Bhagya

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Class 12 Economics Solutions Chapter 4 Supply Analysis Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

Maharashtra State Board Class 12 Economics Solutions Chapter 3B Elasticity of Demand

1. Complete the following statements:

Question 1.
Price elasticity of demand on a linear demand curve at the X axis is ……………
a) zero
b) one
c) infinity
d) less than one
Answer:
a) zero

Question 2.
Price elasticity of demand on a linear demand curve at the Y-axis is equal to
a) zero
b) one
c) infinity
d) greater than one
Answer:
c) infinity

Question 3.
Demand curve is parallel to X axis, in case of …………..
a) perfectly elastic demand
b) perfectly inelastic demand
c) relatively elastic demand
d) relatively inelastic demand
Answer:
a) perfectly elastic demand

Question 4.
When percentage change in quantity demanded is more than the percentage change in price, the demand curve is ………………..
a) flatter
b) steeper
c) rectangular
d) horizontal
Answer:
a) flatter

Question 5.
Ed = 0 in case of ………………
a) luxuries
b) normal goods
c) necessities
d) comforts
Answer:
c) necessities

2. Give et onomic terms:

Question 1.
Degree of responsiveness of quantity demanded o change in income only.
Answer:
Income elasticity

Question 2.
Degree of responsiveness of a change in quantity demanded of one commodity due to change in the price of another commodity.
Answer:
Cross elasticity

Question 3.
Degree of responsiveness of a change of quantity demanded of a good to a change in its price.
Answer:
Elasticity of demand

Question 4.
Elasticity resulting from infinite change in quantity demanded.
Answer:
Perfectly elastic demand

Question 5.
Elasticity resulting from a proportionate change in quantity demanded due to a proportionate change in price.
Answer:
Price elasticity

3. Complete the correlation:

1) Perfectly elastic demand: Ed = ∞ :: ……………. : Ed = 0
2) Rectangular hyperbola : ………………. : Steeper demand curve : Relatively inelastic demand.
3) Straight line demand curve : Linear demand curve:: …………….. non linear demand curve.
4) Pen and ink : …………….. :: Tea or Coffee: Substitutes.
5) Ratio method : Ed = \(\frac{\% \Delta \mathbf{Q}}{\% \Delta \mathrm{P}}\) :: …………… : Ed = \(\frac{\text { Lower segment }}{\text { Upper segment }}\)
Answer:

1. Perfectly inelastic demand
2. Unitary elastic demand
3. Unitary elastic (convex to origin)
4. Complementary goods
5. Point or Geometric method

4. Assertion and Reasoning type questions:

Question 1.
Assertion (A) : Elasticity of demand explains that one variable is influenced by another variable.
Reasoning (R) : The concept of elasticity of demand indicates the effect of price and changes in other factors on demand.
Options: 1) (A) is True, but (R) is False
2) (A) is False, but (R) is True
3) Both (A) and (R) are True and (R) is the correct explanation of (A)
4) Both (A) and (R) are True and (R) is not the correct explanation of (A)
Answer:
3) Both (A) and (R) are True and (R) is the correct explanation of (A)

Question 2.
Assertion (A) : A change in quantity demanded of one commodity due to a change in the price of other commodity is cross elasticity.
Reasoning (R) : Changes in consumers income leads to a change in the quantity demanded.
Options:
1) (A) is True, but (R) is False
2) (A) is False, but (R) is True
3) Both (A) and (R) are True and (R) is the correct explanation of (A)
4) Both (A) and (R) are True and (R) is not the correct explanation of (A)
Answer:
4) Both (A) and (R) are True and (R) is not the correct explanation of (A)

Question 3.
Assertion (A) : Degree of price elasticity is less than one in case of relatively inelastic demand.
Reasoning (R): Change in demand is less then the change in price.
Options: 1) (A) is True, but (R) is False
2) (A) is False, but (R) is True
3) Both (A) and (R) are True and (R) is the correct explanation of (A)
4) Both (A) and (R) are True and (R) is not the correct explanation of (A)
Answer:
3) Both (A) and (R) are True and (R) is the correct explanation of (A)

5. Distinguish between:

Question 1.
Relatively elastic demand and Relatively inelastic demand.
Answer:
Relatively Elastic Demand

1. When percentage change in quantity demanded is greater than the percentage change in price then demand is said to be Relatively Elastic demand.
2. The numerical co-efficient is greater than one (e > 1).
3. Demand curve slopes flatter.
4. 
5. Example : luxury goods like LCD, TV, Car etc.

Relatively inelastic demand.

1. When percentage change in quantity demanded is less than percentage change in price then demand is said to be Relatively Inelastic demand.
2. The numerical co-efficient is less than one (e < 1).
3. Demand curve slopes steeper.
4. 
5. Example : foodgrains.

Question 2.
Perfectly elastic demand and Perfectly inelastic demand.
Answer:
Perfectly elastic demand :

1. When a small change in price brings an infinite change in quantity demanded, then demand is said to be Perfectly Elastic demand.
2. The numerical value of Perfectly Elastic demand is infinite i.e. e = ∞
3. The demand curve is horizontal straight line parallel to X-axis.
4. Such a demand is a myth or theoretical.
5. 

Perfectly inelastic demand.

1. When a change in price does not bring any change in quantity demanded, then demand
   is said to be Perfectly Inelastic demand.
2. The numerical value of Perfectly Inelastic demand is zero i.e. e = 0.
3. The demand curve is a vertical straight line parallel to Y—axis.
4. Such demand is found in case of life saving drugs, salt, etc.
5. 

6. Answer the following questions:

Question 1.
Explain the factors influencing elasticity of demand.
Answer:
The concept of Price Elasticity was developed i by great neo-classical economist Dr. Alfred \ Marshall in the year 1890.
According to Dr. Alfred Marshall, “The elasticity or responsiveness of demand in a market is great or small, according to the amount demanded which increases much or little for a given fall in price, and diminishes much or little for a given rise in price. ”
Elasticity of demand in fact refers to the £ degree of responsiveness of the quantity demanded of a commodity to change in the variable on which demand depends.

Question 2.
Explain the total outlay method of measuring elasticity of demand?
Answer:
Total Outlay Method : This method was introduced by Dr. Alfred Marshall. The limitation of this method is that in this method unlike ratio method, the exact numerical value of the elasticity of demand cannot be determined. According, to this method, the elasticity of demand is measured on the basis of expenditure incurred by consumer when the price of a commodity changes.

Total outlay or total expenditure can be calculated by multiplying the price with the quantity demanded (Price x Quantity demand = Total Expenditure). Depending upon the kind of change in total outlay, whether it increases, or decreases, or remain constant with the change in price we will be able to decide the type of elasticity. This can be explained with the following example:-

1. If the total outlay remains the same with a rise or fall in price then the demand is said to be unitary (e = 1) elastic.
2. If the total outlay decreases with a rise in price and increases with a fall in price, the elasticity of demand is greater than one or Relatively Elastic e > 1.
3. If the total outlay increases with a rise in price and decreases with a fall in price, then elasticity is less than one or relatively inelastic, e < 1.

Question 3.
Explain importance of elasticity of demand.
Answer:

• Nature of Commodity : By nature, commodities are classified as necessaries, comforts and luxuries. Normally demand for j necessaries like food grains are relatively inelastic and for comforts and luxuries like diamond, perfumes, etc is relatively elastic.
• Availability of Substitutes : The larger the number of substitutes available for a commodity, the greater would be the elasticity. Demand for products like soap, soft drinks, detergents, tooth paste, etc. have many substitute so demand is elastic, ‘j However, salt, garlic, onions have no substitute so demand is inelastic.
• Durability of the Commodity : The demand for durable goods like T.V., car, fridge, etc is relatively inelastic in the short run and elastic in the long run. Whereas the demand for perishable goods is relatively inelastic.
• Uses of Commodity : Single use commodities have less elastic demand and multi-use goods like coal, electricity, sugar, etc. have relatively elastic demand.
• Range of Price : The demand for commodities which are highly priced and will have a inelastic demand like AC, car, etc. Even very low priced goods have inelastic demand.
• Consumer’s Income : Generally if income is very high, the demand for over allcommodities tends to be relatively inelastic. The demand pattern of the rich people is rarely affected even when there is significant price change.
• Influence of Habits and Customs : When a person is habituated to consume a certain commodity, the demand will be inelastic for that commodity. E.g. demand for cigarettes to a chain smoker is inelastic.
• Time Period : The demand for goods is less elastic in the short period and more elastic in the long period. This is because (1) in the long period consumer are better informed about their price (2) habits of consumer’s change in the long run (3) durable goods get worn out in the long period.
• Proportion of Income Spend : If consumer spends a very small proportion of his income on a commodity, the demand for it will be relatively inelastic & vice-versa. For e.g. demand for salt, newspaper, pins are inelastic.
• Urgency and Postponement : If the demand for a commodity is urgent then demand for it will be inelastic. E.g. demand for medicine for a patient. Whereas, if the demand for a commodity can be postponed it will have elastic demand.
• Complementary Goods : Complementary goods are those goods which are demanded jointly such as car and petrol, mobile and sim cards, etc. Demand for petrol will be inelastic as car cannot run without petrol.

7. Observe the following figure and answer the questions:

Question 1.
Identify and define the degrees of elasticity of demand from the following demand curves.

Answer:

Concept: Perfectly Inelastic demand (Ed = 0) Explanation : When change in price has no effect on the quantity demanded of that commodity, then it is called as perfectly inelastic demand. Demand curve ‘DD’ is a vertical straight line parallel to ‘Y’ – axis.

Concept: Perfectly Elastic demand (Ed = ∞) (infinity)
Explanation: When a change in price leads to infinite change in quantity demanded of a commodity then it is called as perfectly) (d) elastic demand.
Demand curve is horizontal straight line ( parallel to ‘X’ – axis.

Concept: Ed = 1 Unitary elastic demand Explanation : When proportionate or percentage change in quantity demanded is exactly equal to proportionate or percentage change in price, then it is called as Unitary Elastic demand. Demand curve is called as rectangular hyperbola.

Concept: Relatively Elastic Demand (Ed > 1)
Explanation : When proportionate or percentage change in quantity demanded is more than proportionate change it its price, then it is called as Relatively Elastic Demand. Demand curve is called as flatter curve.

Question 2.
In the following diagram AE is the linear demand curve of a commodity. On the basis of the given diagram state whether the following statements are True or False. Give reasons to your answer.

1) Demand at point ‘C’ is relatively elastic demand.
2) Demand at point ‘B’ is unitaiy elastic demand.
3) Demand at point ‘D’ is perfectly inelastic demand.
4) Demand at point ‘A’ is perfectly elastic demand.
Answer:

1. Demand at point ‘C’ is relatively elastic demand.
2. False, it is relatively inelastic demand.
3. False, it is relatively elastic demand.
4. False, it is unitary elastic demand.
5. True, it is perfectly elastic Ed = ∞

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Class 12 Economics Solutions Chapter 3A Demand Analysis Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

Maharashtra State Board Class 12 Economics Solutions Chapter 3A Demand Analysis

1. Complete the following statements:

Question 1.
The relationship between demand for a goods and price of its substitute is ……………
(a) direct
(b) inverse
(c) no effect
(d) can be direct and inverse
Answer:
(a) direct

Question 2.
The relationship between income and demand for inferior goods is …………….
(a) direct
(b) inverse
(c) no effect
(d) can be direct and inverse
Answer:
(b) inverse

Question 3.
Symbolically, the functional relationship between Demand and Price can be expressed as …………….
(a) D = f(Px)
(b) Dx = f (P2)
(c) D = f(y)
(d) D = f(T)
Answer:
(a) D = f(Px)

Question 4.
When less units are demanded at high price it shows ……………..
(a) increase in demand
(b) expansion of demand
(c) decrease in demand
(d) contraction in demand
Answer:
(d) contraction in demand

2. Give economic terms

1. A situation where more quantity is demand at lower price…………….
2. Graphical representation of demand schedule……………….
3. A commodity which can be put to several uses……………….
4. More quantity is demanded due to changes in the factors determining demand other than price…………..
5. A desire which is backed by willingness to purchase and ability to pay……………
Answers:
(1) Expansion or Extension of Demand
(2) Demand Curve
(3) Composite Demand
(4) Increase in Demand
(5) Demand

3. Distinguish between:

Question 1.
Desire and Demand
Answer:

Desire	Demand
1. Desire is a mere wish for something. For example desire for a chartered plane.	1. Demand refers to desire backed by ability and willingness to pay for a particular commodity.
2. Desire has no limits.	2. Demand is limited by ability to pay and willingness to pay.
3. Desire is not related or dependent on price.	3. Demand is inversely related to price.
4. Desire is wider in scope as it includes demand.	4. Demand is narrow in scope as it is a part of desire.
5. Example : Desire of a beggar to own a car.	5. Example: Demand for a BMW Car by business man who has ability and willingness to pay.

Question 2.
Expansion of demand and Contraction of demand
Answer:

Expansion of demand	Contraction of demand
1. Expansion of demand refers to a rise in demand only due to a fall in price.	1. Contraction of demand refers to a fall in the demand due to a rise in price.
2. Expansion of demand takes place solely due to falling in price. All other factors affecting demand remain constant.	2. Contraction of demand takes place solely due to a rise in price. All other factors affecting demand remain constant.
3. Expansion of demand is shown by a downward movement on the same demand curve.	3. Contraction of demand is shown by an upward movement on the same demand curve.

Question 3.
Increase in demand and Decrease in demand
Answer:

Increase in Demand	Decrease in Demand
(a) Increase in demand refers to a rise in demand due to changes in other factors, price remaining constant.	(a) Decrease in demand refers to fall in demand due to changes in other factors, price remaining constant.
(b) Increase in demand occurs when more is purchased at the same price.	(b) Decrease in demand occurs when less is purchased at the same price.

4. State with reasons whether you agree or disagree with the following statements:

Question 1.
Demand curve slopes downward from left to right.
Answer:
Yes, I agree with this statement.

Reasons justifying downwards sloping demand curve are as follows:

• The law of DiminishingMarginal Utility: Marginal utility goes on diminishing when there is increase in the stock of commodity and consumer tends to buy more when price falls and vice-versa.
• Income Effects : Whenever there is a fall in price of a commodity, purchasing power of a consumer gets increased, which enables him to buy more of that commodity.
• Substitution Effect : When price of commodity rises consumer tends to buy more of cheaper substitute goods and less of the commodity whose price has increased.
• Multi-purpose Uses : When a commodity can be used for satisfying multiple needs, its demand will rise with a fall in its price and vice-versa.
• New Consumers : When there is fall in price of a commodity, a new consumer class buy the commodity as they can afford it. Thus total demand for commodity increases with fall in price.

Question 2.
Price is the only determinant of demand.
OR
Price is the only factor that affects demand for a commodity
Answer:
No, I do not agree with the given statement. This is because there are various factors that determine demand other than price.

Reason:
The following are a few determinants:
Income of the consumer – Change in the income of the consumer also affects the market demand for goods. The effect of the change in income on the market demand depends on the type of the good.

Type of Good – The market demand for normal goods shares a positive relationship with the consumer’s income. The market demand for inferior goods (such as coarse cereals) has a negative relationship with the consumer’s income.

The market demand for Giffen goods also has a negative relationship with the income.
Consumer’s tastes and preferences – Consumers’ tastes and preferences highly influence the demand for goods. Other things being constant, if all consumers prefer a commodity over another, then the market demand for that commodity increases and vice versa.

Population size – The market demand for a commodity is also affected by the population size. Other things being equal, an increase in the population size increases the market demand for a commodity and vice-versa. This is because with the change in population size, the number of consumers in the market changes.

Question 3.
When price of Giffen goods fall, the demand for it increases.
Answer:
I Disagree with the statement.
Reason:
When price of Giffen goods falls, the demand for its decreases.
Inferior goods or low-quality goods are those goods whose demand does not rise even if their price falls. At times, demand decreases when the price of such commodities fall. Sir Robert Giffen observed this behaviour in England in relation to bread declined, people did not buy more because of an increase in their real income or purchasing power. They preferred to buy superior-good like meat. This is known as Giffen’s paradox.

5. Observe the following table and answer the following questions:

Question 1.

a) Complete the market demand schedule.
Answer:

b) Draw market demand carve based on above market demand schedule.
Answer:

Question 2.
Observe the given diagram and answer the following questions:

1) Rightward shift in demand curve …………….
2) Leftward shift in demand curve …………….
3) Price remains …………….
4) Increase and decrease in demand comes under …………….
Answer:

1. Increase in demand (D₁D₁).
2. Decrease in demand (D₂D₂).
3. Constant.
4. Change in demand.

Question 3.
Explain the diagrams:

1) Diagram A represents ……………. in demand
Answer:
Expansion or Extension.

2) In diagram A movement of demand curve is in ………………… direction
Answer:
Downward.

1) Diagram B represents …………………… in demand
Answer:
Constraction.

2) In diagram B movement of demand curve is in …………………… direction
Answer:
Upward.

6. Answer in detail :

Question 1.
State and explain the law of demand with exceptions.
Answer:
(A) Introduction : The law of demand is one of the important law of consumption which explain the functional relationship between price and quantity demanded of a commodity. Prof. Alfred Marshall in his book ‘Principle of Economics’ which was published in 1890, has explained the consumer’s behaviour as follows:

(B) Statement of the Law : According to Prof. Alfred Marshall, “Other things being equal, higher the price of a commodity, smaller is the quantity demanded and lower the price of a commodity, larger is the quantity demanded.
In other words, other things remaining constant, demand varies inversely with price. Marshall’s law of demand describes the functional relationship between demand and price. It can be presented as:
D_x = f(P_x)
where D = Demand for Commodity
x = Commodity
f = function
P_x = Price of a commodity
(C) Assumption :

• Prices of Substitute goods remain constant : The price of substitute goods should remain unchanged, as change in the price will affect the demand for the commodity.
• Prices of Complementary goods s remains constant : A change in the price j of one good will affect the demand for other,  thus the prices of complementary goods  should remain unchanged.
• No Expectation about future changes jj in prices: The consumers do not expect any \ significance rise or fall in the future prices.
• No change in Taxation Policy : The level of direct and indirect tax imposed by the government on the income and goods should remain constant.
• Constant Level of Income : Consumer’s income must remain unchanged because if income increases, consumer may buy more even at a higher price not following the law of demand.
• No Change in Tastes, Habits, Preference, Fashions, etc. : If the taste changes then the consumers preference will also change which will affect the demand. When commodities are out of fashion, then demand will be low even at a lower price.

(D) Explanation of the law of Demand :
The law of demand is explained with the help of the following demand schedule and diagram:
Demand Schedule

Price of Commodity ‘X’ (in Rs.)	Quantity Demanded of Commodity ‘X’ (in kgs)
50	1
40	2
30	3
20	4
10	5

From the above demand schedule we observe that at higher price of ₹ 50 per kg, quantity demanded is 1 kg. When price fall from ₹ 50 to ₹ 40, quantity demanded rises from 1 kg to 2 kg. Similarly, at price ₹ 30 quantity demanded is 3kg and when price falls from ₹ 20 to ₹ 10 quantity demanded rises from 4 kg to 5 kg. This shows an inverse relationship between price and demand.

In the above diagram X-axis represent quantity demanded and Y-axis represent the price of the commodity. The demand curve DD slopes downwards from left to right ] showing an inverse relationship between price and demand. It has a negative slope.

(E) Exceptions to the Law of Demand :
No, I do not agree with this statement.
There are some important cases in which the demand for the commodity is greater when price rises and smaller when price falls. Such cases are called exceptions to the law of Demand. In such case, demand curve slopes upwards from left to right and it has a positive slope.

• Prestige Goods : Rich people buy more expensive goods like gold, diamonds, etc., even when there prices are high to maintain their status.
• Giffen Paradox : Demand for low quality goods and inferior goods decrease even if there prices falls.
  According to Sir Robert Giffen when price of bread declined, people did not buy more because of increase in their real income and they prefer to buy superior goods like meat.
• Speculation : People are tend to buy more commodities if they expect prices to rise further. E.g. prices of oil, sugar, etc., are expected to rise before Diwali, so people buy more of these commodities even at higher price.
• Habitual goods : Due to habit of
  consumption, certain goods like tea is purchased in required quantities even at higher price.
•  Ignorance : Sometimes people completely ignore the price of commodity and buy more of that commodity ignoring higher price.
• Price Illusion: Consumer feels that good at higher price are of better quality, therefore demand for such goods are higher even at rise in their prices.

Question 2.
Explain in detail the determinants of demand.
Answer:
Meaning of Demand : Demand refers to a desire or want for goods. Desire is the willingness to have some commodity which is backed by willingness and ability to pay.
Definition : According to Benham, “The demand for anything at a given price is the amount of it, which will be bought per unit of time at that price.

Features of Demand :

1. Demand is a relative concept.
2. Demand is essentially expressed with reference to time and price. ?

Determinants of Demand :

1. Price of Complementary Goods : Demand changes with changes in price of complementary goods like car and petrol, etc.
2. Advertisement : Effective advertisement and sales promotion will lead to greater demand of product. E.g. cosmetics, toothbrush, etc.
3. Price : Demand for a commodity is mainly influenced by its price. Normally at a higher price the demand is less and at a lower price it is more. Thus, demand varies inversely with price of a commodity.
4. Taste, Habits and Fashions : Habits influence market demand. If people habituated to the consumption of certain goods they will not give up such habits easily. E.g. demand for liquor, cigarettes, etc. Sometimes fashion change attitude and preference of people which in turn changes market demand.
5. Income: Income determines the purchasing power. Rise in income will lead to a rise in demand of a commodity and fall in income will lead to a fall in demand of a commodity.
6. Other Factors : (a) Climatic condition, (b) Changes in technology, (c) Government policy, (d) Customs and traditions, etc.
7. Nature of Product: Under necessary and unavailable circumstances the demand of a commodity will continue to be same irrespective of the corresponding price. E.g. medicine to control blood-pressure.
8. Level of Taxation : There would be increase in price of goods and services due to high rates of taxes which results in a decrease in demand and vice-versa.
9. Expectation about the Future Prices : If the consumer expect a rise in price in the near future they will demand more at present price. Similarly, when they expect price to fall, then they will buy less at present prices.
10. Price of Substitute Goods : Demand for cheaper substitute goods will rise when there is fall in price of such goods. E.g. when sugar price rises, then the demand for jaggery will rise.
11. Size of Population: Demand for commodity depends upon size and composition of population like age structure, gender ratio which influence demand for certain goods. E.g. larger the child population, more will be the demand for toys, chocolates, etc.

Intext Questions

Activity : (Textbook Page no. 17)

Identify the concepts :

(i) A poor person wants to have a car.
Answer:
Desire : because he does not have ability and capacity to pay the price for a car.

(ii) A rich person bought a car.
Answer:
Demand : because a rich person has a desire as well as capacity to pay a car.

Activity : (Textbook Page no. 19)

Prepare a monthly demand schedule of your family for various commodities. For example, vegetables, fruits, medicines, etc.
Answer:
[Students should do this activity by themselves]

Activity : (Textbook Page no. 19)

Complete the following hypothetical demand schedule.

Answer:

Activity : (Textbook Page no. 20)

Complete the table.


Answer:

Activity : (Textbook Page no. 22)

Draw a demand curve from the following demand schedule :

Answer:

Activity : (Textbook Page no. 23)

Find out : Examples of the given exceptions to the law of demand.

(1) Prestigious Goods
Answer:
Car, Gold, Diamond, etc.

(2) Habitual Goods
Answer:
Cigarette, Tea, Drugs, Chocolates, etc.

(3) Branded Goods
Answer:
Godrej Lockers, Levis Jeans, Sony T.V, etc.

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Class 12 Economics Solutions Chapter 2 Utility Analysis Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

Maharashtra State Board Class 12 Economics Solutions Chapter 2 Utility Analysis

1. Complete the following statements by choosing the correct alternatives.

Question 1.
In the law of diminishing marginal utility, Alfred Marshall assumes that marginal utility of money …………..
(a) increases
(b) remains constant
(c) decreases
(d) rises and then falls
Answer:
(b) remains constant

Question 2.
As per the law of diminishing marginal utility, measurement of utility is assumed to be ……………
(a) ordinal
(b) cardinal
(c) both ordinal and cardinal
(d) none of the above
Answer:
(b) cardinal

Question 3.
MU of the commodity becomes negative when TU of a commodity is ………….
(a) rising
(b) constant
(c) falling
(d) zero
Answer:
(c) falling

Question 4.
Point of satiety means ……………….
(a) TU is rising and MU is falling
(b) TU is falling and MU is negative
(c) TU is maximum and MU is zero
(d) MU is falling and TU is rising
Answer:
(c) TU is maximum and MU is zero

Question 5.
When MU is falling, TU is ………………
(a) rising
(b) falling
(c) not changing
(d) maximum
Answer:
(a) rising

2. Choose the correct option:

Question 1.

Group ‘A’		Group ‘B’
1. Time utility	(a)	Transportation
2. Place utility	(b)	Blood bank
3. Service utility	(c)	Mobile phone
4. Knowledge utility	(d)	Doctor
	(e)	Music

Options :
(1) 1 – d, 2 – b, 3 – a, 4 – c.
(2) 1 – b, 2 – a, 3 – d, 4 – c.
(3) 1 – a, 2 – b, 3 – e, 4 – d.
(4) 1 – b, 2 – c, 3 – d, 4 – e.
Answer:
(2) 1 – b, 2 – a, 3 – d, 4 – c.

Question 2.
Statments Indicating consumer equilibrium:
a) MU is greater than price
b) MU is equal to price
c) MU is less than price
d) Price is less than one
Options:
I) a and b
II) a, b,c and d
Ill) a,b and c
IV) only b
Answer:
IV) only b

3. Identify and explain the concept from the given illustrations.

Question 1.
Salma purchased sweater for her father in winter season.
Answer:
Concept: Time utility.
Explanation : When utility of a commodity increases during a particular season it is called time utility.
Utility of sweater increases in winter season.

Question 2.
Nilesh purchased ornaments for his sister.
Answer:
Concept: Possession utility.
Explanation : When the ownership of a product changes from seller to buyer, it is called possession utility.
In the given example, ornaments are purchased by Nilesh for his sister. Ownership of a product changed, so it is an example of possession utility.

Question 3.
Kavita consumed five units of oranges one after the other.
Answer:
Concept: Successive consumption.
Explanation : To experience the law of DMU, there should be consumption of units of commodity, without time gap. It is called successive consumption.
The given example explains that five oranges are consumed by Kavita one after another without interval of time.

Question 4.
Bhushan refused to eat fifth chapati after eating four chapatis.
Answer:
Concept: Disutility.
Explanation : When the want is fully satisfied, a consumer realises full satisfaction i.e. point of satiety.
But, beyond this point, he experiences negative utility. So, he refuses to consume any more unit of commodity.
If consumption continues, it results into disutility.

Question 5.
Lalita satisfied her want of writing on essay by using pen and notebook.
Answer:
Concept: Utility.
Explanation : Utility is want satisfying capacity of a commodity.

The given example explains that, Lalita’s want of writing an essay can be satisfied with the help of pen and note-book.

4. Observe the given table and answer the questions:

Units of Com. ‘X’	TU Units	MU Units
1	6	6
2	11	5
3	15	4
4	15	0
5	14	-1

1) Draw total utility curve and marginal utility curve.
2) a) When total utility is maximum marginal utility is …………….
b) When total utility falls, marginal utility becomes ……………
Answers:
1.

2. Zero
3. Negative

5. Answer in detail:

Question 1.
State and explain the law of diminishing margmal utility with exceptions.
OR
State and explain the law of DMU? Explain its assumptions.
Answer:
Law of Diminishing Marginal Utility :
(A) Introduction:
The law of diminishing M.U. explains economic behaviour of a rational consumer.
The law was first proposed by Prof. Gossen and further explained in detail by Prof. Alfred Marshall in his book “Principles of J economics” published in 1890.
The law of DMU is universal in nature. It ) indicates common consumer’s behaviour that Marginal Utility diminishes with reduction in the intensity of want.

(B) Statement of the Law :
According to Prof. Alfred Marshall, “Other things remaining constant, the additional benefit which a person derives from a given increase in his stock of a thing, diminishes with every increase in the stock that he already has”.
In simple words, law of DMU can be stated as follows :
“Other things being the same, MU goes on ) diminishing with every successive unit of a j commodity consumed.”

Thus, the law of DMU explains that, the more of a thing you have, the less you want to have more of it.
In short, as consumption of identical units of commodity increases, MU diminishes.

(C) Assumptions of the law of DMU :
Assumptions are those conditions which are necessary for the validity of the law. They are as follows :

• Cardinal Measurement: The law assumes that utility can be measured cardinally i.e. in numbers. So, it is possible to express and compare the utility derived from each unit of commodity consumed.
• Homogeneity : It is assumed that all the units of commodity consumed are homogeneous or same. They are identical in case of size, shape, taste, colour, flavor, etc.
• Rationality : A consumer is assumed to be rational. His behaviour is normal from economic’s point of view. It means, he tries to get maximum satisfaction.
• Continuity : All units of commodity are consumed successively, one after another, without time interval.
• Reasonability : The law assumes that, all the units of commodity consumed are reasonable in size. The unit of measurement is neither too big nor too small e.g. a cup of tea, glass of water, etc.
• Divisibility : A commodity is assumed to be divisible. So it is possible to divide the units of commodity in a proper size.
• Constancy : It is assumed that related factors like income, taste and preference, habits, choice of a consumer remain constant. MU of money is also assumed to be constant.
• Single want: A given commodity is used to satisfy a single want of a person. So that it is possible to experience full satisfaction from a single want.
• Schedule and Diagram :
  The law can be explained with the help of following schedule and diagram :

Units of Commodity	Marginal Utility (M.U)
1	10
2	8
3	6
4	4
5	2
6	0
7	-2

The above given schedule shows that MU goes on diminishing with an increases in units of commodity consumed.
Graphical Presentation :

In the above given diagram, X-axis indicates units of commodity and Y-axis measures marginal utility.
Various points are plotted on the graph which indicates MU derived from each unit } of commodity consumed.
When all these point are joined, we get MU curve. It slopes downward from left to right. It shows that MU diminishes as consumption of a commodity increases.
The shaded portion of the diagram shows negative utility. It is because, beyond a certain level, further consumption of a commodity results into disutility.

(E) Exceptions to the law of Diminishing M.U.
Exceptions are those cases for which the law is not applicable. They are as follows :

1. Hobbies
2. Miser
3. Addictions
4. Power
5. Money
6. Reading

They are explained as under :
(1) Hobbies : The law of DMU is not applicable in case of collection of stamps, coins, rare paintings, etc. It is because, when its stock increases, M.U. may increases because it gives more and more satisfaction.
However, it violates the assumptions like homogeneity and continuity.

(2) Miser : For a miser, every additional rupee gives him more and more pleasure.
So, when the stock of money increases, MU of money tends to rise.
However, the behavior of a miser is irrational. It violates the assumption of rationality.

(3) Addictions : It is said that, the level of intoxication increases for drunkard with every additional consumption of liquor. It may increase MU for him.
This condition is similar to most of the addictions.
Here again, the assumptions like rationality and continuity are violated.

(4) Power: It is an exception to the law of DMU because, when a person acquires power, his craze for power increases MU from power. As a person gets power, he desires to have more and more of it.
But, it violates the rationality, assumption.

(5) Money : Money is used as a medium of exchange. It helps to buy goods to satisfy human want. So MU of money increases with an increase in its stock.
MU of money never becomes zero. The law holds true to money too. MU of money declines slowly as its stock increases. So MU of money is more for poor than rich people.

(6) Reading : When a person reads more and more, he gets deeper and deeper knowledge so MU of reading tends to increase. Similarly the law does not hold true in case of music, dance, etc.
However, assumptions like continuity, homogeneity, etc. are violated.
The law of DMU is universal in nature. These cases are not real exceptions as they violate some assumptions.
So, it is said that, there are no real exceptions to the law of DMU.

Intect Questions

Try this (Textbook Page 8)

Make a list of 10 commodities which satisfy your wants.
Answer:
Book, pen, mobile, foot-wear, watch, umbrella, bag, dress, bed sheet, soap.

Try this (Textbook Page 8)

Make a list of 10 commodities which ( satisfy the wants of particular individuals performing specific activities. For example, A chalk has utility for a teacher.
Answer:

• A stethoscope has utility for a doctor.
• A net has utility for a fisherman.
• A thermometer has utility for a nurse.
• A cow has utility for a farmer.
• Cooking gas has utility for a housewife.
• A scissor has utility for a barber.
• Wood has utility for a carpenter.
• Needle has utility for a tailor.
• Mud has utility for a potter.
• A pen has utility for a writer.

Try this (Textbook Page 10) :

Following are the various types of utility and their respective examples. Arrange the information in the form of pairs:
Answer:
Types of utility : Time utility, possession utility, service utility and place utility.
Examples :

• A dentist giving dental treatment to a patient.
• A mountaineer using oxygen cylinder at a high altitude.
• A farmer selling rice stored in the warehouse at the end of the season.
• A retail trader purchasing 100 chairs from the wholesale trader.

Example	Type of Utility
(a) A dentist giving dental treatment to a patient.	Service utility
(b) A mountaineer using oxygen cylinder at a high altitude.	Place utility
(c) A farmer selling rice stored in the warehouse at the end of the season	Time utility
(d) A retail trader purchasing 100 chairs from the wholesale trader.	Possession utility

Try this (Textbook Page 11)

Complete the following chart :
Answer:
Total Utility :

(a) Total Utility is the sum total of the individual utilities derived from the consumption of all units of good.
(b) Total Utility increases at a diminishing rate.
(c) At a point of satiety, Total Utility is maximum.
(d) Total Utility declines if consumption continues.
(e) Total Utility determines value-in-use of a commodity.
(f) Total Utility is always positive.

Marginal Utility :
(a) Marginal Utility is the addition made to the Total Utility from every additional unit consumed.
(b) Marginal Utility goes an diminishing.
(c) At a point of satiety, Marginal Utility = 0
(d) Marginal Utility becomes negative if consumption continues.
(e) Marginal Utility determines value-in­exchange of a commodity.
(f) Marginal Utility can be positive, zero or negative.

Try this (Textbook Page 14) :

Write an informative note on the paradox of values along with examples.
Answer:
The paradox of values –
The concept of value paradox is introduced by Adam Smith.
The term value has two meanings
(i) Value in use
(ii) Value in exchange
Some goods have greater value in use but the smaller value in exchange e.g. water.
However, some goods have smaller value in use but a greater value in exchange e.g. diamond.
So, the paradox of value is also called a water-diamond dilemma.
Greater value in use denotes high total utility whereas, greater value in exchange shows high marginal utility.
Thus, the concept paradox of value is very useful to understand the concepts of utility i.e., Total Utility & Marginal Utility.

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Class 12 Economics Solutions Chapter 1 Introduction to Micro and Macro Economics Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

Maharashtra State Board Class 12 Economics Solutions Chapter 1 Introduction to Micro and Macro Economics

1. Choose the correct option:

Question 1.
The branch of economics that deals with the allocation of resources.
a) Microeconomics
b) Macroeconomics
c) Econometrics
d) None of these
Options:
1) a, b and c
2) a and b
3) only a
4) None of these
Answer:
3) only a

Question 2.
Concepts studied under Micro economics.
a) National income
b) General price level
c) Factor pricing
d) Product pricing
Options :
1) b and c
2) b, c and d
3) a, b and c
4) c and d
Answer:
4) c and d

Question 3.
Method adopted in micro economic analysis.
a) Lumping method
b)Aggregative method
c) Slicing method
d) Inclusive method
Options :
1) a, c and d
2) a. b and d
3) only c
4) only a
Answer:
3) only c

Question 4.
Concepts studied under Macro economics.
a) Whole economy
b) Economic development
c) Aggregate supply
d) Product pricing
Options:
1) a, b and c
2) b, c and d
3) only d
4) a, b, c and d
Answer:
1) a, b and c

2. Complete the correlation:

1) Micro economics : Slicing method : : Macro economics: ……………. 1
2) Micro economics: Tree : : Macro economics: …………….. 2
3) Macro economic theory : Income and employment:: Micro economics : ……………. 4
4) Makros : Macro economics:: Mikros : ……………… 3
5) General equilibrium : Macro economics :: …………….. : Micro economics 5
Answers:

1. Lumping method
2. Forest
3. Price theory
4. Micro economics
5. partial equilibrium

3. Identify and explain the concepts from the given illustrations:

Question 1.
Gauri collected the information about the income of a particular firm.
Answer:
Concept: Micro economics / Slicing method.
Explanation : Micro economics refers to the study of small unit from whole economy. Micro economics uses slicing method to split the whole economy into small individual units.
Gauri has used slicing method from micro economics to collect information about the income of a particular firm from various firms.

Question 2.
Ramesh decided to take all decisions related to production, such as what and how to produce?
Answer:
Concept: Free market economy.
Explanation : A free market economy is that economy where the economic decisions regarding production of goods are taken at individual level.

Eg. What to produce? How much to produce? How to produce? etc. decisions are taken by producers.
With the help of free market economy Ramesh has taken decision related to production such as What to produce? and How to produce?

Question 3.
Shabana paid wages to workers in her factory and interest on her bank loan.
Answer:
Concept : Factor Pricing.
Explanation : Theory of factor pricing refers to determining the factor rewards for land, labour, capital and entrepreneur in the form of rent, wages, interest and profit respectively.

Shabana is an entrepreneur who has paid wages to its worker in a factory for production of goods and also paid interest on her bank loan in form of rewards to the factors of production.

4. Answer the following:

Question 1.
Explain the features of Micro economics.
OR
Explain the characteristics or nature of micro economics.
Answer:
Features of Micro Economics :

• Based on certain ssumption : Micro economics is based on ‘ceteris paribus’ assumption i.e., other things remaining constant like full employment, laissez faire policy, perfect competition, pure capitalism, etc.
• Study of Individual units : Micro economics deals with the study of behaviour of small individual units of the economy such as individual units of the economy such as individual consumer, individual firm, individual industries, individual prices, etc.
• Slicing Method : It divides or slices the economy into small units and studies each unit in detail e.g. study of a particular household demand in detail.
• Analysis of Market Structures : Micro economics analyses different market structures such as perfect competition, monopoly, monopolistic competition, oligopoly, etc.
• Use of Marginalism Principle : The term ‘marginal’ means change brought in total by an additional unit. Marginal analysis helps to study a variable through the changes by which producers and consumers take economic decisions using this principle.
• Price Theory : Micro economics is known as price theory because it determines the prices of goods and services as well as prices of factors of production.
• Limited Scope : The study of micro economics is limited to individual economic unit only. It does not deal with macro problems like unemployment, inflation, deflation, poverty, unemployment, population, etc.
• Partial I quilibrium : Micro economics analysis deals with partial equilibrium which analyses equilibrium position of an individual economic unit i.e. individual consumer, individual firm, etc.

Question 2.
Explain the importance of Macro economics.
Answer:
Importance of Macro Economics :

• Functioning of an Economy : It gives an idea of functioning of an economic system and help us to understand the behavioural pattern of aggregate variables.
• Economic fluctuations : It helps to analyse the causes of fluctuation in income, output and employment.
• National Income : It helps to study about National Income and makes possible to formulate correct economic policies.
• Economic Development : It helps us to understand the problems of the developing countries such as poverty, difference in the standards of living, etc., and suggest important steps to achieve economic development.
• Performance of an Economy : It helps us to analyse the performance of an economy where National Income estimates are used to measure the same.
• Study of Macro-economic Variables :
  Study of macro economic variables are important to understand the working of the economy.
• Level of Employment : Macro economics helps to analyse the general level of employment and output in an economy.

Question 3.
Explain the scope of Macro economics.
OR
“Scope of Macro Economics is wide.” Explain.
OR
Macro Economics is comprehensive in nature.
OR
Explain the subject matter of macro economics.
Answer:
Scope of Macro Economics:
The given chart helps us to understand the scope of macro economics.

1. Theory of Income and Employment : It explains which factors determine the level of National Income and employment and what j causes fluctuations in the level of income, output and employment.
To understand how the level of employment is determined, we have to study the consumption function. It includes theory of business cycles.

2. Theory of General Price Level and Inflation: Macro economics analyses shows how the general price level is determined and the causes for fluctuations in it. This study is important for understanding the  problems created by inflation and deflation.

3. Theory of Economic Growth and Development : Macro economics studies the causes of under development and poverty in poor countries and suggests strategies for accelerating growth and development in the country.

4.  Macro theory of Distribution : Macro theory of distribution deals with the relative share of rent, wages, interest and profit in j the total national income of various classes.

5. State with reasons whether you agree or disagree with the following statements:

Question 1.
The scope of micro economics is unlimited.
Answer:
No, I do not agree with this statement.

• Micro economics deals with small or individual units.
• Micro economics is the study of particular firm, particular household, individual prices, wages, incomes, individual industries, particular commodities.
• Micro economics deals with small part of National economy. It does not deal with whole economy like National income, Aggregate demand, Aggregate supply, poverty, inflation, etc.
• Hence, the scope of micro economics is limited.

Question 2.
Macro economics deals with the study of individual behaviour.
OR
Macro economics studies small units.
Answer:
No, I do not agree with this statement.
OR
Macro Economics is the study of I aggregate.
OR
Macro economics is concerned with macro economic variables.
Yes, I agree with this statement.

• Macro Economics studies the behaviour ofthe economy as a whole and not individual behaviour.
• It studies about larger economic units or aggregate economic variables like aggregate demand, aggregate supply, total investment, total savings, total employment, etc.
• It studies the general price level and macro theory of distribution.
• Whereas Micro Economics deals with individual behaviour of the people in the economy. It studies about individual demand, market demand, individual income, price of particular commodity etc.
• According to Prof. Kenneth E. Boulding “Macro Economics deals not with individual; quantities as such, but with aggregates of these quantities, not with individual income but with National Income, not with individual prices but with general price level, not with individual output but with National Output.

Question 3.
Macro economics is different from micro economics.
OR
Macro economics is wider than Micro economics.
OR
There is difference between micro economics and macro economics.
Answer:
Yes, I agree with this statement.

• Micro economics is a study of a particular unit of an economy. On the other hand macro economics is the study of entire economy.
• Micro economics studies individual demand, individual supply, individual income, price determination of particular product, etc. On the other hand macro economics studies aggregate demand, aggregate supply, national income, etc.
• Micro economics follows partial equilibrium analysis and macro economics follows general equilibrium analysis.
• Micro economics uses slicing method for study of small unit and macro economics uses lumping method for study of large unit.
• Therefore, macro economics is different from micro economics.

Question 4.
Micro economics uses slicing method.
Answer:
Yes, I agree with this statement.

• Micro economics deals with small or individual units.
• Micro economics divides or slices the economy into small units and studies each unit in detail.
• It is concerned with microscopic study of these units.
• It is the study of particular firm, particular household, individual prices, wages, incomes, etc.
• Hence, micro economics uses slicing method.

Question 5.
Micro economics is known as Income theory.
Answer:
No, I do not agree with this statement.
OR Micro economics is also known as price theory.
Yes, I agree with this statement.

• Micro Economics is known as ‘Price Theory’.
• The scope of micro economics includes the study of product pricing and factor pricing.
• The theory of product pricing explains how the price of food grains, vegetables, clothes, etc., are determined.
• They are determined by the interaction of market demand and supply forces.
• The theory of factor pricing explains the distribution of factor income such as rent on land, wages to labourers, interest on capital and profit to entrepreneurs.
• The factor prices are also determined by the demand and supply forces.
• Therefore, Micro Economics is also known as ‘Price Theory’.

6. Answer in detail :

Question 1.
Explain the importance of Micro economics.
Answer:
Introduction : Micro economics is the Js branch of economics that studies the behaviour of individuals.
It includes individual prices, wages, income, individual industries, particular commodities, particular household, etc.
(1) Definition :
(a) According to Maurice Dobb – “Micro economics is in fact a microscopic study of l the economy.
(b) According to Prof. A. P. Lerner – “Micro economics consists of looking at the economy ? through a microscope as it were to see how the millions of cell in the body of economy – the individuals or households as consumers and individuals or firms as producers play their part in the working of the whole economics organism.

(2) Meaning:
Micro economics deals with small individual economics units such as an individual ( consumer, individual producer, the price of a particular commodity or factor etc.

(3) Importance :
(a) Price Determination : Micro economics j explains how the prices of different products < and various factprs of production are determined.

(b) Free Market Economy : A free market economy is that economy where the economic decisions are taken at individual levels without intervention by the government. Decisions are regarding production of goods such as What to produce? How much to produce? How to produce? etc.

(c) Foreign Trade : Micro economics also explains gains from foreign trade, effects of tarrifs, factors affecting exchange rate, etc.

(d) Economic Model Building : Micro
economics helps in understanding various complex economic situations with the help of economic models.

(e) Business Decision : Micro economics theories are helpful to businessman for taking important business decision related to determination of cost of production and prices of goods, maximization of output & profit, etc.

(f) Useful to Government : It is useful in formulating and evaluating economic policies including pricing and distribution policies that promote economic welfare. It is useful in determining tax policy, public, expenditure policy, etc.

(g) Basis of Welfare Economics : It explains how optimum use of resources can be made to increase the welfare of the society. It also studies how taxes affect social welfare.

Question 2.
Explain the concept of Macro economics and its features.
Answer:
Introduction : Macro economics is the branch of economics that studies the behaviour and performance of an economy as a whole. It includes inflation, unemployment, working of the monetary system, business cycles, economic policies, etc.

(1) Definition:
(a) J. L. Hansen : “Macro economics is that branch of economics which considers the relationship between large aggregates such as the volume of employment, total amount of savings, investment, national income, etc”.
(b) Prof. Carl Shapiro : “Macro economics deals with the functioning of the economy as a whole. ”

(2) Meaning:
Macro economics is the study of aggregates national income, total employment, total consumption, inflation, total saving, etc.

(3) Features:
(a) Study of Aggregate : Macro economics deals with the study of entire economy. It studies the overall condition in the economy, such as National Income, National Output, Total Employment, General Price levels, etc.

(b) General Price Level : Macro economic studies the determination and changes in general price level which is the average of all prices of goods and services currently being produced in the economy.

(c) policy Oriented : Macro economics is a policy oriented science which is useful in formulating economic policies to promote economic growth, to control inflation and depression, to generate employment, etc.

(d) Lumping Method : Lumping method is the study of the whole economy rather than in part. It considers aggregates like National Income, Total consumption, etc. instead of personal income, PCC, etc.

(e) General Equilibrium Analysis : Macro Economics analysis is based on general equilibrium which deals with the economic system as a whole and studies the inter relationships between the various macro variables in an economy. General equilibrium deals with the behaviour of demand, supply and prices in the whole economy.

(f) Income Theory : Macro economics studies the concept of National Income and its causes of fluctuations that lead to business cycles i.e. inflation and deflation.

(g) Growth Models : Macro economics studies various factors that contribute to economic growth and development. These growth models are used for studying economic development.

(h) Interdependence : There is an element of interdependence among the macro economic variables such as income, output, employment, investment, price level, etc.

Intext Questions

Try this (Textbook Page 6)

Visit the vegetable market in the nearest area and try to get information about income and expenditure items of a particular seller.
Answer:
[Note : Students should do this activity by themselves.]

Balbharti Yuvakbharati English 12th Digest Chapter 1.2 On Saying “Please” Notes, Textbook Exercise Important Questions and Answers.

Maharashtra State Board Class 12 English Yuvakbharati Solutions Chapter 1.2 On Saying “Please”

12th English Digest Chapter 1.2 On Saying “Please” Textbook Questions and Answers

Question 1.
List the words of courtesy that we use in our daily life. Discuss them with your partner and explain the purpose of using each.

Answer:

Question 2.
Listed below are a few character traits of people. Some are positive traits, while others are not. Tick [✓] the ones you feel are desirable.

Answer:

Question 3.
Etiquette and manners are very important for a person to live in the society. Read the following and put them in proper columns:

1. To receive phone calls while you are in a lecture or class.
2. To knock before you enter your Principal’s office.
3. To thank the person who offers you tea or coffee.
4. To be polite and courteous to others.
5. To leave the classroom without the teacher’s permission.
6. To occupy the seats reserved for ladies or physically challenged or elderly people on a bus or a train.

Answer:

Appropriate	Inappropriate
1. To knock before you enter your Principal’s office.	1. To receive phone calls while you are in a lecture or class.
2. To thank the person who offers you tea or coffee.	2. To leave the classroom without the teacher’s permission.
3. To be polite and courteous to others.	3. To occupy the seats reserved for ladies or physically challenged or elderly people on a bus or a train.

(A1)

Question (i)
Form groups and explain the following words with examples:
Answer:
1. Humility: being free from pride and arrogance – greatest example our former President Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam – remember that ‘pride comes before a fall’ – always realize that there are people better than you are – Socrates said ‘One thing only I know, and that is that I know nothing. ’
2. Self-esteem: self-respect; confidence in one’s own worth or abilities – accept oneself as one is – everyone is different and unique – highly positive quality – leads to achievements, success, healthy relationships – can be developed with a little effort.
3. Gratitude: thankfulness for something that you have got – ready to show appreciation for something – towards the Almighty, towards those who have helped you – strengthens relationships with others – creates positivity.
4. Courtesy: means good manners and polite behavior – means being kind and compassionate towards others – should be real, not artificial – creates good impression – one will be liked by all – human quality not present in animals.
5. Generosity: kindness; big-heartedness – the act of being kind, selfless and giving towards others – very positive trait – influences others – when one is generous, one feels good – many religions consider this a great virtue – encourage charity.
6. Sympathy: feelings of pity and sorrow for someone else’s misfortune – leads to stronger relationships – offering condolences when someone dies – helps us to bond with others-makes the other person’s distress less – beautiful emotion – should be developed.
7. Empathy: the ability to understand and share the feelings of another – putting yourself in the shoes of the other person – different from kindness or pity – listen when people talk – see things from the other person’s point of view – makes one a very humane person.

Question (ii)
Have a Group Discussion on the topic ‘The need of soft skills at the workplace’. Use the following points:
Answer:
(a) Written and verbal communication (writing notes, letters, memos, reports, instructions, speeches, presentations, etc.)
(b) Ways of interacting with others (showing courtesy, sympathy, cooperation, empathy, strictness, gratitude, humility, team work, etc.)
(c) Creative abilities (preparing reports, presentations, letters, etc.)
(d) Emotional intelligence (showing understanding, compassion, empathy, team work, motivation, self-awareness, etc.)

(A2)

Question (i)
Read the text and state whether the following statements are True or False. Correct the False statements.
(a) Bitter problems in day-to-day life can be solved by sweet words.
(b) Great wars could have been avoided by a little courtesy.
(c) Observance of etiquette in a normal situation is important but more important is their observance when the situation is adverse.
(d) Words like ‘please’ and ‘thank you’ help us in making our passage through life uneasy.
(e) The law permits anybody to use violence, if another person is discourteous.
Answer:
True statements:
(a) Bitter problems in day-to-day life can be solved by sweet words.
(b) Great wars could have been avoided by a little courtesy.
(c) Observance of etiquette in a normal situation is important but more important is their observance when the situation is adverse.

False statements:
(d) Words like ‘please’ and ‘thank you’ help us in making our passage through life uneasy.
(e) The law permits anybody to use violence, if ; another person is discourteous.

Corrected statements :
(d) Words like ‘please’ and ‘thank you’ help us in making our passage through life easy.
(e) The law does not permit anybody to use violence, if another person is discourteous.

Question (ii)
Select the most appropriate sentences which suggest the theme of the essay.
(a) The essay tells us about courtesy, civility, morality, responsibility and control.
(b) The essay explores the difficulties that can be incurred by an individual when dealing with the public.
(c) One can keep one’s peace of mind without having to lower themselves to the level of the perceived offender.
(d) People with low self-esteem are generally difficult to work with and they look down upon others to get a feeling of superiority.
Answer:
(a) The essay tells us about courtesy, civility, morality, responsibility and control.
(c) One can keep one’s peace of mind without having to lower themselves to the level of the
perceived offender.

(iii)

Question (a)
Find the reasons for the liftman’s uncivilized behaviour.
Answer:
Reasons for the liftman’s uncivilized behaviour when the passenger was rude and ill-mannered towards him:

1. he was acutely hurt by the slur cast by the passenger on his social status
2. the passenger’s discourtesy was a wound to his self-respect
3. he felt insulted by the passenger’s discourtesy.

Question (b)
List the people and their behaviour that made the passenger rude and ill- mannered.

Answer:
The people who made the passenger rude and ill-mannered:
[housemaid] → [cook] → [employer’s wife] → [employer] → [passenger] → [lift-man]

Question (iv)
Good manners are required in our daily life for making our social contacts more cooperative and friendly. Illustrate the behaviour of the polite conductor with different people in various situations.

Answer:

Situation	Behaviour
1. The writer’s sensitive toe was trampled on	The conductor said sorry with an apology and courtesy.
2. In the rainy season dealing with people	He would run up the stairs to give someone the tip that there was “room inside”.
3. Dealing with old people	He was as considerate as a son.
4. Dealing with children	He was as solicitous as a father.
5. Dealing with young people	He always indulged in some merry jest with them.
6. Dealing with a blind man	He set him down safely on the pavement and then took him wherever he wanted to go, after telling the driver to wait for a while.

Question (v)
Discuss and Write the impact of good temper and kindliness on society in the light of the good-mannered conductor.
Answer:
The conductor was always cheerful and kind-hearted to everyone in the bus. This spread to his passengers and they too became cheerful and good-humored. They would naturally pass on this feeling after getting off the bus. Thus, in society, if people are good-tempered, cheerful and kind, it will spread to others and they too will start behaving in a similar manner. This will lead to a happy and compassionate society.

Question (vi)
‘A modest calling can be made dignified by good temper and kindly feeling’. Explain the statement with examples.
Answer:
This means that whatever career or job one has, however simple or modest, it can be made more dignified by behaving in a good- tempered and cheerful manner and with kindliness towards the people one comes in contact with. For example, even a simple job like that of a security guard at a mall can be made pleasant and dignified if the guard smiles and says ‘Thank you’ or ‘Good morning’ every time he/she checks a person.

A sweeper’s job can also be made more dignified if he/she just nods and smiles at passers-by or helps them if they are in need.

Question (vii)
The service of the police is necessary for the implementation of law in our society. Do you think you require this service for a good social environment? Discuss and write.
Answer:
No, we cannot have the police monitoring us for social and moral offences. For example, one cannot be punished if one refuses to smile at an acquaintance or say Thank you’. One cannot be punished if one doesn’t hold the door open for the person who is following.

These are good manners, or courtesy, and they have to be taught right from childhood, and they will change in different cultures and different circumstances. Whether a person follows them or not depends on the individual. However, if these little courtesies are followed, life will become much simpler and more pleasant for everyone.

(A3)

Question (a)
Find out the words in Column B which collocate with the words in Column A:

Answer:

A	B	Answer
regular	meal	regular exercise
mid day	concept	mid-day meal
key	food	key concept
fast	exercise	fast food
try	decorated	try hard
richly	hard	richly decorated
free	jam	free time
traffic	time	traffic jam
social	animal	social justice
wild	justice	wild animal

Question (b)
Learning collocations is essential for making your English sound fluent and natural. Make the following collocations and use them in your own sentences.

Sentences:
(1) BIG:

1. It was a big mistake to hold a party on a rainy day.
2. “Did you get a big surprise when you saw me?” asked the little girl to her mother.
3. There was a big welcome waiting for the winning team.
4. The hungry beggar prayed that he would get a big meal at the rich man’s home.
5. Writing the difficult exam was no big deal for the intelligent boy.
6. Rohan realized that it would be a big challenge for him to win the match.
7. The discovery of a new element was big news in the scientific community.
8. Losing the beauty contest was a big shock for the arrogant girl.

(2) WELL :

1. The well-dressed man jumped over the puddle carefully.
2. The advice the teacher gave Rita was well-meant, but Rita did not like it.
3. The cook was happy to see the well-stocked cupboard.
4. Little Naina was well-pleased with her birthday gift.

Question (ii)
Sometimes while using a word in a sentence, we have to change its word class. we can make several more words from the root word.
we can make several new words from the root word.
I asked Sumit to ……………. my pencil for me. (sharp).
I asked Sumit to sharpen my pencil for me.

Question 1.
Now read the following sentences and use the words given in the brackets. Change the word class and rewrite the sentences.
(a) Leena was eating a very …………. apple and obviously enjoying it. (crunch)
(b) This picture looks …………… (colour)
(c) I’m afraid that your behaviour is just not ……………. (accept)
(d) I like my elder brother. He is very ……………. (help)
Answer:
(a) Leena was eating a very crunchy apple and obviously enjoying it.
(b) This picture looks colourful.
(c) I’m afraid that your behaviour is just not acceptable.
(d) I like my elder brother. He is very helpful.

Complete the following table. Put a cross if a word class does not exist.

Question (iii)
Write appropriate expressions and words you have to use while facing an interview :
Answer:
(a) May I come in?
(b) May I have a seat?
(c) Thank you.
(d) I’m sorry, but I did not catch what you said.
(5) Please let me know

Question (b)
You are writing a letter of complaint. List the proper expressions that you would like to write.
Answer:

1. I disagree.
2. I’m sorry to say that….
3. I would like to suggest….
4. This was not expected from a company like yours.
5. Please replace the defective piece as soon as possible.

Question (iv)
Distinguish between a legal offence and a moral offence on the basis of the extract.

Answer:

Legal offence	Moral offence
Burglary	Rude behaviour
Assault	Discourtesy
Battery	Haughtiness
	Laceration of one’s feelings

Question (v)
Find out the meaning of the phrase ‘give and take’ and use it in your own sentence.
Answer:
give-and-take – Meaning: exchange of ideas Sentence – The TV stars engaged in an interesting give-and-take which was enjoyed by the audience.

Question (vi)
Complete the table with polite expressions that we must use in our day-to-day life:

Answer:

Don’ts	Dos
I want a cup of tea.	I would like to have a cup of tea.
Send me the mail.	Please send me the mail.
Go away or leave me alone.	Please let me be by myself.
You are wrong.	Are you sure you’re right?
That’s a bad idea.	That is not a very good idea, is it?
Your work isn’t good.	Your work can do with some improvement

(A4)

Question (i)
Edit the given paragraph using a/ an/the wherever necessary:
Rakesh is a/an ideal son who remains devoted to his father as he grows professionally to become a/the famous doctor. As his father grows old, he takes care to spend time with his father, bringing him tea in a/the morning and taking him out for a/the walk in an/the evening.
Answer:
Rakesh is an ideal son who remains devoted to his father as he grows professionally to become a famous doctor. As his father grows old, he takes care to spend time with his father, bringing him tea in the morning and taking him out for a walk in the evening.

Question (ii)
Spot the errors in each of the following sentences and correct the incorrect ones:

Question (a)
Radha brought pens and distributed them between her five children.
Answer:
Radha bought pens and distributed them among her five children.

Question (b)
Jayshree and Sujata sat besides each other in complete silence.
Answer:
Jayshree and Sujata sat beside each other in complete silence.

Question (c)
His best friend Vijay was blind within one eye.
Answer:
His best friend Vijay was blind in one eye.

Question (d)
One could dare to encroach on his rights.
Answer:
One could not dare to encroach on his rights.

Question (e)
She was taken with surprise when she saw the famous Taj Mahal.
Answer:
She was taken by surprise when she saw the famous Taj Mahal.

Question (f)
It is not possible to exchange the goods once the sale has been completed.
Answer:
It is not possible to exchange goods once the sale has been completed, (‘the’ is deleted.)

Question (g)
Dr. Sengupta has been trying to master the craft for the last five years.
Answer:
No error in this sentence.

Question (h)
The top-ranking candidates will be appointed in senior jobs in banks.
Answer:
The top-ranking candidates will be appointed | to senior jobs in banks.

Question (i)
She knows very well what is expected from her but she is unable to perform.
Answer:
She knows very well what is expected of her but she is unable to perform.

Question (j)
They will put on a note in this regard for your consideration.
Answer:
They will put up a note in this regard for your consideration.

Question (iii)
Read the following.
Santosh purchased a computer. He read the operating manual and followed the instructions.
(a) He linked the monitor, keyboard and printer.
(b) He plugged in the main cable.
(c) He switched on the monitor at the back.
(d) When the light appeared on the screen, he placed the Day Disk in Drive A.
(e) He pushed in the disk until the button clicked out.
(It took about 30 seconds for the computer to load the program.)
(f) He pressed the Drive button and the disk shot out.
(g) He replaced the Day Disk with the Document Disk.
(h) He pressed function key 7.
Convert these sentences into passive voice by filling in the blanks.

Firstly the monitor, keyboard and printer were linked up. Then the main cable was plugged in. The monitor was switched on at the back. When the light appeared on the screen, the Day Disk was placed in Drive A. The disk was pushed in until the button clicked out. It took the computer 30 seconds to load the program. The drive button was pressed and the disk shot out. The Day Disk was replaced with the Document Disk. Finally, the function key 7 was pressed. The word processor was then ready to use.

(A5)

Question (i)
Write a speech on ‘Courtesy is the light of life’ with the help of the following points.
(a) People have a good impression of you.
(b) You will be acknowledged and appreciated by all.
(c) You will he happier and contented with life.
Answer:
Courtesy is the light of life
Dear friends,

Good morning. You may be surprised with the topic I have chosen for this speech, for today the word ‘Courtesy’ seems to be an old-fashioned word for us. But it is really the light of life. I, Shivam Goswami, would like to say a few words on why I think so.

First of all, what does courtesy mean? It means good manners and polite behaviour. It means being kind and compassionate towards someone. When you are courteous, people have a good impression of you; but that is not the reason for being courteous. Politeness should be real, and not artificial.

A courteous person will be appreciated by all. People will like to spend time with him/her and find pleasure in the person’s company. Someone may ask ‘What is courteous behaviour’? Saying simple words like ‘Please’, ‘Thank you’, ‘Excuse me’ and ‘Sorry’ is courteous behaviour. Helping a person who has fallen is courteous behaviour. Holding the lift door open for someone is courteous behaviour.

When a person is courteous, people are automatically courteous in return. This leads to a more polite and happier society. As I conclude, I would like to ask all of you to do something for a week: Be courteous. Then you will see the returns and realize the truth of what I am saying. Thank you for listening to me so patiently. Bye.

Question (ii)
‘Manners maketh man’ – Expand the idea in your own words with proper examples.
Answer:
Manners maketh man

‘Manners maketh Man’ : so goes a famous saying. In the world of today, people are judged by their manners and conduct. Manners distinguish us from animals, and make us human. A person who is courteous and considerate towards others is said to possess good manners. Such a person is respectful to his superiors, courteous to his equals and sympathetic towards his subordinates. He always shows concern for the well-being and comfort of others. He uses words like ‘Please’, ‘Thank you’ and ‘Sorry’ while talking to others; he helps senior citizens and those in need.

Everyone likes a person who speaks and behaves politely and treats others respectfully. Good manners cost practically nothing but can buy everything. They win us friends and help us influence people. They make the world a happier place to live in by reducing friction and avoiding tension.

When we meet a person for the first time, it is the person’s courtesy which impresses us deeply. Good manners are generally taught by parents at home, and by teachers in school. Manners that are learnt during childhood generally remain with us throughout our lives. They become a part of our personality. Hence, it is desirable that good manners are instilled in children when they are very young, so that they grow up to become courteous, considerate adults.

(A6)

Question (i)
Read A. G. Gardiner’s essay “The Open Window’ and compare its theme with the essay ‘On Saying “Please.”

Question (ii)
‘Nothing clears up my spirits like a fine day’ – Keats. Collect information of the poet Keats and write it in your notebook.

(A7)

Question (i)
Soft skills are required in all walks of life including careers and industries. They are increasingly becoming the essential skills of today’s workforce. Soft skills are an integral part of finding, attracting and retaining clients also. Highly developed presentation skills, networking abilities, and etiquette awareness can help you win new clients and gain more work. The following are considered the most important soft skills.
image

Question (ii)
Following are some of the institutions where you will get the courses related to soft skills.
(a) Indian Institute of Management, Ahmedabad, Gujarat
(b) Indian School of Business Management, Hyderabad
(c) XLRI – Xavier School of Management, Jamshedpur
(d) Indian Institute of Foreign Trade, New Delhi
Jobs available at –

• Customer service centre
• Management schools
• Hotel industry, etc.

Yuvakbharati English 12th Digest Chapter 1.2 On Saying “Please” Additional Important Questions and Answers

Read the extract and complete the activities given below.:

Global Understanding:

Question 1.
Read the following sentences and find out True and False sentences. Correct the false sentences:
1. The liftman invited the passenger into the lift.
2. If you knock down a burglar, the law will acquit you.
3. There is no legislation against bad manners.
4. The complainant had to pay a fine.
Answer:
True sentences:
2. If you knock down a burglar, the law will acquit you.
3. There is no legislation against bad manners.

False sentences:
1. The liftman invited the passenger into the lift.
4. The complainant had to pay a fine,

Corrected sentences:
1. The liftman threw the passenger out of the lift.
4. The liftman had to pay a fine.

Question 2.
Explain the penalty, if any, that one has to pay if one is rude or boorish.
Answer:
There is no penalty to pay if one is rude or boorish except the penalty of being called a ill-mannered person.

Question 3.
The behaviour of the people who made the passenger rude and ill-mannered:
Answer:

Question 4.
Complete the following:
(The answers are given directly and underlined.)
Answer:

1. The first requirement of civility is that we should acknowledge a service.
2. The Underground Railway Company insists that their employees are civil.
3. The words which make life smooth are ‘please’ and ‘thank you’.
4. The job of a bus conductor is very difficult and sometimes painful.

Question 5.
Tick mark the correct words:
(The answers are marked directly.)
Answer:

1. The author finally found/did not find the money for the ticket.
2. The author thought he had left home with/ without any money.
3. The conductor gave/did not give the author a ticket.
4. The author was pleased/displeased with the conductor.

Question 6.
Complete the web by choosing the correct words from the brackets that describe the conductor: (mean cheerful considerate grumpy patient solicitous impatient polite irritable good-tempered haughty good-natured kind)
Answer:

Question 7.
Complete the following :
(The answers are given directly and underlined.)
Answer:

1. A modest career can he made dignified by good temper and kindly feeling.
2. The law can only protect us against material) attack.
3. The narrator says he does not want to apologise for praising an unknown bus conductor.
4. A man who is polite may lose material advantage but he always has the spiritual victory.

Complex Factual:

Question 1.
Explain what the liftman wanted the passenger to do, and what happened afterwards.
Answer:
The passenger, on entering the lift, said ‘Top’. The liftman wanted him to say ‘Top please’. The passenger refused to do so. The liftman, instead of taking him to the top floor, threw him out of the lift.

Question 2.
Explain the sentence: The pain of a kick on the shins soon passes away but the pain of a wound to our self-respect or our vanity may poison a whole day.
Answer:
This means that if we are physically attacked i and injured, the pain of the wounds will soon heal and be forgotten. But if our self-respect or pride is hurt, it may poison our lives and behaviour for a much longer time.

Question 3.
It is not possible for the law to become the guardian of our private manners. Explain.
Answer:
The area of moral offences is quite vast and no laws or commandments can cover this area. In addition, social civilities, speech and manners are of so many types and the interpretation of these (whether they are good or bad) is so different that no court could administer a law which governed them. Hence, it is not possible for the law to become the guardian of our private manners.

Question 4.
Mention a couple of ways to keep the machine of life oiled and running sweetly.
Answer:
We can keep the machine of life oiled and running sweetly by using courteous words like ‘Please’ and ‘Thank you’ to acknowledge a service.

Question 5.
Complete the following:
(The answer is given directly and underlined.)
Answer:
The public owes much to the Underground Railway Company because they insist on a certain standard of civility in their employees, and take care that the standard is observed.

Question 6.
Complete the table:
Answer:

The words	Who said!	To whom	When
1. “I haven’t a copper on me.”	The narrator	The conductor	When the conductor and the narrator found that he had left home without any money in his pocket.
2. “Oh, you’ll see me some day alright.”	The conductor	The narrator	When the narrator address) he could send the borrowed asked where (to which money.
3. “Where shall I send the fare?”	The narrator	The conductor	When the narrator wanted to repay the ticket money to the conductor.
4. “Where do you want to go?”	The conductor	The narrator	When the narrator explained that he did not have any money on him, and the conductor

Question 7.
Write the narrator’s opinion about how the liftman should have dealt with the passenger’s uncivility. Give reasons for the same.
Answer:
In the opinion of the writer, the liftman, instead of throwing the passenger out of the lift, should have treated him with elaborate politeness. He would have then had the victory not only over the rude passenger, but also over himself, and that was the spiritual victory that was more important. His revenge would then have been more subtle and effective.

Inference/Interpretation/Analysis :

Question 1.
Name the ‘unpleasant specimen’ mentioned in the extract and describe his behaviour.
Answer:
The ‘unpleasant specimen’ mentioned in the extract is the type of bus conductor who regards his passengers as natural enemies whose chief purpose on the bus is to cheat him, and who can only be kept honest by using a loud voice and an aggressive manner.

Question 2.
Describe the stale old trick, according to the conductor.
Answer:
Pretending that you have forgotten your purse at home, and hence do not have the fare for the ticket is a stale old trick, according to the conductor. (The conductor does not say this the narrator only imagines that he may do so.)

Question 3.
Describe the reactions of the bus conductor.
Answer:
No, the conductor did not think that the narrator was dishonest. He cheerfully accepted what the narrator said without doubting him and offered him a free ticket.

Question 4.
Describe the experience which made the narrator comfortable in the bus.
Answer:
The conductor had trampled on the narrator’s sensitive toe, causing him pain and agony. However, the conductor had then explained matters and apologized so profusely that the narrator forgot his pain and anger. After this experience, the narrator always observed his constant good nature and cheerful behaviour with pleasure and felt comfortable in his presence.

Question 5.
Describe the narrator’s justification of his praise of the conductor.
Answer:
The narrator says that if the famous poet Wordsworth could gain wisdom from a poor leech-gatherer, he sees no reason why ordinary people should not take lessons on conduct from a bus conductor, who shows how a modest job can be made more dignified by behaving in a good-tempered and cheerful manner and with kindliness towards the people one comes in contact with.

Personal Response:

Question 1.
Describe a person you have come across who is always polite and helpful. What do you think about him/her?
Answer:
The security guard of our building is always polite and helpful. He will help senior citizens get in and out of their cars or into the lift; he will help any person who has heavy bags. He also replies politely to any question asked by anyone. We all like him very much and often share our chocolates and biscuits with him. We also give him books, stationery and toys for his little child.

Question 2.
Describe a pleasant/unpleasant experience you have had with a bus conductor.
Answer:
This is an experience I had when I was new to Mumbai. I got into a bus and asked the conductor for a ticket to Dadar. The conductor shook his head and told me that I had got into the bus going in the wrong direction. He patiently explained that I would have to get off at the next stop, cross the road, and catch a bus having the same number but going in the opposite direction. He even pointed out the bus stop to me. Though I felt a bit embarrassed, I thanked him for his kindness.

Question 3.
Give your opinion about the conductor’s behaviour.
Answer:
The conductor was really a good and kind human being who saw the best in everyone and believed everyone. He was ready to pay the fare for the narrator’s ticket himself, even though he was not sure whether it would be returned. It is difficult to find such generous and helpful people in the world today, and it leaves a very pleasant feeling in the heart when you do.

Language Study:

Question 1.
The law does not compel me to say ‘Please’.
(Rewrite as an interrogative sentence.)
Answer:
Does the law compel me to say ‘Please’?

Question 2.
It was a question of ‘Please’.
(Add a question tag.)
Answer:
It was a question of ‘Please’, wasn’t it?

Question 3.
It will permit me to retaliate with reasonable violence.
(Pick out the finite and non-finite verbs.)
Answer:
will permit – finite verb;
to retaliate – non-finite verb (infinitive)

Question 4.
The pain of a wound to our self-respect may poison a whole day.
(Pick out the auxiliary and state its function.)
Answer:
may – possibility

Question 5.
For there are few things more catching than bad temper.
(Write the part of speech of the underlined word.)
Answer:
Gerund

Question 6.
Bad manners probably do more to poison the stream of general life than all the crimes in the calendar. (Rewrite in the present perfect tense.)
Answer:
Bad manners have done probably more to poison the stream of general life than all the crimes in the calendar.

Question 7.
There is a social practice much older and much more sacred than any law which enjoins us to be civil.
(Rewrite using ‘not only … but also… ’)
Answer:
There is a social practice not only much older but also much more sacred than any law which enjoins us to be civil.

Question 8.
Most people will have a certain sympathy with him. (Rewrite using the verb form of the underlined word.)
Answer:
Most people will sympathize with him.

Question 9.
Here and there you will meet an unpleasant specimen who regards the passengers as his natural enemies. (Replace the verb in the future tense with a modal auxiliary showing possibility.)
Answer:
Here and there you might meet an unpleasant specimen who regards the passengers as his natural enemies.

Question 10.
I had left home without any money in my pocket. (Pick out the verb and state the tense.)
Answer:
had left-past perfect tense.

Question 11.
I know that stale old trick.
(Rewrite beginning ‘That stale old trick ’.)
Answer:
That stale old trick is known to me.

Question 12.
I said it was very kind of him.
(Identify the clauses.)
Answer:
I said – main clause
it was very kind of him – subordinate noun clause

Question 13.
I began to observe him whenever I boarded his bus. (Pick out the subordinate clause and state the type.)
Answer:
subordinate clause – whenever I boarded his bus; adverb clause of time.

Question 14.
He seemed to have an inexhaustible fund of patience and a gift for making his passengers comfortable. (Rewrite using ‘as well as…’)
Answer:
He seemed to have an inexhaustible fund of patience as well as a gift for making his passengers comfortable.

Question 15.
In lightening their spirits he lightened his own task. (Rewrite using the verb form of the underlined word.)
Answer:
When he lightened their spirits he lightened his own task.

Question 16.
A very modest calling may be dignified by good temper and kindly feeling. (Rewrite as an interrogative sentence.)
Answer:
Can’t a very modest calling be dignified by good temper and kindly feeling?

Question 17.
“I never give the wall to a scoundrel,” said a man who met Chesterfield one day in the street. “I always do,” said Chesterfield, stepping with a bow into the road. (Rewrite using reported speech.)
Answer:
A man who met Chesterfield one day in the street said that he never gave the wall to a scoundrel. Chesterfield, stepping with a bow into the road, replied that he always did.

Question 18.
The polite man may lose the material advantage, but he always has the spiritual victory. (Rewrite beginning ‘Though’)
Answer:
Though the polite man may lose the material advantage, he always has the spiritual victory.

Vocabulary:

Find out the meanings of the following phrases and use them in your own sentences.

Question 1.
knock someone down –
Answer:
Meaning: to hit someone forcefully so that he/she falls down
Sentence: The young boy was so angry with the bully that he knocked him down.

Question 2.
to comply with :
Answer:
Meaning: to obey.
Sentence: We must comply with the laws of the country we live in.

Question 3.
Find out 2 words with prefixes and 2 with suffixes from the extract and write them down.
Answer:
1. Words with prefixes : discourtesy, uncivil.
2. Words with suffixes : instruction, reasonable.

Question 4.
Complete the following:
Answer:

1. A liftman is a person who is employed to operate a lift.
2. An assailant is a person who attacks another person.
3. A complainant is a person who makes a formal complaint in a law court.
4. A burglar is a person who illegally enters houses and steals things.

Question 5.
Write the meanings of the following words :

1. redress
2. henpecked
3. black eye.

Answer:

1. redress – to set right to remedy.
2. henpecked – being controlled by and frightened of one’s wife.
3. black eye – an area of skin around the eye that has gone dark because it has been hit.

Question 6.
Use the phrase ‘a black eye’ in your own sentence.
Answer:
When I saw my friend with a black eye, I knew that he had been in a fight with someone.

Question 7.
Find out 2 words with suffixes and 2 compound words from the extract and write them down.
Answer:
1. words with suffixes: vanity, really.
2. Compound words: breakfast, housemaid.

Question 8.
Write the meaning of the following words:

1. endorse
2. verdict
3. resentment
4. calling

Answer:

1. endorse – express support
2. verdict – judgement
3. resentment – anger
4. calling – vocation or profession.

Question 9.
Find out 2 words with suffixes from the extract and write them down.
Answer:
Words with suffixes : sympathy, requirement.

Question 10.
Find out two words with prefixes and two with suffixes from the extract and write them down.
Answer:
1. Words with prefixes: unfriendliness, inconvenience
2. Words with suffixes: existence, discovery

Question 11.
Pick out four adverbs of manner from the extract.
Answer:
coldly, cheerfully, luckily, easily.

Question 12.
Write the meanings of the followings words:

1. countenance
2. treading
3. assured (someone)
4. benediction
5. uncouth

Answer:

1. countenance – face.’
2. treading – walking on.
3. assured (someone) – made something certain to someone.
4. benediction – a blessing.
5. uncouth – impolite, unrefined.

Question 13.
Find out 2 words with prefixes and 2 with suffixes from the extract and write them down.
Answer:
1. words with prefixes: inexhaustible, unusually
2. words with suffixes: investment, cheerful

Question 14.
Write the meaning of ‘moral affront’.
Answer:
moral affront: a deliberate offence or insult to one’s dignity or self-respect.

Question 15.
Find out the meaning of the following phrase and use it in your own
sentence: lower than the angels
Answer:
lower than the angels – Meaning : less than perfect
Sentence: The unexpected behaviour of the religious men was somewhat lower than the angels.

Question 16.
Write four words with suffixes from the extract and write them down.
Answer:
agreement, politeness, institution, sweeten.
Note: Students can find more words on their own.

Vocabulary:

A Collocation is a combination of words in a language that often go together. They habitually occur together and hence convey some meaning by association, e.g. early morning, hot dinner, fast train.

Non-Textual Grammar:

Do as directed:

Question 1.
Hearing the sound of music from a side street, Mona had an idea.
(Rewrite as a compound sentence.)
Answer:
Mona heard the sound of music from a side-street and had an idea.

Question 2.
Siddharth could not ask his father for a cricket bat.
(Rewrite using the antonym of ‘able’.)
Answer:
Siddharth was unable to ask his father for a cricket bat.

Question 3.
“I will try,” the lady smiled.
(Rewrite in indirect speech.)
Answer:
The lady smiled and said that she would try.

Spot the error in the following sentences and rewrite them correctly:

Question 1.
I picked some of the lovely, tasty fruits and had eaten my fill of them.
Answer:
I had picked some of the lovely, tasty fruits and had eaten my fill of them.

Question 2.
I miss my friends a lots.
Answer:
I miss my friends a lot.

Balbharti Yuvakbharati English 12th Digest Chapter 1.1 An Astrologer’s Day Notes, Textbook Exercise Important Questions and Answers.

Maharashtra State Board Class 12 English Yuvakbharati Solutions Chapter 1.1 An Astrologer’s Day

12th English Digest Chapter 1.1 An Astrologer’s Day Textbook Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Discuss with your partner and complete the table:

Answer:

Your Strengths	Why do you feel so?	Your Dream career
painting and drawing	can visualise, express	commercial artist, cartoonist
…………………….	………………………	………………………….
……………………	………………………	…………………………
…………………..	……………………….	………………………..

Question 2.
The scene in a local market of a village/ town/city is very attractive. People with different occupations sell their wares. Discuss with your partner the variety of activities at the local market.
Answer:

1. selling flowers, selling grocery
2. selling garments and cloth
3. selling imitation jewellery and accessories
4. selling snacks and fast food
5. selling steel and earthenwares

Question 3.
In a village/town/city it is quite a common sight to see an astrologer sitting by the roadside with his professional equipment. Discuss with your partner and list the requirements for his trade.
Answer:

1. parrot, cards, etc.
2. turban, beard, dhoti
3. dried leaves with writing on them
4. cloth with mystic signs to spread his cards
5. bead necklace, coins, shells, punchang, etc.

Question 4.
There are certain unreasonable beliefs among people living in our society. Certain common events are linked with superstitions. List such events, discuss the superstitions linked with them and the means of their eradication.
Answer:
Events and superstitions linked with them:

1. A cat crossing your path (something bad will happen)
2. Walking under a ladder (something unfortunate will happen)
3. Wearing black clothes for an auspicious function (will bring bad luck to the hosts)
4. Spilling salt (unlucky for the person)
5. A black crow cawing outside your window (you will be having guests)

Means of eradication: The only means of eradication is through education. Scientific attitude must be developed in society. Religious heads must counsel and guide their followers. The elders in families must also get rid of old beliefs.

A1.

(i) Given below are some descriptions. Discuss them with your partner and find out one word for each of them.

Question (a)
The scientific study of the universe and the objects in it, including stars, planets, nebulae and galaxies:
Answer:
Astronomy

Question (b)
The study of the movements of the planets, Sun, Moon, and Stars in the belief that these movements can have an influence on people’s lives:
Answer:
Astrology

Question (c)
A prediction of what will happen in the future:
Answer:
Prophecy

Question (d)
Scientific discipline that studies mental states and processes and behaviour in humans and other animals:
Answer:
Psychology

Question (ii)
In the story we are told that the Town Hall Park was a remarkable place in many ways for an astrologer to build his business. List the exceptional qualities of the place from this extract.
Answer:
The exceptional qualities of the place were:

1. A surging crowd
2. A variety of trades and occupations, like medicine sellers, sellers of stolen hardware and junk
3. magicians
4. auctioneers of cheap cloth
5. a vociferous vendor of fried groundnuts.

Question (iii)
The astrologer never opened his mouth till the other had spoken for at least ten minutes. Discuss the reasons behind his act.
Answer:
(a) He was good at reading people.
(b) He obtained a lot of information about their lives from their talk.
(c) He could analyse their character and understand their problems.
(d) He could easily frame his statements to their satisfaction.

A2.

Question (i)
The tactics used by the astrologer to earn his wages are:

Answer:

Question (ii)
An astrologer’s appearance helps to create an impression on his clients. Complete the following:
(The answer is given directly and underlined.)
Answer:

1. The turban on his head
2. The sacred ash and vermilion on his forehead
3. dark whiskers covering the face
4. a sparkle in his eye accompanied by an abnormal gleam

1. Read the following sentences and choose the correct one:

Question (a)
The astrologer says that if Nayak does not leave his village again, he would –
(1) return the money
(2) face danger
(3) go back home and stop looking for the man who tried to kill him
(4) not find the killer.
Answer:
(2) face danger

Question (b)
According to the narrator, the astrologer’s success in his profession is primarily due to –
(1) luck
(2) the bargains he drives
(3) his appearance
(4) his understanding of people.
Answer:
(4) his understanding of people

Question (c)
The story suggests that the astrologer’s comments and observations pleased people by –
(1) promising them success and good fortune
(2) proving, as time passes, to have been true
(3) flattering them or supporting their own views
(4) helping them to learn to solve their own problems.
Answer:
(3) flattering them or supporting their own views

Question (d)
Guru Nayak the astrologer because he wants to –
(1) understand the past
(2) find out who the astrologer is
(3) make some money through a bet
(4) get the answer to a specific question.
Answer:
(4) get the answer to a specific question.

Question (e)
Guru Nayak is looking for the man who tried to kill him –
(1) to take revenge
(2) to get an apology
(3) to demand an explanation
(4) to prove that the man was unsuccessful.
Answer:
(1) to take revenge

Question (f)
The astrologer’s remarks make Guru Nayak feel all of the following except –
(1) relieved
(2) suspicious
(3) impressed
(4) disappointed.
Answer:
(2) suspicious

Question (g)
Reactions of the astrologer’s wife to his news suggest that she –
(1) was unaware of his past
(2) has been worried about his safety
(3) has known him since he was young
(4) is concerned about her future with him.
Answer:
(1) was unaware of his past

Question (iv)
Read the following sentences and find out the True and False sentences. Correct the False sentences:
(a) The astrologer gave a correct prediction to the client about his past that he was stabbed, thrown into a well and left for dead
(b) When the astrologer came to know that the man whom he killed is alive he felt that he was relieved of his guilt.
(c) The astrologer tried to back out of the deal and talked about the client’s past.
(d) The astrologer rescued himself from Guru Nayak’s revenge.
(e) The moral of the story is that we must be responsible about what we have done and should not run away from our mistakes.
Answer:
(a) True.
(b) True: When the astrologer came to know that the man whom he killed is alive he felt that he was relieved of his guilt.
(c) False
Corrected sentence. The astrologer struck a bargain with the client and then talked about the client’s past.
(d) True.
(e) False: The moral of the story is that we must be responsible about what we have done and should not run away from our mistakes.
Corrected sentence: The moral is that we should never believe in superstitions.

Question (v)
The astrologer had changed his appearance and his persona when he arrived in the city. Give specific reasons for this.
Answer:
The astrologer thought that he had killed a man after a quarrel. He was afraid that he would be arrested and jailed for this crime. Hence, to avoid detection he changed his appearance and his persona when he arrived in the city.

Question (vi)
‘The darkness load that was inside the astrologer has disappeared’. Through this sentence, explain the significance of the title ‘An Astrologer’s Day’.
OR
(vii) The astrologer feels relieved that Guru is not dead as it relieves a great burden from him. Critically justify the statement and explain it.
Answer:
The astrologer thought that he had killed a man after a quarrel. Hence he had run away from his village, changed his appearance and his persona when he arrived in the city, and become an astrologer. However, he still felt guilty for what he had done. When he came to know that the man he thought he had killed was actually alive, the dark load inside him disappeared, and it made his day, i.e. he felt relieved and happy. This is the significance of the title ‘An Astrologer’s Day’.

Question (viii)
The astrologer wins/gets the sympathy/ criticism of the reader in the end. Express your opinion with the support of the main story.
Answer:
I think I sympathize with the astrologer. He did not try to intentionally kill Guru Nayak; it had happened in the heat of the moment. Of course, he should not have tried to run away but should have accepted responsibility for his crime. However, he is genuinely sorry for what had happened.

His words ‘a great load is gone from me today. I thought I had the blood of a man on my hands all these years’ indicates this. Hence, I sympathize with him and am happy that he can now live in peace.

Question (ix)
Suggest some steps to eradicate superstitions and other ill practices from our society.
Answer:
To eradicate superstitions and other ill practices from our society the first and most important step is education. Schools and colleges must help their students to develop a scientific attitude and think logically and rationally.

Secondly, as people in India tend to listen to their religious heads, all religious heads should send out clear messages to their followers about the eradication of superstitions. And lastly, the older generation should change their opinions and ideas and get rid of silly superstitious beliefs.

Question (x)
In the story, the astrologer has great listening power. Listening helps in developing good relations with people. Express your opinion.
Answer:
Yes, listening helps in developing good relations with people. When we listen, we indicate to the speaker that we care about him/her and are interested in his/her problems/joys. We show that we are ready to help him/her if necessary. We share his/ her ideas. We also realize how we can deal with people successfully by listening to their views.

(A3)

Question (i)
In the story, the astrologer, Guru Nayak and astrologer’s wife reveal their qualities through words and actions. Pick out from the box the words that describe them and write in the appropriate columns:

Answer:

Astrologer	Guru Nayak	Astrologer’s wife
shrewd	manipulative	caring
clever	gullible	suspicious
smart	quarrelsome	protective
sharp	arrogant	worried
intuitive	aggressive	humanistic
mystical	demanding	rational
cunning	antagonistic
mean	sceptical
over­	impetuous
confident

Question 1.
Match the suffixes with the words and make words:

Answer:

Word	Suffix	Noun
auction	able	auctioneer
enchantment	enchantment	enchantment
know	ment	knowledge
prepare	ure	preparation
proceed	tion	procedure
appear (this word is not in the lesson)	ment	appearance
remark	ure	remarkable

Question (iii)
‘An Astrologer’s Day’ has ironic elements where the astrologer pretends to have ‘supernatural knowledge’ that coincidently turns out to be the truth. Find out an example of irony from the extract and write it down:
Find out the examples of irony from the extract and write them down.
Answer:
His eyes sparkled with a sharp abnormal gleam which was really an outcome of a continual searching look for customers, but which his simple clients took to be a prophetic light and felt comforted.
1. He knew no more of what was going to happen to others than he knew what was going to happen to himself the next minute.
2. He was as much a stranger to the stars as were his innocent customers.
3. He said things which pleased and astonished everyone : that was more a matter of study, practice, and shrewd guesswork.

Question (iv)
Find the examples of code-mixing from the extract and write them down.
Answer:
1. ‘cowrie shells’
2. turban

Question (v)
There are some phrases where the word ‘crown’ is used with different shades of meaning. Use the following phrases to complete the sentences meaningfully. One is done for you.
Crowning achievement, to crown the effect, crown of thorns, crowning glory, to crown it all
Answer:
e.g. To crown the effect, he wound a saffron- coloured turban around his head.
(a) The works of Shakespeare are the crowning glory of English drama.
(b) Amitabh has given us awesome movies throughout five decades. But his crowning achievement is his performance in the movie ‘Black’.
(c) In her pursuit of success, Radha has distanced herself from her family. Her fame has become a real crown of thorns.
(d) They threw a wonderful party for me with costumes, games and to crown it all my favourite kind of ice cream.
(e) Medical science has great inventions, but organ transplantation is definitely a crowning achievement for human beings.

(A4)

Question (i)
Use the word given in the brackets and rewrite the sentence:
(a) The power of his eyes was considerably enhanced. (enhancement)
(b) He had a working analysis of mankind’s troubles, (worked)
(c) He knew what was going to happen to himself the next minute. (happening)
(d) If you find my answers satisfactory, will you give me five rupees? (satisfaction)
(e) He shook his head regretfully. (regret)
(f) It was a bewildering crisscross of light rays, (bewildered)
(g) “I should have been dead if some passer-by had not chanced to peep into the well,” exclaimed the other, overwhelmed by enthusiasm. (enthusiastically)
(h) You tried to kill him. (killing)
(i) I will prepare some nice stuff for her. (preparation)
(j) The other groaned on hearing it. (heard)
Answer:
(a) There was considerable enhancement in the power of his eyes.
(b) He had worked out an analysis of mankind’s troubles.
(c) He knew what could be happening to himself the next minute.
(d) If my answers give you satisfaction, will you give me five rupees?
(e) He shook his head with regret.
(f) He was bewildered by the crisscross of light rays.
(g) “I should have been dead if some passer-by had not chanced to peep into the well,” exclaimed the other enthusiastically.
(h) You tried killing him.
(i) I will make a preparation of some nice stuff for her.
(j) The other groaned when he heard it.

(A5)

Question (i)
Prepare a speech on Science and Superstitions.
Answer:
Science and Superstitions
Respected teacher and my dear friends,

I wish you all a very good morning. Today we are celebrating Science day in our school, and on this occasion I, Rohan Kamte, would like to say a few words about Science and Superstitions.

Science and Superstitions are two opposite ends of a pole. Those who have the scientific attitude and believe in science cannot possibly believe in superstitions. After all, what exactly are superstitions? They are only some tales made up by people for some reason or the other. Let me give you an example. Many years ago, in a house in a village, they were having an auspicious function. A lot of food was being cooked.

A cat and her kitten were moving about here and there in the kitchen. Afraid that the cat would be trampled upon or may fall into one of the open fires, the mistress of the house ordered the servant to put the cat and its kitten under a basket, and to do so every time there was a function in the house. This became a ‘superstition’ and in some houses, people actually brought a cat into the house and put it under a basket whenever they had a function!

This is what superstitions are all about. The superstition of bad luck if you walk under a ladder too has its reasons. The ladder could fold up and injure a person walking beneath it, or something could fall on the person’s head.

So friends, I request you: In this age of Science, do not believe in silly superstitions. Keep your minds open. Be rational and logical. Analyse things. Believe something only if it has the backing of Science. Thank you.

(ii) Read the following proverbs. Share you views and expand the ideas.

Question (a)
Actions speak louder than words.
Answer:
Actions speak louder than words

Today a lot of importance is being given to the way we speak and what we speak. But we have to remember that ultimately it is not words but actions that are important. Mahatma Gandhi, the Father of our Nation, did not give any grand speeches. However, by his actions he saw that India gained her freedom. Our soldiers do not give long lectures on patriotism they merely act to defend the country. What would have happened if they had only spoken but not acted?

This very well-known proverb is very apt when it comes to parent-child interaction. It has been seen that children observe the actions of their parents and imitate them not their words. In the animal kingdom too, the actions of the parent are of paramount importance. During elections, politicians make loud speeches but later on do not work. It is because of this behaviour that they lose the trust of the people. Thus, we must act with responsibility, always remembering that people observe our actions and are not swayed by our words.

Question (b)
The face is the index of the mind.
Answer:
[Points: facial expressions and eyes indicate one’s thoughts – this is. non-verbal communication – that is why we smile when happy and frown when sad – however, smart people can hide their feelings so that face does not show them – so one has to be careful while reading faces]

Question (c)
Speech is silver and silence is golden.
Answer:
[Points: we speak – we give others information or reveal our thoughts – others speak, we get information – sometimes we speak hastily and hurt others – create problems – remain silent and think – can find solutions – many leaders speak hastily – create international problems – better to be silent and let one’s actions speak]

Question (d)
Argument is the worst kind of communication.
Answer:
[Points: arguments – people get angry – angry words and raised voices – hurt people – confusion – relationships spoilt – instead talk softly and allow others to talk – accept that others can think in a different way – ‘a man convinced against his will is of the same opinion still’]

Question (e)
Attitudes are the real figures of speech.
Answer:
[Points: quote by Edwin H Friedman – in communication, more than the verbal message, the non-verbal message important – your attitude and behaviour have more impact than your words – for example, if you say ‘sorry’ in a harsh tone without any apology on your face – the word has no meaning – hence body language and attitude are very important)

Question (f)
The wise man has long ears and a short tongue
Answer:
[Points: better to listen than to speak – wise people listen more and speak only when they have something important to say – speech is silver and silerwe is golden – in any situation it is better to remain silent and evaluate situation – empty vessels make the most noise]

(A6)

Question (i)
Bill Naughton has written a collection of wonderful stories which you can read in his book ‘The Goal Keeper’s Revenge and Other Stories’. Read all the stories and discuss their themes with your partner.

Question (ii)
Read R.K. Narayan’s humorous collections of short stories and novels. Here are some titles you can read.
(a) ‘Under The Banyan Tree’
(b) ‘The Doctor’s Word’
(c) ‘LawleyRoad’
(d) ‘A Horse and Two Goats’
(e) ‘Gateman’s Gift’

(A7)

Question 1.
Surf the internet and find out the career opportunities in Astronomy.

Yuvakbharati English 12th Digest Chapter 1.1 An Astrologer’s Day Additional Important Questions and Answers

Read the extract and complete the activities given below:

Global Understanding:

Question 1.
List the fancy names the vendor of fried groundnuts gave his wares.
Answer:
The fancy names the vendor of fried groundnuts gave his wares are:

1. ‘Bombay Ice Cream’
2. ‘Delhi Almond’
3. ‘Raja’s Delicacy’, etc.

Question 2.
Complete the following:
(The answer is given directly and underlined.)
Answer:
If the astrologer had stayed in the village, he would have carried on the work of his forefathers-namely, tilling the land, living, marrying and growing old in his cornfield and ancestral home.

Question 3.
The Town Hall Park was a remarkable place in many ways for an astrologer to build his business. List the exceptional qualities of the place from the extract.
Answer:
The exceptional qualities of the place were:

1. lack of municipal lighting
2. flare from the groundnut heap
3. hissing gaslights, some with naked flares, and cycle lamps
4. bewildering criss-cross of light rays and moving shadows

Question 4.
Complete the following:
(The answers are given directly and underlined.)
The signal for the astrologer to leave was when the nuts vendor blew out his flare and rose to go home.
The astrologer spoke only when his client had spoken for at least ten minutes.

Question 5.
Rearrange the following sentences in the order of their occurrence in the extract:

1. “I will speak to you tomorrow.”
2. “Oh, stop that,” the other said.
3. “There is a woman ”
4. “Or will you give me eight annas?”

Answer:

1. “Oh, stop that,” the other said.
2. “Or will you give me eight annas?”
3. “I will speak to you tomorrow.”
4. “There is a woman ………..”

Complex Factual:

Question 1.
Complete the following:
(The answer is given directly and underlined.) The tactics used by the astrologer to earn his wages are:
Answer:

Question 2.
Describe how the astrologer had left the village.
Answer:
The astrologer had left the village without any previous thought or plan. He had left home without telling anyone. He did not rest till he left behind his village a couple of miles.

Question 3.
The astrologer could understand the problem in five minutes. Give reasons from the extract.
Answer:
The astrologer had a working analysis of mankind’s troubles like marriage, money and the tangle of human ties. Long practice had sharpened the way he perceived things, and thus he could understand the problem in five minutes.

Question 4.
Complete the following :
(The answer is given directly and underlined.)
Answer:

Question 5.
Complete the web:
(The answers are given directly and underlined.)
Answer:

Question 6.
Complete the following with what had happened to Guru Nayak’s enemy, according to the astrologer. According to the astrologer ………….. .
Answer:
According to the astrologer, Guru Nayak’s enemy had died. He had been crushed by a lorry.

Question 7.
Describe the load on the astrologer’s mind.
Answer:
The astrologer thought that he had killed a man after a quarrel. He felt intensely guilty about this, and had run away from his village. This feeling of guilt was the load on his mind.

Question 8.
Was the astrologer’s wife happy with his day’s earnings? What did she plan to do with it?
Answer:
Yes, the astrologer’s wife was overjoyed with his day’s earnings. She planned to buy some jaggery and coconut and make some sweets for their daughter.

Inference/Interpretation/Analysis:

Question 1.
The presence of the groundnut vendor is beneficial to the astrologer. Justify.
Answer:
The vendor of fried groundnuts gave his wares fancy names like ‘Bombay Ice Cream’, ‘Delhi Almond’, ‘Raja’s Delicacy’ and so on. People were amused and attracted by this and flocked to him to buy groundnuts. As the astrologer was seated right next to him, the groundnut vendor’s customers dallied near the astrologer and were probably tempted to consult him.

Question 2.
Pick out the lines that tell you that the astrologer did not have any real knowledge of astrology.
Answer:

1. He had not in the least intended to be an astrologer when he began life.
2. He knew no more of what was going to happen to others than he knew what was going to happen to himself the next minute.
3. He was as much a stranger to the stars as were his innocent customers.
4. It was a bewildering crisscross of light rays and moving shadows. This suited the astrologer very well.

Question 3.
The astrologer could tell the person/client about his life. Describe the method he used.
Answer:
The astrologer would listen to his client talk for about ten minutes. He would thus get all the information about his life from him, and then cleverly pose questions which made it appear that he actually knew about the person’s life.

Question 4.
‘Our friend felt piqued.’ Name the friend and give reasons for him feeling ‘piqued’.
Answer:
‘Our friend’ is the astrologer. He felt piqued because the man cut short his words rudely and told him to tell him something worthwhile. The astrologer was used to people listening eagerly and respectfully to whatever he had to say, and the behaviour of the man showed that he did not value the usual smooth talk. That is why the astrologer felt piqued.

Question 5.
Complete the following:
(The answers are given directly and underlined.)
Answer:
1. The man was left for dead because he had been pushed into a well in a field. Nobody normally looked into the well, and he would have died had there not been a passer-by who chanced to peep into the well.
2. The man looked gratified because his enemy had met his death by being crushed under a lorry. Guru Nayak felt that the man deserved such a terrible fate for what he had done to him.

Personal Response:

Question 1.
Do you like to hear predictions about your future? Give reasons.
Answer:
No, I do not like to hear predictions about my future. I do not believe that any person can foretell what is going to happen in someone’s life. Astrology is just a way of making money from gullible people. I believe that one must work hard and be a good human being if one wants to be successful in life.

Question 2.
Do you think that astrology is an art and can be studied? Discuss.
Answer:
Yes, astrology is an art. There are various methods of predicting the future, like palm-reading, reading the pulse, reading the horoscope, etc. These methods can be studied, or the knowledge can be inherited from one’s ancestors. However, the astrologer must have intuition and talent for this art.

Question 3.
Explain with examples your reactions when someone challenges you.
Answer:
If the challenge is worthwhile, I take it up. For example, my friend Rohan challenged me to a bicycle race to the top of a nearby hill. I took it up as it was interesting, and I knew I could do it.

However, when my friend Soham challenged me to jump from the first floor of our building, I refused the challenge, as I knew it was dangerous and I was likely to break some bones. Though Soham scoffed at me, and said that he had already done it, I did not let his ridicule bother me.

Language Study:

Question 1.
The power of his eyes was considerably enhanced by their position.
(Rewrite beginning ‘The position …………’)
Answer:
The position of his eyes considerably enhanced their power.

Question 2.
This colour scheme never failed.
(Rewrite as an affirmative sentence.)
Answer:
This colour scheme was always successful.

Question 3.
He had left his village without any previous thought or plan. (Rewrite using neither … nor …’)
Answer:
He had left his village with neither any previous thought nor plan.

Question 4.
One or two had hissing gaslights. (Identify the part of speech of the underlined word.)
Answer:
hissing – adjective (present participle used as an adjective)

Question 5.
He never opened his mouth till the other had spoken for at least ten minutes.
(Rewrite using ‘only’.)
Answer:
He opened his mouth only after the other had spoken for at least ten minutes.

Question 6.
He looked up and saw a man standing before him. (Rewrite as a simple sentence.)
Answer:
Looking up, he saw a man standing before him.

Question 7.
If I prove you are bluffing, you must return that anna to me with interest. (Pick out the clauses and state their type.)
Answer:
you must return that anna to me with interest-main clause
If I prove you are bluffing-adverb clause of condition

Question 8.
“Tell me something worthwhile.” (Identify the type of sentence.)
Answer:
Imperative sentence.

Question 9.
Never travel southward again, and you will live to be a hundred. (Rewrite using ‘only if)
Answer:
You will live to be a hundred only if you never travel southward again.

Question 10.
He flung the coins at her and said “Count them. One man gave all that.” (Rewrite in reported speech.)
Answer:
He flung the coins at her and instructed her to count them. He added that one man had given all of it.

Question 11.
I will prepare some nice stuff for her. (Rewrite using the past perfect tense of the verb.)
Answer:
I had prepared some nice stuff for her.

Vocabulary:

Question 1.
Match the suffixes with the words and make words:
Answer:

Word	Suffix	Noun
innocent	able	innocence
reason	ledge	reasonable

Question 2.
Pick out two words from the extract that indicate sound.
Answer:
crackled, hissing

Question 3.
Guess the meaning of ‘pies’
Answer:
pies – is the plural form of pie which is a former bronze coin of India, the 12th part of an anna.

Question 4.
Find an example of code mixing from the extract and write it down.
Answer:
pies

Question 5.
Find out the examples of irony from the extract and write them down.
Answer:
1. When he told the person before him, gazing at his palm, “In many ways you are not getting the fullest results for your efforts,” nine out of ten were disposed to agree with him.
2. “Most of your troubles are due to your nature. How can you be otherwise with Saturn where he is? You have an impetuous nature and a rough exterior.” This endeared him to their hearts immediately, for even the mildest of us loves to think that he has a forbidding exterior.

Question 6.
Guess the meaning of the words:

1. tilting
2. bluffing
3. glimpse

Answer:

1. tilting – to move into a sloping position.
2. bluffing – deceiving, lying
3. glimpse – to see someone or something for a very short time

Question 7.
Find examples of code mixing from the extract and write them down.
Answer:

1. anna
2. rupee
3. cheroot
4. jutka

Question 8.
Guess the meaning of the words:

1. passer-by
2. peep
3. overwhelmed
4. groaned

Answer:

1. passer-by – a person who happens to be going past something or someone, especially on foot.
2. peep – to peer into something cautiously
3. overwhelmed – overcome
4. groaned – made a low sound of distress.

Question 9.
Find examples of code mixing from the extract and write them down.
Answer:
1. annas
2. pyol

Question 10.
Find from the extract the antonyms of the following words:

1. light
2. noise
3. few
4. dead

Answer:

1. light × darkness
2. noise × silence
3. few × many
4. dead × alive

Non-Textual Grammar:

1. Do as directed:

Question 1.
A stone struck the man on the head.
(Rewrite using the passive voice.)
Answer:
The man was struck on the head by a stone.

Question 2.
You will not recover. Refrain from smoking.
(Rewrite using ‘unless’.)
Answer:
You will not recover unless you refrain from smoking.

Question 3.
He is certainly taller than his brother.
(Rewrite in the positive degree.)
Answer:
His brother is certainly not as tall as he is.

Spot the error in the following sentences:

Question 1.
His mouth watered when he saw a bouquet of grapes.
Answer:
His mouth watered when he saw a bunch of grapes.

Question 2.
They left their luggages at the railway station.
Answer:
They left their luggage at the railway station.

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Class 5 Environmental Studies Solutions Chapter 23 Infectious Diseases and how to Prevent them Notes, Textbook Exercise Important Questions and Answers.

Maharashtra State Board Class 5 EVS Solutions Part 1 Chapter 23 Infectious Diseases and how to Prevent them

5th Std EVS 1 Digest Chapter 23 Infectious Diseases and how to Prevent them Textbook Questions and Answers

1. What’s the solution?

Question 1.
You are hungry, but the food has been left uncovered.
Answer:
Heating kills all the disease germs present in the food. So if food is uncovered then one should heat (warm) the food and then eat it when hungry. Eating warm food is always good for health.

2. Use your brain power!

Question 1.
Which method of preventing the breeding of mosquitoes will you recommend for your surroundings – not allowing water to stagnate or spraying insecticides on the water? Why?
Answer:
First of all it is better not to allow water to stagnate. Hence I would recommend this method for preventing breeding of mosquitoes. However if there are nullahs or gutters in the surrounding area then spraying insecticide on water will be recommended to kill the mosquito larvae growing in water. Therefore both the methods need to be applied sometimes.

3. Answer the following in one or two sentences:

Question (a)
What is an infectious disease?
Answer:
When diseases spread from one person to another person, they are called infectious diseases.

Question (b)
What are the mediums of the spread of diseases?
Answer:
Diseases spread through mediums like food, water, air and insect bite. Sometimes it also spreads by coming in direct contact with a diseased person.

Question (c)
What happens when there is an epidemic of disease?
Answer:
When many people in one area get the same infectious disease at the same time, we say there is an epidemic of the disease. During an epidemic air and water gets contaminated with the disease germs and the disease spreads rapidly. Contaminated water also contaminates the food. If the epidemic is severe many people become serious and need to be hospitalised. To control the epidemic one needs to maintain hygiene and a clean surrounding.

Question (d)
What is vaccination?
Answer:
When a person is given a vaccine against a specific disease, he develops resistance to that disease. This process of giving vaccine is called vaccination. Whooping cough diphtheria and tetanus called triple vaccine is given.

Question (e)
Make a list of the vaccination given to a new bom baby.
Answer:
The table given below shows the list of vaccinations given to the new bom baby along with the schedule of when the vaccination is given:

Vaccine given	Disease against which it is given	Age of the new bom baby when it is given
BCG Vaccine	Against Tuberculosis	within 15 days after baby is just born
Hepa B vaccine	Jaundice caused by Hepatitis B vims	As soon as the baby is born
Oral Polio	Against Polio	Within 2 weeks
Triple vaccine	Against Diphteria, whooping cough and tetanus	After 6 weeks baby is born

Triple vaccine is repeated twice again after 10 weeks and 14 weeks after the baby is bom. Hep. B vaccine is also repeated twice after 4 weeks and 8 weeks after birth. After completing a year the baby is given vaccine against measles, mumps and rubella. It is called MMR vaccine.

4. True or False:

Question (a)
Intestinal diseases spread though air.
Answer:
False

Question (b)
Some diseases are caused by the anger of gods
Answer:
False

5. Classify the diseases given below as diseases that spread through food, through water, and through air:

Question 1.
Classify the diseases given below as diseases that spread through food, through water, and through air:
Malaria, Typhoid, Cholera, Tuberculosis, Jaundice, Gastro, Diarrhoea, Diphtheria, Conjunctivitis, Chickenpox.
Answer:

Through Food	Through Water	Through Air
Typhoid	Typhoid	Tuberculosis
Cholera	Cholera	Diphtheria
Jaundice	Jaundice	Conjunctivitis
Gastro Diarrhoea	Diarrhoea	Chickenpox

6. Give reasons.

Question (a)
When there is an epidemic of cholera, we should boil water before drinking.
Answer:
Sometimes water gets mixed with faeces of person who is suffering from the cholera and it gets contaminated. When people drink this contaminated water an epidemic of cholera spreads.
Boiling the water kills the germs causing the disease and hence one is prevented from getting cholera.
Therefore during an epidemic of cholera one should boil water and drink.

Question (b)
We should not allow puddles of water to stand in our surroundings.
Answer:
When water stagnates in a puddle, mosquitoes lay eggs in the water and they increase in number. Mosquito bite spread malaria germs and people suffer from malaria. To prevent people from getting malaria mosquitoes should be stopped from breeding. To prevent mosquitoes from breeding we should not allow puddle of water to stand in our surrounding.

Environmental Studies Part 1 Standard 5th Solutions Chapter 23 Infectious Diseases and how to Prevent them Additional Important Questions and Answers

Fill in the blank with the correct answers from the options given below:

Question 1.
……………….. cause diseases.
(a) Microorganisms
(b) Bacteria
(c) Germs
Answer:
(a) Microorganisms

Question 2.
Every …………………. is caused by a specific microorganism or germ.
(a) illness
(b) disease
(c) flu
Answer:
(b) disease

Question 3.
The germs of disease like influenza are present in the spit or ………………… of the person who has the disease.
(a) tongue
(b) nose
(c) saliva
Answer:
(c) saliva

Question 4.
When diseases spread through food it is called ………………. .
(a) food poisoning
(b) viral
(c) infection
Answer:
(a) food poisoning

Question 5.
Malaria is caused due to bite of a certain kind of ………………… .
(a) animal
(b) mosquito
(c) bird
Answer:
(b) mosquito

Question 6.
Germs of diseases like conjunctivitis spreads through …………………. .
(a) air
(b) water
(c) faces
Answer:
(a) air

Question 7.
Cholera spreads when people drink ……………. water.
(a) good
(b) contaminated
(c) bottled
Answer:
(b) contaminated

Question 8.
People who have a serious infectious disease like tuberculosis or swine flu are ……………….. .
(a) hospitalised
(b) educated
(c) quarantined
Answer:
(c) quarantined

Question 9.
As soon as the baby is born it is given ………………. vaccine.
(a) tuberculosis
(b) triple
(c) polio
Answer:
(a) tuberculosis

Question 10.
The …………………. vaccine is given orally.
(a) conjunctivitis
(b) polio
(c) malaria
Answer:
(b) polio

Question 11.
When the germs of a particular disease enter the body and begins to grow, the person gets the …………… .
(a) food
(b) disease
(c) cough
Answer:
(b) disease

Question 12.
Disease of the throat and the chest spread through the ………………. .
(a) water
(b) faeces
(c) air
Answer:
(b) faeces

Question 13.
People get ………………. or diarrhoea after eating contaminated food at a function.
(a) flue
(b) gastro
(c) viral
Answer:
(b) gastro

Question 14.
Maintaining ……………….. everywhere is beneficial for our health.
(a) food
(b) cleanliness
(c) disease
Answer:
(b) cleanliness

Question 15.
It is important to always keep our food ……………….. .
(a) covered
(b) uncovered
(c) uncooked
Answer:
(a) covered

Question 16.
Insects like mosquitoes, lice and fleas spread …………………. .
(a) beauty
(b) health
(c) disease
Answer:
(c) disease

Question 17.
Ringworm, scabies are disease that affect the …………….. .
(a) head
(b) skin
(c) bones
Answer:
(b) skin

Question 18.
Germs of disease like the flu or conjunctivitis spread quickly through the …………….. .
(a) air
(b) water
(c) fire
Answer:
(a) air

Question 19.
If, at some place, mosquitoes ……………… in large numbers then many people there can get malaria
(a) beautify
(b) breed
(c) creed
Answer:
(b) breed

Question 20.
Air, water, food and insects are the ……………….. through which disease spread.
(a) mediums
(b) area
(c) report
Answer:
(a) mediums

Question 21.
It is possible to ……………….. a disease from ecoming an epidemic.
(a) familiarize
(b) prevent
(c) breed
Answer:
(b) prevent

Question 22.
To prevent disease from spreading through water, it is ………………… at the water works.
(a) diluted
(b) polluted
(c) purified
Answer:
(c) purified

Question 23.
When there is an epidemic of gastro or jaundice, people are advised to ………………. water before drinking it.
(a) cook
(b) steam
(c) boil
Answer:
(c) boil

Question 24.
To prevent mosquitoes from breeding, we must ensure there is no ……………… water in the surroundings.
(a) stagnant
(b) flowing
(c) rippling
Answer:
(a) stagnant

Question 25.
Clothes and utensils used by patients are washed with ………………… .
(a) pesticides
(b) germicides
(c) fertilizers
Answer:
(b) germicides

Question 26.
Our body develops …………….. to a particular disease due to vaccination.
(a) resistance
(b) persistance
(c) deliverance
Answer:
(a) resistance

Question 27.
The vaccines for diphtheria, whooping cough and tetanus are combined into a ………………. vaccine and given as an injection.
(a) single
(b) double
(c) triple
Answer:
(c) triple

Question 28.
Polio Vaccine is given …………………… .
(a) verbally
(b) mentally
(c) orally
Answer:
(c) orally

Question 29.
Primary Health Centres have been established at the ……………. level.
(a) urban
(b) village
(c) grass root
Answer:
(b) village

Question 30.
It is in now forbidden by law to ……………….. in a public place.
(a) spit
(b) sit
(c) stand
Answer:
(a) spit

Question 31.
………………….. media are also used for raising public awareness about health and hygiene issues.
(a) Mass
(b) Public
(c) Home
Answer:
(a) Mass

Question 2.
Match the columns:

Group ‘A’	Group ‘B’
(a) Ringworm	1. Contaminated Air
(b) Jaundice	2. Direct contact
(c) Tuberculosis	3. Open wound contaminated with soil
(d) Dengue	4. Contaminated food and water
(e) Tetanus	5. Mosquito bite

Answer:

Group ‘A’	Group ‘B’
(a) Ringworm	2. Direct contact
(b) Jaundice	4. Contaminated food and water
(c) Tuberculosis	1. Contaminated Air
(d) Dengue	5. Mosquito bite
(e) Tetanus	3. Open wound contaminated with soil

Name the following:

Question 1.
Insect that causes Malaria.
Answer:
Female Anopheles Mosquito

Question 2.
Insect that causes Dengue.
Answer:
Aedes mosquito

Question 3.
Vaccine for diphtheria, whooping cough and tetanus (Given as injection).
Answer:
Triple vaccine

Question 4.
Microorganisms that are useful to us.
Answer:
Microorganisms converting milk into yoghurt or microorganisms fermenting batter for idlis.

Question 5.
Germicide used to kill microorganisms in the spittle of a person having tuberculosis.
Answer:
Phenyl or dettol.

Question 5.
State whether the following statements are True or False:

1. Vaccination helps our body to develop resistance against diseases.
2. Community programmes are being undertaken every year at the National level to eradicate (put an end) polio, by giving oral vaccine of polio to children below five years.
3. On television people are educated about right methods of handling, drinking water so to make them aware of how diseases can be prevented.
4. Insects like lice and fleas spread diseases.
5. Cancer is an infectious disease.

Answer:

1. True
2. True
3. True
4. True
5. False

Answer the following in one or two sentences:

Question 1.
Name the disease that has been completely eradicated (that is it has completely disappeared) by vaccination.
Answer:
The disease called small pox has been completely eradicated by vaccination.
(Note : Now no one in the world is gets the scare or is suffering from small pox.)

Question 2.
Which disease spreads through flea’s bite?
Answer:
Fleas spread diseases like plague when they bite.
(Note : Fleas are found on the bodies of pets like dogs, cat and also on rhodents like rats.)

Question 3.
Why should we cover our nose and mouth when we cough or sneeze?
Answer:
Disease of the throat and chest spread through the air. When other breathe the same air, germs enter their bodies. That is why we must cover our nose and mouth when we cough or sneeze.

Question 4.
What is ‘food poisoning’?
Answer:
Gastro or diarrhoea spreads through contaminated3 food. When we eat this food the disease spread is called food poisoning.

Question 5.
Why should food always be kept covered?
Answer:
When some flies sit on our food, the germs enter the food. Later when we eat this food the germs enter our body, so we must always cover the food.

Question 6.
What is an epidemic?
Answer:
When many people in one area get the same infectious disease all at the same time, we say that there is an epidemic of the disease.

Question 7.
What precaution can be taken to prevent the spread of tuberculosis?
Answer:
The spittle of a person who has tuberculosis is collected in a vessel and covered with a germicide like phenyl. Such precautions can help to prevent the disease from spreading.

Give scientific reasons:

Question 1.
Doctors give tetanus vaccine after getting a cut or wound while handling a sharp instrument or after falling down and getting bruised badly while playing.
Answer:
Tetanus germs are present in the soil, dung and dust. The sharp instrument may be dirty, so it may carry the tetanus germs. These germs may then spread though the wound and cause disease. To prevent tetanus germs from spreading doctors give the vaccine which help us develop resistance against this disease.

Question 2.
A person suffering from a disease should cover the mouth when sneezing or coughing.
Answer:
Disease causing organisms are present in the spit or saliva of the person. When they sneeze or cough these gems spread in the air and cause disease in other people. To prevent the spread of disease through the air a person suffering from a disease should cover the mouth while sneezing or coughing.

Question 3.
Before eating or handling food one should wash the hands using soap and water.
Answer:
Soap kills the germs which cause diseases and water washes them away. If our hand is dirty then they may contain disease causing germs. If we handle food, or eat food without washing, the germs will enter the food and contaminate it with these germs. This can cause intestinal diseases or food poisoning. Hence it is advised that one should wash the hands using soap and water before eating or handling food.

Question 4.
People who are suffering from tuberculosis or swine flu are quarantined and kept in hospitals.
Answer:
The diseases like tuberculosis and swine flu are infectious. They spread through air easily. Also the germs spread cause disease in a healthy person if the healthy person comes in contact directly with the diseased person. In hospitals there are separate wards for such diseased people, where extra care and precautions are taken to prevent spread of diseases. Therefore patients suffering from these diseases are quarantined and kept in hospital.

Can you tell:

Question 1.
When your friends fall while playing and get hurt, does anyone tell you ‘Don’t go near them. You will also yet hurt’?
Answer:
No, no one tells us like that because we will not get hurt because the friend is hurt.

Question 2.
Suppose your mother has a headache. Do you also get a headache if you go near her?
Answer:
No, I do not get a headache if I go near her.

Question 3.
When is it that you are told not to go near a sick person, not to use their utensils for eating or drinking; not to use their hankies, towels or clothes?
Answer:
We are told not to go near a sisk person when the person is suffering from cold, flu, is having high fever, or if the person is suffering from chicken pox, measles, mumps etc.

Question 4.

What different activities are going on in the above picture.
Answer:
Women are washing clothes in the river. A boy is urinating in the water. A man is washing utensil and filling it with water. Buffaloes are being washed in the water. Children are swimming and a lady is filling pots with water to use for drinking purpose.

Question 5.

What do you see in the picture below above?
Answer:
Food is kept open. People are being served this uncovered food and they are eating it. The man serving the food is wearing dirty colthes. There is no cleanliness maintained in the restaurant.

Question 6.
What steps will you take to ensure that dust and flies do not settle on the food in your house?
Answer:
The food will be covered properly to see that no dust and flies settle on it. It will be kept in clean and closed utensils in the kitchen. Care will be taken to see that the kitchen is kept clean. So that no flies will sit there.

Question 7.
Why should you not go to school if you have conjunctivitis?
Answer:
Conjunctivitis causing germs spreads through air. If we go to school many other children will also get this disease. To prevent the spread of this disease, we should not go to school when suffering from conjunctivitis.

Glossary:

1. conjunctivitis – sore eyes, which causes irritation.
2. forbidden -not allowed.
3. contaminated – to make impure by adding some substance.
4. stagnates – gets collected.

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Class 5 Environmental Studies Solutions Chapter 24 Substances, Objects and Energy Notes, Textbook Exercise Important Questions and Answers.

Maharashtra State Board Class 5 EVS Solutions Part 1 Chapter 24 Substances, Objects and Energy

5th Std EVS 1 Digest Chapter 24 Substances, Objects and Energy Textbook Questions and Answers

1. What’s the solution?

Question a.
We need to make a sherbet quickly for some guests. But we only have sugar candy in the house.
Answer:
We can pound sugar candy into a fine powder. When the powder is fine, it will quickly dissolve in water. Therefore we can make sherbet quickly.

Question b.
We need to rub salt on a corncob but only salt crystals are available.
Answer:
We can pound salt crystals. Either we can use mortar pestle or we can also crush the crystals of salt in a grinder. Such powdered salt can be easily applied on the corncob.

2. Use your brain power!

Question a.
Why do tablets of camphor decrease in size day by day ?
Answer:
Tablets of Camphor are in solid state. Camphor has a property to turn into gaseous state directly from a solid state. Therefore, camphor decreases in size gradually. One can also notice the fragrance of camphor as it turns into vapour.

Question b.
How do we save fuel by using public transport ?
Answer:
Each automobile vehicle needs fuel either in the form of petrol, diesel, or CNG. If all the people use a separate vehicle, the amount of fuel consumed would be much more. If many people start using public transport, fuel consumption would be reduced. A single bus or a train can carry many people and thus it can save lots of fuel.

3. Answer the following questions.

Question a.
When and why do clothes smell of naphthalene?
Answer:
The naphthalene balls are continuously converted into small particles in the gaseous state. These particles settle down on the clothes in which they are kept. Therefore if naphthalene balls are kept for a long time in the clothes, they smell of naphthalene due to these particles.

Question b.
In which states is water found in nature?
Answer:
Water is found in all three states in nature, solid, liquid and gaseous state. Ice is the solid state of water. Water in lakes, sea etc. are in liquid state and steam or vapour is the gaseous state of water.

Question c.
What is the difference between the solid, liquid and gaseous states of a substance?
Answer:
The differences in the solid, liquid and gaseous state of substances is given in the table below:

Question d.
What is meant by energy?
Answer:
The capacity to do the work is called energy.

Activities :

Question 1.
Make different kinds of articles from clay.

Question 2.
Visit a wood workshop and observe the work being done there.

Question 3.
Obtain some information about the power generation plants in Maharashtra and present it in the classroom.

Environmental Studies Part 1 Standard 5th Solutions Chapter 24 Substances, Objects and Energy Additional Important Questions and Answers

Fill in the blank with the correct answers from the options given below:

Question 1.
All substances we see around us are made up of very tiny ………
(a) dust
(b) particles
(c) mud
Answer:
(b) particles

Question 2.
…………….. of particles of any substance must come together to form a particle that can be visible to our eyes.
(a) Lakhs
(b) Thousands
(c) Hundreds
Answer:
(a) Lakhs

Question 3.
Naphthalene balls which are kept open are continuously converted to small particles in the …… state.
(a) liquid
(b) solid
(c) gaseous
Answer:
(c) gaseous

Question 4.
Different substances have different …………..
(a) material
(b) properties
(c) code
Answer:
(b) properties

Question 5.
…………… is required to do work.
(a) Energy
(b) Strength
(c) Health
Answer:
(a) Energy

Question 6.
When something burns energy is released in the form of …………..
(a) heat
(b) rain
(c) cold
Answer:
(a) heat

Question 7.
Energy in the form of motion is called ……… energy.
(a) Kinesthetic
(b) Kinetic
(c) Solar
Answer:
(b) Kinetic

Question 8.
Stores of …………….. and ……. which are used as fuels, on earth are limited.
(a) mineral oil
(b) uranium
(c) coal
Answer:
(a) mineral oil, (c) coal

Question 9.
Energy obtained from sun is called …………… energy
(a) lunar
(b) solar
(c) tidal
Answer:
(b) solar

Question 10.
Energy obtained by breaking the tiniest particle of a substance is called …
(a) solar
(b) atomic
(c) kinetic
Answer:
(b) atomic

Question 11.
Sunlight, wind and water are ……………. sources of energy
(a) exhaustible?
(b) depleting
(c) non-exhaustible
Answer:
(c) non-exhaustible

Question 12.
When iron or copper is made smooth with a file, we get …………….. of iron or copper.
(a) particles
(b) soil
(c) saudust
Answer:
(a) particles

Question 13.
Liquids are also made of small…….
(a) droplets
(b) particles
(c) dust
Answer:
(b) particles

Question 14.
…………… is found in three states – solid, liquid and gaseous.
(a) Mineral oil
(b) Carbon
(c) Water
Answer:
(c) Water

Question 15.
In nature, every substance occurs in a………… state.
(a) special
(b) specific
(c) partial
Answer:
(b) specific

Question 16.
Aluminium and coal are is. ………. state.
(a) solid
(b) liquid
(c) gaseous
Answer:
(a) solid

Question 17.
Kerosene and petrol are in ……
(a) solid
(b) liquid
(c) gaseous
Answer:
(b) liquid

Question 18.
Nitrogen and Oxygen are in … ………….state.
(a) solid
(b) liquid
(c) gaseous
Answer:
(c) gaseous

Question 19.
The capacity of a body to do work is called
(a) work out
(b) energy
(c) exercise
Answer:
(b) energy

Question 20.
When petrol or diesel burns in a motor vehicle, …………… gets released.
(a) fire
(b) fuel
(c) energy
Answer:
(c) energy

Question 21.
Machines can be run using ……………….
(a) energy
(b) fuels
(c) water
Answer:
(b) fuels

Question 22.
Coal, diesel, CNG, LPG, petrol are all substances from which energy is obtained in form of
(a) heat
(b) rain
(c) cold
Answer:
(a) heat

Question 23.
When a person or vehicle moves, heat energy gets converted into …….
(a) electricity
(b) rain
(c) motion
Answer:
(c) motion

Question 24.
Electricity is also a form of ………….
(a) machine
(b) energy
(c) heat
Answer:
(b) energy

Question 25.
We use ……………. to run the T.V.
(a) wires
(b) plugs
(c) electricity
Answer:
(c) electricity

Question 26.
In a solar cooker …………………. energy is used.
(a) solar
(b) electricity
(c) L.P.G.
Answer:
(a) solar

Question 27.
Plants use……. to prepare their food.
(a) LPG
(b) induction
(c) sunlight
Answer:
(c) sunlight

Question 28.
When we burn substances like coal or mineral oil, the …………………. energy, they contain is converted into heat energy.
(a) solar
(b) stored
(c) lunar
Answer:
(b) stored

Question 29.
Stores of coal and mineral oil on earth are
(a) unlimited
(b) limited
(c) plenty
Answer:
(b) limited

Question 30.
………… batteries produce electricity using sunlight
(a) Water
(b) Solar
(c) Tidal
Answer:
(b) Solar

Name the following:

Question 1.
Any three substances found in solid state.
Answer:
Iron, copper, aluminium, wood

Question 2.
Three substances found in liquid state.
Answer:
Water, milk, cough syrup.

Question 3.
Three substances found in gaseous state.
Answer:
Naphthalene balls, iodine crystals

Question 4.
Substances which goes into gaseous state directly from solid state.
Answer:
Naphthalene balls

Question 5.
Properties of substances.
Answer:
Transparency, hardness, colour, smell, solubility in water.

Question 6.
Fuels used for running machines.
Answer:
LPG, CNG, coal, diesel, petrol.

Question 7.
Examples of kinetic energy.
Answer:
Moving wind mill, sailing boats, running water, moving car etc.

Question 8.
Forms of energy.
Answer:
Sound, heat, light, electricity.

Question 9.
Main source of energy used by us.
Answer:
Electricity

Question 10.
Energy sources which do not cause pollution
Answer:
Wind energy, solar energy.

Answer in one sentence :

Question 1.
What are all subtances made up of?
Answer:
All substances are made up of fine particles.

Question 2.
Why do naphthalene balls grow smaller in size and gradually disappear?
Answer:
Naphthalene when left open continuously gets converted into small gaseous particles, so, as these particles leave the naphthalene balls, they grow smaller is size and slowly disappear.

Question 3.
Which substance is found in all three states?
Answer:
Water is found in all three states – solid, liquid and gaseous.

Question 4.
What are the different properties of substance?
Answer:
Different substances have different properties, like hardness, transparency, colour, smell, solubility in water etc.

Question 5.
What is ‘energy?
Answer:
The capacity of a body to do work is called energy

Question 6.
How is energy released?
Answer:
When petrol or diesel burns in a motor vehicle, energy gets released.

Question 7.
Name some substance from which energy is obtained.
Answer:
Coal, diesel, CNG, LPG, petrol are all substances from which energy is obtained.

Question 8.
What is Kinetic energy?
Answer:
Energy in the form of motion is called Kinetic energy.

Question 9.
Why should we find alternate sources of energy?
Answer:
Stores of coal and mineral oil on earth are very limited and fast depleting therefore we must find alternate sources of energy.

Question 10.
What are solar batteries?
Answer:
Batteries which produce electricity using sunlight are called solar batteries.

Question 11.
Why should we make a habit of using minimum amount of electricity?
Answer:
In any method of electricity generation, resources from the environment have to be used. Hence, we should make a habit to conserve electricity

Use your brain power!

Question 1.
What uses of heat energy do we see in our daily life?
Answer:
We use heat energy to cook food, to heat water, to press our clothes, to keep us warm during cold winters in areas where temperature is very low, etc.

Question 2.
Why do tablets of camphor decrease in size day by day?
Answer:
Camphor particles present in the tablets escape by getting converted directly to gaseous state. Therefore the tablets of camphor decrease in size day by day.

Question 3.
How do we save fuel by using public transport?
Answer:
If people drive car instead of using public transport while going to work, more fuel will be burnt, as each car will burn the fuel to release energy and work. However if public transport is used. We need to use fuel, only for one transport vehicle. Hence it will save a lot of fuel if people use the public transport.

Answer the following questions:

Question 1.
What is meant by energy? Name the sources of energy
Answer:
The capacity of a body to do work is called energy. Energy is obtained by burning fuel is in the form of heat. This heat is used to do work. The sources of energy are the sun, coal, diesel, CNG, LPG, petrol, wind, moving water and electricity

Question 2.
What is the original source of energy for the electricity produced at a thermal power station? How is electricity generated?
Answer:
In a thermal power station coal is the original source of energy. Here coal is burnt to release heat. The heat generated is utilised to convert water to steam. Then steam is used to rotate the turbines. As the turbine rotates electricity is produced.

Can you tell?

1. Write a few lines on the black board with a chalk. Now observe the chalk.

Question a.
What change do you see in the chalk?
Answer:
The chalk becomes smaller in size, after writing.

Question b.
Why did the chalk become smaller in size after writing on the board?
Answer:
When we wrote on the board the pieces of chalk stick to board, therefore the chalk became smaller in size.

2. Wipe the board with a duster and then tap the duster against the table.

Question a.
What do you see?
Answer:
A fine white particles of chalk fell of the duster when we tapped it against the table.

Question b.
From where did these white particles come?
Answer:
When we rubbed the board, the chalk particles from the board stuck to the duster and when we tapped the duster these chalk particles fell.

Question c.
If there is a sudden shower, we take shelter under a roof on the road side. Even though the rain does not fall on us directly we get wet to some extent why?
Answer:
The raindrops slow down the roof and fall on the ground. They break into fine droplets when they fall and bounce off the ground. These droplets make us wet. Hence though the rain does not fall on us directly we get wet to some extent.

Question d.
Asmita went to buy an earthen pot. There she saw many things kept for sale. How did she identify what she needed? From what substance had the potter made all the things?
Answer:
Asmita identified the things kept from their shape and colour. The potter had made all the things using clay.

Question e.
What is the difference between a substance and an object?
Answer:
Difference between substance and object is given below:

Substance	Object
1. Substances are made up of tiny particles.	1. Objects are made using substances.
2. Substances may or may not have definite shape. They occur in a specific state.	2. Objects have definite shape. Their parts are put together in a particular way.
3. Wood, aluminium, coal, iron etc are examples of substances.	3. Table, chair, flower pots, lamp etc. are examples of objects.

Question f.
There is a car. Its tank is full of fuel, but it does not move. Why is that?
Answer:
The energy has to be released from the fuel to make the car move. The energy is released when the petrol burns. The petrol starts burning only after we turn on the car engine. Since the engine is not on, the car does not move even when its tank is full of fuel.

Question g.
When we have run a long distance, we feel tired. We have to stop. Why is that?
Answer:
We need energy to run. Hence when we run a long distance, the food present in the body is continuously burn to release energy. This energy is used to do the work of running. After running a long distance the food gets exhausted and the energy released decreases and therefore we feel tired and we stop.

Glossary :

1. fossil fuel – fuel formed in the earth o from plant or animal remains
2. exhaustible – the resources which can not be renewed or recycled
3. depleting – reduction in quantity
4. corncob – core of Indian com.

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Class 5 Environmental Studies Solutions Chapter 22 Growth and Personality Development Notes, Textbook Exercise Important Questions and Answers.

Maharashtra State Board Class 5 EVS Solutions Part 1 Chapter 22 Growth and Personality Development

5th Std EVS 1 Digest Chapter 22 Growth and Personality Development Textbook Questions and Answers

1. What’s the solution?

Question 1.
What’s the solution?
Kabir wants to be a professor of zoology. What can he do today to prepare for that?
Answer:
Kabir should study regularly and sincerely. He should read various books on animals. He should learn to speak in public by participating in elocution competition. Also he should do the project work given by the teacher and explain it in the class to his friends. By doing all these things he will develop all the skills necessary for becoming a professor.

2. Use your brain power!

Question (a)
What skills do we already have before we leam to ride bicycle?
Answer:
Before riding a bicycle we know to walk, run, jump, climb, skip and hop. Hence we are able to climb and sit on the bicycle and balance it by touching the ground with our legs.

Question (b)
Suman wishes to run a restaurant of her own in the future. Which of the skill she is learning today will be of use in her future occupation?
Answer:
The following skill mentioned below which she is learning today will be of help to Suman: The skill of cooking meals, writing down the recipe, keeping an account of the money spent, making the list of grocery item needed, serving food, packing food, cleaning the table etc. are some of the few skills which will help her to run a restaurant in future.

3. Answer the following questions:

Question (a)
What is meant by heredity? (Explain)
Answer:
People of one family show similarities in physical characteristics in many ways. Some features or traits are like our grandparents, some like our parents and some like our brothers and sisters. Being bom with certain features or traits in common with the members of our family is called heredity.

Question (b)
What differences do we see between children in preprimary classes and children in standard?
Answer:
Preprimary children are not able to read and write. They cannot dress on their own, they cannot tie shoe laces, comb their hair etc. They are dependent on their mother, teachers, and Aya for everything. Whereas a standard child can read and write, dress on his own, he can do most of the routine work independently.

Question (c)
What changes take place in us from birth till adulthood?

Question (d)
Name any three skills you have acquired.
Answer:
The skills that I have acquired are skipping, jumping, reading, writing, cycling etc.

Question (e)
What is meant by physical growth?
Answer:
Growing in height and weight from childhood to adulthood is called physical growth.

4. True or false?

Question 1.
State whether the following statements are true or false:
(a) A baby gradually learn to perform newly learnt tasks without making mistake.
(b) At, birth we already learn all skills.
(c) We cannot manage all our tasks entirely by overselves.
(d) Our height manage all our tasks entirely by oversieves.
Answer:
(a) True
(b) False
(c) True
(d) False

Environmental Studies Part 1 Standard 5th Solutions Chapter 22 Growth and Personality Development Additional Important Questions and Answers

Fill in the blank with the correct answers from the options given below:

Question 1.
All living things eat grow ………………… .
(a) physically
(b) spritually
(c) mentally
Answer:
(a) physically

Question 2.
Human beings grow in height and weight from birth to ………………….. .
(a) childhood
(b) adulthood
(c) teens
Answer:
(b) adulthood

Question 3.
When a person begins to do a task more easily without doing mistake his ……………… increase.
(a) inefficiency
(b) practicality
(c) efficiency
Answer:
(c) efficiency

Question 4.
The greater the number of skills we learn, the less is our …………………. on others.
(a) independence
(b) effort
(c) dependence
Answer:
(c) dependence

Question 5.
We must all learn to take ……………….. for doing our personal tasks ourselves.
(a) responsibility
(b) jobs
(c) irresponsibility
Answer:
(a) responsibility

Question 6.
The features and traits that we possess right from the time we are born are known as……………….. traits.
(a) inborn
(b) inherited
(c) physical
Answer:
(b) inherited

Question 7.
Our personality develops through our …………………. and ……………….. .
(a) efforts
(b) strength
(c) interest
Answer:
(c) interest, (a) efforts

Question 8.
Only when ………………….. are put into practice, we can say the personality developed in excellent.
(a) good thoughts/values
(b) vices
(c) bad thoughts
Answer:
(a) good thoughts/values

Question 9.
Lack of …………….. also affects growth adversely even if we take nutritious food.
(a) money
(b) exercise
(c) jewellery
Answer:
(b) exercise

Question 10.
We can live an independent useful and enriched life with the help of ………………. .
(a) property
(b) skills
(c) vices
Answer:
(b) skills

Question 11.
Small babies ………………. do anything for themselves.
(a) can
(b) cannot
(c) able to
Answer:
(b) cannot

Question 12.
Achieving control of one’s …………………. or learning to do something new is called ‘learning a skill’.
(a) limbs
(b) movements
(c) arms
Answer:
(b) movements

Question 13.
Everyday, we keep …………….. .
(a) repeating
(b) walking
(c) learning
Answer:
(c) learning

Question 14.
With age our ……………… strength also increases.
(a) spiritual
(b) mental
(c) physical
Answer:
(c) physical

Question 15.
Animals learn only a certain number of ……………….. in their life.
(a) skills
(b) hunting
(c) steps
Answer:
(a) skills

Question 16.
Our height grows till we are about …………………. years old.
(a) 15
(b) 18
(c) 20
Answer:
(b) 18

Question 17.
People of one family show ……………….. in many ways.
(a) similarities
(b) dissimilar
(c) bonding
Answer:
(a) similarities

Question 18.
No one has any …………………. over which traits we will inherit and which we will not.
(a) tolerance
(b) control
(c) hand
Answer:
(b) control

Question 19.
We …………….. the ability to learn many skills.
(a) inherit
(b) remember
(c) copy
Answer:
(a) inherit

Question 20.
………………… our skills helps us to live an independent, useful and enriching life.
(a) Working out
(b) Practising
(c) Developing
Answer:
(c) Developing

Question 21.
Food is necessary for ……………….. .
(a) body
(b) growth
(c) diet
Answer:
(b) growth

Question 22.
Along with nutritious food, adequate ………………….. is also necessary for growth and development.
(a) skills
(b) cycling
(c) exercise
Answer:
(c) exercise

Question 23.
Lack of exercise ……………… growth adversely.
(a) effects
(b) affects
(c) defects
Answer:
(b) affects

Question 24.
Each person has every right to get the opportunity to make progress and ……………. their own life.
(a) bench
(b) prosperous
(c) enrich
Answer:
(c) enrich

Question 25.
Our physical and mental make up is not the ………………… as that of anyone else.
(a) different
(b) same
(c) similar
Answer:
(b) same

Question 26.
Our ……………….. develops through our interests and efforts.
(a) personality
(b) excellence
(c) exercise
Answer:
(a) personality

Question 27.
Our personality can be said to be …………….. only when we put good thoughts into practice.
(a) weak
(b) average
(c) excellent
Answer:
(c) excellent

Question 2.
State whether the following statements are true or false:

1. The child is motivated to practice an activity again and again when he is praised for trying to carry out the activity.
2. Animals go on learning many skills throughout their life.
3. In a family all the brothers and sisters are identical.
4. A baby learn to walk and run only after his parents teach him.
5. If a baby is not able to walk and talk by the time it is two years, then growth and development of the baby is not taking place properly.
6. Learning various skills makes us independent as it helps us to do various tasks on our own.

Answer:

1. True
2. False
3. False
4. False
5. True
6. True

Answer the following questions in one sentence:

Question 1.
What do you mean by ‘inherited’ traits?
Answer:
The traits with which we are bom, and are common with members of our family are called ‘inherited’ traits.

Question 2.
What things would you like to do just for recreation?
Answer:
I would like to play football, cricket or do drawing, painting, or read a story book.

Question 3.
Which are the skills that a child of Std V should learn so that he can get ready for school without depending on his mother’s help?
Answer:
He should leam to wear his own tie, tie his shoes laces, wear shoes and socks, comb his hair, wear his clothes on his own. So that he can get ready for school without depending on his mother for her help.

Question 4.
What is meant by addiction?
Answer:
When a particular skill or activity increases our dependence on it, by making us crave for repeating it again and again it is called addiction.

Question 5.
Name a few activities which lead to addiction and affect development of a child.
Answer:
Playing video games, eating gutka, paan masala, playing games on mobile, eating chocolates etc. are a few skills or activities which lead to addiction and have bad effects on the development of a child.

Question 6.
What is learning a skill?
Answer:
Achieving control of one’s movements or leam to do something new is called ‘learning a skill’.

Question 7.
What is development?
Answer:
As we grow, our height, weight and physical strength increase, also we leam a lot of new skills. This progress we make is called development.

Question 8.
What skills do animals learn from their mothers?
Answer:
Animals learn from their mother, skills to obtain food, protect themselves from the sun, rain and from enemies.

Question 9.
How do people sometimes recognize us?
Answer:
People of one family show similarities, some of our features or traits are like those of our grandparents or our parent’s siblings. That is why sometimes people who know them recognize us.

Question 10.
What is heredity?
Answer:
Being bom with certain features or traits in common with the members of our family is ‘heredity’.

Question 11.
What leads to good development?
Answer:
We must study well, avoid addiction, develop hobbies, take part in sports, learn new skills. This way of life leads to good development.

Use your brain power!

Question 1.
Sayali is in the sixth standard. They are going for a picnic. Sayali’s Aai is going to make ladoos for the whole class. But she needs Sayali’s help. What can Sayali do to help?
Answer:
Sayali can make a list of the ingredients needed to make ladoos with the help of her mother. Sayali can assist her mother to give shape to the ladoos. Sayali can pack the ladoos in a tiffin box. This is how Sayali can help mother.

Question 2.
Many skills have been mentioned in this lesson up to now. Can you do without learning some of them? Which ones are necessary for any person?
Answer:
Yes, it is not necessary to leam all the skills. Everyone need not leam the skill of playing football, cook a meal, write a story, press clothes etc. However everyone should be able to eat with one’s own hand, wash one’s own face, have a bath, dressing oneself, reading a book, writing answers, communicate his thoughts etc.

Answer the following questions:

Question 1.
How many years does it take the young ones of the tiger/elephant to start living independently?
Answer:
The cub of a tiger starts living independently after 18 months. However sometimes it takes 2 years to 2 1/2 years also. The calf of an elephant starts living independently after 6 years. However sometimes they may become independent after 8-10 years also.

Question 2.
Explain what do you mean by development.
Answer:
As we grow, our height and weight increases. With age our physical strength also increase. We also keep learning more and more new skills. In this way every individual makes progress. ‘This is called development’.

Question 3.
Describe the factors that affect growth and development.
Answer:
The factors that affect growth and development are the food we eat, exercise and our values and behaviour.
1. The food that we eat: If we have nutritious food we gain strength and ability to learn various skills. We also grow tall and develop a good personality. If food is not nutritious we become malnourished and development and growth gets affected.
2. Exercise also brings about proper growth and development. Lack of exercise affects growth adversely.
3. Along with food and exercise it is important that we have Food values and we put it into practice. Our values and behaviour also affect development. Good thoughts put into practice make us an excellent personality.

Give reasons:

Question 1.
Always playing video games or games on mobile is not good for development.
OR
Always playing video games has an adverse effect on personality.
Answer:
Always playing video games and games on mobile makes a person addicted to it. The person cannot think of anything else and looses concentration in other activities. The child playing these games cannot concentrate in studies, nor is he able to develop new good skills.

Seeing the violence in the video game the child does not get good thoughts. Hence due to all this, good development does not take place and it affects the child’s growth and personality adversely.

Can you tell:

Question 1.
Can an infant feed itself?
Answer:
No, the infant cannot feed itself. The mother has to feed the infant.

Question 2.
Can a two years old child fold clothes neatly?
Answer:
No, a two year old child cannot fold his clothes neatly. However if taught he can try to fold his handkerchief.

Question 3.
When do they learn to these task?
Answer:
The child learns to feed himself a when he is one year old. However he can feed himself properly without spilling after two years. The child can fold his clothes after he becomes five years old.

Question 4.
Which of the following things have you learnt to do? Which Ones have you yet to learn?
Answer:
The tasks which a fifth Std child can do are skipping on a rope, writing an essay, combing his hair, telling a story, using a computer, etc. The child may not be able to give a speech, riding a bicycle, swimming, counting money, climbing a tree etc.

Glossary:

1. traits – genetically determined characteristic
2. addiction – to become dependent on something.

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Class 5 Environmental Studies Solutions Chapter 21 Busy at Work – Our Internal Organs Notes, Textbook Exercise Important Questions and Answers.

Maharashtra State Board Class 5 EVS Solutions Part 1 Chapter 21 Busy at Work – Our Internal Organs

5th Std EVS 1 Digest Chapter 21 Busy at Work – Our Internal Organs Textbook Questions and Answers

1. what’s the solution?

Question 1.
A person has fainted and a crowd of people has surrounded him.

2. Use your brain power!

Question (a)
Why do we sometimes choke suddenly while eating?
Answer:
The food that we chew in the mouth enters the oesophagus after swallowing. The upper ends of both the oesophagus and the windpipe open in the throat next to each other. When we swallow the food in a hurry while eating, sometimes the food suddenly enters the windpipe causing us to suddenly choke.

Question (b)
How is the air that we inhale purified in our body?
Answer:
The inner lining of the respiratory tract secretes a sticky substance called mucus. It also has hair-like structures called cilia. The air that we inhale is purified with the help of this mucus and cilia. The cilia filter the dust, smoke, micro-organisms etc. and these substances get entangled in the sticky mucus and stick to the inner lining of the nose. Sometimes the cilia push out these substances towards the nostrils which is then blown out by sneezing. Thus this is how air that we inhale is purified.

3. Fill in the blanks.

Question (a)
………………… gas is continuously transported to all parts of the body.
(a) Oxygen
(b) Carbon dioxide
(c) Nitrogen
Answer:
(a) Oxygen

Question (b)
The stomach is like a …………………… .
(a) ball
(b) skin
(c) bag
Answer:
(c) bag

4. Match the columns:

Question 1.
Match the columns:

Group ‘A’	Group ’B’
1. Lungs	(a) Circulation
2. Stomach	(b) Respiration
3. Heart	(c) Co-ordination
4. Brain	(d) Digestion

Answer:

Group ‘A’	Group ’B’
1. Lungs	(b) Respiration
2. Stomach	(d) Digestion
3. Heart	(a) Circulation
4. Brain	(c) Co-ordination

5. Answer the following questions.

Question (a)
Name the systems that carry out the different functions of the body.
Answer:
The systems that carry out the different functions of the body are Digestive system, Respiratory system, Circulatory system, Excretory system, Nervous system and Skeletal system.

Question (b)
Describe how the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide gases takes place in the lungs.
Answer:
The air that we inhale contains oxygen. This outside air reaches the lungs with the help of the respiratory organs like nose, trachea and diaphragm. When the outside air reaches the alveoli present in the lungs it passes into the thin blood vessels around the alveoli.

With the blood, it flows to the various parts of the body. At the same time the carbon dioxide that is brought by the blood from all parts of the body leave the blood and enters the alveoli. When we exhale this carbon dioxide is given out. In this way the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide gases takes place in the lungs.

Question (c)
Why do we call saliva, a digestive juice?
Answer:
The digestive juice are the juices secreted by the glands present outside the digestive system and they help in digesting the food. When food is taken in the mouth, saliva is secreted by the glands called salivary glands into the mouth.

The saliva then mixes with the food that is chewed and it converts the food into soft moist ball called bolus which is easy to swallow. The saliva also digests the starch present in the food. Since saliva helps in digestion of food it, is called a digestive juice.

6. Choose the appropriate word from the brackets:

Question (a)
Respiration takes place because of its up and down movement.
Answer:
diaphragm

Question (b)
The process of keeping the blood flowing continuously throughout the body
Answer:
circulation

Question (c)
Air that enters through the nose and passes into this tube.
Answer:
trachea

Environmental Studies Part 1 Standard 5th Solutions Chapter 21 Busy at Work – Our Internal Organs Additional Important Questions and Answers

Fill in the blanks with the correct answers from the options given below:

Question 1.
The …………………. is present between the thoracic cavity and abdominal cavity below the lung.
(a) stomach
(b) diaphragm
(c) heart
Answer:
(b) diaphragm

Question 2.
The air sacs formed at the end of the last branches of the trachea are called ………………… .
(a) alveoli
(b) thoracic
(c) blood vessel
Answer:
(a) alveoli

Question 3.
The inner lining of the respiratory organs has the fine hair-like structures called ……………….. .
(a) nose
(b) cilia
(c) alveoli
Answer:
(b) cilia

Question 4.
A layer of sticky substances present in the inner lining of the respiratory organ is known as …………… .
(a) mucus
(b) cilia
(c) skin
Answer:
(a) mucus

Question 5.
Smoking causes life threatning diseases like ………………… .
(a) lung cancer
(b) asthma
(c) pneumonia
Answer:
(a) lung cancer

Question 6.
The process of digestion begins in the …………….. .
(a) stomach
(b) oesophagus
(c) mouth
Answer:
(c) mouth

Question 7.
Small intestine of an adult is …………………. long and the large intestine is ………………. long.
(a) 7 mtrs
(b) 1 1/2 mtr
(c) 2 mtrs
Answer:
(a) 7 mtrs, (b) 1 1/2 mtr

Question 8.
………………….. is the hardest substance in our body.
(a) Tooth enamel
(b) Nail
(c) Hair
Answer:
(a) Tooth enamel

Question 9.
…………………… is secreted by the salivary glands.
(a) Mucus
(b) Saliva
(c) Cilia
Answer:
(b) Saliva

Question 10.
It is necessary for the body to get a continuous supply of ………………… .
(a) oxygen
(b) nitrogen
(c) carbon dioxide
Answer:
(a) oxygen

Question 11.
When the diaphragm moves …………….. we breathe in.
(a) upward
(b) sideways
(c) downward
Answer:
(c) downward

Question 12.
The food we eat is ………………….. in our body.
(a) mixed
(b) churned
(c) digested
Answer:
(c) digested

Question 13.
The teeth, tongue and saliva all help to convert food into a soft moist ball called a …………………………. .
(a) bolus
(b) cilia
(c) saliva
Answer:
(a) bolus

Question 14.
As a result of respiration, …………………. enters the blood in the body and spreads to all parts of the body.
(a) carbon
(b) sulphur
(c) oxygen
Answer:
(c) oxygen

Question 15.
The process of keeping the blood flowing through all parts of the body is called ……………….. circulation.
(a) body
(b) blood
(c) oxygen
Answer:
(b) blood

Question 16.
As long as we are alive, the process of blood ………………… goes on continuously, day and night.
(a) respiration
(b) circulation
(c) co-ordination
Answer:
(b) circulation

Question 17.
Maintaining the co-ordination of the different functions in the body is the function of the ……………… .
(a) lung
(b) nerves
(c) brain
Answer:
(c) brain

Question 18.
A network of ………………… carry messages to and fro between the brain and the parts of the body.
(a) nerves
(b) blood vessels
(c) muscles
Answer:
(a) nerves

Question 19.
The brain and the network of nerves are together called the ………………. system.
(a) circulatory
(b) nervous
(c) respiratory
Answer:
(b) nervous

Define the following or Explain the terms:

Question 1.
System
Answer:
A group of organs that carry out similar functions in the body is called a system.

Question 2.
Blood circulation
Answer:
The process of keeping the blood flowing through all parts of the body is called blood circulation.

Question 3.
Digestion
Answer:
The process of converting food to simpler substances which can get mixed into blood easily is called digestion.

Question 4.
Respiration
Answer:
The process of entering of oxygen into the blood, so that it can be used to burn the food and release energy is called respiration.

Question 3.
Choose the appropriate word from the brackets:
(constipation, trachea, diaphragm, circulation, breathing, brain, enamel)

1. Maintaining co-ordination between various systems is its function.
2. When there is a tooth decay this is corroded a.
3. The process of inhaling oxygen and exhaling carbon dioxide.
4. Passing hard stool or not passing stool regularly.

Answer:

1. brain
2. enamel
3. breathing
4. constipation

4.

Question (A)
Match the columns:

Group ‘A’	Group ‘B’
1. Mouth	(a) Excess water present is absorbed
2. Stomach	(b) Faeces collected
3. Small intestine	(c) Formation of bolus
4. Large intestine	(d) Food absorbed into the blood
5. Rectum	(e) Food changes to thin slurry

Answer:

Group ‘A’	Group ‘B’
1. Mouth	(c) Formation of bolus
2. Stomach	(e) Food changes to thin slurry
3. Small intestine	(d) Food absorbed into the blood
4. Large intestine	(a) Excess water present is absorbed
5. Rectum	(b) Faeces collected

Question 5.
Name the following:

1. An organ that pumps blood continuously.
2. An organ that maintains and co-ordinates the functioning of all the organ systems.
3. An organ that expels4faeces.
4. Organs which are affected by drinking alcohol for a long period of time.
5. A system that gives support and shape to the body.
6. A system that expels the waste substances that are formed in the body.

Answer:

1. Heart
2. Brain
3. Anus
4. Liver and Kidney
5. Skeletal System
6. Excretory System

Answer in one or two sentences:

Question 1.
Which organ helps us to enjoy many different tastes and flavours while having our meals?
Answer:
The tongue and the nose help us to sense the taste and flavours while having our meal.

Question 2.
Name the organs of the digestive system. (Use your brain power.)
Answer:
The organs of the digestive system are mouth, oesophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, anus and all the other outside glands like salivary glands, liver and pancreas.

Question 3.
In which cavity of the body are the brain, lungs, heart and stomach situated and what is its function?
Answer:
The brain is situated in the cranial cavity, the heart and the lung is present the thoracic cavity and the stomach is present in the abdominal cavity. The bones present in the cavity protect these delicate organs.

Question 4.
Which bones protect the brain, heart and lungs and the stomach?
Answer:
The brain is protected by the skull, the heart and lungs are protected by rib cage as they are present inside it and the stomach is protected by strong muscles and by the rib cage.

Question 5.
How is faeces formed?
Answer:
When the digested food and water gets absorbed into the blood, and then what remains behind forms the faeces.

Question 6.
How many times do humans breathe per minute when resting or sitting comfortably?
Answer:
A healthy adult breathes 16-20 times per minute whereas a child of 6 months breathes 25-40 times per minutes and a child of 6-10 years breathes 18-25 times per minute.

Question 7.
How many times does one breathe after running a hundred metre race?
Answer:
When a person runs a race the breath rate is more than 16-20 times per minute for an adult and more than 18-25 times per minute for a child of 6 -10 years.

Give reasons:

Question 1.
Harmful substances like dust, smoke and microorganisms present in the air cannot reach the lungs.
Answer:
The inner lining of the nose has thin hair-like structures called cilia. This inner lining also secretes a sticky substance called mucus. The harmful substances like dust, smoke, micro-organisms etc. are filtered by the cilia and they get entangled in the mucus.

This then sticks to the inner lining of the nose. The cilia sometimes pushes these substances towards the nostril. This is then blown out by sneezing. Thus the harmful substances are prevented from entering the lungs.

Question 2.
Smoking for a long time reduces the efficiency of the lung.
Answer:
When one keeps smoking over a long period of time, the toxic substances in the smoke collect in the respiratory tract. The solid particles in this tobacco smoke form a sticky layer inside the alveoli. As these toxic substances get collected more and more, the exchange of gases like oxygen and carbon dioxide does not take place properly. Therefore, the efficiency of the lung decreases.

Question 3.
It is important to drink adequate quantities of water after eating.
Answer:
Water is absorbed through the alimentary canal and used for all processes. If one does not drink enough water digestion cannot take place properly, as food cannot keep moving properly. This will lead to constipation. Also water absorbed is used for the proper functioning of all other body processes. Therefore, it is important to drink adequate quantity of water.

Question 4.
We must not eat in a hurry and avoid speaking while eating.
Answer:
The upper ends of both the oesophagus and the windpipe open in the throat next to each other. When food is swallowed the wind pipe remains closed. If we eat in a hurry or speak while eating, food may enter the windpipe and cause us to choke. To avoid this from happening, we must not eat in a hurry or speak while eating.

Question 5.
It is dangerous to drive after drinking alcohol.
Answer:
Alcohol affects the nervous system. Hence when one drinks alcohol, one loses control over the movements of the body due to lack of co-ordination. Due to lack of co-ordination while driving when many accidents occur on the road, leading to loss of life. Therefore, it is dangerous to drive after drinking alcohol.

Use your brain power!

Question 1.
Describe which systems work together to provide the body with energy.
Answer:
The oxygen present in the inhaled air enters the blood due to the respiratory system. The food is digested and it also enters the blood due to the digestive system. The blood then flows to every part of the body due to circulatory system and it supplies the digested food and oxygen.

The food acts as fuel and it bums slowly in presence of oxygen releasing energy. This energy is then used by various parts of the body to do work. Thus the respiratory system, digestive system and circulatory system work together to provide the body with energy.

Answer the following questions:

Question 1.
Describe the process of digestion taking place in the stomach.
Answer:
The soft bolus which is swallowed enters the stomach through the oesophagus. Here the food is then churned. The digestive juices mix with this food and bring about some digestive process. At the same time disease producing . germs present in the food are destroyed. The food then changes into a thin slurry’ and passes into the small intestine.

Question 2.
How is food absorbed into the blood?
Answer:
The thin slurry formed in the stomach enters the small intestine. Many glands like liver, pancreas secrete their digestive juices into the small intestine. These secretions help in the digestive process. As a result of these processes, some substances which can easily mix with the blood are formed. These substances are then absorbed into the blood.

Question 3.
Give the functions of the following system, (a) Skeletal System (b) Nervous System (c) Excretory System.
Answer:
(a) Skeletal System gives support and shape to our body. They also protect the important organs like brain, heart, lungs, etc. present in our body.
(b) Nervous System: It helps to co-ordinate the functions of various systems. Thus it maintains the smooth functioning of all the systems.
(c) Excretory System: It helps to expel the waste produced in our body and helps in keeping us
healthy.

Question 4.
How do we inhale and exhale air?
Answer:
When the diaphragm moves down, the air is sucked inside the lung. Thus air is inhaled when diaphragm moves up the air inside the lung is pushed out. Thus the air is exhaled. The up and down movement of the diaphragm causes us to exhale and inhale air.

Question 5.
Draw neat and labelled diagram of:
(1) Respiratory system (2) Digestive system.
Answer:
1. Respiratory system

2. Digestive system

Can you tell?

Question 1.
Name the organs that bring about respiration.
Answer:
The organs that help in respiration are, the nose, the trachea or wind pipe, the diaphragm and the lungs.

Question 2.
How do we know that we are hungry and that we should eat?
Answer:
When the food absorbed in the blood gets exhausted, after release of energy, the message reaches the brain via the network of nerves. Due to this, the brain then gets the signal that the body needs food. We realise we are hungry and we need to eat food.

Question 3.
How do the salivary glands come to know that there is food in the mouth and it is time to secrete saliva?
Answer:
When we eat food the nerve present in the nose and tongue send the message via the network of nerves to the brain. The brain then sends the message to the salivary gland to secrete the saliva. This is how the salivary glands comes to know that there is food in the mouth and it needs to secrete saliva.

Question 4.
What makes respiration and blood circulation go on all the time and the process of digestion happen at the right time?
Answer:
Our body needs energy to do work. Due to this our body requires a supply of oxygen continuously. Thus to supply oxygen continuously respiration goes on continuously. To carry oxygen to all the parts of the body continuously blood needs to circulate. Therefore circulation also needs to go on continuously. When energy is released the food absorbed in the blood gets exhausted. Through the network of nerves the brain gets the message and it signals us that we are hungry and we need to eat food.

The moment we eat food the nervous system brings about co-ordination between the digestive organs and digestion takes place at the right time. Thus respiration and blood circulation go on all the time and the process of digestion happens at the right time.

Glossary:

1. moist – slightly wet
2. churned – moved vigorously.
3. adequate – acceptable in quantity.
4. corroded – damaged
5. expels – forces out from body.
6. choke – difficulty in breathing
7. secretes -produces and discharges (a substance).
8. slurry – a semi-liquid mixture.