g, orbitals
Magnetic moment = \(\mu=\sqrt{n(n+2)}\)
\(=\sqrt{2(2+2)}=2.83 \mathrm{~B} . \mathrm{M}\).

The complex ion is paramagnetic.

(c) The complex ion [Fe(H₂O)₆]²⁺ is octahedral.
₂₆Fe [Ar] 3d⁶ 4s²
Fe²⁺ [Ar] 3d⁶ 45°

Since H₂O is a weak ligand, there is no pairing of electrons.
Number of unpaired electrons = n = 4 in t_2g and e_g orbitals.
Magnetic moment
\(\begin{aligned}
=\mu &=\sqrt{n(n+2)} \\
&=\sqrt{4(4+2)} \\
&=4.90 \mathrm{~B} . \mathrm{M} .
\end{aligned}\)
The complex ion is paramagnetic.

Balbharti Yuvakbharati English 11th Digest Chapter 3.2 Blog Writing Notes, Textbook Exercise Important Questions and Answers.

Maharashtra State Board Class 11 English Yuvakbharati Solutions Chapter 3.2 Blog Writing

11th English Digest Chapter 3.2 Blog Writing Textbook Questions and Answers

Question (i)
Discuss the various mass media available for people to express their views and complete the web.

Answer:

Question (ii)
Discuss the various mass media available for people to express their views and complete the web.
Answer:

(A1)

Question 1.
Discuss the various blogs and their features with your friends.
A blog helps us to express our –
Answer:

• feelings
• thoughts
• opinions
• views

(A2)

Question (i)
We all know that blogs can be written on any topics. Your teacher will divide the class in groups and assign a task to every group to make a list of various topics on which blogs are normally written. List a few.
Answer:

• Social Awareness
• Environmental Issue
• Health
• Personality Development

Question (ii)
Go through the blog given in the text and also refer to different blogs on the internet about various social issues and environment hazards. Write blogs on the topics given below.
Answer:
(i) Earth with no Trees

Trees are not only our best friends but our life. They are an important part of our ecology as they produce oxygen on which human beings exist. They absorb carbon dioxide and release oxygen which we human beings and wild life breath. There would be no rain if there were no trees. Trees absorb water through roots and release during transpiration. Trees keep environment moist. They help to prevent soil erosion.

Trees also conserve rainwater. Sometimes dead trees fall on the soil and gets buried. It is a scientifically proven fact that trees control sound pollution. This is the reason why trees are planted at the strategic locations like highways, near factories and near airports. Trees conserve energy, save water, shield us from dangerous UV rays.

If there were no trees, there would be no life. We would not get food, clothing, shelter and the most important, oxygen, on which survival depends. There would be no rainfall. Temperature on the earth would increase and ultimately not only human but also life of every small creature would be in danger.

(ii) Say ‘No’ to Tobacco

In India every year about 2 millions die due to tobacco and its effects. It is the biggest enemy of public health. Tobacco is one of the causes of cancer. A smokers puts not only his life but the life of others in danger. Inhaling the smoke from cigarettes, cigars or pipes we too intake tobacco which is hazardous to life. Bronchitis, liver cancer and prostrate cancer are gifts of tobacco. Around 15% of teenagers are addicted to tobacco, it is therefore necessary to create awareness. After all ‘Prevention is Better than Cure’. Creating grassroot level awareness is a must.

Everyone should make an effort to educate youngsters about the ill effects of tobacco. At the same time, there should be government control over sale of tobacco products. Strict action should be taken on companies selling tobacco illegally in remote as well as rural areas. At the same time, strict action also must be taken to reinforce the already existing ban on the sale of tobacco products  near educational institutes. Health check-up camp must be organized regularly to detect oral diseases specially cancer. Mass-media should be aggressively used to campaign against tobacco.

(iii) Man vs Nature

Human beings are the creation of nature. Humans get food, clothing water, shelter, air and a ton of other things from nature. Our mother earth is a unique planet where conditions are suitable for life. Breathing is the most necessary and natural action for every moment which depends on the nature. But we are behaving carelessly on the planet. We hurt nature due to our carelessness.

We have set up millions of factories on the earth which create and increase air pollution. Smoke from vehicle is added daily. This causes pollution and affects our health too. At the same time, we go on cutting tress which actually are our best friends. Besides greed for the forest products, humans greed for encroaching forest land for his use is increasing day by day. As a result of it, wild life is also in danger. There are vast reservoirs of pure drinking water on the globe but we are using it carelessly and polluting it.

It has been noted by researches that in coming 50 years there will scarcity of oil. Global warming is hazardous for everyone. It is creating problems to Glaciers. Not only man but other animals are also creations of the nature but we have put their life too in danger. As a result we don’t find the small bird ‘sparrow’ in polluted cities. Actually by keeping this attitude towards nature, man is digging his own grave. Nature is powerful enough to correct hostile actions of human beings. If nature decides to correct human actions, flood, tsunami, famine, anything can be the result. Therefore it is the need of time that humans should live smartly in harmony with nature and respect nature too.

(iv) Child Labour: A Curse to Humanity

Child Labour is a curse to humanity. Children are supposed to go to school, enjoy and learn but are found to be working. They are the most important asset of the society but poverty, illegitimacy, problem of unemployment make them do odd jobs. We are also responsible for this problem of child labour. This problem is more common in underdeveloped nation and thus needs to be corrected.

Protecting children from being child labourers is the responsibility of not only government but of each and every citizen. Use of children as a helping hand on own farm was common but the things changed after industrialization. Various factory owners appointed children and we find many children doing dangerous tasks in industries like fire crackers, carpet industries. In such industries their life is found to be in danger. In pencil making industry they are subjected to lung diseases, In carpet making industries they can lose their eyesight and in fire crackers industry they are exposed to dangerous chemicals. All this must be avoided and banned at the earliest.

To curb this, children from poor strata of the society should be provided with education and teenagers with vocational training. Education will create awareness among them. Some arrangement of providing them nutritious food should also be made by the Government and NGOs. To eradicate the problem of child labour, meticulous planning not only by the government but also by ‘us’ is needed. This is sadly not functioning to the fullest and as a result we share the blame of child labour.

(A3)

Question 1.
Prepare a word register for writing a blog, by choosing a particular topic of your own choice. You can write on environment, pollution, education etc.
Answer:
Word Register – Pollution:

global warming, Co2, breathing, tree plantation, factories, water pollution, air, soil, oxygen, ozone layer, diseases, infection, climate, ultraviolet rays.

Word Register Education:

Knowledge, school, college, vocational, training, personality, awareness, books, internet, apps, computer.

(A4)

Question 1.
Given below are the few topics for blog writing. Discuss and write.

1. Personality Development
2. Health and Fitness
3. Social Dynamics
4. Self Defence
5. Communication Skills

Answer:
(i) Personality Development:

Personality is a perfect amalgam of a person’s physical and psychological development, manners, relationship with other members of the society, optimistic attitude and many other factors. Now a days management skill including time management, soft skills, health and leadership qualities also play an important role in shaping ones personality.

Practice of Yoga, meditation and regular exercise can keep a person fit. For learning time management one can keep small goals and try to complete the same in a limited time span. We must be polite while speaking with others. Our behaviour should not be aggressive. One must be a good listener and should be proactive rather than being reactive. Creative vision, optimism arise from within. Reading, knowledge about the world matters a lot.

Possessing all these qualities, increase the confidence of the person which is ultimately reflected in his character. Our positive gestures, while speaking, our being social help us to climb the ladder of success. To learn all these qualities, one must keep aside the ego. One should avoid backbiting and should always help others whenever needed. One should be confident enough, always try to learn new things and be one’s ownself. All these qualities cannot be achieved overnight. Some of these come from within while some can be achieved. Including all these qualities in a person’s character creates a good personality.

(ii) Health and Fitness

It is said that ‘Health is wealth’. Health in medical term does not only mean free of diseases but it also means a state of being well. A healthy person should be able to do his daily chores, his occupation. A healthy or physically fit person is able to face changes in the surrounding.

Health and fitness can be achieved by various ways such as intake of nutritious diet, healthy lifestyle, maintenance of hygiene, regular exercise or yoga and meditation. Not only this but a person’s positive attitude towards life matters the most. Proper and nutritious diet can keep you physically fit but meditation and yoga along with optimistic attitude keep one mentally fit. Regular practice of yoga and mediation reduces stress, blood sugar level and various other health issues like blood pressure and hyperacidity.

Now a days almost all human beings including kids are found to be under stress. Industrialization and computerization has no doubt made human life easy but created many health and fitness issue. There is a competition in every walk of life and one must survive the same. The basic need is therefore to stay healthy and fit. One can achieve it by going to gym, practising yoga and meditation, running, walking, cycling, aerobics, dance, swimming, playing outdoor games and many others. Practising any of these is the key of maintaining health. To maintain health and fitness has now become a need of the time.

(iii) Self Defence

Self defence means defending oneself from getting harmed. Physical self defence is the use of force for self protection. One can protect himself by being armed or unarmed too. Armed self defence allows the use of weapons for self defence while in unarmed self defence person does not use any weapon. His only weapon is his stamina and physical strength. There are some restrictions on the use of weapons. The armed force is the exception to it. Not only this, but self defence can also be achieved by avoiding the problematic situation.

Self defence techniques can be learned and learning the same is an urgent need of in today’s age. Specially women must learn it. In the changing scenario of increasing terrorism in society, it becomes a necessity for everyone to learn it. Many martial arts coaches train their students various methods of self defence. Apart from learning self defence, one must be optimistic enough to handle the problems in front of him. While handling the critical situation, everyone should trust in themselves and tackle with high level of confidence.

(iv) Social Dynamics

Man is a social animal. He lives in a society and is influenced by the people around him.. Our society is built on the principles of social dynamics. In society, behaviour of every person is different. People interact with one another and this results in deciding their behaviour in a group. Thus social dynamics is actually a behaviour of group which is the result of influence created by other group members. Social dynamics involve the study of interrelationship of people with one another.

When people come together in a group,they interact, share their thoughts, their ideas and knowledge. The exchange of thoughts, knowledge and ideas bring about positive change in the group behaviour, thereby bringing change in the society.

(v) Communication Skills

The way of communicating to others is an important skill in a person which enables us to understand the things that are being said. Our brains develop at every stage of our life using different techniques to communicate a message. There are many different skills used to communicate a message in an effective manner.

The principles of effective communication are Listening, Speaking when required, Curiosity, Engaging and Body language. Using the principles of effective comm unication helps increase our ability to be understood. This boosts our confidence and self esteem to speak.

(A5)

Question 1.
There are many blog websites like www.livejournal.com, www.wordpress. com, www.blogger.com and www.blogs.myspace.com. You can develop your blog writing skills taking on the basis of this make a list of career opportunities available to you.

Yuvakbharati English 11th Digest Chapter 3.2 Blog Writing Additional Important Questions and Answers

Question 1.
What is the importance of blog writing?
Answer:
A blog is an article on a topic expressing the views, experiences or feelings of a person. Writing a blog is really a challenging thing to do.

In the changing scenario of E-age, we find that joint families are rarely seen. Even in nuclear families now a days family members hardly share their views, ideas. (The reason may be any.) People are in contact with each other but are not connected. In such situation a blog plays very important role.

A blog gives a platform to the person to share his views, opinion or even feelings. In this way he gets an opportunity to communicate with people. Secondly in spite of availability of mass media like newspaper, writing of a person cannot be published always. A blog provides a person (blogger) to share his views and make it available for the readers. One can share anything interesting in a blog.

Question 2.
What is the difference between a blog writing and newspaper write up?
Answer:
A blog is an article wherein a person (a blogger) has right to share his views feelings or opinion about anything. A newspaper article writer does not share his feelings or views always. A newspaper article is generally focused on the topics of public interest. Most of the time newspaper articles are only informative. A newspaper article can be written daily or weekly whereas a blogger can write and post a blog at any time in a day.

Question 3.
What precaution is taken while developing a blog?
Answer:
A blog is an article expressing person’s views, feelings or opinion. Utmost precautions should be taken while posting a blog on social media. There is no limitation regarding number of words and number of topics on which a blog can be written. But a blogger must make sure to avoid repetition. A reader may find it uninteresting to read lengthy description of a simple thing.

A blog posted on social media is read by many people belonging to different caste, creed and community. A blogger must not post anything in his blog which may 1 hurt feelings of people or make antisocial elements active.

Question 4.
Why is a blog developed and uploaded?
Answer:
A blog is a platform one gets to express his views, feelings or opinions. A person a blogger) can communicate with the world through his writing. Writing a blog is an opportunity given to mature writers. A blogger can refine his writing skills while expressing his views. It is uploaded so that he can communicate and share his experiences with others. It can give a chance to the blogger to be a good writer.

Question 5.
Go through the blog given in the text and also refer to different blogs on the internet about various social issues and environment hazards. Write blogs on the topics given below.
Answer:
(i) Are we Happier than our Forefathers?

There was a time centuries ago, in the stone age when man wandered about from place to place in groups. Slowly life became stable, when man decided to settle down. He learnt farming and domestication of animals like cow, sheep, goat and buffalo. These animals gave him milk and helped him to plough the field as well as carry loads. This change in man was a definite change for the better.

Of course, today the world has progressed by leaps and bounds. Quick means of communication, advancement in technology, the boon of the atomic age has made distances so small. The world today has become a smaller place, thanks to progress.

Medicines and drugs have lengthened life and given us cures for dreaded disease. Today man can do so many things that our forefathers could not even dream of achieving. Excessive use of fuels such as diesel, kerosene, petrol and other harmful chemicals have ruined the planet earth. Our atmosphere is so steeped in poisonous gases that we have no fresh air to breathe. This has resulted in the depletion of the ozone layer. Atomic weapons and bombs are a constant threat to our very existence.

Do we honestly say we are happier than our forefathers? At what cost? Yes, we are more comfortable, we have progressed, but at what cost? At the cost of our lives and happiness. Let us not forget that happiness does not depend on material comforts. It depends on the state of our mind. I can safely say that we have forfeited our mental happiness for worldly comforts.

(ii) If Trees Could Talk

Tree can speak to you and I may not understand what they are trying to tell us. It was proved by the famous scientist, Jagdish Chandra Bose, that plants can feel pain and can even reveal how they are feeling. Unfortunately, these sounds cannot be understood by man and can only be recorded on a graph. Vegetation is not deaf and dumb, though we may think so.

If trees could speak, they would have told us several things both good and bad. I am sure the bad things would be much more than about the good habits of man. I am sure the tree would grumble and cry. out in pain at man’s indecent, vulgar and rude behaviour.

All trees would complain about the brutal and barbarious behaviour of man. A tree would explain to us that it gave us shade from the hot blistering sun, plenty of wood, choicest fruit, medicinal herbs, ayurvedic pesticides and insecticides like the neem, yet man is so ungrateful and despicable, he takes the tree for granted and does not care if he chops it and hacks it painfully.

Man goes about cutting down forests and building high rise structures or big factories that give out poisonous gases. Trees, if we could only understand what they were trying to tell us, would inform us that we were murderers and butchers who took pleasure in destroying nature that God has created for man. They would have wept with grief and pain as they related the insanity and callousness of man.

(iii) Leisure – It’s Uses and Abuses

I remember W. H. Davis saying in one of his poems
‘What is this life, if full of care,
We have no time to stand and stare?!

These lines tell us that in the middle of rushing here and doing this and that and attacking this job and completing that duty, we must ,find time to relax and.cool down. Those of us living in cities spend all our free time, glued to the TV – The idiot box as our elders call it. The rich spend their time in restaurants and nightclubs. No one today spends time with Nature – especially those living in towns and cities.

The best way to spend one’s leisure moments is to come in contact with nature in a park, a zoo, a garden or an aviary. Some of us have a tendency of misusing our leisure time. Some youngsters spend their time gambling, drinking, teasing girls, stealing, getting into trouble by making fun of passers-by and by gossiping. All these activities cause terrible harm to themselves as well as to others. Those belonging to rich families have stag parties or kitty parties and drink alcohol, gamble and go about spoiling the names of their acquaintances and friends.

We can use our leisure time developing our hobbies such as photography, reading, writing, gardening, doing embroidery, painting, learning dancing, playing musical instruments and other things for which we have talents. It is better to develop our talents, for who knows when these will help us in our life. Relaxation is important, but just lying idle will cause trouble to our minds as well as to our body, hence we must do something constructive and useful in our leisure hours.

(iv) Democracy – The Best form of Government

Abraham Lincoln described democracy as the Government of the people, for the people and by the people. This system of government is the most acceptable because every single individual in the country is a part of the governing process. The legislature is elected by the people themselves, while the Executive is selected from the Legislature. A corrupt government will surely not be elected again.

Other forms of government are monarchy and dictatorship. In both monarchy and dictatorship, the ruler is the Supreme ultimate power over the people. The people themselves have absolutely no say in the matter. They have no remedy against misuse of power or against in justice. There is no individual freedom, no freedom of speech or expression. The individual is a captive in his own nation. How ironical this may seem, but it is very true.

I am not saying that democracy is the most ideal form of Government. It does not guarantee social justice and is quite often corrupt. It is slow in functioning and not very capable in emergencies, but yet we feel it is the most effective form of Government.

How can there be an effective function of governments like monarchy, dictatorship and autocracy when the individual is left out completely? Such governments profess ‘might’ is right theory and are more often than not, corrupt and evil one man shows.

The most important attribute of democracy is the fact that all are treated equally before the law, irrespective of caste, creed and sex. The dignity of man is recognised and respected. The individual takes active part in the governing of his country. He is responsible if things go wrong. We therefore feel that democracy is more advantageous than other forms of governments.

(v) Unity in Diversity

India is a land where we can clearly see Unity in Diversity. This means that there is a strand of oneness running through all of us that makes us one in mind and spirit and thought.

India is diverse in topography. We have in one country snow capped mountains as well as deserts, plains as well as plateaus, rivers as well as lakes, areas of heavy rainfall as well as very scanty rainfall. Yet India is one country to all of us. India is a land of diverse people. There are people living in different states who have different language, different mode of dressing different food habits and different traditions. Yet they are all Indians.

We have people of different religions living together as brothers. These external difference of physical features of dress, of language, of food and of festivals are superficial differences to the true Indian. What really matters in the feeling of being an Indian. The strand of Indianness, is what really matters. It is this strand that brings in all Indians the feeling of belonging, the feeling being at home with your near and dear ones.

Today sadly, there is an atmosphere of intolerance, narrow – mindedness, groupism and party spirit, but yet we can proudly say that we have not lost our basic values. The sense of national unity is a priority with most Indians. We must however strive for this unity to be strengthened. We must instill in our youth the feeling of pride for our culture and tradition and we must remember to retain our identity as Indians.

(vi) Students and Discipline

Discipline is of utmost importance in society and it is the student who needs it most if he is going to become an exemplary citizen. Today physical fitness is not all. The student must be taught values and the meaning of discipline in order to make him whole in body and mind. If he is not disciplined from the very beginning he will turn out dissatisfied with life, a failure, and a candidate for violence.

Let us not forget, that teaching discipline to the student is not solely the job of the school. Parents have to be very much involved in this. It is they who have to maintain discipline at home and in the neighbourhood.

We notice that the problem of indiscipline becomes worse as the student grows older and goes to college. This must be because he is now getting more and more exposed to media. TV soaps and other serials and the cinema are always portraying students as indisciplined. They are shown as not having any regard for their elders and betters. Our children love to ape, hence they copy all the bad habits and examples of indiscipline.

Students are becoming more and more violent today. We do not say that they have no reasons to have grievances. Of course, they are not satisfied with the syllabus. They are unhappy with the way teaching is done. They are worried about stiff competition. They are bothered about the free pattern and the partiality of the teachers. These are serious grievances, but this does not mean that students should retaliate by being indisciplined. The education system needs to be changed and our young students must be taught how to choose between right and wrong. A well-disciplined person will become a success in life.

Balbharti Yuvakbharati English 11th Digest Chapter 3.1 Expansion of Ideas Notes, Textbook Exercise Important Questions and Answers.

Maharashtra State Board Class 11 English Yuvakbharati Solutions Chapter 3.1 Expansion of Ideas

11th English Digest Chapter 3.1 Expansion of Ideas Textbook Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Discuss the different ideas connoted by the word ‘season’.
Answer:

1. A season is a division of the year based on weather, ecology etc.
2. India experiences six seasons round the year, namely, summer (grisha), rainy season (varsha), early autumn (sharad), late autumn (hemanta), winter (sheet), spring (vasanta).
3. The change of season allows many people to plan their activities (not shifting of house during rainy season), food, recreation, celebrations, etc.

Question 2.
Select a season of your choice and give the following details:

• Time of the year –
• Characteristics- crops, festivals etc.
• Features/changes – climate/weather/temperature etc.
• Advantages/Disadvantages-

Answer:

Question 3.
Mention some proverbs associated with the word season, guess their meanings and write them along with a sentence of your own.
Answer:
(a) Make hay while the sun shines.
1. Meaning: Make the most benefit out of an opportunity
2. Sentence: Having got admission in a good college you should make hay while the sun shines.

(b) For everything there is a season
1. Meaning: For everything there is appropriate time.
2. Sentence: This is not the time to waste it talking to your friend, you must know, for everything ‘
there is a season

(c) No winter lasts for ever, no spring skips its turn.
1. Meaning: bad days do not stay for ever, as spring always replaces winter in the natural course of
nature.
2. Sentence: Cheer up, my friend, as no winter lasts for ever, no spring skips its turn.

Express your views and opinions in favor and against the topic.

Question (i)
Are sports essential in Jr. Colleges?
Answer:
Favour: (a) Sports help in increasing the physical and mental ability of students.
(b) Sports boost confidence and keep sportspersons fit for everyday living.
(c) Sports teach students team work.
Against: (a) Concentrating on sports is a waste of time. Students should focus on their career.
(b) Focus on entrance exams to persue better career opportunities.

Question (ii)
Are college council elections essential in Jr. Colleges?
Answer:
Favour: (a) The college council elections train the students to take up leadership roles and help them develop decisiveness.
Against: (a) Through elections in colleges children will follow the wrong path.
(b) They will be affected by national politics.
(c) Might get into bad company.

Question (iii)
Is cell-phone the need of the times?
Answer:
Favour: (a) Cell-phone has become the main and the fastest source of communication.
(b) Without a cell-phone one may feel crippled as it is repository of essential data and also is a source of knowledge.
Against: (a) Regular use of cell-phones affects our health conditions.
(b) Increases crimes.

Question (iv)
Should the ‘Earn and Learn’ concept be mandatory for students?
Answer:
Favour:
(a) It can make students economically independent.
(b) It can develop perseverance among students.
(c) Students will be aware of the value of money and hard work.
Against:
(a) This is an age for enjoyment.
(b) Students should concentrate on their health and family time.

(A1)

Question 1.
Expand the idea inherent in the following proverbs:
Answer:
1. A Bad Workman Blames his Tools
This proverb is an useful guide in practical life. It has been generally found that an incompetent person always grumbler. If a student does not do well in examination, he/she sometimes takes an easy resort to blame game that the question paper is tough. The person never admits that the preparation has not been up to the mark. On the other side, a sincere and good workman never tries to find excuses for his mediocre or bad performance. He probably thinks grumbling is a confession of his personal weakness.

Difficulties are parts and parcels of our lives and we have to learn to overcome by putting our best foot forward rather than finding fault with others or may be unfavourable situations. It is better to find out the reason for the performance which is not up to the mark. One has to find out the remedy for the shortcomings and need to have the faith on one’s ownself to raise the bar of his execution.

If the tools are bad, they can be mended, not by grumbling but by removing the defects. A good workman does exactly that and does not waste time complaining. “Patience and perseverance can fetch definite rewards. Everything is possible to achieve for a sincere worker whereas all things are impossible for a lazy person who is always on the look out for a scapegoat to bear the blame of his own failure.

2. One Should Eat to Live, Not Live to Eat – (Franklin)

We all have heard the proverb “health is wealth”. A sound mind can only exist in a sound body. If we are healthy, we can handle any situation in life. Eating plays a major role in maintaining a person’s health. The eating habits depend on own discretion and if we are conscious about the decision where to stop, “this far and no farther”, we can avoid many critical conditions of life with a healthy body. That is the biggest wealth any person can have.

But one needs a strong willpower not to live just to eat. The temptations are spread all around us. Some people have the habit of eating to their heart’s content and consoling themselves saying that it is just one day only. But they are greedy enough to forget their promise easily at the sight of mouth-watering dishes and continue their theory of “living to eat”.

Apparently, to some people, the eating habits do not need to be given so much importance, because they feel that the modern technologies used in the gyms will compensate for the loss of over-eating. Work hard in the gym and you can eat anything, is their motto of life. So, after coming out of the gym, they consume a big mug of cold coffee with cream from a reputed coffee shop and do not feel guilty about it. Not only home-cooked delicious foods, but all sorts of junk foods are included in their list of foods. Food is essential for one’s survival but excess of anything is bad. It is not about restrictions only, it is about how one can balance and enjoy the food.

3. If Winter Comes, Can Spring be Far Behind? – (Shelley)

Think positive and live happy, celebrate life ideally this should be the motto of a person’s life. But how many of us honestly follow this motto? Life, indeed, is beautiful but it does not move in a straight line. There has to be ups and downs and both these ups as well as downs have something to teach us, as P.B. Shelley said, “If winter comes, can spring be far behind?”. These are the natural courses of life. One has to follow the other as one season follows the other.

Life has problems and every problem is bound to have some solutions if we can try to see the brighter side. “No one makes a lock without a key. That is why God won’t give you problems without solutions.” In God’s own world also, if severe winter creates difficulties, He has kept the spring ready to bring smile on the faces of those who faced the difficult situations bravely. Winter, being the symbol of destruction here, spring will bring with it abundance everywhere.

Our duty is to maintain our patience and wait with hope for welcoming the good days because “At the end of every tunnel, there is light”. Night follows Day, that is also God’s design. If we crumble with the pressure of frustration and make ourselves fatigued, how will we enjoy the brightness of the day or the charming weather of the spring?

4. Beauty is Truth, Truth is Beauty – (Keats)

“Ode on a Grecian Urn”, the immortal poem of the poet John Keats, brings out a fact of life, that has its own beauty where joys and sorrows live together. He shows in the poem, the pictures on the urn has paintings of a combination of happiness and sadness to depict the truth of human life. A work of art has the power to express this truth of life so explicity.

“Beauty lies in the eyes of the beholder”. The person who is seeing the beauty can interpret it his or her own way, but the truth will remain the same. Truth is the permanent and ultimate beauty in the world and no one has the power to destroy it.

So, to ignore truth will be a futile attempt and only the inward beauty has the power to be the ever-lasting truth and the outward appearances are momentary. But our thoughts want to find out the truth and our feelings are inspired by the beauty. Thus, thought and feeling, truth and beauty need to go hand in hand.

5. Fools Rush in Where Angels Fear to Tread – (Alexander Pope)

“Experience is the best teacher”. The inexperienced people do not judge the pros and cons of the situation and take a step without much thinking. The experienced people become mature enough to take. a cautious step before taking a hasty decision. Their experience has taught them to “wait and watch” and then decide whether to avoid or get involved.

“A little learning is a dangerous thing”. The prudent and intelligent person think twice before opening their mouth and are also good observers. They are actually “afraid” but they are also careful that their actions should be safe and so they stay away from unnecessary risks. Even if they take risk believing “no risk, no gain”, they are capable of measuring the extent of the risk to reach their final decision. But a so called “fool” or rather an unwise person does not bother to think and can be easily influenced to do stupid things to invite problems in life.

“Ignorance” is not always “bliss”, since ignorance can lead to a irreversible damage. But, if a wise person is ignorant about certain things, he knows how to keep a distance from the unknown territory. The proverb actually tries to create an awareness against quick decisions or may be judgements, because every step of life is important. One wrong step, taken in a hurry, can lead to a major set back which probably will bring the disaster. History stands proof for that.

(A2)

Question 1.
Complete the tabular columns to specify Dos and Don’ts associated with ‘Expansion of Ideas’.
Answer:

Yuvakbharati English 11th Digest Chapter 3.1 Expansion of Ideas Additional Important Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Expand the idea inherent in the following proverbs:
Answer:
(i) Rome was not Built in a Day

Big cities cannot be built very quickly. This actually refers to jobs that we undertake, our careers, our life and our achievements.

Just as Rome was not built in a day, so also our career, our life and our ambitions cannot be achieved in a short period of time. We must bear in mind, before we take up a project, that hard work has to go into making any endeavor a success. Success is 99% perspiration and 1% inspiration. We are aware of this, but do we honestly put in hard work or do we keep putting off our hard work for another day?

Rome took years to be built and once it was built it turned out to be a city beyond compare. Its beauty and its allure was incomparable. This was and is the result of dedication and hard work. We will achieve our goal and rise to the top only, and only if we understand the meaning of dedication, perseverance and hard work.

The three D’s must always be in our mind when we undertake a task to be done. The three D’s are- Dedication, Determination and Devotion. We will be able to touch the stars if we work hard and devote ourselves to the task ahead of us. We should not think of finishing our job in haste because haste makes waste. Only our determination and hard work will help us to achieve our aim in life.

(ii) Cut Your Coat According to Your Cloth

This proverb is something that all of us must bear in mind and abide by. The message that is given is that we must not spend beyond our means but be very careful with our expenditure.

The explanation is that if we give a piece of cloth to a tailor to stitch a coat, he will first measure the cloth and tell us whether it is possible, for him to make the coat we have asked for or not. If the cloth is insufficient, he will not be able to stitch the coat.

The same is the case with our income and expenses. We must always stay within the limits and not spend more than we can afford to or we will end up repenting. I know of a young man who wanted everything he saw advertised and he kept on buying the articles on installment-basis. Finally, he realized that the total amount he had to pay by way of the installments exceeded his income. The young man borrowed the money to make up the deficit.

How long could he go on in this way? His loans increased. People refused to give him more loans, since he could not pay back what he had already borrowed. Finally no one could wait to get the money they had given him on loan. He lost everything he had bought on installments and he landed in jail. His entire life had become one big mess – No money, no friends.

Could we too, end up like this young man? Yes, we could end up like this if we do not keep a track of the money we have and if we do not spend according to our means. This proverb teaches us to economies and to be frugal. We must learn how to manage our resources and live within our means. This will surely keep us out of trouble.

(iii) Empty Vessels Make the Most Sound

We have experienced this fact a number of times at home or even in school. When we strike on an empty vessel, we get a sonorous deep sound and if we strike on a vessel that is full of some liquid, we get only a dull thud. The above adage is metaphorically and literary correct.

We see around us people with no knowledge or very little knowledge making themselves heard above the rest and when they are questioned we realise that all is empty talk, they are just ignorant people who are trying to impress the crowd. Those who really have the knowledge are the ones who are not making a loud noise. They check out on the situation and open their mouths. What they say is the correct thing. They have knowledge and they use it wisely and correctly.

When we are in company, we must not try to prove to all present there, that we are the best, there is no one as knowledgeable as we are. We must use our etiquette and let the others have their say. We must realise that there are many who have more knowledge than we do.

It is very important to learn that when in company, we must give others the chance to have their say and not monopolies all the time such people are respected by others.

(iv) As you Sow, So shall you Reap

If we want to earn good things in life, we must do good things. If a farmer wants to cultivate rice, he will sow rice and not wheat. There was once a person who was not well to do and was really downtrodden and poor. This man had a very large heart. Whatever little food he got, he shared with others. There were times when he went without food, but he saw to it, that the beggars around had food to eat.

The neighbours observed this and decided to help this poor, warm-hearted person. They gave him an education. The man studied very hard and did well. The neighbours were very pleased. They gave him a job and he did very well. This man however never forgot the beggars and always bought them food and clothing.

Soon the poor man rose higher and higher and became the manager of the factory. He helped all the poor and even started a special “Society for the poor”. The man helped others and in return, he was helped. All of us must do well if we expect others to do good to us.

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Class 12 Secretarial Practice Solutions Chapter 10 Dividend and Interest Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

Maharashtra State Board Class 12 Secretarial Practice Solutions Chapter 10 Dividend and Interest

1A. Select the correct answer from the options given below and rewrite the statements.

Question 1.
Dividend is paid to ____________
(a) Shareholder
(b) Debenture holder
(c) Depositor
Answer:
(a) Shareholder

Question 2.
____________ is profit shared by company with a shareholder.
(a) Interest
(b) Rent
(c) Dividend
Answer:
(c) Dividend

Question 3.
Dividend is recommended by ____________
(a) Managing Director
(b) Secretary
(c) Board of Directors
Answer:
(c) Board of Directors

Question 4.
Interim Dividend is declared by ____________
(a) Board of Directors
(b) Debenture holders
(c) Depositors
Answer:
(a) Board of Directors

Question 5.
Final Dividend is declared by ____________
(a) Board of Directors
(b) Shareholders
(c) Depositors
Answer:
(b) Shareholders

Question 6.
Dividend cannot be declared out of ____________
(a) Capital
(b) Profit
(c) Reserves
Answer:
(a) Capital

Question 7.
Dividend amount should be transferred in a separate Bank Account within ____________ days of its declaration.
(a) 5
(b) 15
(c) 50
Answer:
(a) 5

Question 8.
Dividend should be paid within ____________ days of its declaration.
(a) 3
(b) 13
(c) 30
Answer:
(c) 30

Question 9.
____________ holders get dividend from residual profits.
(a) Equity share
(b) Preference share
(c) Debenture
Answer:
(a) Equity Share

Question 10.
Dividend is paid first to ____________ shareholders.
(a) Equity
(b) Preference
(c) Deferred
Answer:
(b) Preference

Question 11.
____________ warrant is a cheque containing dividend amount sent by company to the shareholders.
(a) Dividend
(b) Share
(c) Interest
Answer:
(a) Dividend

Question 12.
IEPF is created by ____________ where unpaid dividend is transferred by company.
(a) Central Government
(b) Company
(c) Shareholders
Answer:
(a) Central Government

Question 13.
Payment of ____________ Dividend must be authorised by the Articles of Association.
(a) Interim
(b) Final
(c) Bonus
Answer:
(a) Interim

Question 14.
____________ is a return paid to creditors by the company.
(a) Dividend
(b) Interest
(c) Rent
Answer:
(b) Interest

Question 15.
____________ is not linked to profits of the company.
(a) Dividend
(b) Interest
(c) Bonus
Answer:
(b) Interest

1B. Match the pairs.

Question (I).

Answer:

Question (II).

Answer:

1C. Write a word or term or a phrase that can substitute each of the following statements.

Question 1.
The return on investment is paid to the shareholders of the company.
Answer:
Dividend

Question 2.
The meeting where the final dividend is declared.
Answer:
AGM (Annual General Meeting)

Question 3.
The company has to intimate the stock exchange about the declaration of dividends.
Answer:
Listed company

Question 4.
The shareholders get dividends at a fixed rate.
Answer:
Preference

Question 5.
The shareholders get dividends at a fluctuating rate.
Answer:
Equity

Question 6.
Request by the shareholder in the prescribed form for payment of dividend into shareholders bank amount.
Answer:
Dividend Mandate

Question 7.
The number of days within which payment of dividend be completed by the company after its declaration.
Answer:
30 days

Question 8.
Dividend declared between two AGMs.
Answer:
Interim Dividend

Question 9.
Dividend decided and declared by the Board.
Answer:
Interim Dividend

Question 10.
The return is paid to the creditors by the company.
Answer:
Interest

1D. State whether the following statements are True or False.

Question 1.
The dividend is paid to registered shareholders of the company.
Answer:
True

Question 2.
The dividend is decided by the Board.
Answer:
True

Question 3.
The dividend is decided by the shareholders.
Answer:
False

Question 4.
Dividend once declared cannot be revoked.
Answer:
True

Question 5.
Dividend cannot be paid out of capital.
Answer:
True

Question 6.
Shareholders decide about the rate and amount of profit to be given as dividends.
Answer:
False

Question 7.
All categories of shareholders get a fixed-rate dividend.
Answer:
False

Question 8.
IEPF is the fund created by the company.
Answer:
False

Question 9.
Interest is a liability for the company.
Answer:
True

Question 10.
Interest is paid to shareholders of the company.
Answer:
False

1E. Find the odd one.

Question 1.
Final Dividend, Interim Dividend, Interest
Answer:
Interest

Question 2.
Out of Capital, Out of free reserve, Out of money given by the government
Answer:
Out of Capital

Question 3.
Dividend Account, Dividend Mandate, Unpaid/ Unclaimed Dividend Account
Answer:
Dividend Mandate

Question 4.
Dividend warrant, Dividend Mandate, Cheque
Answer:
Dividend Mandate

1F. Complete the sentences.

Question 1.
Word dividend is derived from Latin term ____________
Answer:
Dividendum

Question 2.
Dividend is paid to ____________
Answer:
registered shareholders

Question 3.
Dividend can be declared only on recommendation of ____________
Answer:
Board of Directors

Question 4.
Dividend must be paid in ____________
Answer:
cash

Question 5.
The meeting at which final dividend is approved is ____________
Answer:
Annual General Meeting

Question 6.
Dividend cannot be paid out of ____________
Answer:
capital

Question 7.
Interim dividend is decided and declared by ____________
Answer:
Board of Directors

Question 8.
Predecided and a fixed rate of dividend is paid to ____________
Answer:
preference shareholder

Question 9.
Payment of dividend must be completed within ____________
Answer:
30 days

Question 10.
Payment of Interim Dividend needs to be authorized by ____________
Answer:
Articles of Association

Question 11.
The obligatory payment made by company to its creditors is called as ____________
Answer:
Interest

1G. Select the correct option from the bracket.

Question 1.

(Latin term, Creditors, At AGM, At Board Meeting, IEPF)
Answer:

Question 2.

(Fixed rate Dividend, Dividend at a Fluctuating Rate, Interest, within 30 days, Unclaimed/Unpaid Dividend)
Answer:

1H. Answer in one sentence.

Question 1.
What is Dividend?
Answer:
The dividend is a share in distributable profits of the company to which the shareholder in entitled when formally declared by the company.

Question 2.
Who has the right to recommend dividends?
Answer:
The Board of directors has the right to recommend.

Question 3.
What is a Final Dividend?
Answer:
The final dividend is that dividend that is declared and paid after the close of the financial year.

Question 4.
What is an Interim Dividend?
Answer:
The interim dividend is that dividend that is declared and paid between two AGMs of an accounting year.

Question 5.
Who declares Interim Dividend?
Answer:
The Board of directors declares Interim dividends.

Question 6.
Which shares get dividends at a fixed rate?
Answer:
Preference shares get dividends at a fixed rate.

Question 7.
Which shares get dividends at a fluctuating rate?
Answer:
Equity shares get dividends at a fluctuating rate.

Question 8.
At which meeting Interim Dividend is decided and declared?
Answer:
Interim Dividend is decided and declared in Board Meeting.

Question 9.
What is Interest?
Answer:
Interest is the price paid for the productive services rendered by capital

Question 10.
State the time within which unpaid dividends be transferred to the unpaid dividend account.
Answer:
The unpaid dividend should be transferred within 7 days of the end of 30 days within which payment has to be made.

1I. Correct the underlined word and rewrite the following sentences.

Question 1.
The dividend is paid to creditors.
Answer:
The dividend is paid to shareholders.

Question 2.
Interest is paid to shareholders.
Answer:
Interest is paid to creditors.

Question 3.
The final Dividend is paid between two AGM.
Answer:
Interim Dividend is paid between two AGM.

Question 4.
Special Resolution must be passed to declare the Final Dividend.
Answer:
An ordinary resolution must be passed to declare the Final Dividend.

Question 5.
The dividend must be paid within 60 days of its declaration.
Answer:
The dividend must be paid within 30 days of its declaration.

Question 6.
The Dividend to be paid should be transferred to Dividend A/c within 30 days of its declaration.
Answer:
The Dividend to be paid should be transferred to Dividend A/c within 5 days of its declaration

Question 7.
The dividend is an obligation to be paid by a company every year.
Answer:
Interest is an obligation to be paid by a company every year.

Question 8.
Preference shareholders are given the last priority in the payment of dividends.
Answer:
Equity shareholders are given the last priority in the payment of dividends.

Question 9.
Preference shareholders get dividends from residual profits.
Answer:
Equity shareholders get dividends from residual profits.

Question 10.
Dividend is payable every year irrespective of profits made by the company.
Answer:
Interest is payable every year irrespective of profits made by the company.

1J. Arrange in proper order.

Question 1.
(a) Recommendation of Dividend.
(b) Checking sufficiency of profits
(c) Board Meeting
Answer:
(a) Checking sufficiency of profits
(b) Board Meeting
(c) Recommendation of Dividend

Question 2.
(a) Transfer to Dividend Account
(b) Transfer to IEPF
(c) Transfer to Unpaid Dividend Account
Answer:
(a) Transfer to Dividend Account
(b) Transfer to Unpaid Dividend Account
(c) Transfer to IEPF

Question 3.
(a) Closure of Register of Members.
(b) Intimate Stock Exchange of Board Meeting.
(c) Intimate Stock Exchange of declaration of dividend.
Answer:
(a) Intimate Stock Exchange of Board Meeting
(b) Intimate Stock Exchange of declaration of dividend
(c) Closure of Register of Members

Question 4.
(a) Decision on Rate of Dividend
(b) Transfer of IEPF
(c) Payment of Dividend
Answer:
(a) Decision on Rate of Dividend
(b) Payment of Dividend
(c) Transfer to IEPF

Question 5.
(a) Payment of Interim Dividend
(b) Board meeting deciding and declaring Interim Dividend
(c) Authorization of Articles of Association
Answer:
(a) Authorization of Articles of Association
(b) Board meeting deciding and declaring Interim Dividend
(c) Payment of Interim Dividend

2. Explain the following terms/concepts.

Question 1.
Profit
Answer:
Profit is the financial gain from business activity minus expenses. Profit is the income remaining after deducting total costs from total revenue. It is also called financial gain. Profit is the difference between revenues and expenses for a given period. It is the tool for measuring the success of the business. Without profit, the company cannot survive in the market.

Question 2.
Dividend
Answer:
The term dividend is derived from the Latin word ‘Dividendum’ which means that which is to be divided. A dividend is the portion of the company’s earnings distributed to the shareholders decided and managed by the company’s board of directors. The dividend is a share in distributable profits of the company Shareholder is entitled to receive the dividend when it is formally declared by the company

Question 3.
Interest
Answer:
Interest is the cost of borrowing money typically expressed as an annual percentage of a loan. The money people earn on their savings is called Interest. Interest is paid to the lender by the borrower, in case of a loan or from the financial institution to the depositor, in the case of a savings account. In financial terms, it is a payment made for using the money of another i.e. borrower takes money from the lender. Interest is the cost of renting the money for the borrower and it is the income from lending money for the lender.

Question 4.
Final Dividend
Answer:
The final dividend is declared and paid after the financial year is closed. The final dividend is decided and recommended by the Board of Directors. The final dividend is approved by the shareholder in the AGM. The declaration of the final dividend does not require authorization of Articles of Association. The rate of the final dividend is always higher than the Interim dividend. It is declared from sources like the current year’s profits, money provided by Government for dividends, etc.

Question 5.
Interim Dividend
Answer:
The interim dividend is the dividend that is declared and paid in the middle of an accounting year i.e. before the finalization of accounts for the year. Dividend declared by the Board of Directors between two Annual General Meetings is called Interim Dividend. The interim dividend is paid in the middle of the accounting year.

Question 6.
Unpaid Dividend
Answer:
Dividend declared by the company but neither paid to nor claimed by a shareholder within 30 days of its declaration is termed as Unpaid and Unclaimed Dividend.

Question 7.
Unpaid Dividend Account
Answer:
A dividend declared by the company but neither paid to nor claimed by a shareholder is called an Unpaid/Unclaimed Dividend. This unpaid/unclaimed dividend should be transferred to the Unpaid/Unclaimed Account within 30 days of its declaration. This ‘Unpaid Dividend Account’ is opened in a scheduled Bank by the company.

Question 8.
Dividend Mandate
Answer:
The dividend is paid by different modes of payment like cash, cheque, or warrant or by electronic mode. It can also be paid by using the Dividend Mandate. If the shareholder wishes to get dividend credited directly in the Bank Account he is required to send a request in a prescribed form which is called ‘Dividend Mandate’. The dividend Mandate authorizes the company to pay dividends directly to shareholders’ bankers.

Question 9.
IEPF
Answer:
IEPF means Investors Education and Protection Fund. Any amount in the Unpaid Dividend Account of a company that is unpaid/ unclaimed for a period of 7 (seven years) from the date of such a transfer shall be, transferred to ‘Investors Education and Protection Fund’. The claimant can claim his dividend by filling the prescribed form and submitting the necessary documents. The claimant needs to follow the procedure.

Question 10.
Rate of Dividend
Answer:
The return that a shareholder receives on his investment from the company is called a dividend. The dividend is always declared by the company on the face value of a share irrespective of its market value. The rate of dividend is expressed as a percentage of the face value of a share per annum.

3. Study the following case/situation and express your opinion.

1. LMN Co Limited decides to declare a dividend for the financial year 2018-19 in which it has earned profits less than their expectations.

Question (a).
Is Board right in recommending a dividend of Rs. 5/- per share out of free reserves?
Answer:
Yes, Board is right in recommending a dividend of Rs. 5/- per share out of free reserves, as dividends can be paid out of free reserves.

Question (b).
Can Board declare the dividend though it is not approved by AGM?
Answer:
No Board cannot declare the divided if it is not approved by AGM as dividends should be approved by shareholders by passing an ordinary resolution in AGM.

Question (c).
Can the Board give dividends in the form of gifts?
Answer:
No Board cannot give dividends in the form of gifts. It must be paid in cash, not in kind.

2. ABC Co. Ltd. decides to pay Interim Dividend.

Question (a).
Can it be paid out of free reserves?
Answer:
No. the Interim Dividend cannot be paid out of free reserves.

Question (b).
Is the Board right in declaring the same at the Board Meeting?
Answer:
Yes. Board is right in declaring the same at the Board meeting as it has the power to declare an Interim Dividend.

Question (c).
Can the company distribute the same within 30 days of its declaration?
Answer:
Yes, after the declaration, the Interim dividend should be paid within 30 days of its declaration.

3. RAJ Company limited decides to pay Interim Dividend.

Question (a).
Is the Board justified to decide Interim Dividend of Rs. 5/per share even though profits to date are insufficient?
Answer:
The interim dividend is paid out of profits between two annual general meetings. It cannot be paid out of any reserves. So it is not justified.

Question (b).
Can the Board declare it out of Free Reserves?
Answer:
No Board cannot declare an Interim dividend out of free reserves.

Question (c).
Can the Board declare it out of Capital?
Answer:
No Board cannot declare out of capital.

4. DIAMOND Co. Ltd. is considering declaring an Interim Dividend.

Question (a).
In how many days of the declaration it should transfer the funds to Dividend Account?
Answer:
The interim dividend must be transferred to the Dividend Account within 5 days of its declaration.

Question (b).
In how many days it must pay it to shareholders?
Answer:
The interim dividend should be paid within 30 days of its declaration to shareholders.

Question (c).
In how many days of the declaration it must transfer the funds to the Unpaid Dividend A/c?
Answer:
Unpaid/unclaimed Interim dividend should be transferred to ‘Unpaid Dividend Account’ within 7 days of the expiry of 30 days of declaration i.e. 37 days of its declaration.

5. The Board of Directors of STAR Co. Ltd. which is a listed company recommends a dividend of Rs. 15/- per share to be paid in cash.

Question (a).
Is it justified to pay the dividend firstly to its Preference Shareholders and then after to Equity Shareholders?
Answer:
Yes, because preference shares are entitled to the dividend before it is paid to the equity shareholder. Equity shareholders get dividends from residual profits i.e. after paying to preference shareholders.

Question (b).
Is the AGM required to approve the same?
Answer:
Yes for declaration of final divided Approval of AGM is a must.

Question (c).
Can the company pay dividends in cash?
Answer:
Yes, the company pay a dividend in cash and not in kind.

6. GOLD Co. Ltd. declares a dividend of Rs. 10/- per share for F.Y. 2018-19.

Question (a).
Is the company under default, if the dividend was not paid within 30 days of its declaration?
Answer:
Yes, the company is to default as the time limit within which the company must pay dividends after the declaration is 30 days.

Question (b).
Is the company right in transferring the unpaid dividend to its Debenture Reserve Account?
Answer:
No, the company has to transfer the total amount of dividend which remains unpaid/unclaimed to the ‘Unpaid Dividend Account.

Question (c).
Does the company have to transfer the amount of unpaid dividend to IEPF after 30 days?
Answer:
No, any amount in the unpaid dividend account of a company that remains unpaid/unclaimed for a period of 7 years from the date of such a transfer, should be transferred to (IEPF), ‘Investors Education and Protection Fund’.

4. Distinguish between the following:

Question 1.
Final Dividend and Interim Dividend
Answer:

Question 2.
Dividend and Interest
Answer:

5. Answer in brief.

Question 1.
State any four points to be kept in mind by a listed company with respect to dividends.
Answer:
When a company lists its shares on Stock Exchange, additional listing agreements are to be followed which are as follows:

• Stock exchange should be informed if the securities are listed 2 days prior to the Board meeting in which recommendation of final dividend is to be considered.
• Stock Exchange should be informed immediately regarding the declaration of dividend as soon as the Board meeting gets over.
• Notice of closing book should be informed at least 7 (seven) working days before the closure to the stock exchange.
• Transfer Register and Register of Members should be closed.

Question 2.
Discuss any four features of dividend.
Answer:

• It is the portion of profits of the company paid to its shareholders.
• It is payable out of profits of the company.
• It is an unconditional payment made by the company.
• If the company has issued equity shares with differential rights as to dividend, the terms of issue of such shares will govern the rights of shareholders about receiving the dividend.

Question 3.
Explain the features of interest.
Answer:
Interest is the cost of borrowing money typically expressed as an annual percentage of a loan. The money people earn on their savings is called Interest. Interest is paid to the lender by the borrower in case of a loan or from the financial institution to the depositor in the case of a savings account. In financial terms, it is a payment made for using the money of another i.e. borrower takes money from the lender. Interest is the cost of renting the money for the borrower and it is the income from lending money for the lender.
Features:

• Interest is the price paid for the productive services rendered by capital.
• Interest has a direct relation with risk. The higher the risk, the higher is the interest.
• The rate of interest is expressed as the annual percentage of the principal.
• The rate of interest is determined by various factors like money supply, fiscal policy, the volume of borrowings, rate of inflation, etc.
• Interest is a charge against the profit of the Company. Even if, the company makes no profit, interest should be paid.
• The rate of interest is fixed and pre-determined.

6. Justify the following statements.

Question 1.
The dividend is paid out of the profits of the company.
Answer:

• The dividend is the portion of profits of the company paid to its shareholders.
• It is payable out of profits of the company.
• Dividend can be paid out of capital profits on fulfilling these conditions.
• Capital Profits are realized in cash.
• Articles of Association of the company permit such a distribution.
• It remains as profits after revaluation of all assets and liabilities.
• Thus, it is rightly justified that dividend is paid out of profits of the company.

Question 2.
Interim dividends cannot be paid out of free reserves.
Answer:

• Dividend declared by the Board of Directors between two Annual General Meetings is called Interim Dividend.
• The interim dividend shall not be declared out of free reserves.
• In the event of a loss or inadequacy of profits during a financial year, no interim dividend shall be declared.
• The declaration of an interim dividend does not create a debt against a company.
• The board of directors can cancel an interim dividend after declaring it.
• Thus, it is rightly justified that Interim dividends cannot be paid out of reserves.

Question 3.
Annual General Meeting (AGM) is crucial for Final Dividend.
OR
The final Dividend is declared only after the accounts are prepared and finalized.
Answer:

• The final dividend is that dividend that is declared and paid after the closing of the financial year.
• It is decided and recommended by the Board of Directors.
• The rate of final dividend is declared by the shareholders in the AGM.
• It is declared only after the account of the year is prepared and finalized.
• Thus, it is rightly said that AGM is crucial for the Final Dividend. OR Final Dividend is declared only after the accounts are prepared and finalized.
• The final dividend is declared from different sources, and its declaration does not need the authorization of articles.
• Thus, it is rightly said that AGM is crucial for the Final Dividend. OR Final Dividend is declared only after the accounts are prepared and finalized.

Question 4.
Listed Company has to follow additional guidelines on dividend matters.
Answer:

• Notify stock exchange where company’s securities are listed at least 2 (two) days in advance of the date of the meeting of the Board at which recommendation of final dividend is to be considered.
• Intimate Stock Exchange immediately about the declaration of the dividend after the Board Meeting.
• Give notice of Book closure to the stock exchange at least 7(seven) working days before the closure.
• Close the Register of members and the Transfer Register.
• It must use an electronic mode of payment such as Electronic Clearing Services (ECS) or National Electronic Fund Transfer (NEFT); as approved by the Reserve Bank of India (RBI)
• The listed company has to express the dividend on a per-share basis only.

Question 5.
Equity shareholders get the last priority in receiving dividends.
Answer:

• The dividend is the portion of profits of the company paid to its shareholders.
• The dividend is payable only to the registered shareholders of the company.
• Preference shareholders are entitled to the dividend before it is paid to the equity shareholders.
• The equity shares do not enjoy a preference for dividends.
• They do not have priority for the payment of capital at the time of liquidation.
• Equity shareholders will get dividends from residual profit i.e. after paying to preference shareholders and arrears of dividend on cumulative preference shares.
• The equity shares get the last priority in dividends and thus are the residual claimants.
• Thus, it is rightly said that the equity shareholders get the last priority in receiving dividends.

Question 6.
Unpaid dividends cannot be used by the company.
Answer:

• The dividend declared by the company but has not been paid to or claimed by a shareholder within 30 days of its declaration is termed as an unpaid dividend.
• The total amount of dividend which remains unpaid should be transferred to ‘Unpaid Dividend Account’.
• Any amount in the Unpaid Dividend Account of a Company that remains unpaid/unclaimed for a period of 7 years will be transferred to ‘Investors Education and Protection Fund’.
• The company cannot use unpaid dividends. The only claimant of money can claim for it by following certain procedures.
• Thus, it is rightly said that unpaid dividends cannot be used by the company.

Question 7.
Interest is a liability/obligation of the company.
OR
Interest is paid to the creditor of the company.
Answer:

• Interest is a payment made for using another money So it is the cost of renting the money for the borrower and it is the income from lending money for the lender.
• The company has to pay interest, if it has borrowed money from creditors like Debenture holders, Depositors, Bondholders, etc.
• Interest is the liability of the company as it is a payment made for using money from the lender.
• Interest is a charge against the profit of the company.
• Even if, the company makes no profit, it has to pay interest to borrowers.
• Thus, it is rightly said that interest is a liability/ obligation for the company.

Question 8.
Approval of members is not needed for Interim Dividends.
Answer:

• Dividend declared by the Board of Directors between two Annual General Meetings is called Interim Dividend.
• It is paid in the middle of the accounting year.
• It is declared out of profits of the current account year.
• It is declared before the preparation of final accounts of the company.
• The Board of Directors has the power to declare Interim Dividend.
• Articles of Association’ of the Company must authorize the Board of Directors to declare an interim dividend.
• The Board Meeting has to pass a resolution for declaring the Interim dividend.
• Thus, it is rightly said that approval of members is not needed for Interim dividends.

7. Answer the following questions.

Question 1.
Define Dividend and explain its features.
Answer:
The term dividend is derived from the Latin word ‘Dividendum’ which means that which is to be divided. A dividend is the portion of the company’s earnings distributed to the shareholders decided and managed by the company’s board of directors.
The dividend is a share of distributable profits of the company. A shareholder is entitled to receive the dividend when it is formally declared by the company.
Definitions:

• The Institute of Chartered Accountants of India has defined Dividend “as a distribution to shareholders out of profits or reserves available for this purpose”.
• The Supreme Court has defined it as “In case of going – concern, it means the portion of profits of a company, which is allotted to the holders of shares in a company”.

Features of Dividend:

• It is the portion of profits of the company paid to its shareholders.
• It is payable out of profits of the company.
• It is an unconditional payment made by the company.
• The company pays dividends to the equity shareholders and preference shareholders only.
• If the company has issued equity shares with differential rights as to dividend, the terms of issue of such shares will govern the rights of shareholders about receiving the dividend.
• A dividend cannot be declared out of capital.
• Recommendation of the Board of Directors is necessary for the declaration of dividends.
• The dividend is recommended and approved by the Board of Directors by passing a resolution at the Annual General Meeting.
• The previous year’s dividend cannot be declared if that particular year’s Annual Account has been approved in the AGM.
• Dividend once approved and declared by shareholders, creates a debt. It cannot be revoked.
• The dividend includes the interim dividend.
• The dividend must be paid in cash, cheque or transferred through ECS or NEFT and not in kind.
• The dividend is to be paid on the paid-up value of shares.
• Dividend cannot be paid on calls paid in advance.

Question 2.
What is Interest? Explain its features.
Answer:
Interest is the cost of borrowing money typically expressed as an annual percentage of a loan. The money people earn on their savings is called Interest. Interest is paid to the lender by the borrower in case of a loan or from the financial institution to the depositor in the case of a savings account. In financial terms, it is a payment made for using the money of another i.e. borrower takes money from the lender. Interest is the cost of renting the money for the borrower and it is the income from lending money for the lender.
Features:

• Interest is the price paid for the productive services rendered by capital.
• Interest has a direct relation with risk. The higher the risk, the higher is the interest.
• The rate of interest is expressed as an annual percentage of the principal.
• The rate of Interest is determined by various factors like money supply, fiscal policy, the volume of borrowings, rate of inflation, etc.
• Interest is a charge against the profit of the Company. Even if the company makes no profit, interest should be paid.
• The rate of interest is fixed and pre-determined.

Question 3.
Discuss legal provisions for declaration of dividend.
Answer:
The term dividend is derived from the Latin word ‘Dividendum’ which means that which is to be divided.
A dividend means the profit of a company that is not retained in Legal Provisions for declaration of Dividend.
(i) Board Meeting:

• The Board of Directors has the power and authority to declare the dividend.
• The board meeting is called to pass a resolution to discuss the following points.
• Rate of Dividend and amount of Dividend to be paid.
• Book closure date for dividend.
• Date of Annual General Meeting.
• Bank with which a separate account should be opened to remit the dividend amount.

(ii) Shareholders’ Approval:

• The dividend is approved by shareholders by passing an Ordinary Resolution at the Annual General Meeting.
• Shareholders can declare a lower rate of dividend than what is recommended by the Board but not higher than that.
• Once the dividend is declared at the General Meeting, it cannot be canceled. Hence, the company cannot declare dividends for the second time in that year.

(iii) Separate Bank Account:
The company must deposit the dividend amount in a separate bank account i.e. “Dividend Account” opened in a scheduled bank. The dividend must be transferred to this account within 5 days of its declaration.

(iv) Prohibition to pay Dividend:

• A company cannot declare any dividend on equity shares if the company has failed to repay the deposit or any interest on the deposit.
• If the company is found guilty at the time of Payment of Interest to debenture holders, Redemption of Debentures and Preference Shares, Payment of Interest to a financial institution, etc. in that case no dividend can be declared.

Question 4.
Explain Interim Dividend.
Answer:

• The interim dividend is the dividend that is declared and paid in the middle of an accounting year i.e. before the finalization of accounts for the year. Dividend declared by the Board of Directors between two Annual General Meetings is called Interim Dividend.
• The interim dividend is paid in the middle of the accounting year.
• The interim dividend is declared by the Board of directors during any financial year out of surplus in the profit and loss account and out of profits of the financial year.

Features of Interim Dividend:

• The Board of Directors has the power to declare an interim dividend.
• Interim Dividend is only payment on account of the whole dividend for the year.
• The company should provide depreciation for the entire year and not for a part of the year before declaring an interim dividend.
• Interim dividends cannot be paid out of any reserves.
• The Board of directors can declare interim dividend only when it is mentioned in the Articles of Association of the Company.
• A resolution has to be passed in the Board Meeting for declaring the Interim Dividend.
• A separate Bank account should be maintained in a scheduled bank to credit the interim dividend within 5 (five) days of its declaration.
• Interim Dividend should be paid within 30 days of its declaration.
• Unpaid/Unclaimed dividend should be transferred to ‘Unpaid Dividend Account’ within 7 days of the expiry of 30 days of declaration i.e. 37 days of its declaration.
• Any amount remaining Unpaid/Unclaimed in the ‘Unpaid Dividend Account’ for 7 (seven) years should be transferred to IEPF.

Balbharti Yuvakbharati English 11th Digest Chapter 2.6 The Planners Notes, Textbook Exercise Important Questions and Answers.

Maharashtra State Board Class 11 English Yuvakbharati Solutions Chapter 2.6 The Planners

11th English Digest Chapter 2.6 The Planners Textbook Questions and Answers

Question (i)
You have heard the proverb, ‘Plan your work, work your plan.’ It means –
(a) Planning of the work is important.
(b) Without planning work cannot be accomplished.
(c) Make planning and work according to that plan.
(d) Planning and work are two sides of same coin.
Answer:
(c) Make planning and work according to that plan.

Question (ii)
Choose the proper alternatives from the statements given below which would explain why town planning is essential-
(a) To develop the city according to the guidelines.
(b) To get the ‘Best City Award’.
(c) To attract the tourists.
(d) To use and develop the land available in the city for the interest of the citizens.
Answer:
(a) To develop the city according to the guidelines.
(d) To use and develop the land available in the city for the interest of the citizens.

Question (iii)
Given below are various professions in column ‘A’ and in column ‘B’ the nature of work in respective professions. Match the columns.

Answer:

(A1)

Question 1.
Complete the web about the activities the planners do.

Answer:

(A2)

State whether the following statements are true or false.

Question (a)
Planners plan to construct buildings wherever they find place.
Answer:
True

Question (b)
Planners take public consent for the alterations they make in the old structures of the city.
Answer:
False. The planners do not take consent of the public but hypnotise them to agree by the show of wealth and prosperity.

Question (c)
Planners are concerned about the environment of the area.
Answer:
False. The planners are not at all concerned about the environmental degradation problem as beauty of the nature is replaced by mathematical precision of constructing buildings.

Question (d)
Planners make their plans mathematically perfect, at the same time they calculate their profit.
Answer:
True

Question (e)
Planners deliberately find drawbacks in the old city planning.
Answer:
True

Question (f)
The newly planned city looks modern and amazingly beautiful.
Answer:
True

Question (g)
Planners paint beautiful pictures of the upcoming changes in the city which charm the citizens.
Answer:
True

Question (h)
Planners make tactful changes so that citizens do not recognise the familiar landmarks.
Answer:
True

(A3)

Question 1.
Read the expression:
‘the blueprint of our past’s tomorrow’. Consider in a group why the poet has not mentioned ‘the present’. It is because of the planners who have possessed our ‘present’ in order to change ‘our past’ into the ‘future’ they desire. Go through the poem and write the lines which support this thought.
Answer:

1. They erase the flaws, the blemishes of the past.
2. Knock off useless blocks with dental dexterity.
3. All gaps are plugged with gleaming gold.
4. The country wears perfect rows of shining teeth.
5. So history is new again.
6. The blueprint of our past’s tomorrow.

(A4)

Question 1.
The term ‘Anaesthesia’ in the poem means – ‘The planner gives beautiful pictures of the new modern city’. Now find out what is Amnesia and Hypnosis in the given context.
Answer:
1. Amnesia: partial or total loss of memory . The planners make people forget even their glorious past by showcasing the glamour of new constructions.
2. Hypnosis: A trance like state of mind when a person’s thoughts can be influenced by someone else. The planners may be controlling the society by hypnosis so that they easily agree to the planner’s ideas of change.

(A5)

Question 1.
Pick up the statement which aptly depict the theme of the poem.
Answer:

• In the poem the speaker memorises the past.
• In ‘The Planners’, the poet describes the unstoppable force of modernisation.
• The poet talks about the replacement of natural environment by the concrete jungle.

(A6)

Question 1.
The tone of the poet is sarcastic. When he writes ‘All spaces are gridded filled with permutations of possibilities’ he intends to indicate the efforts made by the planner to exploit every available piece of land without any consideration of harming nature or violating attachments of people to places. Make pairs/groups and find out some more sarcastic lines having the same effect.
Answer:
1. All hang in the grace of mathematics.
– The planners’ precision is sarcastically referred to as “the grace of mathematics”.
2. “They erase the flaws / the blemishes of the past, knock off/useless blocks with dental dexterity/All gaps are plugged/with gleaming gold/The country wears perfect rows/of shining teeth.
– The entire second stanza is full of sarcasm where the planner is compared to a dentist who acts with precision to extract a damaged teeth as the planners are destroying ancient structures because of their faulty constructions. According to them, three old constructions are useless and should be replaced by shining buildings as a rotten teeth is extracted and the gap is filled with a shining tooth.
3. Anaesthesia, amnesia, hypnosis.
– The poet is convinced that the common people have lost their ability to protest as they are suffering from forgetfulness, have the anaesthetic effect of numbness and hypnotised by the glamour. The sarcasm is very apparent.

(A7)

Question (i)
Write the appreciation of the poem.
Answer:
The poet, Boey Kim Chang, a Singapore – born Australian poet, is pained to see the developments all around him, which in the name of modernization, is encroaching into nature and destroying the heritage with a lot of precision.

The planners have not been given any specific identity. They are mentioned in the poem as “They” but their work is very minutely scrutinized to present them as powerful people who can easily fulfill their purpose because they have the financial strength to manipulate all voices against them. But, according to the poet, they do their job with a lot of planning and their work is also logically designed. They are not bothered to save the nature as their only concern is the maximum utilization of space.

The accuracy of the planners has been sarcastically compared to a dentist who can identify the rotten tooth easily, extracts it and fills up the gap with the shining tooth. The person concerned is happy to get a new set of teeth and comfortably forgets the past. The same process is applied by the planners to rewrite history by destroying the past, and replacing it with the glamorous new construction.

The people are so mesmerized by the new-found charm that they are in a state of trance to have the amnesia of forgetting what has been replaced. The replaced beauty is tactfully presented by the planners to have an anaesthetic effect on them. Like the archaeologists, the planners also drill but their purpose is not to search glory or history, but destroy the soul of the past.

The poet refuses to resort to any creativity such a situation since he does not consciously want to stain the present by messing up with the blue print of the so – called advancement. He may be suggesting that the change is in the hands of the people and they need to act the way they want to see the future.

The poem has no particular rhyme-scheme as the poet’s thoughts flow freely to express his emotions on the depletion of nature and burying of the past. The short lines in the beginning, “They Plan”. “They build”, without directly referring who “They” are, the poet sets the planners apart from the readers. But the poem is full of sarcasm against the planners to express the poet’s displeasure. He has used a number of figures of speech to create an awareness among the readers.

The poem brings out a strong nostalgic emotion of the poet and his thoughts are moving around to search for the existence of natural beauty or glorious past. That is why, the lines of the poem are irregularly arranged – some lines run into the next, not like the precision of the planners. These irregularities have got an appeal to the readers because sometimes imperfections also appear perfect.

Question (ii)
Write the summary of the poem.
Answer:
Refer the synopsis.

(A8)

Question 1.
Read the first and second stanza of the poem. We understand that the poet wants to suggest the powerful dominance of the planners who shape the town according to their selfish desires. Make a list of such expressions. You may begin with –
Answer:

1. All the spaces are gridded, filled with permutations of possibilities.
2. They have the means.
3. They have it all so it will not hurt.
4. Anaesthesia, amnesia, hypnosis.
5. They build and will not stop.
6. The piling will not stop.

(A9)

Question 1.
Explain the extended metaphor related with dentistry in the poem. Give suggestions to protect our national heritage monuments.
Answer:
The planners are indirectly compared to the dentists. The past is having flaws like rotten teeth and it has to be removed with precision as a dentist does with perfection. The planners get rid of the ancient structure and fill up the gap with glamorous building. The dentist also removes the damaged tooth and replaces it with a shining one so that the person is happy with a row of shining teeth. The planners satisfy the people with modern constructions so that they do not complain of heritage structures.

Extension of ‘dentistry’ metaphor is the medical term used ‘Anesthesia, amnesia, hypnosis’. Anaesthesia is ‘ a medical procedure that nums to give relief from pain as it leads to loss of consciousness like it happens in operation, sleeper hypnosis giving a trance like state. The planners have these effects on the people and it is indirectly mentioned by the poet.

My suggestions to protect our national heritage movements are:

1. Regularly take part in the cleanliness drive organised by government or private institutions.
2. Be a part of the NSS unit of the college and create an awareness among the people not to scribble anything on the monuments and not to litter the monument premises.
3. Celebrities can campaign through TV or Cinema to safeguard our national monuments.
4. The Puja Pandals can be modelled on national monuments so that people can see their beauty, the hard work for their construction and be motivated not to spoil it.
5. Pollution spoils our national monuments as it has happened with the Tajmahal. So, industrial growth has to be completely stopped in the vicinity of the monument and care should be taken that they are at safe distance.

(A10)

Question 1.
Complete the following table.
Answer:

(A11)

Question 1.
Compose four lines expressing the grief of having lost nature due to modernisation.
Answer:
Where is the blue sky, where is the green garden?
Skyscrapers have eaten them all.
Everything is modern, comfort scattered everywhere,
But alas! are we happier in the absence of nature?

(A12)

Question 1.
Imagine that a person who has returned to his native place after long time is talking to his old friend about the changes that have taken place in the village. Write a dialogue between two friends who have become nostalgic about their old village.
Answer:
Santosh: Hi Suman! I haven’t seen you for quite sometime.
Suman: Yes, Santosh, I was not there in Mumbai. I had been to our village to spend time with my grandparents.
Santosh: Oh! how nice! You have spent your vacation by giving company to your grandparents.
Suman: Yes, I really had good times with them. Not only that I remembered all those days when you and I used to live in the village. I visited the places we used to spend time together-the football ground, the bank of the river, the fields where we used to climb trees. What a pleasant time we had!
Santosh: Really ! I miss all those days. Here, we hardly get vacant places. All are filled with high rise buildings. How sad!
Suman: But Santosh, if you go to our village now, you’ll be surprised to see the changes that have taken place. There are lots of developments. You will not see anybody collecting water from the wells. Lots of tube wells have been installed and there is provision for water through pipes in some areas, thanks to the development scheme of the Panchayat. The village is shining with electric lights you’ll hardly see any house with oil lamps.

The best thing I found was the cleanliness drive taken by the authorities. Not only do most of the houses have their own toilets, but the public toilets are also very clean. I am really very impressed. But in spite of all these, I missed our old village where we, friends, had spent our innocent childhood.
Santosh: Yes, I have read about are these developments and I am happy for my village which is my root. I am so attached to our native place that even the glamour of the city life cannot impress me so much.
Suman: I feel, we have spent the best part of our lives there. As a well wishes of my village, I welcome all the changes. But at any cost, I do not want anything to replace the naturalness. Thankfully, our village still has the freshness of air. I could breathe comfortably which I experience rarely in a city. Why don’t we plan to visit our native place together?
Santosh: That’s a brilliant idea. I am feeling so nostalgic after hearing everything from you that I’m tempted to go in our next vacation.
Suman: We’ll sit together and plan it nicely. I’ve to leave now. Bye !
Santosh: Bye !

(A13)

Question (i)
Write in short about at least five cities in India that are considered to be the most developed cities.

Question (ii)
Your examinations are only two months ahead. Plan your schedule of studies and write in your notebook.

Question (iii)
Read ‘The City Planners’ by Margaret Atwood.

Yuvakbharati English 11th Digest Chapter 2.6 The Planners Additional Important Questions and Answers

Question 1.
The space has been gridded by –
Answer:
The space has been gridded by all possible plans so that it is tightly packed to its full potentiality.

Question 2.
Many times the word ‘they’ is used in the poem. Explain the use of‘they’ in this context.
Answer:
“They” are the planners who have not been given any specific identity in the poem but there are all informations to prove that they are powerful people who cannot be stopped. They plan urbanization policy very meticulously and can easily convince people to accept the changes. This may be poet’s way of distancing himself to show how he is protesting the fact that the people are blindly supporting.

Comprehension:

Global Understanding:

State whether the following statements are true or false. Correct the false statement.

Question (i)
The dentist removes all the teeth to set a new row of teeth.
Answer:
False. The dentist only removes the rotting, useless teeth.

Question (ii)
Mathematics spoil the connection between the buildings and roads.
Answer:
False. Mathematics help in the alignment of buildings and roads, with precision.

Question (iii)
Planners take care of the nature before constructing.
Answer:
False. Planners have no concern for the nature and treat it mercilessly while constructing.

Question (iv)
With the help of ‘Anaesthesia, amnesia, hypnosis,’ the planners can easily convince the people.
Answer:
True

Interference / Interpretative / Analysis

Question 1.
Why did the poet mention about the job of the dentist?
Answer:
The poet sarcastically compares the job of the dentist with the town-planners. The precision with which the dentist extracts the rotten teeth and replaces them with the shining ones to make his patient happy, the planners are also removing all ancient constructions with rows of new structures so that people do not complain. In this process, the planners are tactfully erasing the tradition to promote modernization.

Personal Response:

Question 1.
Mention two evils of modernisation that bother you.
Answer:
1. Indiscriminate cutting of trees bother me a lot since it creates ecological imbalance, inadequate rainfall, global warming etc.
2. Increase of the number of vehicles is a matter of deep concern for me. The roads are becoming unbelievably bad, pollutions creating smog, health hazards worry me a lot.

Poetic Device:

Question 1.
Name and explain the figure of speech in the following line.
“The country wears perfect rows / of shining teeth”.
Answer:
Personification: The country is given the human quality of having teeth.

Creativity:

Question 1.
Fill in the blanks with lines of your own along with the lines from the poem.
1. They have the means
2. So history is new again.
Answer:
1. They have the means.
They can easily showcase prosperity.
2. So history is new again
Charmed by glamour, nobody missed the past.

Appreciation:

Question 1.
Write an appreciation of the extract with the help of the following points (100-150 words).

• About the extract
• Theme and significance
• Poetic style, language, poetic devices
• Inspirational message
• Your opinion and critical evaluation of the extract

Answer:
The poet Boey Kim Chang, a Singapore – born Australian poet is pained to see the destruction of nature in the name of modernization. He points finger at the city-planners by referring them as “they” and in the process distances himself from them. He hints that these are powerful people who bring the changes with mathematical precision and the public is hypnotised to accept the charges without any protest. The public is happy with the glamour of modernization like a dental patient feels happy to get a new set of teeth replacing the rotten ones by an expert dentist.

The extract is written in free verse to give vent to the flow of the thought of the poet smoothly. The extract is sarcastically presented with the help of a number of figures of speech like personification, alliteration, metaphor. The poet laments the destruction of the ancient and the nature. The lines are irregular but these imperfections appear perfect to me because of the emotional appeal of the poet.

Poetic Devices:

Question 1.
Read the expression ‘permutation of possibility’. The consonant sound ‘P’ at beginning of the successive words creates sonorous effect. This is an example of Alliteration. Find out more examples of Alliteration from the poem.
Answer:
Examples of Alliteration
1. “Permutations of possibilities”
– the sound of ‘p’ at the beginning of the successive words creates sonorous effect.
2.“the skies surrender”
– sound of ‘s’ is repeated
3. – “dental dexterity
– sound of ‘d’ is repeated
4. – “gleaming gold”
– sound of ‘g’ is repeated
5. -“Anaesthesia, amnesia….”
– sound of ‘a’ is repeated.

Balbharti Yuvakbharati English 11th Digest Chapter 2.5 Nose Versus Eyes Notes, Textbook Exercise Important Questions and Answers.

Maharashtra State Board Class 11 English Yuvakbharati Solutions Chapter 2.5 Nose Versus Eyes

11th English Digest Chapter 2.5 Nose Versus Eyes Textbook Questions and Answers

Question (i)
Complete the web with the help of adjectives used to describe eyes and nose in all respects.

Answer:

Question (ii)
Given below are some words from legal terminology used in court affairs. Discuss and complete the table accordingly.
Answer:

Question (iii)
Name the five sensory organs and provide phrases / idioms / proverbs related to them.
Answer:
The five sensory organs are: eyes, ears, nose, skin and tongue.
The five senses are: sight, hearing, smell, touch, taste.

Phrases / Idioms / Proverbs:
(a) To turn a deaf ear (refuse to listen) / Lend an ear (to listen to)
(b) Beauty lies in the eyes of a beholder, (different people have different opinion)
(c) Pay through your nose (pay a lot of money) / Under the nose (directly in front of someone)
(d) Tongue in cheek (not serious) / Bite your tongue (to take back something that you have said.)
(e) Hand in glove (working together, often to do something dishonest) / Put your finger on something (to find out something correctly) / A thick skin (ability to ignore criticism)

(A1)

(i) State whether the following statements are true or false. Correct the false statements.

Question (a)
Nose can use spectacles.
Answer:
False. Nose cannot use the spectacles, the spectacles uses the Nose to hold them in place.

Question (b)
Eyes have to be shut when the Nose wears/puts on spectacles.
Answer:
False. Though this is the verdict of the judge, but this defeats the basic purpose of the existence of the Eyes.

Question (c)
The Ear was appointed as a judge.
Answer:
True

Question (d)
Eyes cannot use spectacles.
Answer:
False. Spectacles are meant for the Eyes for providing ability to see since it is a sensory organ.

Question (ii)
Match the following expressions given in Column ‘A’ with their interpretations in Column ‘B’

Answer:

(A2)

Question (i)
The tongue justifies the possession of the spectacles on behalf of the nose. Pick up the expressions from the poem that argue in favour of the Nose and complete the following web diagram.
Answer:

Question (ii)
Comment on the following characters depicted in the poem, in a sentence or phrase.
Answer:

Question (iii)
‘Lend thy ears to all but few thy tongue …’ is a famous quote by William Shakespeare. Justify.
Answer:
If one wants to appear intelligent, one should develop the habit of listening carefully without speaking much. One should listen attentively to all but needs to decide who should one talk to and where to stop. It is better to receive all the information before expressing an opinion. Then the decision will be considerate and thoughtful and not a hasty one.

(A3)

Question 1.
Pick out examples of Inversion from the poem.
Answer:
1. Inversion:

1. ‘Between Nose and Eyes a strange contest arose’.
The order of words are changed for poetic effect.
The proper order is ‘A strange contest arose between Nose and Eyes’.
2. ‘But what were his arguments few people know’
The proper order is : ‘Few people know what were his arguments’.
3. That the visage or countenance had not a Nose, Pray who would, or who could, wear spectacles then?’
The proper order is: Tray that then?’

2. Simile

1. ‘Designed to sit close to it, just like a saddle’.
Direct comparison between the spectacles and the saddle.
2. ‘For the court did not think they were equally wise’.
Direct comparison between the two argument of the lawyer.

3. Alliteration

1. To which the said spectacles ought to belong-’ sound of ‘s’ is repeated.
2. ‘Eyes should be shut’. – sound of ‘s’ is repeated.

4. Metonymy

1. ‘and a wig full of learning’

Change of name, ‘wig full of learning’ is actually ‘head full of learning’. The two things are separable and their connection is external.

5. Interrogation

‘Pray who would, or who could, wear spectacles then?’
It is a question where no answer is expected by the speaker.

6. Metaphor
‘While Chief Baron Eat sat to balance the laws’.
Indirect comparison between a powerful person like Baron with Ear.

7. Anticlimax
That the visage or countenance had not a Nose pray who would, or who could, wear spectacles then?’
Ideas are arranged in the descending order of importance.

8. Oxymoron
‘By daylight or candlelight’ – two opposite words are placed side by side to enhance the effect.

(A4)

Question (i)
Justify the verdict delivered in the poem.
Answer:
I can support my answer with the help of the following suitable arguments:
1. It is a well-known fact for years that the Nose holds the spectacles.
2. The spectacles are designed in such a way that it can sit on the Nose perfectly. The sections of the Nose and
the parts of the spectacles to fit on them, are in absolute harmony.
3. A face without a nose will never be able to wear the spectacles.

Question (ii)
Compose a poem of two lines of your own on any sensory organ.
Answer:
Eyes that see everything and ears that hear,
Need to have the patience and strength to bear.

Question (iii)
Imagine that you are a lawyer defending the case of the Eyes in court. Present your counter statement in support of your client.
Answer:
My Lord, my points in support of my client Eyes are:

1. Eyes are given by the God Almighty for seeing and the basic purpose of the spectacles is to give a clear vision.
2. Nose is serving the secondary purpose of holding the spectacles, but the primary purpose of seeing is served by the presence of the Eyes, one of the sensory organs.
3. I agree that without Nose, the spectacles would not have been worn or placed properly. But, without eyes, the spectacles would not have been needed.
4. If for the sake of putting on the spectacles on the Nose, the eyes are shut, the world will be absolutely dark for the spectacle wearer.

(A5)

Question (i)
Write the appreciation of the poem.
Answer:
William Cowper, the English poet, well-known for composing hymns, deviated from his usual topic and presented Nose versus Eyes, an interesting and uncommon subject on a courtroom drama of a dispute between the Nose and the Eyes about the ownership of the spectacles.

The title makes no bones about the disagreement between the Nose and the Eyes by using the word ‘versus’ and directly involves the readers in the context of the poem. The poet sarcastically refers to the contest as ‘strange’ but makes it sound very obvious about the position of the spectacles.

All the formalities of the courtroom were fulfilled with quite precision. The Tongue, which is used for speaking, was assigned the job of the lawyer so that he could defend his client wisely with valid arguments. The Tongue did his job perfectly with the help of intelligent reasoning in favour of the Nose for being the legitimate owner of the spectacles. He went to the extent of saying that in absence of a Nose, there was no way one could wear the spectacles.

Here, the poet brought the surprise element of the poem by making the same lawyer change side and represent the other disputant, the Eyes. But the learned judge, the all-powerful Ear, even after being very attentive and prudent, could not make head or tail of the arguments in favour of the Eyes. So, he had to come to a decision to give the official order in favour of the Nose, in a serious tone without having any hesitation in mind.

He also pronounced a verdict for the Eyes to keep themselves shut whenever the spectacles are worn. The poem is a satire on the judicial system and the poet made his comments very obvious by using expressions like ‘a wig full of learning’. He has personified various sensory organs, which are very essential in a courtroom, to bring out how the futility of the judiciary can lead to major harm. For creating humour, he has used the language and the background of a courtroom which also has made the poem an interesting read.

Like an allegory, where a story or poem is used to reveal a hidden meaning, this poem also can be interpreted to have a moral. All the imaginary characters point out to the moral values needed for the judiciary. The same lawyer speaks in favour of both the rivals and the deliberate attempt to present vague arguments for the second client add to the element of humour but it also hints at the justice that is denied. The deliberate use of words to protect the dignity of the judge, who actually does not do justice, is the poet’s way of pointing finger at misuse of such an important service.

The first reaction of the reader will be having a good laugh while reading the poem. But the deeper meaning of the need for morality in the judicial system definitely makes the poem thought-provoking.

Question (ii)
Write the summary of the poem.
Answer:
Refer Synopsis.

(A6) Project:

Read different stories about intelligent ministers of kings, whose judgements helped to bring about law and order in society. For example, Birbal, Tenalirama etc. Write 5 such stories in your notebook.

Yuvakbharati English 11th Digest Chapter 2.5 Nose Versus Eyes Additional Important Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Give reasons for the dispute between the Nose and the Eyes.
Answer:
The dispute arose because both the Nose and the Eyes have important roles to play for the spectacles. The eyes use the spectacles to see the things and the Nose holds the spectacles to keep them in place. But unfortunately, both of them were not ready to accept the usefulness of each other for the spectacles and each was supposed to serve its own purpose. So, the dispute arose.

Question 2.
The poem gives close resemblance to human life. The images used in the poem describe human tendencies. Find such examples/tendencies.
Answer:
The human tendencies are:

1. to create unnecessary dispute without accepting the obvious fact – ‘To which the said spectacles ought to belong.’
2. To be unreasonable, just to prove one’s point and be a winner. One does not even need to know the validity of the argument – ‘That the Nose had spectacles always in war’.
3. Quickly shift the side even after knowing that it can cause a big damage – ‘He pleaded again in behalf of the Eyes’.
4. To pass a judgement without considering the adverse effect it can lead to – ‘By daylight or candlelight – Eyes should be shut’.

Comprehension

Global Understanding:

Question 1.
Complete the web.

Answer:

Inference/ Interpretative / Analysis

Question 1.
How does the lawyer Tongue defend the case of Nose?
Answer:
The lawyer Tongue feels that the Nose deserves the sole right over the ownership of the spectacles as it has been used to wear the spectacles from time immemorial. He also argues that the spectacles are made in such a way that they perfectly fit on the nose. He tries to make his argument stronger by saying that in the absence of the nose on the face, it will be impossible to wear the spectacles.

Personal Response:

Question 1.
Do you support the poet’s satire presentation of the judicial system? Explain.
Answer:
To a large extent, I support the poet since the courtroom drama is a common sight in our country as well. People do not hesitate to resort to lies just to win a case and many a times the judiciary turns blind eyes and a deaf ear to all those untruths. But this cannot be generalized. There is always two sides of a coin and an honest verdict may be rare, but possible to achieve.

Poetic Device:

Question 1.
Name and explain the figure of speech in the following line.
While Chief Baron Ear sat to balance the laws’.
Answer:
Metaphor: Indirect comparison between a powerful person like Baron with Ear.

Creativity:

Question 1.
Compose the funny poem of two lines with or without a rhyme scheme, on ‘The Spectacles’.
Answer:
Oh spectacles! when will you leave me?
Don’t fit on my flat nose, however useful you can be.

Appreciation:

Question 1.
Write an appreciation of the extract with the help of the following points. (100 – 150 words)

• About the extract
• Theme and significance
• Poetic style, language, poetic devices
• Inspirational message
• Your opinion and critical evaluation of the extract

Answer:
This extract sarcastically prevents the defense of the lawyer Tongue, for his client Nose as the lawful owner of the spectacles. All the formalities of the courtroom are fulfilled carefully. The lawyer presents his arguments in favour of his client Nose with precision. He places his points in front of the judge Ear judiciously saying that the Nose has been designed to hold the spectacles properly and without the existence of the nose, wearing the spectacles will be impossible.

The poem is a satire on the judicial system and the sensory organs are personified to bring out the theme i.e., fertility of the judiciary can lead to major harm. This extract is also like an allegory where all the imaginary characters hint at the moral values needed in the judiciary system. The humorous presentation of the drama in the courtroom in order to point out an important issue like honesty in the judiciary system makes the extract interesting to me.

Glossary:

1. straddle – extension on both sides
2. ridge – a long, narrow or projected part of a body: the ridge of the nose
3. intended – expected to be
4. dispute – disagreement, clash
5. spectacles – glasses used for clear vision
6. wig – a special covering for the head made of artificial hair worn by the judges,
7. Baron – a powerful person,
8. discerning – showing good judgement,
9. amounts to – becomes,
10. straddle – extend across both sides,
11. ridge – an edge,
12. saddle – a low part of ridge between two high points, sit with a raised ridge,
13. visage or countenance – face,
14. condemn – express disapproval of,
15. decreed – an official order that has the force of law,
16. Solemn – formal and dignified.