Important Questions

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Class 11 Psychology Important Questions Chapter 4 Human Development Important Questions and Answers.

Maharashtra State Board 11th Psychology Important Questions Chapter 4 Human Development

1A. Complete the following statements.

Question 1.
The term ‘____________’ means a progressive series of changes that occur as a result of maturation and experience.
(A) Human Development
(B) Personal Growth
(C) Maturity
Answer:
(A) Human Development

Question 2.
____________ refers to the physical changes like increase in size and weight as the age advances.
(A) Maturation
(B) Growth
(C) Development
Answer:
(B) Growth

Question 3.
____________ psychologists study the characteristics and patterns of developmental stages.
(A) Clinical
(B) Developmental
(C) Industrial
Answer:
(B) Developmental

Question 4.
The duration of prenatal period is ____________ to 290 days.
(A) 251
(B) 238
(C) 283
Answer:
(B) 238

Question 5.
The last stage in prenatal period is called ____________ stage.
(A) germinal
(B) fetal
(C) embryonic
Answer:
(B) fetal

Question 6.
The ____________ sleeps for around 18 to 20 hours.
(A) neonate
(B) embryo
(C) foetus
Answer:
(A) neonate

Question 7.
____________ is also called preschool age or age of curiosity.
(A) Early childhood
(B) Infancy
(C) Late childhood
Answer:
(A) Early childhood

Question 8.
Parents call early childhood as ____________ age.
(A) toy
(B) play
(B) pre-gang
Answer:
(A) toy

Question 9.
Educators regard ____________ as a critical period in the achievement drive.
(A) late childhood
(B) early childhood
(C) adulthood
Answer:
(A) late childhood

Question 10.
The rate of adolescent suicide is higher for ____________
(A) girls
(B) boys
(C) transgenders
Answer:
(B) boys

Question 11.
World suicide prevention day is observed on ____________ every year.
(A) 10th September
(B) 8th October
(C) 11th December
Answer:
(A) 10th September

Question 12.
Late adulthood is the time of ‘____________’.
(A) Empty Nest
(B) High achievement
(C) Low curiosity
Answer:
(A) Empty Nest

Question 13.
____________ is associated with forced leisure.
(A) Late adulthood
(B) Old age
(C) Early adulthood
Answer:
(B) Old age

Question 14.
____________ life begins in old age.
(A) Retirement
(B) Relaxation
(C) Depressed
Answer:
(A) Retirement

1B. Match the following pairs.

Question 1.

A	B
1. Prenatal stage	a. Birth to two weeks
2. Neonatal stage	b. 60 years till death
3. Early childhood	c. Six years to 10-12 years
4. Late childhood	d. 40 years to 60 years
5. Adolescence	e. Conception to birth
6. Early adulthood	f. 12-14 years to 20-21 years
7. Late adulthood	g. Two years to six years
8. Old age	h. 21 years to 40 years

Answers:

A	B
1. Prenatal stage	e. Conception to birth
2. Neonatal stage	a. Birth to two weeks
3. Early childhood	g. Two years to six years
4. Late childhood	c. Six years to 10-12 years
5. Adolescence	f. 12-14 years to 20-21 years
6. Early adulthood	h. 21 years to 40 years
7. Late adulthood	d. 40 years to 60 years
8. Old age	b. 60 years till death

1C. State whether the following statements are true or false.

Question 1.
The life of an individual is real and significant just as the geographical age of the earth.
Answer:
True

Question 2.
Growth is a part of development.
Answer:
True

Question 3.
All developmental changes are genetic by nature.
Answer:
False

Question 4.
Growth, maturation, and development are parallel concepts.
Answer:
True

Question 5.
Maturation is dependent on the environment as well as training.
Answer:
False

Question 6.
Infants develop control of the head and face movements within the first two months after birth.
Answer:
True

Question 7.
By the end of the embryonic stage, the zygote gets attached to the wall of the uterus.
Answer:
False

Question 8.
During infancy, rapid physical and motor development takes place.
Answer:
True

Question 9.
Child experiences stranger anxiety in late childhood.
Answer:
False

Question 10.
James Marcia’s approach discusses identity development in adulthood.
Answer:
False

Question 11.
World suicide prevention day is observed since 2003.
Answer:
True

Question 12.
Erikson asserts that people in late adulthood get experiences and society expects them to be more constructive.
Answer:
True

Question 13.
Elderly people have a minority-group status.
Answer:
True

Question 14.
Most stereotypes about old people are favourable to them.
Answer:
False

2. Explain the following concepts.

Question 1.
Write about internal factors affecting human development.
Answer:

• Internal factors affecting human development are basically related to heredity characteristics or genes.
• Some of the internal factors are Predisposition to certain diseases, immunity, over or under secretion of hormones.
• Internal factors determine the inherent physical and mental characteristics of an individual and thereby, have a crucial impact on the development.

Question 2.
Write about external factors affecting human development.
Answer:

• External factors affecting human development are basically related to nature or the environment.
• Some of the external factors are Parental attitudes and expectations, peer group and
  interpersonal relations, mass media, and overall social environment.
• External factors shape the thoughts, attitudes, and beliefs of an individual and thereby, have a significant effect on development.

3. Answer the following questions in around 35-40 words each.

Question 1.
Explain the cephalocaudal principle of development.
Answer:

• The cephalocaudal principle describes the direction of growth and development.
• It states that the development proceeds from the head to toe.
• According to this principle, the child gains control of the head first, then the arms, and then the legs.

Question 2.
Explain the proximodistal principle of development.
Answer:

• The proximodistal principle describes the direction of development.
• It states that the development proceeds from the center of the body to outward.
• This means that the spinal cord develops before outer body parts.
• The child’s arms develop before the hands and the hands and feet develop before the fingers and toes.

Question 3.
State any four changes in infancy.
Answer:

• During infancy, rapid physical and motor development takes place.
• Within two months, the child can turn his head.
• A child can sit and walk with support by nine months.
• The child starts walking independently by around 12 months of age.

Question 4.
Explain any four changes in early childhood.
Answer:

• The child develops control over his muscles.
• The child becomes physically independent.
• The physical territory of the child increases and he automatically learns about social behaviour.
• The child asks a number of questions to others.

Question 5.
Explain any three changes in late childhood.
Answer:

• The fundamental skills of reading, writing, and calculations develop at this age.
• Hand-eye coordination develops along with micro-skills.
• Even cognitive abilities like thinking and reasoning begin to develop.

Question 6.
Explain any two characteristics of late adulthood.
Answer:

• Late adulthood is a time of achievement. Erikson says that at this age people get experiences and society expects them to be more constructive.
• Late adulthood is a time of evaluation where people evaluate themselves by their achievements and previous aspirations.

4. Write short notes.

Question 1.
Characteristics of infancy
Answer:
Infancy ranges from two weeks after birth to two years. The characteristics of infancy are as follows:

• It is a foundation age because many behavioural patterns, attitudes, and emotions develop during this age.
• There is rapid growth and many changes during this stage. These changes are qualitative as well as quantitative.
• Infancy is an age of independence due to control of body movements. It enables an infant to sit, stand and walk, and manipulate objects around him.
• Due to developed interests and abilities, infancy is the age of increased individuality.
• It is the beginning of socialization since the infant goes from being asocial to social.

Question 2.
Adolescence
Answer:

• The age between late childhood and youth is called adolescence. This age ranges between 12-13 years to 19-20 years.
• During this age, rapid physical development takes place. This stage begins with puberty.
• Height and weight of adolescent increases. Menarche in girls and nocturnal emission in boys occur due to the maturation of sex organs.
• Secondary sex characteristics develop during this stage, e.g. breast development among girls, growth of mustache, and pubic hair among boys.
• Also, the search for identity and independence develops among adolescents. Their thoughts are more logical, abstract, and idealistic.
• Adolescents like to spend more time with their friends.
• Adolescents face a number of problems like identity crisis, addiction, and depression.

Question 3.
Old age
Answer:
Old age ranges from 60 years to death. Old people have to adjust to their environment. In some cases, the death of a spouse leads to loneliness, The characteristics of old age are as follows:

• Old age is a period of decline in physical and mental capacities. Individuals in this stage also face certain health issues.
• There are individual differences in the impact of aging.
• Old age is judged by different criteria, e.g. society tends to judge age in terms of physical appearance and activities.
• There are many stereotypes about old people.
• Most stereotypes are unfavourable.
• Elderly people have a minority-group status.
• Aging requires role changes.
• Adjustment is poor during old age.
• The desire to be young is seen in old age.

5. Answer the following questions in 150-200 words.

Question 1.
Explain three prenatal stages.
Answer:
A period between conception till birth is called a prenatal period. During this period, major developmental changes take place in a very rapid manner. This development goes through three stages as follows:

1. Germinal stage: It ranges from conception to two weeks. Within few hours after conception, the zygote starts a journey down the fallopian tube to the uterus; where it begins the process of cell duplication.
In this process, the zygote divides itself into two cells and then goes on duplicating itself. By the end of this period, the zygote gets attached to the wall of the uterus.

2. Embryonic stage: It starts from the third week after conception and continues till the ninth week. It is a time when the mass of cells (embryo) becomes distinct from a human. This stage plays a crucial role in the development of the brain. Almost all internal and external organs develop by the end of this period.

3. Fetal stage: It begins during the ninth week and lasts until birth. This period is marked by more important changes in the brain. The body parts and structures established in the embryonic stage continue to develop during this stage.

Question 2.
Explain the characteristics of adolescence.
Answer:
The age between late childhood and youth is called adolescence. This age ranges between 12-13 years to 19-20 years. The characteristics of adolescence are as follows:

• Adolescence is an important period that has an immediate effect on the attitude and behavior of an adolescent.
• Adolescence is a transitional period, i.e. it is a bridge between childhood and adulthood.
• Adolescence is a period of physical changes.
• Adolescence is an age of challenges. During childhood, the majority of problems are solved by parents and teachers but an adolescent wants to be independent.
• Adolescence is a time for searching for one’s own identity.
• Adolescence is a time of unrealistic ideas. They have a tendency to look at life through rose-tinted glasses and engage in daydreaming. As a result, they face problems like lack of concentration.
• Adolescence is a threshold of adulthood.

Question 3.
Explain Marcia’s approach to identity development.
Answer:
James Marcia’s approach to identity development during adolescence is as follows:

• Identity foreclosure: Here, adolescents just accept others’ decisions about what is best for them. e.g. a doctor’s son becomes a doctor. These adolescents are happy and self-satisfied. They tend to be authoritarian and have a need for self-approval.
• Identity diffusion: Here, adolescents neither explore nor commit to the alternatives. They are socially withdrawn. These adolescents appear carefree but their lack of commitment impairs their ability to form close relationships.
• Moratorium: Here, adolescents explore some alternatives but make no commitments. They experience high anxiety and psychological conflict. They are lively and appealing and seek intimacy with others
• Identity achievement: Here, adolescents explore and search about ‘who they are and ‘what they do’. Teens who have reached this stage tend to be psychologically healthier, higher in achievement, motivation, and moral reasoning.
• Some adolescents shift among all the above-mentioned categories but for most of them identity gels in late teens and early twenties.

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Class 11 Sociology Important Questions Chapter 1 Introduction to Sociology Important Questions and Answers.

Maharashtra State Board 11th Sociology Important Questions Chapter 1 Introduction to Sociology

Choose the correct alternative and complete the statements.

Question 1.
Sociology as a discipline emerged in ……………….
(France / America/ Europe)
Answer:
Europe

Question 2.
Sociology is a ………………….. science.
(pure/ natural / social)
Answer:
social

Question 3.
The etymological meaning of sociology is the science of …………………
(mind / society / system)
Answer:
society

Question 4.
Sociology studies society as a ……………….
(aspect / part / whole)
Answer:
whole

Question 5.
The period that brought change in European society is known as the ……………… period.
(revolution / progressive / enlightenment)
Answer:
Enlightenment

Question 6.
The Industrial Revolution took place in the 18th Century in ………………
(Germany / England / France)
Answer:
England

Question 7.
Industrial revolution gave rise to the ……………….. system of production.
(factory / political / economical)
Answer:
factory

Question 8.
Sociology has great importance in a modern ……………… society.
(complex / simple / rigid)
Answer:
complex

Question 9.
……………….. coined the word sociology for the first time in his book Positive Philosophy.
(Auguste Comte / George Simmel, Margaret Mead)
Answer:
Auguste Comte

Question 10.
The ………………. revolution refers to the expansion of trade and commerce to large scale production.
(Industrial / Commercial / French)
Answer:
Commercial

Question 11.
The Industrial Revolution took place in the ………………. century in England.
(16th / 18th / 19th)
Answer:
18th

Question 12.
The Revolution marked a turning point in the history of human struggle for freedom and equality ………………
(Industrial / Commercial / French)
Answer:
French

Question 13.
Migration from rural areas to urban settings is known as ……………………
(urbanisation / industrialisation / modernisation)
Answer:
urbanisation

Question 14.
The Sociological Imagination is a book written by sociologist …………………
(Wright Mills / August Comte / George Simmel)
Answer:
Wright Mills

Question 15.
Europe produced a …………………. Revolution in the Renaissance period.
(Industrial / Scientific / French)
Answer:
Scientific

Question 16.
Lack of health care, growth of slums are problems created by ………………….
(industrialization / urbanization / guild system)
Answer:
urbanization

Question 17.
Division of labour, and migration from rural to urban is problem of ……………… Revolution.
(Industrial / Scientific / French)
Answer:
Industrial

Question 18.
New ………………… discoveries helped in the eradication of blind beliefs.
(urban / scientific / technological)
Answer:
scientific

Question 19.
………………… refer to the movement of the population from its original homeland.
(Diaspora / Urban / Society)
Answer:
Diaspora

Question 20.
The French Revolution occurred in ……………….
(1789/ 1820/ 1758)
Answer:
1789

Correct the incorrect pair.

Question 1.
(a) Study of role of biology in human life – Bio-Sociology
(b) Study of social words of Art and Aesthetics – Sociology of Art
(c) Theoretical of knowledge in sociology in marketing segmental division of customers, Needs analysis etc. – Sociology of Market Research
(d) Study of visual dimensions of social life – Diaspora Studies
Answer:
(d) Study of visual dimensions of social life – Visual Sociology

Question 2.
(a) Sociology studies and analysis social facts – Scientific Method.
(b) Sociology holds that empiricism is its central feature – Empirical Science
(c) The aim of sociology is to find out the reality of society – Factual Science
(d) Sociology studies all aspects of social life – Arm Chair philosophy
Answer:
(d) Sociology studies all aspects of social life – Holistic Science

Question 3.
(a) Expansion of banking services – Urbanisation
(b) Producing of goods on a large-scale – Industrial Revolution
(c) It put an end to the age of feudalism – French Revolution
(d) Europe produced a revolution in the renaissance period – Scientific Revolution
Answer:
(a) Expansion of banking services – Commercial Revolution

Question 4.
(a) Developmental programme – Sociology of art
(b) The food people eat, fashion etc – Cultural studies
(c) Study of role of biology in human social life – Bio-sociology
(d) Cinematic studies – Film studies
Answer:
(a) Developmental programme – Developmental studies

Identify the appropriate term from the given options.

(Visual Sociology, Urbanisation, Urbanisation, The Guild System, Sociological Imagination, Cultural studies.)
Question 1.
The study of migration and its impact and international relations.
Answer:
Diaspora Studies

Question 2.
It is concerned with the visual dimensions of social life.
Answer:
Visual Sociology

Question 3.
Migrated from rural areas to urban areas.
Answer:
Urbanisation

Question 4.
It is a means to see through our everyday knowledge and make adequate sense of our own lives.
Answer:
Sociological Imagination

Question 5.
Productive system which was at its peak in the 13th century in Europe.
Answer:
The Guild System

Question 6.
It studies life style, consumption and social relations in metropolitan culture.
Answer:
Cultural studies

Correct underlined words and complete the sentence.

Question 1.
Study of sociology makes us more objective, rational, critical, prejudice-free and positive in our thinking it is visual approach.
Answer:
Study of sociology Studies makes us more objective, rational, critical, prejudice-free and positive in our thinking it is scientific approach.

Question 2.
Industries is responsible for endless problems such as overcrowding, pollution, traffic, etc.
Answer:
Urbanisation is responsible for endless problems such as overcrowding, pollution, traffic, etc.

Question 3.
The French revolution had made a significant contribution to shaping a scientific attitude in sociology.
Answer:
The Scientific revolution had made a significant contribution to shaping a scientific attitude in sociology.

Question 4.
Feudalism holds that knowledge is based on actual experience of the researcher.
Answer:
Empiricism holds that knowledge is based on actual experience of the researcher.

Question 5.
Cultural studies deal with exploring the narrative, artistic, cultural implications of cinema.
Answer:
Film studies deal with exploring the narrative, artistic, cultural implications of cinema.

Question 6.
Sociology is skill-oriented.
Answer:
Sociology is career-oriented.

Write suitable examples of given concepts and justify your answer.

Question 1.
Empirical Nature of Sociology.
Answer:
Example : Urbanisation resulted in endless problems such as slums etc.
Above mentioned e.g., is based on empirical study of Sociology, to prove above example in sociology the techniques used are to collect data like interview, observations and questionnaire by which data can be secured through empirical experience. Sociology uses scientific method of research and bases theory to verify the given problem / statement.

On the bases of empiricism and logical reasoning Sociology gives the conclusion. It is not based only on ‘arm-chair’ philosophy, or speculation. Rules are framed in sociology with the help of observation and experiences, Sociology holds that empiricism is central feature as a science. Therefore, sociology is empirical in nature.

Question 2.
Developmental Studies.
Answer:
Example : A study of urban community and rural community.
Developmental studies focus on different patterns of inequalities of societies. It pays particular attention to the changing factors and the relationships between developed and developing societies. It also examines the roles played by various institutions within them and their effects on different spheres of society like social, political and economic and environment.

Question 3.
Theoretical and applied nature of sociology.
Answer:
Example : A study of the social structure of a slum.
The use of applied science is to solve practical problems. A sociologist when does the study of the social structure of a slum, is working as a pure/theoretical scientist if this is followed by a study of how to prevent delinquency in a slum, of this is applied science, means practical applications of sociological use. Hence, it is proved that sociology is a theoretical science and applied science.

Question 4.
Sociology is the holistic science.
Answer:
Example : Sociology studies tribal society.
The study of society includes micro and macro aspects. However, sociology not only studies the aspects like family, religion or particular community but studies the society as a whole e.g., tribal community, rural community or urban community. Therefore, it is proved that sociology is a holistic science, meaning, it studies society as a whole.

Question 5.
Diaspora.
Answer:
Example : NRI migration, migration from rural to urban area.
Diaspora is a Greek word meaning ‘to scatter’. Today, we describe the term as the movement of the population from its original homeland, but maintaining active connections with the homeland.
In the mentioned example:
1. NRI refers to Indians residing in other countries like America. In spite of having Green Card, Citizenship of America, these Indians kept active contact or relation with their original homeland.

2. Migration from rural to urban area means migrate for the purpose of employment or any other reasons. When people migrate from rural area to urban area and yet, keep contact with their rural or ancestry that means Diaspora.

Write short notes.

Question 1.
Industrial revolution
Answer:
1. During the 18th century, in England, The Industrial Revolution took place. It affected the social and economic life of the people.

2. During the industrial revolution new tools and techniques were discovered, which could produce goods on a large scale. This gave rise to the factory system of production. This brought a change in the economy from feudal to capitalist system of production.

3. A new class of capitalist emerged, due to this revolution, society moved from handmade goods to machine made goods.

4. The closure of guild system, introduction of factory system, division of labour, and migration from rural to urban, class system, labour organisation, economic inequality and the democratic pattern were the outcomes of the industrial revolution.

Question 2.
Cultural studies
Answer:
1. According to Cultural Studies, culture is produced through everyday living – the food people eat, the fashion they adopt, the entertainment they prefer or the festivals they celebrate. Thus, Cultural Studies investigate the process of making culture.

2. It was first started in the Birmingham Centre for Contemporary Culture Studies in UK.

3. It studies daily activity of human beings. It deals with the life of people, their style of living, way of dressing, eating habits, etc.

4. Cultural studies seeks to borrow methods and theories from various disciplines for the process of making cultural.

Question 3.
Film Studies
Answer:
1. This is a new disciplinary area that has emerged in the field of sociology. In the 20th Century, film studies were a new concept of academic discipline.

2. It studies the different aspect of films, focuses their attention on theoretical, historical and critical approaches of films and deals with exploring the narrative artistic, cultural, economical and political parts of cinema.

3. This study plays a very important role as far as class, race, ethnicity and gender of society is concerned.

4. It is introduced in different universities as a disciplinary subject in sociology.

Question 4.
Scope of Sociology
Answer:
The subject matter of Sociology is very wide and can be understood with a brief introduction to following new areas in Sociology.

1. Bio-Sociology: Researchers in this area use a variety of sociological methodologies to study the role of biology in human social life.
2. Sociology of Art: This field seeks to understand the social context of the production and consumption of art.
3. Sociology of Market Research: This is an applied field which connects marketing and sociological strategies to understand the market in a meaningful way and incorporates theoretical knowledge of Sociology in marketing
4. Diaspora Studies: It deals with the study of migration and its cultural, literary, social, demographic, anthropological, political, economic impact and international relations.

Question 5.
Importance of sociology
Answer:
1. Sociology studies society in a scientific manner: Sociology has made it possible to study society in a scientific manner. Scientific knowledge about a complex human society is needed in order to achieve progress in various fields.

2. Sociology is career-oriented : the application of sociology is increasing in the field of industry, social services, social work, law, competitive examinations, marketing, public relations, journalism, NGOs, labour welfare, social research, counselling, police department, tribal welfare, research and so on.

3. Sociology develops a scientific approach : It makes us more objective, rational, critical, prejudice-free, and positive in our thinking.

4. Solution to social problems : To solve the several social problems faced by society, balanced knowledge is needed. Such analysis can be made using a sociological outlook.

Question 6.
The French Revolution
Answer:
1. The long series of political revolutions started by the French Revolution in 1789 were the immediate factors in the emergence of Sociology.

2. Most writers during this period, disturbed by the disorder and chaos in society, came together to restore order to society. Their interest in ‘social order was one of the major concerns of ‘classical Sociology,’ especially Auguste Comte and Emile Durkheim.

3. The French Revolution which occurred in 1789 marked a turning point in the history of human struggle for freedom and equality. It put an end to the age of feudalism and introduced a new order to society.

4. This revolution brought about far reaching changes not only in French society but all over Europe. Other countries like India were also influenced by ideas generated during the revolution.

Differentiate between.

Question 1.
French Revolution and Industrial Revolution.
Answer:

French Revolution	Industrial Revolution
(i) French revolution started in the 17th century in France.	(i) Industrial revolution started in the 18th century in England.
(ii) The French revolution changed political powers.	(ii) The Industrial revolution changed economic powers.
(iii) French revolution put an end to the age of feudalism.	(iii) Industrial revolution gave rise to the capitalist system.
(iv) French revolution introduced a new order to society.	(iv) The democratic pattern were the outcomes of the industrial revolution.

Explain the following concept with suitable examples.

Question 1.
Visual sociology
Answer:

1. Visual sociology is concerned with visual dimension of social life.
2. Visual sociology aims to normalize the use of visual imagery as a valid and relevant type of data for sociological research.
3. Valid scientific insight in society can be acquired by observing, its visual behavior of people and material products of culture.
   Example : A researcher takes help of newspaper, film, movie, photographs for their study or for the study of a particular society.

Question 2.
Cultural studies
Answer:

1. Cultural Studies finds its origin in the ‘Birmingham Centre for Contemporary Cultural Studies in UK.
2. Cultural Studies offers us a set of ways for reading a wide variety of contemporary popular cultural phenomena.
3. According to Cultural Studies, culture is produced through everyday living – the food people eat, the fashion they adopt, the entertainment they prefer or the festivals they celebrate.
4. Thus, Cultural Studies investigate the process of making culture.
   Example : Contemporary Cultural Studies takes everyday life very seriously. It studies lifestyle, consumption and social relations in metropolitan cultures.

Complete the concept maps.

Question 1.

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Question 2.

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Question 4.

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Question 5.

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Question 6.

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Question 7.

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Question 8.

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Question 9.

Answer:

State whether the following statements are true or false with reasons.

Question 1.
The aim of sociology is not related with the reality of society.
Answer:
This statement is False.

1. The main aim of sociology is to find out the facts behind the aspects which they have to study.
2. Sociology deals with both positive and negative elements of society, moral and immoral, organised and disorganised aspects of society.
3. That is why the aim of sociology is related with the reality of society.

Question 2.
Sociology studies only certain aspects of society.
Answer:
This statement is False.

1. Sociology does not limit itself to the study of some specific or particular aspect of society.
2. For e.g., Sociology studies all the institutions and their changes in today’s context. It also studies their effect on our individual life. Sociology studies society as a whole and not as a part. It studies all aspects of social life.
3. Sociology, a social science that studies human societies and their interactions. It does this by examining the dynamics of constituent parts of societies such as institutions, communities, populations, and gender etc.

Question 3.
The industrial revolution brought about great changes in the social and economic life of the people.
Answer:
This statement is True.

1. During the Industrial Revolution new tools and techniques were discovered, which could produce goods on a large-scale.
2. This gave rise to the factory system of production. Thus, a change in economy from feudal to capitalist system of production.
3. Large numbers of people migrated to urban areas in order to work in factories. Large industrial bureaucracies arose to provide services to industries and to the emerging capitalist economic system

Give your personal response.

Question 1.
The study of sociology is very useful in today’s society. Explain.
Answer:
We are living in the 21th Century which is greatly influenced by science and technology. Today the society is complex. In order to develop such community / society, systematic and scientific study of it is necessary. Sociologist made it possible to study society in a scientific way. Sociology gives information about social, religious, economical, racial diversities of society. It helps to develop scientific approach towards society as well as in choosing our career.

It provides scientific solutions to the problems in the society. The study of sociology helps the people in keeping themselves updated and attentive in different spheres of life. That is why, sociology is very useful in today’s context.

Answer the following in detail (About 150-200 words).

Question 1.
Explain in detail about the factors that influenced the emergence of sociology?
Answer:
Following factors play a very important role in the emergence of sociology and these factors influenced the field of sociology in different ways.
1. Commercial Revolution : It took place between 1450 and 1800 CE. It leads to expansion of banking services. Paper currency was introduced. It also resulted in the rise of the middle class.

2. Industrial Revolution: During the 18th century, in England, the Industrial Revolution took place. It affected the social and economic life of the people. During the industrial revolution new tools and techniques were discovered, which could produce goods on a large scale. This gave rise to the factory system of production. This brought a change in the economy from feudal to capitalist system of production. A new class of capitalist emerged, due to this revolution, society moved from handmade goods to machine made goods.

3. French Revolution : French Revolution was one of the best examples of struggle for freedom and equality. Through this revolution feudal system had been overthrown. The new system came into existence which was based on the principles of liberty, fraternity and equality. French revolution brought tremendous changes in the life of the people not only in France but all over Europe. Hence, French revolution led to changes in society.

4. Scientific Revolution : Europe produced a ‘Scientific Revolution’ in the Renaissance period. The impact of the scientific revolution greatly affected the material life as well as ideas about nature and society. The Enlightenment period saw the beginning of the scientific Revolution.

5. Urbanisation : It is a result of industrial revolution. Large number of people migrated from rural area to urban areas. This migration and expansion of cities resulted in endless problems such as overcrowding, pollution, traffic, lack of health care, growth of slums etc.

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Class 11 Psychology Important Questions Chapter 5 Healthy Me – Normal Me Important Questions and Answers.

Maharashtra State Board 11th Psychology Important Questions Chapter 5 Healthy Me – Normal Me

1A. Complete the following statements.

Question 1.
A ‘well-adjusted individual’ would indicate a __________ person.
(A) normal
(B) thoughtful
(C) healthy
(D) obedient
Answer:
(A) normal

Question 2.
Getting betrayed but not allowing it to hurt you for long time shows __________
(A) realistic perception of the world
(B) openness to new experiences
(C) high intellectual ability
(D) high self-esteem
Answer:
(A) realistic perception of the world

Question 3.
__________ intelligence is the ability to understand one’s own and others’ emotions.
(A) Emotional
(B) Social
(C) Cultural
(D) Intellectual
Answer:
(A) Emotional

Question 4.
There are __________ components of EI.
(A) 3
(B) 4
(C) 5
(D) 6
Answer:
(C) 5

Question 5.
__________ is your attitude towards yourself.
(A) Self-esteem
(B) Humanistic perspective
(C) Self-awareness
(D) Emotional intelligence
Answer:
(A) Self-esteem

Question 6.
A scale to measure self-esteem was developed by __________
(A) John Mayer
(B) Peter Salovey
(C) Morris Rosenberg
(D) Daniel Goleman
Answer:
(C) Morris Rosenberg

Question 7.
Sometimes traumatic effects continue for a longer period and a person can get __________
(A) burn out
(B) churn out
(C) fag out
(D) dire out
Answer:
(A) burn out

Question 8.
Pinky is 32 years old and still needs her mother to make her hair plaits every day. This is __________ behaviour.
(A) abnormal
(B) normal
(C) well-adjusted
(D) healthy
Answer:
(A) abnormal

Question 9.
Having poor energy levels and thus not being able to perform expected responsibilities on any given day is a sign of __________
(A) low self-esteem
(B) impaired functioning
(C) low confidence
(D) poor emotional intelligence
Answer:
(B) impaired functioning

Question 10.
Childhood memories are linked to __________ perspective.
(A) evolutionary
(B) psychoanalytic
(C) biological
(D) cognitive
Answer:
(B) psychoanalytic

1B. State whether the following statements are true or false and justify your answer with reason.

Question 1.
Today EQ is considered equally important as IQ.
Answer:
True
Explanation: Emotional intelligence is as important as intellectual abilities since it enables a person to live a balanced and happy life.

Question 2.
Being respectful, trusting, and supporting others are components of self-esteem.
Answer:
False
Reason: All these are components of maintaining a healthy relationship with others.

Question 3.
Adolescents face many challenges.
Answer:
True
Explanation: Adolescents face many challenges such as gender identity issues, sexual orientation issues, bullying, etc.

Question 4.
Morris Rosenberg developed the EI model.
Answer:
False
Reason: John D. Mayer co-developed the model of emotional intelligence with Peter Salovey.

1C. Identify the odd item from the following.

Question 1.
Respect, Fairness, Trust, Threatening behaviour
Answer:
Threatening behaviour

Question 2.
Identity crisis, Bullying, Inferiority complex, Genetic problems
Answer:
Genetic problems

1D. Complete the following table.

Question 1.

1. Michel Beldoch	_________________
2. _______________	Self-control
3. Empathy	_________________
4. Self-esteem	_________________
5. _______________	Diathesis
6. Androgynous	_________________
7. _______________	10th October

Answer:

1. Michel Beldoch	Term ‘Emotional Intelligence’
2. Self-regulation	Self-control
3. Empathy	Putting yourself in other’s shoes
4. Self-esteem	Sense of self-worth
5. Predisposition to disorder	Diathesis
6. Androgynous	Display of masculine and feminine traits
7. World Mental Health Day	10th October

2A. Explain the following concepts.

Question 1.
Emotional intelligence
Answer:
Emotional intelligence is the ability to perceive one’s own and other’s emotions, to discriminate among them, and to use that information to guide one’s thinking and action. It includes the ability to control emotions and handle crucial situations in an appropriate way. Individuals with high emotional intelligence are well-adjusted individuals.

Question 2.
Self-regulation
Answer:
Self-regulation refers to controlling the expression of emotions. It is the ability to express oneself appropriately at the right place and the right time. Emotionally intelligent and well-adjusted individuals are able to control their emotions.

Question 3.
Social skill
Answer:
Social skill is the ability to interact well with others. Some important social skills are active listening, verbal communication skills, nonverbal communication skills, leadership, and persuasiveness. Being helpful, respecting other’s opinions, accepting criticism, being positive, etc. also demonstrate good social skills. These skills enable a person to develop healthy relations with others.

Question 4.
Self-esteem
Answer:
Self-esteem refers to the sense of self-worth and personal value. According to Rosenberg, it is your attitude towards yourself. Well-adjusted individuals have high self-esteem.

Question 5.
Cognitive Psychology
Answer:
Cognitive Psychology is an area of psychology that focuses on mental processes such as memory, thinking, problem-solving, language, and decision-making.

Question 6.
Gender identity
Answer:
Gender identity is a perception of one’s own gender which may or may not be corresponding to their birth sex.

3. Write short notes in 50-60 words each.

Question 1.
Components of emotional intelligence
Answer:

• Self-awareness: The ability to be aware of own emotions, wants, motivations, actions, strengths, and weaknesses.
• Self-regulation: Ability to control emotions and restrain inappropriate actions.
• Self-motivation: Ability to push oneself towards a goal that one has set, without any external reward or punishment.
• Social skills: Ability to comfortably and co-operatively interact and communicate with others.
• Empathy: Ability to put oneself in other’s shoes and understand their pain, loss, grief, or distress.

Question 2.
Diathesis model
Answer:

• The diathesis model explains that those who are already genetically predisposed towards a particular disorder, are more likely to show abnormal behaviour if exposed to environmental stress.
• The disorder is a result of both biological factors (nature) and life experiences (nurture).
• Stressful environmental experiences could be childhood abuse, family conflict, divorce, or death.
• The model states that the stronger the diathesis, the lesser is the less stress required to trigger abnormal behaviour.
• Hence, a similar situation leads to different reactions by different people.

Question 3.
Biopsychosocial model
Answer:

• According to this model, abnormal behaviour results from biological, psychological, and socio-cultural factors.
• Biological factors include age, genetics, physical health.
• Psychological factors include mental and emotional health, beliefs, and expectations.
• Sociocultural factors include interpersonal relations and socioeconomic factors.
• If a person who has a biological predisposition towards abnormality, gets to live in a protective and nurturing environment, there are fewer chances of developing abnormal behaviour.
• Conversely, if he is placed in an environment detrimental to his mental and social well-being, he will show abnormal behaviour.

4. Answer the following questions in 150-200 words.

Question 1.
Explain the needs of adolescents.
Answer:
The ten needs of adolescents can be explained as follows:

• I need to understand myself and be myself (self-awareness and independence)
• I need to have fun, enjoy life, and fill my mind and time with good things, (enjoyment and constructive use of resources)
• I need to know that I am important I am called to be a hero, (power and self-esteem)
• I need to love and be loved just as I am. (need to feel wanted)
• I need to have friends and be a friend, (sense of belonging)
• I need to be a part of something with my friends, (sense of belonging)
• I need to have positive role models for my life, (having someone to look up to)
• I need to understand the meaning of my sexuality. (understanding sexual orientation)
• I need to understand the world around me. (awareness of world)
• I need to have a new relationship with Almighty: deep, real, captivating, and foundation of truth. (strong relation with almighty).

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Class 11 Psychology Important Questions Chapter 3 Self Important Questions and Answers.

Maharashtra State Board 11th Psychology Important Questions Chapter 3 Self

1A. Complete the following statements.

Question 1.
Rentsch and Heffner found __________ categories by which the participants defined themselves.
(A) eight
(B) five
(C) three
Answer:
(A) eight

Question 2.
According to __________, self-concept is the way individual reacts to himself.
(A) Heffener
(B) Symonds
(C) Rogers
Answer:
(B) Symonds

Question 3.
The __________ determines whether the child will be a boy or a girl.
(A) nurture
(B) sex chromosome
(C) heredity
Answer:
(B) sex chromosome

Question 4.
There are __________ major aspects of self.
(A) four
(B) five
(C) nine
Answer:
(A) four

Question 5.
According to Piaget, self-consciousness starts emerging between __________ months.
(A) 15-24
(B) 17-24
(C) 15-22
Answer:
(A) 15-24

Question 6.
Self __________ is an internal dictionary that describes an individual
(A) image
(B) awareness
(C) efficacy
Answer:
(A) image

Question 7.
Maddux defined __________ as ‘what I believe I can do with my skills under certain conditions.
(A) self-efficacy
(B) self-esteem
(C) self-regulation
Answer:
(A) self-efficacy

Question 8.
People from East Asian culture tend to focus on __________ form of self-regulation.
(A) preventive
(B) promotive
(C) passive
Answer:
(A) preventive

Question 9.
__________ self is our inner personality.
(A) Real
(B) Ideal
(C) Own
Answer:
(A) Real

Question 10.
If ideal self and real self-concept is accurate self are __________, our self-concept is accurate.
(A) similar
(B) different
(C) distant
(A) similar

Question 11.
__________ means people recognise and explore their own potential.
(A) Self-actualisation
(B) Self-efficacy
(C) Self-concept
Answer:
(A) Self-actualisation

1B. State whether the following statements are true or false and give a reason for your answer.

Question 1.
Self-concept is defined as a person’s belief in his ability to accomplish some specific goal or a task.
Answer:
False
Reason: Self-concept is defined as the totality of perceptions each person has of themselves.

Question 2.
Between the age of three – twelve, self-concept is defined in terms of a child’s economic background.
Answer:
False
Reason: Between the age of three to twelve, self-concept is defined mainly in terms of sex, age, family, and what the child believes he or she can or can’t do.

Question 3.
Gender identity and gender role are two different concepts.
Answer:
True
Explanation: Gender identity is a biological aspect of self-concept while gender role is psycho-social in nature.

Question 4.
Gender role is an acquired attribute of self-concept.
Answer:
True
Explanation: Gender roles are acquired through imitation and observation of family atmosphere as well as cultural influences.

Question 5.
Body image is a part of self-awareness.
Answer:
False
Reason: Body image is a part of self-image.

Question 6.
Efficacy expectancies represent skills required to complete the goal.
Answer:
False
Reason: Outcome expectancies represent skills required to complete the goal while efficacy expectancies refer to a person’s analysis about whether he has those skills.

Question 7.
To have a healthy self-concept implies to be a highly capable person.
Answer:
True
Explanation: Self-concept is our total image of ourselves. A person who has a healthy and positive image of himself tends to be capable.

Question 8.
The real self represents our dynamic ambitions and goals.
Answer:
False
Reason: Ideal self represents our dynamic ambitions and goals.

Question 9.
A person who has high self-worth can’t tolerate failure.
Answer:
False
Reason: A person who has high self-worth can cope with challenges in life and also tolerates failure and sadness effectively.

2. Answer the following questions in around 35-40 words each.

Question 1.
What is self-concept?
Answer:

• Self-concept is defined as the totality of perceptions each person has of themselves.
• It is also defined as ‘the totality of the complex, organized and dynamic system of learned beliefs, attitudes, and opinions that each person holds to be true about his or her personal existence’.

Question 2.
Explain psychological components that help us to stay socially connected.
Answer:
Heatherton has identified the following psychological components that help us to stay socially connected:

• We must be aware of our actions and evaluate them.
• We must be able to predict other’s reactions to it.
• We must detect any kind of threat or rejection from others.
• We must do something constructive to improve the situation.

4. Write short notes in 50-60 words each.

Question 1.
Self-concept
Answer:

• Self-concept is our total image of us, i.e. it is our total picture of our abilities and traits.
• It is basically a cognitive construct that determines how we feel about ourselves and guides our actions.
• According to Symonds, self-concept is the way an individual reacts to himself.
• There are four aspects of self-concept, viz. How does a person perceive himself? What does he think about himself? How he values himself? and How he enhances or defends himself?
• Our self-concept develops rapidly during early childhood and adolescence. It continues to form and change throughout our life span as we change.

Question 2.
Rentsch and Heffener’s research
Answer:

• Rentsch and Heffner conducted research on the dimensions of self-concept.
• When they asked 20 questions to 200 university students, they found eight categories by which the participants defined themselves.
• Some of the categories were concerned with personal attributes, such as interpersonal characteristics (e.g. I am a student), interest (e.g. I like dancing), personal beliefs (e.g. I am against child abuse), and self-awareness (e.g. I don’t get angry without a valid reason).
• Others referred to the social environments such as ascribed characteristics (e.g. I am a citizen of India) or social differentiation (e.g. I am from another country).
• Although our answers to specific questions related to self-concept can be different, the overall organization of self-concept is common for all.

Question 3.
Steps to develop a positive self-image
Answer:
Self-image is a personal view or mental picture that we have of ourselves.
Some steps to develop a positive self-image are as follows:

• Making a list of one’s positive qualities
• Asking others to describe one’s positive qualities
• Defining achievable personal goals and objectives
• Trying to overcome illogical and irrational thinking
• Avoiding comparing oneself to others
• Developing one’s strengths
• Learning to love oneself
• Giving positive affirmations
• Remembering one’s own uniqueness
• Remembering how one dealt with problems

5. Answer the following questions in 150-200 words.

Question 1.
What is self-image and body image?
Answer:

• Self-image is a personal view or mental picture that we have of ourselves. It is an internal dictionary that describes an individual as being intelligent, funny, kind, etc. It is a collection of an individual’s strengths and weaknesses.
• Self-image is dynamic and changing. We can take steps to develop a healthier and accurate view of ourselves.
• A healthy self-image starts with learning to accept and love ourselves. It also includes being accepted and loved by others.
• Body image is a part of self-image. It goes beyond what we look like or how others see us. It also refers to how do we think, feel, and react to our physical attributes.
• Body image development is affected by cultural images and the influence of family, peers, and others.
• A positive body image contributes to enhanced psychological adjustment while a negative body image leads to maladjustment.

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Class 11 Psychology Important Questions Chapter 2 Branches of Psychology Important Questions and Answers.

Maharashtra State Board 11th Psychology Important Questions Chapter 2 Branches of Psychology

1A. Complete the following statements.

Question 1.
Online cheating and fraud have led to the development of a branch called __________ Psychology.
(A) Cyber
(B) Social
(C) Cognitive
Answer:
(A) Cyber

Question 2.
__________ psychologists conduct research effective child-rearing practices.
(A) Social
(B) Developmental
(C) Child
Answer:
(C) Child

Question 3.
According to __________, Social Psychology is the scientific study of how an individual’s behaviour is affected by others.
(A) Myers
(B) Freud
(C) Pavlov
Answer:
(A) Myers

Question 4.
Cognitive Psychology concentrates on higher __________ processes such as reasoning and decision making.
(A) emotional
(B) behavioural
(C) mental
Answer:
(C) mental

Question 5.
The __________ psychologist tries to understand the fundamental causes of behaviour.
(A) cognitive
(B) social
(C) experimental
Answer:
(C) experimental

Question 6.
__________ Psychology is concerned with the general problems of the teaching and learning process.
(A) Educational
(B) Clinical
(C) Experimental
Answer:
(A) Educational

Question 7.
__________ Psychology is similar to Clinical Psychology.
(A) Counselling
(B) Industrial
(C) Experimental
Answer:
(A) Counselling

Question 8.
__________ psychologists generally work with the law enforcement department.
(A) Social
(B) Criminal
(C) Abnormal
Answer:
(B) Criminal

Question 9.
__________ psychologists improve preparation for a competitive event.
(A) Sports
(B) Counselling
(C) Cognitive
Answer:
(A) Sports

Question 10.
__________ Psychology is a branch of Industrial Psychology.
(A) Military
(B) Clinical
(C) Consumer
Answer:
(C) Consumer

Question 11.
Air Force Psychologist is specialised in __________ Psychology.
(A) Rehabilitation
(B) Military
(C) Organisational
Answer:
(B) Military

1B. Match the following pairs.

Question 1.

A	B
1. Clinical Psychology	a. School counsellor
2. Educational Psychology	b. Remand home superintendent
3. Industrial Psychology	c. Hypnotherapist
4. Child Psychology	d. Labour welfare officer
5. Social Psychology	e. Ergonomist

Answer:

A	B
1. Clinical Psychology	c. Hypnotherapist
2. Educational Psychology	a. School counsellor
3. Industrial Psychology	e. Ergonomist
4. Child Psychology	b. Remand home superintendent
5. Social Psychology	d. Labour welfare officer

1C. State whether the following statements are true or false.

Question 1.
Today, there are more than 50 branches of Psychology.
Answer:
True

Question 2.
The main aim of applied branches is to develop principles and establish laws for explaining human behaviour.
Answer:
False

Question 3.
Developmental Psychology examines changes across three major dimensions.
Answer:
True

Question 4.
Child Psychology is a theoretical branch of Psychology.
Answer:
True

Question 5.
Social Psychology studies the role of reinforcement in motivating children.
Answer:
False

Question 6.
Cognitive Psychology is concerned with the study of attention and perception.
Answer:
True

Question 7.
Ivan Pavlov conducted experiments on classical conditioning taking dogs as his subject.
Answer:
True

Question 8.
Abnormal Psychology is an applied branch of Psychology.
Answer:
False

Question 9.
Educational psychologists help in preparing relevant curriculum.
Answer:
True

Question 10.
Clinical Psychology is the largest subfield of Psychology.
Answer:
True

Question 11.
Counselling psychologists offer guidance about adjustment issues faced by a person.
Answer:
True

Question 12.
Criminal Psychology is. closely related to Educational Psychology.
Answer:
False

Question 13.
Industrial psychologists help players to maintain their composure.
Answer:
False

Question 14.
There are many career opportunities in Psychology.
Answer:
True

2. Answer the following questions in around 35-40 words each

Question 1.
Explain the nature of questions studied under various theoretical branches.
Answer:

Developmental Psychology	Questions related to changes that happen during the entire life span
Child Psychology	Questions focusing on children and their responses
Social Psychology	Questions focusing on individual’s response to group influence
Cognitive Psychology	Questions focusing on specific cognitive abilities
Experimental Psychology	Questions focusing on laboratory experiments to study human behaviour
Abnormal Psychology	Questions focusing on abnormal behaviour of human beings

Question 2.
State any five goals associated with Sports Psychology.
Answer:
The goals associated with Sports Psychology are as follows:

• Improve preparation for a competitive event.
• Improve focus and concentration skills of sportspersons.
• Improve teamwork and team cohesion.
• Teach relaxation skills to sportspersons.
• Develop self-awareness and increase the motivation of the team.

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Class 11 Psychology Important Questions Chapter 1 Story of Psychology Important Questions and Answers.

Maharashtra State Board 11th Psychology Important Questions Chapter 1 Story of Psychology

1A. Complete the following statements.

Question 1.
__________ thought that knowledge is acquired through learning and experience.
(A) Plato
(B) John Locke
(C) Wilhelm Wundt
Answer:
(B) John Locke

Question 2.
Wilhelm Wundt introduced the term __________ experience.
(A) conscious
(B) innate
(C) unconscious
Answer:
(A) conscious

Question 3.
Dr. Sigmund Freud was an __________ physician and neurologist.
(A) German
(B) American
(C) Austrian
Answer:
(C) Austrian

Question 4.
__________ behaviour includes directly noticeable reactions and activities.
(A) Covert
(B) Overt
(C) Conscious
Answer:
(B) Overt

Question 5.
Watson established the school of __________
(A) behaviourism
(B) philosophy
(C) psychology
Answer:
(A) behaviourism

Question 6.
The S-O-R Model was developed by __________
(A) John Watson
(B) Sigmund Freud
(C) Plato
Answer:
(A) John Watson

Question 7.
In SOR, Model ‘R’ stands for __________
(A) reaction
(B) response
(C) rigour
Answer:
(B) response

Question 8.
The first Psychology department was established in __________ University.
(A) Mumbai
(B) Calcutta
(C) Delhi
Answer:
(B) Calcutta

Question 9.
National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS) was established in __________
(A) Bangalore
(B) Hyderabad
(C) Chennai
Answer:
(A) Bangalore

Question 10.
Patanjali explained deep thought about Psychology in __________
(A) Yogsutra
(B) Upanishada
(C) Ayurveda
Answer:
(A) Yogsutra

Question 11.
People who have Rajasi qualities are __________
(A) aristocratic
(B) calm
(C) sluggish
Answer:
(A) aristocratic

Question 12.
__________ means understanding the causes of behaviour.
(A) Description
(B) Explanation
(C) Prediction
Answer:
(B) Explanation

Question 13.
__________ comprises of knowledge about the probable outcomes of behaviour.
(A) Explanation
(B) Prediction
(C) Control
Answer:
(B) Prediction

1B. Match the following pairs.

Question 1.

Group ‘A’	Group ‘B’
i. Indian Psychological Association (IPA)	a. 1916
ii. First Psychology department	b. 1925
iii. National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS)	c. 1962
iv. Indian Academy of Applied Psychology (IAAP)	d. 1955
v. Indian Association of Clinical Psychologists	e. 1989
vi. National Academy of Psychology (NAOP)	f. 1968

Answer:
i – b, ii – a, iii – d, iv – c, v – f, vi – e

1C. State whether the following statements are true or false.

Question 1.
Psychology emerged as a separate branch in the 17th century.
Answer:
False

Question 2.
The symbol of Psychology is Ω.
Answer:
False

Question 3.
Logos means a branch of knowledge.
Answer:
True

Question 4.
Wilhelm Wundt was an Austrian Physician.
Answer:
False

Question 5.
Systematic study of Psychology begun in the year 1869.
Answer:
False

Question 6.
The introspection method was introduced by Wilhelm Wundt.
Answer:
True

Question 7.
John Watson conducted research on animal behaviour, child-rearing, and advertising.
Answer:
True

Question 8.
In the S-O-R model, S stands for stimulus.
Answer:
True

Question 9.
During the 1950-1960s, the focus of Psychology shifted to cognitive processes.
Answer:
True

Question 10.
The hospital for mental diseases was set up at Ranchi.
Answer:
False

Question 11.
There are only two Koshas.
Answer:
True

Question 12.
Gunas determine the characteristics of human beings.
Answer:
False

Question 13.
The goal of description relates to ‘Why’.
Answer:
False

1D. Identify the odd item from the following and give reasons for the same.

Question 1.
Stimulus, Response, Organism, Reaction
Answer:
Reaction
Reason: Rest is the symbol in the S-O-R Model.

Question 2.
Rajas, Kapha, Vata, Pitta
Answer:
Rajas
Reason: The rest are the three types of Doshas.

Question 3.
Aristocratic, Idle, Sluggish, Depressed
Answer:
Aristocratic
Reason: The rest relate to Tamasi’s qualities.

Question 4.
Tirthankar, Kabir, Freud, Vivekanand
Answer:
Freud
Reason: The rests are Indian saints and philosophers.

1E. Complete the following table

Question 1.

1. __________ – Knowledge is innate
2. Prof. Narendra Nath Sen Gupta – __________
3. _________ – Lumbini Park Mental Hospital
4. Yama, Pranayam, Samadhi – __________
5. Describe, Explain, Predict, Control – __________

Answer:

1. Plato – Knowledge is innate
2. Prof. Narendra Nath Sen Gupta – First Psychology department, Calcutta University
3. Calcutta, 1940 – Lumbini Park Mental Hospital
4. Yama, Pranayam, Samadhi – Ashtangyoga, Patanjali
5. Describe, Explain, Predict, Control – Goals of Psychology

2. Answer the following questions in 35-40 words

Question 1.
Explain the study of Sigmund Freud.
Answer:

• Dr. Sigmund Freud was the founder of psychoanalysis. He believed that most human motives are hidden.
• He stressed the importance of early childhood experiences and unconscious impulses in shaping adult personality.
• He explained that any major psychological problems in a person’s life have their roots in the early years of life.

Question 2.
Explain the study of cognition.
Answer

• During 1950s and 1960s, the concentration of Psychology shifted from behaviour to cognitive processes.
• Psychologists were interested in studying the various internal processes that trigger a particular responsibility towards the stimulus.
• These processes comprise attention, memory, reasoning, etc. and they play an active role in the cognitive processes.

For your understanding
Cognitive science is the scientific study of human thoughts. It examines mental actions of obtaining information as well as understanding through thoughts, experiences, and senses.

Question 3.
Write a note on Ashtangyoga.
Answer:

• In the fifth century B.C., sage Patanjali described deep thought about Psychology in Yogsutra.
• He developed the theory of Ashtanga yoga.
• The eight aspects of Ashtangyoga are Yama, Niyama, Aasana, Pranayam, Pratyahar, Dharana, Dhyan and Samadhi.
• It helps us to control our wishes and desires.

3. Write short notes.

Question 1.
The latest definition of Psychology
Answer:

• The latest definition of Psychology explains that it is the study of human behaviour and mental processes.
• Important terms in this definition are behaviour, mental processes, and the scientific method.
• Behaviour is the reaction of an organism to various stimuli present in the environment.
• It is either overt or covert. Overt behaviour can be seen directly and includes responses such as walking, talking, dancing while Covert behaviour cannot be seen directly and includes responses such as thinking, feeling, etc.
• The mental processes consist of thinking, memory, forgetting, emotion, motivation, attention, and perception.
• In a scientific study, experiments are conducted in a controlled environment. It enables researchers to study sample populations and generalise certain observations to the entire population.

Question 2.
Doshas
Answer:
According to Ayurveda, there are three types of Doshas; viz. Kapha, Vata, and Pitta.

• Kapha Dosha: Individuals who have Kapha as a dominant Dosha is calm, flexible, patient, and caring. They take a longer time to grasp a subject but have a strong memory.
• Vata Dosha: Individuals who have Vata as a dominant Dosha are unpredictable and moody. They get angry very quickly but they also calm down very fast. They are art lovers,
• Pitta Dosha: Individuals having Pitta as a dominant Dosha are very sharp. They are usually short-tempered.

Question 3.
Gunas
Answer:

• According to Ayurveda, a concept to understand human temperament is called Guna.
• There are three types of Gunas, viz. Sattva, Rajas and Tamas.
• The impacts of Gunas are seen in the behaviour of an individual.
• People with Sattva Guna are calm and understanding. They do their work cautiously and promptly. They are aware of reality.
• People with Rajas Guna are proud and have high self-respect. They are aggressive, (belligerent)
• People with Tamas Guna are idle, sluggish, depressed, and not hard-working.

4. Answer the following questions in detail.

Question 1.
Explain the study of Wilhelm Wundt.
Answer:

• Wilhelm Wundt was a German Physician and Philosopher.
• In the late 19th century, he established the first Psychological laboratory at Leipzig University to study human behaviour.
• He introduced the term conscious experience (i.e. awareness of the mental activities of an organism). This awareness includes the stored mental impressions of the past, present, and future.
• Wundt introduced the Introspection method.
• He also conducted experiments on reaction time, perception, and consciousness. After that, Psychology emerged as a science.

Question 2.
Explain the study of behaviour by John Watson.
Answer:

• John Watson was an American Psychologist who defined Psychology as the Science of human behaviour.
• He conducted research on animal behaviour, child-rearing, and advertising.
• He explained human behaviour through the S-O-R Model.
• Stimulus (S) refers to any physical event or condition that gives rise to a reaction. Organism (0) refers to a human being or an animal, who gives a response to the stimulus. Response (R) refers to the reaction of the organism to a given stimulus.
• Watson also established the school of behaviourism.

Question 3.
Explain Psychology from an Indian perspective.
Answer:

• From 2000 B.C. to 500 A. C., Indian philosophers studied the mind and human behaviour from different viewpoints. They also described ideas like soul, mind, intuition, and so on.
• Upanishads explain the self and personality structure with the help of a concept called Kosha. The different Koshas are Annamaya kosha, Pranmaya kosha, Manomaya kosha, Vidnyanmaya kosha, and Anandmaya kosha.
• Ayurveda explained three types of Doshas; viz. Kapha, Vata, and Pitta and three types of Gunas; viz. Sattva Guna, Rajas Guna and Tamas Guna. Doshas determine characteristics of humans while Gunas explain human temperament.
• In the fifth century B.C., sage Patanjali explained deep thought about Psychology in Yogsutra.
  His theory of Ashtangyoga consists of eight aspects; viz. Yama, Niyama, Asana, Pranayam, Pratyahara, Dharana, Dhyan, and Samadhi. He also studied levels of human consciousness and elaborated on how one can evolve spiritually.
• Many other Indian philosophers and saints also studied the mind and human behaviour.

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Class 11 History Important Questions Chapter 16 Swarajya to Empire (Maratha Period) Important Questions and Answers.

Maharashtra State Board 11th History Important Questions Chapter 16 Swarajya to Empire (Maratha Period)

1A. Choose the correct alternative and the complete sentences.

Question 1.
___________ defeated the Yadavas of Devgiri.
(a) Alauddin Khalji
(b) Muhmmad Tughluq
(c) Hasan Gangu Bahamani
(d) Qutubuddin Aibak
Answer:
(a) Alauddin Khalji

Question 2.
After the end of Nizamshahi rule, Shahaji Raje accepted the rank of a Mansabdar in the ___________ court.
(a) Qutubshahi
(b) Imadshahi
(c) Baridshahi
(d) Adilshahi
Answer:
(d) Adilshahi

Question 3.
___________ is regarded as the visionary of Swarajya.
(a) Veermata Jeejabai
(b) Shahaji Raje
(c) Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj
(d) Chhatrapati Sambhaji Maharaj
Answer:
(b) Shahaji Raje

Question 4.
He took over the fort of ___________ and laid the foundation of Swarajya.
(a) Raigad
(b) Pratapgad
(c) Torana
(d) Sinhgad
Answer:
(c) Torana

Question 5.
Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj established the first capital of Swaraiva at the fort of ___________
(a) Rajgad
(b) Pratapgad
(c) Raj gad
(d) Vishalgad
Answer:
(a) Rajgad

1B. Find the incorrect pair from set B and write the correct ones.

Question 1.

Set ‘A’	Set ‘B’
(a) ‘Yatharthdeepika’	Vaman Pandit
(b) ‘Naladamayanti Swayamvara’	Raghunath Pandit
(c) Pandavapratapa	Shridhar Pandit
(d) Translation of Mahabharata	Mahipati

Answer:
(d) Translation of Mahabharata – Moropant

Question 2.

Set ‘A’	Set ‘B’
(a) ‘Gulshane-i-Ibrahimi’	History of India
(b) ‘Rajyavyavaharakosha’	A text on Maratha polity
(c) ‘Budhabhushan’	Overview of ancient texts on polity
(d) ‘Nayikabhed	Text in Brij literature

Answer:
(b) ‘Rajyavyavaharakosha’ – A compilation of Sanskrit lexicon for Persian terms

Question 3.

Set ‘A’	Set ‘B’
(a) Diwan	Military Chief
(b) Majumdar	Auditor and Accountant
(c) Phadnis	Deputy Auditor
(d) Sabnis	Office in-charge

Answer:
(a) Diwan – Secretary

Question 4.

Set ‘A’	Set ‘B’
(a) Karkhanis	Commissary
(b) Chitnis	Religious Officer
(c) Jamdar	Treasurer
(d) Potdar	Assay Master

Answer:
(b) Chitnis – Correspondence Clerk

1C. Find the odd one out.

Question 1.
Temples of Nashik:
(a) Mahadev
(b) Kalaram
(c) Goraram
(d) Sundarnarayan
Answer:
(a) Mahadev

Question 2.
Shahirs is known for beautiful composition:
(a) Anantafandi
(b) Prabhakar
(c) Ramjoshi
(d) Tulsidas
Answer:
(d) Tulsidas

Question 3.
Persons included in special posts of Ashtapradhans:
(a) Dhanaji
(b) Peshwa
(c) Mantri
(d) Senapati
Answer:
(a) Dhanaji

2A. Write the names of historical places, persons, and events.

Question 1.
Powerful General sent by the court of Bijapur against Chh. Shivaji Maharaj
Answer:
Afzal Khan

Question 2.
Portuguese Shipbuilders
Answer:
Rui Leitao Viegas and his son Fernao Viegas

Question 3.
Disguised himself as Chh. Shivaji Maharaj
Answer:
Shiva Kashid

Question 4.
Text ‘Nayikabhed’was written in this language
Answer:
Brij

Question 5.
Afghani Pathans are known as
Answer:
Rohillas

2B. Choose the correct reason and complete the sentence.

Question 1.
___________ was the leader of the Rohillas.
(a) Najib Khan
(b) Nizamshah
(c) Adilshah
(d) None of them
Answer:
(a) Najib Khan

Question 2.
After Chhatrapati Sambhaji Maharaj, ___________ took over the reins at Raigad.
(a) Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj
(b) Chhatrapati Rajaram Maharaj
(c) Chhatrapati Shahu Maharaj
(d) Shiva Maharaj
Answer:
(a) Chhatrapati Rajaram Maharaj

Question 3.
___________ defeated the Yadavas of Devgiri and the rule of Delhi Sultans began in south India.
(a) Akbar
(b) Babur
(c) Humayun
(d) Alauddin Khalji
Answer:
(d) Alauddin Khalji

3. Observe the map on page 123 of your textbook and answer the following questions based on it.

Question 1.
Write the names of Seats of Maratha power.
Answer:
Gaikwads of Vadodara, Shindes of Gwalior, Bhosales of Tanjavar, Bhosales of Nagpur, Pawars of Dhar, Holkars of Indore.

Question 2.
Write the extent of Chh. Shivaji Maharaj’s Swarajya.
Answer:
The regions in Maharashtra including Nashik, Pune, Satara, Sangli, Kolhapur, Sindhudurga, Ratnagiri, Raigad; Belgaum, Karwar, Dharwad in Karnataka; some regions of Andhra, Jinji, and Vellore in Tamil Nadu comprised Swarajya.

Question 3.
Name the places in Maratha Empire that are in today’s Pakistan.
Answer:
Attock, Peshawar, Multan, Lahore.

4. Complete the concept maps.

Question 1.

Answer:

Question 2.

Answer:

Question 3.

Answer:

Question 4.

Answer:

5. Write short notes.

Question 1.
Maratha-Adilshahi Relations
Answer:

• The inception of Swarajya- After joining the Adilshahi court, Shahaji Maharaj entrusted the administration of his Jahagirs at Pune, Shirwal, and Supe region (pargana) to Chh. Shivaji Maharaj.
• Yet the forts located in those Jahagirs and nearby areas were in the custody of Adilshahi court. The one ‘who owns the forts owns the land’ was the ruling of the day.
• Hence, Chh. Shivaji Maharaj began with capturing the forts in the vicinity of his Jahagirs.
• He took over the fort of Torana and laid the foundation of Swarajya.
• Chh. Shivaji Maharaj established the first capital of Swarajya at the fort of Rajgad.

Javali episode – Chandrarao More proved to be a hindrance in Chh. Shivaji Maharaj’s efforts to create Swarajya. Chh. Shivaji Maharaj successfully took over Javali. After this victory the activities of Chh. Shivaji Maharaj in Konkan was escalated.

Afzal Khan – Realising the danger of the increasing activities of Chh. Shivaji Maharaj, the Bijapur court sent their powerful General Afzal Khan to curb the increasing power of Chh. Shivaji Maharaj. Chh. Shivaji Maharaj had anticipated the intentions of Afzal Khan who had taken up the challenge of killing Chh. Shivaji Maharaj. He met Afzal Khan at Pratapgad. As expected, Afzal khan attempted treachery but Chh. Shivaji Maharaj was well prepared and killed Afzal khan in self-defense. Afzal Khan’s huge army was set on the run and huge booty and weapons were collected left behind by them. This made Swarajya’s treasury richer.

Siddi Jauhar – After Afzal Khan’s defeat, the Bijapur court sent Siddi Jauhar to attack Swarajya. He seized the fort of Panhala and closed all possibilities of escape for Chh. Shivaji Maharaj. In this difficult situation Shiva Kashid, a loyal servant of Swarajya, disguised himself as Chh. Shivaji Maharaj and made it easy for Chh. Shivaji Maharaj to escape.

When Siddi came to know the truth, he killed Shiva Kashid. Thus, Shiva Kashid sacrificed his life for the cause of Swarajya. Baji Prabhu took up the task of blocking Siddhi Masud’s path in Ghodkhind and stop him in his chase of Chh. Shivaji Maharaj. Baji Prabhu was successful in doing this. He fell dead only after receiving the news of Chh. Shivaji Maharaj reaching Vishalgad safely.

Question 2.
Maratha – Mughal Relations
Answer:

• At the time of ascending the throne, Aurangzeb was aware of the ambitious plans of Chh. Shivaji Maharaj.
• He sent his maternal uncle Shaistakhan on an expedition against Chh. Shivaji Maharaj.
• Shaistakhan camped in Lai Mahal in Pune. Chh. Shivaji Maharaj who knew Shaistakhan’s intentions manages to enter the Lai Mahal and cut off Shaistakhan’s fingers.
• Shaistakhan had no alternative but to hastily leave Lai Mahal. Chh. Shivaji Maharaj gained more confidence and he attacked Surat, the prosperous economic capital of Aurangzeb, and collected a large booty.
• Enraged by this, Aurangzeb sent his powerful sardars Mirza Raje Jaising and Diler Khan to attack Swarajya. They captured many forts in the Swarajya.
• Chh. Shivaji Maharaj had the wisdom to comprehend the situation and decided to retreat tactically by signing the ‘Treaty of Purandar’.
• According to the treaty, Chh. Shivaji Maharaj had to present himself before Aurangzeb at Agra, along with his son Sambhaji Maharaj.
• Aurangzeb acted treacherously and put Chh. Shivaji Maharaj is under house arrest.
• Chh. Shivaji Maharaj very cleverly misled the guards and escaped from Agra.
• Soon after returning to Swarajya Chh. Shivaji Maharaj conquered the forts which were held by Aurangzeb.

Question 3.
Maharani Tarabai
Answer:

• After the death of Rajaram Maharaj (March 1700 C.E.), his wife Maharani Tarabai continued to fight against Aurangzeb.
• Maharani Tarabai led the Swarajya movement under extremely unfavourable conditions.
• She single-handedly took charge of the administration and fought for Swarajya for twenty-five years with the help of her sardars.
• At times, the Marathas had to fight the Mughals on lands beyond the boundaries of Swarajya, but she did not stop them.
• This was an indication that the scenario of the war was changing. The Maratha War of Independence was a tussle between the Mughal ambition of expanding their Empire and the desire for independence cherished by the Marathas.
• Finally, the death of Aurangzeb put an end to this fighting. In the beginning, the Mughal rulers adopted an aggressive policy while the Maratha policy remained that of defense.
• But by the second half of the 18th century, this condition changed. With the weakening of Mughal power, the Marathas could extend their rule almost all over India.

6. Explain the following statement with reasons.

Question 1.
Chh. Shivaji Maharaj signed the Treaty of Purandar
Answer:

• Aurangzeb sent his powerful sardars Mirza Raje Jaising and Diler Khan to attack Swarajya.
• They captured many forts in the Swarajya. Mirza Raje Jaising was a powerful and competent military commander.
• He blocked Chh. Shivaji Maharaj from all sides. Lives of Chh. Shivaji Maharaj’s men were endangered.
• Chh. Shivaji Maharaj had the wisdom to comprehend the situation and decided to retreat tactically by signing the ‘Treaty of Purandar’.
• According to the treaty, Chh. Shivaji Maharaj had to present himself before Aurangzeb at Agra, along with his son Sambhaji Maharaj.

Question 2.
Shivaji Maharaj coronated himself.
Answer:

• Chh. Shivaji Maharaj decides to give legitimacy to his earned kingdom.
• To announce the sovereign and independent status of Swarajya it was necessary to make it official.
• Realizing this Chh, Shivaji Maharaj decided to get himself coronated.
• With his coronation as a sovereign king, the provinces under his rule assumed the status of an independent kingdom.
• He minted new coins after the coronation. He started ‘Rajyabhishek Shaka’ i.e., a new era after the coronation.

7. State your opinion.

Question 1.
The work of Sants created a sense of self-esteem among the people of Maharashtra.
Answer:

• The saints created a sense of belonging among people toward their native region, language, literature, and culture.
• They gave a message of equality to people. Their teachings were based on the principles of humanity.
• They preached harmonious community life, unity, and love. Their efforts created social awakening.
• Their teaching helped people to survive situations like foreign invasions, draughts, or other natural calamities.
• Their devotional songs became a source of great moral support for people.
• Their work created a sense of self-esteem among the people of Maharashtra.

Question 2.
Veermata Jeejabai’s role was important in the creation of Swarajya.
Answer:

• Shahaji Raje sent his son Shivajiraje and his wife, Veermata Jijabai from Bengaluru to Pune along with his loyal and capable associates.
• Veermata Jijabai encouraged Chh. ShivajiMaharajto fulfills the dream of Shahajiraje of establishing Swarajya.
• She was a visionary and an efficient administrator.
• She constantly guided her son in the mission of establishing Swarajya and provided him with the excellent education necessary for the king of Swarajya.

8. Answer the following questions in detail.

Question 1.
Write in detail about Peshwa Period
Answer:

• After Balaji Vishwanath, his son, Bajirao I was appointed as the Peshwa. He expanded the Maratha empire up to Malwa, Rajasthan, and Bundelkhand. He defeated the Nizam.
• After Bajirao I, Balaji Bajirao alias Nanasaheb was appointed as the Peshwa. Madhavrao Peshwa tried to re-establish the Maratha power.
• The defeat in Panipat was not just a political defeat but also lowered the morale of the Marathas greatly.
• Madhavrao Peshwa tried to elevate the spirits of Marathas as well as re-establish the Maratha power in the north.
• The Marathas were successful in overcoming the great defeat at Panipat and create a politically strong position for themselves in the politics of the north.
• Malharrao was the founder of the Holkar State at Indore. He served the Maratha power for a long time.

Question 2.
Write about Maratha’s War of Independence.
Answer:

• After the death of Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj, Chhatrapati Sambhaji Maharaj was coronated as the King of Swarajya.
• During his reign, a constant conflict continued with the Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb. Aurangzeb’s rebellious son, Akbar had established friendly relations with Sambhaji Maharaj.
• Enraged by this Aurangzeb came down to Deccan along with a huge army and able sardars, who were veterans of warfare.
• For the next 25 years, he camped in Maharashtra and fought against the Marathas.
• After Chhatrapati Sambhaji Maharaj, Chhatrapati Rajaram Maharaj took over the reins at Raigad.
• Aurangzeb sent Zulfikar Khan to seize the fort of Raigad.
• Chhatrapati Rajaram Maharaj, Maharani Tarabai, Maharani Yesubai (Queen of Chhatrapati Sambhaji Maharaj), and her son Prince Shahu were staying on Raj gad.
• After the death of Rajaram Maharaj (March 1700 C.E.), his wife Maharani Tarabai continued to fight against Aurangzeb.
• Maharani Tarabai led the Swarajya movement under extremely unfavourable conditions.
• She single-handedly took charge of the administration and fought for Swarajya for twenty-five years with the help of her sardars.

9. Answer the following questions with the help of given points.

Question 1.
Write in detail about Maratha’s administration under Chh. Shivaji Maharaj.
(a) Central administration
(b) Provincial administration
(c) Village administration
Answer:
(a) Central administration:

• Chh. Shivaji Maharaj set up an ideal administrative system for the smooth running of Swarajya’s affairs.
• The formation of the Ashtapradhan Mandal (council of eight ministers) and its growth took place along with the expansion of the kingdom.
• After the coronation, Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj created special posts of Ashtapradhans. It included ‘Peshwa’, ‘Amatya’, ‘Sachiv’, ‘Mantri’, ‘Senapati, ‘Sumant’, ‘Nyayadhish’ and ‘Panditrao’.
• Chh. Shivaji Maharaj had a strong intelligence network of his own. Bahirji Naik was the Chief of this network. Before starting on any expedition, Chh. Shivaji Maharaj obtained detailed information from his spies and then planned his expedition.

(b) Provincial administration:

• The Kingdom was divided into two parts for the sake of administration. One of them was the province that was geographically bound together and the other comprised scattered regions in the south.
• Sarsubhedars taking care of provincial administration were known as ‘Deshadhikari’.
• Sarsubhas in the Swarajya was meant to be the zonal division for the overall administration, while under Islamic rulers a division merely served the purpose of revenue collection.

(c) Village administration:

• The Subhedars were assisted by ‘Deshmukhs’ and ‘Deshpandes’.
• The main task of a Deshmukh was to collect the land revenue, develop wasteland into cultivable land and settle new villages.
• All government officials received salaries in the form of cash instead of a land grant (watan).
• ‘Village’ was the basic unit of the administrative system. New villages were settled.
• The people were provided with cattle, seed money, money for daily utilities.
• The farmer was given a period of two years, to repay the advance after a good harvest. This system was known as the ‘Batai system’.

Question 2.
Write in detail about the social conditions during the Maratha period.
(a) Art
(b) Architecture
(c) Literature
Answer:
(a) Art:

• The development of Maratha miniature paintings is seen through illustrations on the manuscripts such as pothis, pattachitra, and patrikas. The same style is maintained in the glass paintings as well.
• Illustrated manuscripts of Sanskrit texts such as ‘Bhagvat Gita’, ‘Devi Saptashati’, ‘Bhagvat Purana’ as well as Marathi texts such as ‘Dnyaneshwari’ (Bhavarthadipika), ‘Shivaleelamrut’, ‘Pandavapratap’ etc. are available.
• The paintings of Dashavatara are included in them. The wooden stands of the pothis have paintings of various deities in dark red, green, and yellow colours.
• The miniature paintings, include human portraits and themes like ragamalas, talamala, processions, etc.
• Remarkable portraits of Bajirao I, Nanasaheb Peshwa, Pilaji Jadhavrao are available. Murals are found on the facade of the wadas as well as on the walls of reception areas (Diwankhana) and bedrooms.
• In the temples, the mandapa wall, owri (varanda), shikhara, gabhara (sanctum sanctorum), and chat (ceiling) were also decorated with paintings. Mythological stories form the main theme of these murals.
• They include scenes from Ramayana and Mahabharata and Puranas. The paintings of Dashavatara and Krishnaleela are found almost everywhere.
• The subjects of contemporary social life were also popular in the paintings. The royal court, royal meetings, processions were also included in them.
• Keertan, Bhajana, Powadas (Ballads), Lavani were popular folk songs in Maharashtra.

(b) Architecture:

• Forts – Chh. Shivaji Maharaj gave priority to building forts. The tradition of building forts was prevalent in the Deccan in the last three centuries. This tradition proved to be of advantage to Chh. Shivaji Maharaj..
• Temples – The Kasaba temple in Pune and Vitthal temple in Vitthalwadi were reconstructed by Veermata Jijabai. The construction of temples began on a large scale during the later Peshwa period. These temples were of three types. Examples, of the temple architecture of this period, are found at Saswad (‘Vateshwar’ ‘Sangameshwar’), Mahuli (‘Vishweshwar’).
• Town Planning – Pune, Satara, and Nashik developed into big cities. These cities had well-paved roads, wadas on both sides of the road, and arched gates at intervals.

(c) Literature:

• Marathi literature developed greatly during this period. Sant Tukaram of this period was a poet of the Warkari sect.
• Samarth Ramdas wrote ‘Dasbodh’ and ‘Manache Shlok’ in Marathi. Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj got the ‘Rajyavyavaharakosha’ prepared which was a compilation of Sanskrit lexicon for Persian terms.
• Chhatrapati Sambhaji Maharaj was a great writer and Sanskrit scholar. The Sanskrit text ‘Budhabhushan’ was written by him.
• This text is an overview of ancient texts on the polity. Apart from Sanskrit, he also knew many other languages.
• He wrote texts in Brij language namely ‘Nayikabhed’, ‘Nakhshikh’ and ‘Satasattak’. Muhammad Qasim Ferishta wrote the history of India in 12 volumes named ‘Gulshane-i-Ibrahimi’.
• In the 18th century, well-known literary works were composed such as ‘Yatharthdeepika’ by Vaman Pandit, ‘Naladamayanti Swayamvara’ by Raghunath Pandit, Pandavapratapa, Harivijay, Ramavijay by Shridhar Pandit, and the translation of Mahabharata by Moropant. Bakhar literature is important among the historical literature in Marathi.
• It contains eulogies of the heroes and stories of historic events, battles, lives of great men. Sabhasad Bakhar, Bhausahebanchi Bakhar, Panipatchi Bakhar are some of its examples.
• Krushna Dayarnav and Shridhar were the main poets during the Peshwa period. Poet Mahipati composed ‘Bhaktivijay’ in this period.

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Class 11 History Important Questions Chapter 15 India During Mughal Period Important Questions and Answers.

Maharashtra State Board 11th History Important Questions Chapter 15 India During Mughal Period

1A. Choose the correct alternative and write the complete sentences.

Question 1.
___________ was the king of Farghana province in Central Asia.
(a) Taimurlang
(b) Babur
(c) Genghis khan
(d) Akbar
Answer:
(b) Babur

Question 2.
After Humayun, his son ___________ ascended the throne.
(a) Babur
(b) Aurangzeb
(c) Akbar
(d) Shershah
Answer:
(c) Akbar

Question 3.
Rana Pratap was the ruler of ___________
(a) Mewar
(b) Jodhpur
(c) Jaipur
(d) Bundelkhand
Answer:
(a) Mewar

Question 4.
Baburnama was written by ___________
(a) Akbar
(b) Birbal
(c) Babur
(d) Jahangir
Answer:
(c) Babur

Question 5.
The Taj Mahal was built by ___________
(a) Babur
(b) Akbar
(c) Shahajahan
(d) Jahangir
Answer:
(c) Shahjahan

Question 6.
___________ was a Sanskrit scholar.
(a) Dara Shukoh
(b) Aurangzeb
(c) Shah Shuja
(d) Murad Baksh
Answer:
(a) Dara Shukoh

1B. Find the incorrect pair from set B and write the correct ones.

Question 1.

Set ‘A’	Set ‘B’
(a) Tombs of Salim Chisti	Fatehpur Sikri
(b) Kabulbag mosque	Panipat
(c) Jama Masjid	Sambhal
(d) Purana Qila	Ajmer

Answer:
(d) Purana Qila – Delhi

Question 2.

Set ‘A’	Set ‘B’
(a) Fertile	Stupik
(b) Infertile	Napik
(c) Irrigated	Bagayat
(d) Dry crop	Jiyarat

Answer:
(a) Fertile – Supik

1C. Find the odd one out.

Question 1.
Diwan-i-Aam, Diwan-i-Khaas Jama Masjid, Kutub Minar
Answer:
Kutub Minar

Question 2.
Surat, Dabhol, Agra, Calicut
Answer:
Agra

Question 3.
Rajatarangini, Lilavati, Ramayana, Ramacharitamanas
Answer:
Ramacharitamanas

Question 4.
Pahari, Basauli, Gadhwali, Kangra
Answer:
Pahari

2A. Write the names of historical places, persons, and events.

Question 1.
Documents prepared after the fixing of the tax rate.
Answer:
Kabulayat and Patta

Question 2.
He translated Upanishads texts in the Persian language from Sanskrit.
Answer:
Dara

Question 3.
He was born in Uzbekistan.
Answer:
Babur

Question 4.
After Humayun, his son ascended the throne.
Answer:
Akbar

2B. Choose the correct reason and complete the sentence.

Question 1.
The Mughals ruled over India for more than ___________
(a) four centuries
(b) two centuries
(c) one centuries
(d) three centuries
Answer:
(d) three centuries

Question 2.
The grand army of Ibrahim Lodi could not survive in front of ___________
(a) Babur, in the battle of Panipat
(b) Babur, Battle of Khanwa
(c) Rana Pratap, the ruler of Mewar
(d) Humayun’s son Akbar
Answer:
(a) Babur, in the battle of Panipat

2C. Write the correct chronological order.

Question 1.
(a) Babur established his rule in Delhi.
(b) Babur’s son Humayun ascended the throne.
(c) Babur defeated Ibrahim Lodi.
(d) Babur defeated Rajputs in the Battle of Khanwa.
Answer:
(a) Babur defeated Ibrahim Lodi.
(b) Babur established his rule in Delhi.
(c) Babur defeated Rajputs in Battle of Khanwa
(d) Babur’s son Humayun ascended the throne.

2D. Complete the table.

Question 1.

1.Tarikh-i-Rashidi	……………………………..
2. ……………………..	Khafi Khan
3. Translation of Upanishads in Persian	……………………………..
4. ………………………..	4. Malik Muhammad Jayasi

Answer:

1. Tarikh-i-Rashidi	Mirza Hyder
2. Tarikh-i-Khafikhan	Khafi Khan
3. Translation of Upanishads in Persian	Dara Shukoh
4. Padmavat	Malik Muhammad Jayasi

Question 2.

Ruler	Buildings Built
1. Babar	…………………………..
2. …………………	TajMahal
3. Akbar	………………………….
4. ………………….	Memorial at Sahastram (Bihar)

Answer:

Ruler	Buildings Built
1. Babar	Kabulbag Mosque
2. Shahjahan	TajMahal
3. Akbar	Buland Darwaza
4. Shershah Sur	Memorial at Sahastram (Bihar)

3. Observe the map on page 111 of your textbook and answer the following questions based on it.

Question 1.
Name the kingdoms in Maharashtra during medieval times.
Answer:
Mughals, Adilshahi, Nizamshahi

Question 2.
Name the rivers in Maharashtra.
Answer:
Narmada, Tapi, Godavari

Question 3.
Name the islands shown on a map.
Answer:
Lakshadweep and Andaman and the Nicobar Islands

Question 4.
Name the ocean at the tip of India.
Answer:
Indian Ocean

Question 5.
Name the sea shown on a map.
Answer:
Arabian Sea

4. Complete the concept maps.

Question 1.

Answer:

Question 2.

Answer:

Question 3.

Answer:

5. Explain the following statements with reasons.

Question 1.
For the expansion of the empire, Akbar adopted the strategy of persuasion with the Rajputs.
Answer:

• Akbar faced many internal and external problems when he started his rule. Mughal power was not completely established and it was vulnerable to attacks.
• During this period, Rana Pratap, the ruler of Mewar, put up a strong resistance against Akbar. Akbar could never win a war with Rana Pratap.
• Hence for the expansion of the empire, he adopted the strategy of persuasion with the Rajputs.
• Akbar had realized that if the Mughal rule has to be strengthened in India then he had to adopt non-offensive policies, which would be popular.

Question 2.
Mughal Empire declined.
Answer:

• After Akbar, Jahangir, Shahjahan, and Aurangzeb ruled efficiently.
• Aurangzeb attempted to expand his empire in the Deccan with prolonged campaigns. There was a toll on the economic status of the Mughals. The campaign in the south drained huge wealth from the Mughal treasury.
• Aurangzeb’s reign is notable for his wars in frontier provinces, his political policies in North and South India, staunch religious policies, and the Mughal- Maratha conflict. All these things ultimately resulted in the decline of Mughal power.
• This period is marked by the expansion of the Maratha kingdom, interference by the Europeans in the political affairs of India, and the decline of Mughal power.
• Finally, the aftermath of the struggle for Independence in 1857 C.E., saw the end of the Mughal rule under Bahadur Shah.

Question 3.
Akbar’s administration was welfare-oriented.
Answer:

• An average of the annual yield in the last ten years was calculated and one-third of this average yield was fixed as the base for the tax to be paid.
• The tax, thus fixed, was applicable for the span of ten years. This offered considerable respite to farmers for a span of ten years.
• Documents are known as ‘Kabulayat’ and ‘Patta’ were prepared from the farmers after the fixing of the tax rate. The tax was collected in cash or in kind.
• The farmers have sanctioned loans for tilling the land, which could be repaid in installments.
• Concessions were also granted to the farmers during times of calamities like famine, floods, and epidemics. These were the Welfare policies of Emperor Akbar.
• Todarmal in Emperor Akbar’s court is known for his insights regarding the welfare of common people.

6. State your opinion.

Question 1.
Arts flourished during the period of the Mughals.
Answer:

• The reign of the three emperors, Akbar, Jahangir, and Shahjahan was a period of peace, order, and prosperity. Arts flourish when there is stability.
• A new era began in the field of art and architecture. The etched designs on the marble walls of mosques, tombs, and palaces are evidence of the highly advanced styles of art and architecture.
• During the period of Akbar and Jahangir, the art of ivory carving received royal patronage.
• The Mughal paintings originated from the Persian styles of painting.
• There are miniature paintings of Persian style in the manuscript of ‘Baburnama’. The art of painting received encouragement during the period of Akbar. He appointed skilled painters in his court.
• During the period of Jahangir, paintings were done based on the court and hunting scenes. The paintings of this period were done in a more realistic style, which is vibrant and attractive. These paintings, portray birds and animals, cloud formations, human figures, and natural scenery.
• During the Mughal period, the art of music seems to have received royal patronage.

Question 2.
Mughals could establish their rule in India.
Answer:

• At the beginning of the 16th century, the political condition in India was somewhat disturbed.
• The Sultanate’s rule had begun to decline after Muhammad Tughluq. The Delhi Sultanate broke down completely and many new independent kingdoms emerged in North, Central, and South India.
• The Bahamani kingdom got divided into five branches. The prosperous Vijaynagar empire was’ destroyed by the five Islamic ruling houses in the South.
• During the same period, the Portuguese began to settle on the western coast of India. The traditional military system of the Indian rulers in the medieval period was not capable of facing the onslaught of new challenges.
• The Indians were not familiar with modern weaponry. Taking advantage of all this, the Mughals established their rule in India.

Question 3.
India received silver every year in large quantities.
Answer:

• Foreign trade flourished to a great extent during the Mughal period.
• Exports from India were larger than the imports.
• Many commodities including silk cloth, precious stones, spices, etc. were exported from India while the imported goods mainly included luxury items.
• The foreign traders had to pay for the Indian goods in the form of silver.
• Hence, India received silver every year in large quantities.

7. Answer the following questions with the help of given points.

Question 1.
Write in detail about Mughal Land Revenue System.
(a) Land Survey
(b) Rate of Tax
(c) Welfare Oriented Policy
Answer:
(a) Land Survey:

• Akbar made further reforms in the revenue system implemented by Shershah Sur. This bought a certain discipline in the Mughal revenue system.
• He graded the cultivable land based on the systematic land survey. The land was classified into four types on the basis of annual yield, i.e. fertile (supik), infertile (napik), irrigated (bagayat), and dry crop (jirayat) land.

(b) Rate of Tax:

• Individual land holdings of farmers were registered. An average of the annual yield in the last ten years was calculated and one-third of this average yield was fixed as the base for the tax to be paid.
• The tax, thus fixed, was applicable for the span of ten years. This offered considerable respite to farmers for a span of ten years. Documents knew as ‘Kabulayat’ and ‘Patta’ were prepared by the farmers after the fixing of the tax rate.

(c) Welfare Oriented Policy:

• The tax was collected in cash or in kind. The farmers have sanctioned loans for tilling the land, which could be repaid in installments.
• Concessions were also granted to the farmers during times of calamities like famine, floods, and epidemics. These were the Welfare policies of Emperor Akbar.
• Todarmal in emperor Akbar’s court is known for his insights regarding the welfare of common people. His insights were instrumental for Akbar’s land reforms.

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Class 11 History Important Questions Chapter 14 Delhi Sultanate, Vijayanagar and Bahamani Kingdom Important Questions and Answers.

Maharashtra State Board 11th History Important Questions Chapter 14 Delhi Sultanate, Vijayanagar and Bahamani Kingdom

1A. Choose the correct alternative and write the complete sentences.

Question 1.
___________ is the founder of the Slave Dynasty.
(a) Qutubuddin Aibak
(b) Mohd. Ghori
(c) Sultan of Ghazni
(d) Alauddin Khalji
Answer:
(a) Qutubuddin Aibak

Question 2.
Qutub Minar at Mehrauli is a well-known example of ___________ architecture.
(a) Indian
(b) Islamic
(c) Greek
(d) Roman
Answer:
(b) Islamic

Question 3.
The Italian traveller Nicolo Conti visited ___________
(a) Vijayanagar
(b) Delhi
(c) Iran
(d) Karnataka
Answer:
(a) Vijaynagar

Question 4.
___________ wrote a text called ‘Amuktamalyada’.
(a) Harihara
(b) Bukka
(c) Krishnadeva Raya
(d) Purnaiya
Answer:
(c) Krishnadevaraya

Question 5.
Tuli translated the text of ___________
(a) Koshashastra
(b) Bhadvad Gita
(c) Ramayan
(d) Mahabharata.
Answer:
(a) Koshashatra

Question 6.
___________ built Alai Darwaza.
(a) Alberuni
(b) Alauddin Khalji
(c) Qutubuddin Aibak
(d) Iltutmish
Answer:
(b) Alauddin Khalji

1B. Find the incorrect pair from set B and write the correct ones.

Question 1.

Set ‘A’	Set ‘B’
(a) Mahmud	Sultan of Ghazni
(b) Muhammad Ghuri	Turkish Empire
(c) Qulibuddin Aibak	Sultan of Delhi
(d) Taimur	Ruler of Iran

Answer:
(d) Taimur – Ruler of Mongol

Question 2.

Set ‘A’	Set ‘B’
(a) Kalachuris	Tripuri
(b) Chalukyas	Gujarat
(c) Palas	Bengal
(d) Kalachuris	Malwa

Answer:
(d) Kalachuris – Gorakhpur

1C. Find the odd one out.

Question 1.
Monuments erected during Islamic Period:
(a) Quwwat-i-Islam
(b) Qutub Minar
(c) Alai Darwaza
(d) Qawwali
Answer:
(d) Qawwali

Question 2.
Main centers of Textile during Sultan period:
(a) Delhi
(b) Chennai
(c) Agra
(d) Multan
Answer:
(b) Chennai

Question 3.
Cities set up by Sultan of Tughluq Dynasty:
(a) Mahajanapadas
(b) Tughluqabad
(c) Jahanpanha
(d) Firozabad
Answer:
(a) Mahajanapadas

Question 4.
Ruling houses of Bahamani Kingdom:
(a) Imadshahi of Varhad
(b) Baridshahi of Bidar
(c) Adilshahi of Bijapur
(d) Gawan of Golconda
Answer:
(d) Gawan of Golconda

2A. Write the names of historical places, persons, and events.

Question 1.
Rulers of Malwa –
Answer:
Parmars

Question 2.
Railway line near Peshawar in Pakistan –
Answer:
Jamrud

Question 3.
First Sultan of Delhi –
Answer:
Qutubuddin Aibak

Question 4.
First and the only woman to ascend the throne of Delhi –
Answer:
Razia Sultan

Question 5.
Mongol rulers in Central Asia –
Answer:
Taimur

Question 6.
Well-known poet and scholar in the court of Sultan Balban –
Answer:
Amir Khusrow

Question 7.
The standard unit for the weight of coin –
Answer:
Tola

Question 8.
Mosque at Delhi built by Qutubuddin Aibak –
Answer:
Quwwat-i-Islam

Question 9.
Persian traveller who visited India during the period of Mahmud Ghazni –
Answer:
Al-Beruni

Question 10.
The text was written by Krishnadevaraya –
Answer:
Amuktamalyada

2B. Choose the correct reason and complete the sentence.

Question 1.
The transition of the ancient period to the medieval period is reflected in
Reason ___________
(a) Political
(b) Social
(c) Economic, religious and cultural
(d) All of the above
Answer:
(d) All of the above

Question 2.
The Indian rules could be defeated easily by the Turks because of ___________
(a) internal dissent
(b) lack of bravery
(c) lack of stability
(d) they were soft targets
Answer:
(a) internal dissent

Question 3.
Alauddin Khilji sent his commander Malik Kafur to south because of ___________
(a) he wanted to subdue the Yadavas and collect tribute from them
(b) he devised some new economic reforms
(c) of social reasons
(d) he wanted to build his empire in the south
Answer:
(a) he wanted to subdue the Yadavas and collect tribute from them

2C. Write the correct chronological order.

Question 1.
(a) Prithviraj Chauhan was defeated in the Second Battle of Tarain.
(b) Muhammad Tughluq shifted the capital from Delhi to Devgiri.
(c) Sabuktgin, the Sultan of Ghazni attacked King Jaipal of Punjab.
(d) Qutubuddin Aibak became the first Sultan of Delhi.
Answer:
(a) Subuktigin, the Sultan of Ghazni attacked King Jaipal of Punjab.
(b) Prithviraj Chauhan was defeated in the Second Battle of Tarain.
(c) Qutubuddin Aibak became the first Sultan of Delhi.
(d) Muhammad Tughluq shifted the capital from Delhi to Devgiri.

2D. Complete the concept Maps.

Question 1.

Answer:

Question 2.

Answer:

Question 3.

Answer:

3. Observe the map on page 108 of your textbook and answer the following questions, based on it.

Question 1.
What does the map show?
Answer:
The map shows the Vijayanagar and Bahamani Kingdom.

Question 2.
Name the four rivers in the Vijayanagar Kingdom.
Answer:
River Tungabhadra, River Krishna, River Penneru, and River Kaveri.

Question 3.
Where is Lakshadweep island?
Answer:
The island Lakshadweep is in the Arabian Sea.

Question 4.
Name the famous coast near Calicut.
Answer:
Malabar Coast is the famous coast near Calicut.

Question 5.
Name the river in Gondvan.
Answer:
River Mahanadi.

4. Write short notes.

Question 1.
Amir Khusrow
Answer:

• Amir Khusrow was a well-known poet and scholar who composed poetry in the Indian language.
• He spent his life in the court of Sultan Balban in Delhi.
• While describing the muslin of Dhaka, he says, “the Muslin is so fine that even if a hundred yards are tied around the head, one could still see the hair.”

5. Explain the statements with reasons.

Question 1.
The Islamic rule was established in India.
Answer:

• The Islamic rule In India was established by the Turks.
• They attacked India several times.
• None of the rulers in India could resist them.
• They looted enormous wealth from India.
• Many kingdoms were destroyed and Islamic rule was established.

6. State your opinion.

Question 1.
Some cities gain importance as administrative centres while others gain importance as industrial centres.
Answer:

• The rise and fall of the cities depend on its political and cultural graph of events.
• The process of urbanisation is associated mainly with political and economic development.
• The rulers play an important role in the settling and development of a city.
• According to the Arab historian, Ibn Khaldun, trade gains momentum as a result of the conducive policies of the ruler.
• Thus, some cities gain importance as administrative centres while others gain importance as industrial centres.

7. Answer the following questions in detail.

Question 1.
Elaborate on the internal trade in India.
Answer:

• During the sultanate period, there was an increase in internal trade.
• The local markets operated through weekly markets(Bazaar) and market places (Mandi/Mandai).
• New trade centers (Peth) arose due to expanding transactions of trading. Some of the trading centers were Delhi, Multan, Jaunpur, Banaras, Patna, etc.
• The goods were further transported to various ports via land or riverways.
• Goods were exported by the sea route to countries like Iran, Arabia, China, etc.
• The goods mainly included cotton cloth, muslin, dyed cloth, scented oils, etc.
• Horses were imported to India from Iraq, Turkey, and Iran.
• Semi-precious stones, mercury, lead, alum, saffron, metals like gold and silver were imported from Mecca and Aden.

Question 2.
Write in detail about Vijayanagar Empire.
Answer:

• At the end of the 13th century, Alauddin Khalji’s invasions, the coffers of local rulers in South India were emptied to a great extent.
• This was the time when Harihara and Bukka established the new kingdom of ‘Vijaynagar’ in 1336 C.E.
• During the rule of King Krishnadevaraya, the kingdom expanded into an empire spreading from South Konkan in the west to Vishakhapatnam in the East and Krishna river in the north to Kanyakumari in the south.
• Krishnadevaraya wrote a text entitled, ‘Amuktamalyada’ which is about the State and Policy.

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Class 11 History Important Questions Chapter 13 India, Sri Lanka and Southeast Asia Important Questions and Answers.

Maharashtra State Board 11th History Important Questions Chapter 13 India, Sri Lanka and Southeast Asia

1A. Choose the correct alternative to write the complete sentences.

Question 1.
The first kingdom of Sri Lanka established was known as ____________
(a) Tambapanni
(b) Sopara
(c) Pulatthinagar
(d) Srivijaya
Answer:
(a) Tambapanni

Question 2.
____________ was the first woman to become a Buddhist nun in Sri Lanka.
(a) Sanghamitra
(b) Anula
(c) Anuradha
(d) Tara
Answer:
(b) Anula

Question 3.
The relics of Gautama Buddha are known as ____________
(a) Stupa
(b) Kesa
(c) Dhatu
(d) Galapotha
Answer:
(c) Dhatu

Question 4.
The ____________ enlist 64 Indian scripts.
(a) Deepvamsa
(b) Mahavamsa
(c) Lalitvistar
(d) Chullavamsa
Answer:
(c) Lalitvistar

1B. Find the incorrect pair from set B and write the correct ones.

Question 1.

Set ‘A’	Set ‘B’
(a) Sri Lanka	Tambapanni
(b) Thailand	Mueng Thai
(c) Cambodia	Malaydvipa
(d) Land of Southeast Asia	‘Suvarnabhumi’

Answer:
(c) Cambodia – Kambujadesha

Question 2.

Set ‘A’	Set ‘B’
(a) Shili Foshi	Srivijaya
(b) Ramakien	Ram Akhyana
(c) Buddha	Dantdhatu
(d) Moonstone	Chandrashala

Answer:
(d) Moonstone – Chandrashila

1C. Find the odd one out.

Question 1.
Indo-China, Vietnam, Laos, Sri Lanka
Answer:
Sri Lanka

Question 2.
Dambulla, Dulatthinagar, Yongan, Anuradhpur
Answer:
Yongan

Question 3.
Srivijaya, Loas, Majapahita, Shailendra
Answer:
Loas

Question 4.
Funan, Champa, Cambodia, Matram
Answer:
Matram

Question 5.
Shailendra, Indonesia, Thailand, Myanmar
Answer:
Shailendra

2A. Write the names of historical places, persons, and events.

Question 1.
Founder of the kingdom of Tambapanni
Answer:
King Vijaya

Question 2.
The first woman to become a Buddhist nun
Answer:
Anula

Question 3.
Earliest stupas at Mihinthale
Answer:
Kantakchetiya

Question 4.
Name of the stupa erected on the remains of Thera Mahinda
Answer:
Ambasthal Thupa

Question 5.
Noted Indian philosopher
Answer:
Buddhaghosha

Question 6.
The text was written by Buddhaghosha
Answer:
Vishuddhimagga

Question 7.
Temple of Dantdhatu in the city of Kandy
Answer:
Sri Dalad Maligava

Question 8.
Kingdom in the delta region of Mekong
Answer:
Funan

Question 9.
Ancient kingdom in the coastal region of Vietnam
Answer:
Champa

Question 10.
The ancient name of Cambodia
Answer:
Kambujadesha

Question 11.
Temple built by Suryavarman-II
Answer:
Angkor Wat

Question 12.
Name of the founder king of ‘Majapahita’
Answer:
Vijaya

2B. Choose the correct reason and complete the sentence.

Question 1.
The southern kingdom of China was not left with any alternative path to reach the Silk Route because ____________
(a) China was attacked by a foreign power
(b) China disintegrated into three parts
(c) they found a delta region
(d) the Silk Route was infested with robbers
Answer:
(c) they found a delta region

Question 2.
The Shailendra kings built many Buddhist temples and stupas because ____________
(a) they were followers of Buddhism
(b) they were lovers of Buddhist art
(c) they were Tolerant by nature
(d) they hailed from India
Answer:
(a) they were followers of Buddhism

3. Complete the concept maps.

Question 1.

Answer:

Question 2.

Answer:

Question 3.

Answer:

4. Explain the following statement with reasons.

Question 1.
The southern kingdom was not left with any alternative path to reach the Silk Route.
Answer:

• When the rule of the Han dynasty ended, China disintegrated into three parts.
• Because of this disintegration, China was not left with any alternative path to reach the Silk Route.
• Hence, the kingdom of the Southern Kingdom sent some people to explore the Sea Route.

Question 2.
According to Buddhist philosophy, the universe exists at three planes.
Answer:
According to Buddhist philosophy, the universe exists at three planes:

• Kamdhatu (Bondage in the form of desire)
• Roopdhatu (Bondage in the form of physical appearance and appellations)
• Aroopdhatu (State of being beyond any bondage).
• The architectural design of Borobudur Stupa is based on the concept of these three planes.

5. State your opinion.

Question 1.
King Anawrahta the founder of the ‘Pagan empire’ is known as the greatest ruler.
Answer:

• King Anawrahta is credited with the unification of north and south Myanmar.
• This unification is said to have given Myanmar its national identity.
• Anawrahta put a check to the increasing power of the Khmer empire of Cambodia.
• During his reign, the ‘Theravada Buddhism’, which had grown weaker, was revived.

Question 2.
The contact of Indians with the various region in Southeast Asia was on the increase.
Answer:

• The contact of Indians was on the increase because of trade during the 2nd-century B.C.E.
• The merchants who had to travel for months together were naturally accompanied by a large retinue of priests, monks, also travelers who were out to test their luck, ambitious members of royal families, etc.
• These were the people who proved instrumental in the spread of Indian culture in Southeast Asia.