Class 9

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Class 9 Maths Solutions covers the Practice Set 2.2 Geometry 9th Class Maths Part 2 Answers Solutions Chapter 2 Parallel Lines.

Practice Set 2.2 Geometry 9th Std Maths Part 2 Answers Chapter 2 Parallel Lines

Question 1.
In the given figure, y = 108° and x = 71°. Are the lines m and n parallel? Justify?

Solution:
y = 108°, x = 71° …[Given]
x + y = 71° + 108°
= 179°
∴ x + y = 180°
∴ The angles x andy are not supplementary.
∴ The angles do not satisfy the interior angles test for parallel lines
∴ line m and line n are not parallel lines.

Question 2.
In the given figure, if ∠a = ∠b then prove that line l || line m.

Given: ∠a ≅ ∠b
To prove: line l| line m
Solution:
Proof:

consider ∠c as shown in the figure ∠a ≅ ∠c …….. (i) [Vertically opposite angles]
But, ∠a ≅ ∠b I (ii) [Given]
∴ ∠b ≅ ∠c [From (i) and (ii)]
But, ∠b and ∠c are corresponding angles on lines l and m when line n is the transversal.
∴ line l || line m. [Corresponding angles test]

Question 3.
In the given figure, if ∠a ≅ ∠b and ∠x ≅ ∠y, then prove that line l | line n.

Given: ∠a ≅ ∠b and ∠x ≅ ∠y
To prove: line l | line n
Solution:
Proof:

∠a = ∠b [Given]
But, ∠a and ∠b are corresponding angles on lines l and m when line k is the transversal.
∴ line l || line m ….(i) [Corresponding angles test]
∠x ≅ ∠y [Given]
But, ∠x and ∠y are alternate angles on lines m and n when seg PQ is the transversal,

∴ line m || line n ……(ii) [Alternate angles test]
∴ From (i) and (ii),
line l || line m || line n
i.e., line l || line n

Question 4.
In the given figure, if ray BA || ray DE, ∠C = 50° and ∠D = 100°. Find the measure of ∠ABC.
(Hint: Draw a line passing through point C and parallel to line AB.)

Solution:
Draw a line FG passing through point
C and parallel to line AB
line FG || ray BA …….(i) [Construction]
Ray BA || ray DE ….(ii) [Given]
line FG || ray BA || ray DE …(iii) [From (i) and (ii)]
line FG||rayDE [From (iii)]
and seg DC is their transvensal
∴ ∠ DCF = ∠ EDC [Alternate angles]
∴ ∠ DCF = 100° [∵ ∠D = 100°]
Now, ∠ DCF = ∠ BCF + ∠ BCD [Angle addition property]
∴ 100° = ∠BCF + 50°
∴ 100° – 50° = ∠BCF
∴ ∠BCF = 50° ….(iv)
Now, line FG || ray BA and seg BC is their transversal.

∴ ∠ABC + ∠BCF = 180° [Interior angles]
∴ ∠ABC + 50° = 180° [From (iv)]
∴ ∠ABC = 180°- 50°
∴ ∠ABC = 130°

Question 5.
In the given figure, ray AE || ray BD, ray AF is the bisector of ∠EAB and ray BC is the bisector of ∠ABD. Prove that line AF || line BC.

Given: Ray AE || ray BD, and
ray AF and ray BC are the bisectors of ∠EAB and ∠ABD respectively.
To prove: line AF || line BC
Solution:
Proof:
Ray AE || ray BD and seg AB is their transversal.
∴ ∠EAB = ∠ABD ….(i) [Alternate angles]
∠FAB = \(\frac { 1 }{ 2 }\)∠EAB [Ray AF bisects ∠EAB]
∴ 2∠FAB = ∠EAB …..(ii)
∠CBA = \(\frac { 1 }{ 2 }\)∠ABD [Ray BC bisects ∠ABD]
∴ 2∠CBA = ∠ABD …(iii)
∴ 2∠FAB = 2∠CBA [From (i), (ii) and (iii)]
∴ ∠FAB = ∠CBA
But, ∠FAB and ∠ABC are alternate angles on lines AF and BC when seg AB is the transversal.

∴ line AF || line BC [Alternate angles test]

Question 6.
A transversal EF of line AB and line CD intersects the lines at points P and Q respectively. Ray PR and ray QS are parallel and bisectors of ∠BPQ and ∠PQC respectively. Prove that line AB || line CD.

Given: Ray PR || ray QS
Ray PR and ray QS are the bisectors of ∠BPQ and ∠PQC respectively.
To prove: line AB || line CD
Solution:

Proof:
Ray PR || ray QS and seg PQ is their transversal.
∠RPQ = ∠SQP ….(i) [Alternate angles]
∠RPQ = \(\frac { 1 }{ 2 }\)∠BPQ …. (ii) [Ray PR bisects ∠BPQ]
∠SQP = \(\frac { 1 }{ 2 }\)∠PQC [Ray QS bisects ∠PQC]
∴ \(\frac { 1 }{ 2 }\)∠BPQ = \(\frac { 1 }{ 2 }\)∠PQC
∴ ∠BPQ = ∠PQC
But, ∠BPQ and ∠PQC are alternate angles on lines AB and CD when line EF is the transversal.
∴ line AB || line CD [Alternate angles test]

Maharashtra Board Class 9 Maths Chapter 2 Parallel Lines Practice Set 2.2 Intext Questions and Activities

Question 1.
In the given figure, how will you decide whether line ¡ and line m are parallel or not? (Textbook pg. no. 19)

Answer:
In the figure, we observe that line I and line m are coplanar and do not intersect each other.
∴ Line l and line m are parallel lines.

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Class 9 Maths Solutions covers the Practice Set 1.3 Geometry 9th Class Maths Part 2 Answers Solutions Chapter 1 Basic Concepts in Geometry.

Practice Set 1.3 Geometry 9th Std Maths Part 2 Answers Chapter 1 Basic Concepts in Geometry

Question 1.
Write the following statements in ‘if-then’ form.
i. The opposite angles of a parallelogram are congruent.
ii. The diagonals of a rectangle are congruent.
iii. In an isosceles triangle, the segment joining the vertex and the midpoint of the base is perpendicular to the base.
Answer:
i. If a quadrilateral is a parallelogram, then its opposite angles are congruent.
ii. If a quadrilateral is a rectangle, then its diagonals are congruent.
iii. If a triangle is isosceles triangle, then segment joining the vertex of a triangle and midpoint of the base is perpendicular to the base.

Question 2.
Write converses of the following statements.
i. The alternate angles formed by two parallel lines and their transversal are congruent.
ii. If a pair of the interior angles made by a transversal of two lines are supplementary, then the lines are parallel.
iii. The diagonals of a rectangle are congruent.
Answer:
i. If the alternate angles made by two lines and their transversal are congruent, then the two lines are parallel.
ii. If two parallel lines are intersected by a transversal, then the interior angles formed bv the transversal are supplementary.
iii. If the diagonals of a quadrilateral are congruent, then that quadrilateral is a rectangle.

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Class 9 Maths Solutions covers the Practice Set 1.2 Geometry 9th Class Maths Part 2 Answers Solutions Chapter 1 Basic Concepts in Geometry.

Practice Set 1.2 Geometry 9th Std Maths Part 2 Answers Chapter 1 Basic Concepts in Geometry

Question 1.
The following table shows points on a number line and their co-ordinates. Decide whether the pair of segments given below the table are congruent or not.

i. seg DE and seg AB
ii. seg BC and seg AD
iii. seg BE and seg AD
Solution:
i. Co-ordinate of the point E is 9.
Co-ordinate of the point D is -7.
Since, 9 > -7
∴ d(D, E) = 9 – (-7) = 9 + 7 = 16
∴ l(DE) = 16 …(i)
Co-ordinate of the point A is -3.
Co-ordinate of the point B is 5.
Since, 5 > -3
∴ d(A, B) = 5 – (-3) = 5 + 3 = 8
∴ l(AB) = 8 …(ii)
∴ l(DE) ≠ l(AB) …[From (i) and (ii)]
∴ seg DE and seg AB are not congruent.

ii. Co-ordinate of the point B is 5.
Co-ordinate of the point C is 2.
Since, 5 > 2
∴ d(B, C) = 5 – 2 = 3
∴ l(BC) = 3 …(i)
Co-ordinate of the point A is -3.
Co-ordinate of the point D is -7.
Since, -3 > -7
∴ d(A, D) = -3 – (-7) = -3 + 7 = 4
∴ l(AD) = 4 . ..(ii)
∴ l(BC) ≠ l(AD) … [From (i) and (ii)]
∴ seg BC and seg AD are not congruent.

iii. Co-ordinate of the point E is 9.
Co-ordinate of the point B is 5.
Since, 9 > 5
∴ d(B, E) = 9 – 5 = 4
∴ l(BE) = 4 …(i)
Co-ordinate of the point A is -3.
Co-ordinate of the point D is -7.
Since, -3 > -7
∴ d(A, D) = -3 – (-7) = 4
∴ l(AD) = 4 …(ii)
∴ l(BE) =l(AD) …[From (i) and (ii)]
∴ seg BE and seg AD are congruent.
i.e, seg BE ≅ seg AD

Question 2.
Point M is the midpoint of seg AB. If AB = 8, then find the length of AM.
Solution:
Point M is the midpoint of seg AB and l(AB) = 8. …[Given]

Question 3.
Point P is the midpoint of seg CD. If CP = 2.5, find l(CD).
Solution:
Point P is the midpoint of seg CD and l(CP) = 2.5 …[Given]

∴ l(CD) = 2.5 x 2
∴ l(CD) = 5

Question 4.
If AB = 5 cm, BP = 2 cm and AP = 3.4 cm, compare the segments.
Solution:
Given, l(AB) = 5 cm, l(BP) = 2 cm,
l(AP) = 3.4 cm … [Given]
r Since, 2 < 3.4 < 5
∴ l(BP) < l(AP) < l(AB)
i.e., seg BP < seg AP < seg AB

Question 5.
Write the answers to the following questions with reference to the figure given below:

i. Write the name of the opposite ray of ray RP
ii. Write the intersection set of ray PQ and ray RP.
iii. Write the union set of ray PQ and ray QR.
iv. State the rays of which seg QR is a subset.
v. Write the pair of opposite rays with common end point R.
vi. Write any two rays with common end point S.
vii. Write the intersection set of ray SP and ray ST.
Answer:
i. Ray RS or ray RT
ii. Ray PQ
iii. Line QR
iv. Ray QR, ray QS, ray QT, ray RQ, ray SQ, ray TQ
v. Ray RP and ray RS, ray RQ and ray RT vi. Ray ST, ray SR
vii. Point S

Question 6.
Answer the questions with the help of figure given below.

i. State the points which are equidistant from point B.
ii. Write a pair of points equidistant from point iii. Find d(U,V), d(P,C), d(V,B), d(U, L).
Answer:
i. Points equidistant from point B are a. A and C, because d(B, A) = d(B, C) = 2 b. D and P, because d(B, D) = d(B, P) = 4
ii. Points equidistant from point Q are a. L and U, because d(Q, L) = d(Q, U) = 1 b. P and R, because d(P, Q) = d(Q, R) = 2
iii. a. Co-ordinate of the point U is -5. Co-ordinate of the point V is 5. Since, 5 > -5
∴ d(U, V) = 5 – (-5)
= 5 + 5
∴ d(U, V) = 10

b. Co-ordinate of the point P is -2.
Co-ordinate of the point C is 4.
Since, 4 > -2
∴ d(P, C) = 4 – (-2)
= 4 + 2
∴ d(P, C) = 6

c. Co-ordinate of the point V is 5.
Co-ordinate of the point B is 2.
Since, 5 > 2
∴ d(V, B) = 5 – 2
∴ d(V, B) = 3

d. Co-ordinate of the point U is -5.
Co-ordinate of the point L is -3.
Since, -3 > -5
∴ d(U, L) = -3 – (-5)
= -3 + 5
∴ d(U, L) = 2

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Class 9 Maths Solutions covers the Practice Set 1.1 Geometry 9th Class Maths Part 2 Answers Solutions Chapter 1 Basic Concepts in Geometry.

Practice Set 1.1 Geometry 9th Std Maths Part 2 Answers Chapter 1 Basic Concepts in Geometry

Question 1.
Find the distances with the help of the number line given below.

i. d(B, E)
ii. d (J, J)
iii. d(P, C)
iv. d(J, H)
v. d(K, O)
vi. d(O, E)
vii. d(P, J)
viii. d(Q, B)
Solution:
i. Co-ordinate of the point B is 2.
Co-ordinate of the point E is 5.
Since, 5 > 2
∴ d(B, E) = 5 – 2
∴ d(B, E) = 3

ii. Co-ordinate of the point J is -2.
Co-ordinate of the point A is 1.
Since, 1 > -2
∴ d(J, A) = 1 – (-2)
= 1 + 2
∴ d(J, A) = 3

iii. Co-ordinate of the point P is -4.
Co-ordinate of the point C is 3.
Since, 3 > -4
∴ d(P,C) = 3 – (-4)
= 3 + 4
∴ d(P,C) = 7

iv. Co-ordinate of the point J is -2.
Co-ordinate of the point H is -1.
Since, -1 > -2
∴ d(J,H) = – 1 – (-2)
= -1 + 2
∴ d(J,H) = 1

v. Co-ordinate of the point K is -3.
Co-ordinate of the point O is 0.
Since,0 > -3
∴ d(K, O) = 0 – (-3)
= 0 + 3
∴ d(K, O) = 3

vi. Co-ordinate of the point O is 0.
∴ Co-ordinate of the point E is 5.
Since, 5 > 0
∴ d(O, E) = 5 – 0
∴ d(O, E) = 5

vii. Co-ordinate of the point P is -4.
Co-ordinate of the point J is -2.
Since -2 > -4
∴ d(P, J) = -2 – (-4)
= – 2+ 4
∴ d(P, J) = 2

viii. Co-ordinate of the point Q is -5.
Co-ordinate of the point B is 2.
Since,2 > -5
∴ d(Q,B) = 2 – (-5)
= 2 + 5
∴ d(Q, B) = 7

Question 2.
If the co-ordinate of A is x and that of B is . y, find d(A, B).
i. x = 1, y = 7
ii. x = 6, y = -2
iii. x = -3, y = 7
iv. x = -4, y = -5
v. x = -3, y = -6
vi. x = 4, y = -8
Solution:
i. Co-ordinate of point A is x = 1.
Co-ordinate of point B is y = 7
Since, 7 > 1
∴ d(A, B) = 7 – 1
∴ d(A, B) = 6

ii. Co-ordinate of point A is x = 6.
Co-ordinate of point B is y = -2.
Since, 6 > -2
∴ d(A, B) = 6 – ( -2) = 6 + 2
∴ d(A, B) = 8

iii. Co-ordinate of point A is x = -3.
Co-ordinate of point B is y = 7.
Since, 7 > -3
∴ d(A, B) = 7 – (-3) = 7 + 3
∴ d(A, B) = 10

iv. Co-ordinate of point A is x = -4.
Co-ordinate of point B is y = -5.
Since, -4 > -5
∴ d(A, B) = -4 – (-5)
= -4 + 5
∴ d(A, B) = 1

v. Co-ordinate of point A is x =-3.
Co-ordinate of point B is y = -6.
Since, -3 > -6
∴ d(A, B) = -3 – (-6)
= -3 + 6
∴ d(A, B) = 3

vi. Co-ordinate of point A is x = 4.
Co-ordinate of point B is y = -8.
Since, 4 > -8
∴ d(A, B) = 4 – (-8)
= 4 + 8
∴d(A, B) = 12

Question 3.
From the information given below, find which of the point is between the other two. If the points are not collinear, state so.
i. d(P, R) = 7, d(P, Q) = 10, d(Q, R) = 3
ii. d(R, S) = 8, d(S, T) = 6, d(R, T) = 4
iii. d(A, B) = 16, d(C, A) = 9, d(B, C) = 7
iv. d(L, M) =11, d(M, N) = 12, d(N, L) = 8
v. d(X, Y) = 15, d(Y, Z) = 7, d(X, Z) = 8
vi. d(D, E) = 5, d(E, F) = 8, d(D, F) = 6
Solution:
i. Given, d(P, R) = 7, d(P, Q) = 10, d(Q, R) = 3
d(P, Q) = 10 …(i)
d(P, R) + d(Q, R) = 7 + 3 = 10 .. .(ii)
∴ d(P, Q) = d(P, R) + d(Q, R) …[From (i) and (ii)]
∴ Point R is between the points P and Q
i. e., P – R – Q or Q – R – P.
∴ Points P, R, Q are collinear.

ii. Given, d(R, S) = 8, d(S, T) = 6, d(R, T) = 4
d(R, S) = 8 …(i)
d(S, T) + d(R, T) = 6 + 4 = 10 …(h)
∴ d(R, S) ≠ d(S, T) + d(R, T) … [From (i) and (ii)]
∴ The given points are not collinear.

iii. Given, d(A, B) = 16, d(C, A) = 9, d(B, C) = 7
d(A, B) = 16 …(i)
d(C, A) + d(B, C) = 9 + 7 = 16 …(ii)
∴ d(A, B) = d(C, A) + d(B, C) …[From(i) and (ii)]
∴ Point C is between the points A and B.
i. e., A – C – B or B – C – A.
∴ Points A, C, B are collinear

iv. Given, d(L, M) = 11, d(M, N) = 12, d(N, L) = 8
d(M, N) = 12 …(i)
d(L, M) + d(N, L) = 11 + 8 = 19 …(ii)
∴d(M, N) + d(L, M) + d(N, L) … [From (i) and (ii)]
∴ The given points are not collinear.

v. Given, d(X, Y) = 15, d(Y, Z) = 7, d(X, Z) = 8
d(X, Y) = 15 …(i)
d(X,Z) + d(Y, Z) = 8 + 7= 15 …(ii)
∴ d(X, Y) = d(X, Z) + d(Y, Z) …[From (i) and (ii)]
∴ Point Z is between the points X and Y
i. e.,X – Z – Y or Y – Z – X.
∴ Points X, Z, Y are collinear.

vi. Given, d(D, E) = 5, d(E, F) = 8, d(D, F) = 6
d(E, F) = 8 …(i)
d(D, E) + d(D, F) = 5 + 6 = 11 …(ii)
∴ d(E, F) ≠ d(D, E) + d(D, F) … [From (i) and (ii)]
∴ The given points are not collinear.

Question 4.
On a number line, points A, B and C are such that d(A, C) = 10, d(C, B) = 8. Find d(A, B) considering all possibilities.
Solution:
Given, d(A, C) = 10, d(C, B) = 8.

Case I: Points A, B, C are such that, A – B – C.

∴ d(A, C) = d(A, B) + d(B, C)
∴ 10 = d(A, B) + 8
∴ d(A, B) = 10 – 8
∴ d(A, B) = 2

Case II: Points A, B, C are such that, A – C – B.

∴ d(A, B) = d(A, C) + d(C, B)
= 10 + 8
∴ d(A, B) = 18

Case III: Points A, B, C are such that, B – A – C.

From the diagram,
d (A, C) > d(B, C)
Which is not possible
∴ Point A is not between B and C.
∴ d(A, B) = 2 or d(A, B) = 18.

Question 5.
Points X, Y, Z are collinear such that d(X, Y) = 17, d(Y, Z) = 8, find d(X, Z).
Solution:
Given,d(X, Y) = 17, d(Y, Z) = 8
Case I: Points X, Y, Z are such that, X – Y – Z.

∴ d(X, Z) = d(X, Y) + d(Y, Z)
= 17 + 8
∴ d(X, Z) = 25

Case II: Points X, Y, Z are such that, X – Z – Y.

∴ d(X,Y) = d(X,Z) + d(Z,Y)
∴ 17 = d(X, Z) + 8
∴ d(X, Z) = 17 – 8
∴ d(X, Z) = 9

Case III: Points X, Y, Z are such that, Z – X – Y.

From the diagram,
d(X, Y) > d (Y, Z)
Which is not possible
∴ Point X is not between Z and Y.
∴ d(X, Z) = 25 or d(X, Z) = 9.

Question 6.
Sketch proper figure and write the answers of the following questions. [2 Marks each]
i. If A – B – C and l(AC) = 11,
l(BC) = 6.5, then l(AB) = ?
ii. If R – S – T and l(ST) = 3.7,
l(RS) = 2.5, then l(RT) = ?
iii. If X – Y – Z and l(XZ) = 3√7,
l(XY) = √7, then l(YZ) = ?
Solution:
i. Given, l(AC) =11, l(BC) = 6.5

l(AC) = l(AB) + l(BC) … [A – B – C]
∴ 11= l(AB) + 6.5
∴ l(AB) = 11 – 6.5
∴ l(AB) = 4.5

ii. Given, l(ST) = 3.7, l(RS) = 2.5

l(RT) = l(RS) + l(ST) … [R – S – T]
= 2.5 + 3.7
∴ (RT) = 6.2

iii. l(XZ) = 3√7 , l(XY) = √7,

l(XZ) = l(X Y) + l(YZ) … [X – Y – Z]
∴ 3 √7 ⇒ √7 + l(YZ)
∴ l(YZ)= 3√7 – √7
∴ l(YZ) = 2 √7

Question 7.
Which figure is formed by three non-collinear points?
Solution:
Three non-collinear points form a triangle.

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Class 9 Science Solutions Chapter 15 Life Processes in Living Organisms Notes, Textbook Exercise Important Questions and Answers.

Maharashtra State Board Class 9 Science Solutions Chapter 15 Life Processes in Living Organisms

Class 9 Science Chapter 15 Life Processes in Living Organisms Textbook Questions and Answers

1. Match the pairs and explain.

Answer:
(1 – b),
(2 – c),
(3 – a),
(4 – e).

2. Complete the paragraph.

The milk was on the stove. Rasika was engrossed in watching television. She smelled something burning. She ran towards the kitchen. The milk was boiling over. She held the vessel with her bare hands but, screaming, she let it go at once. This activity was controlled by ……………….. cells. Special ends of ……………….. in these cells collected the information, from where it was transferred to the ……………….. and then towards the terminal end of the ……………….. The chemicals produced at the terminal end passed through the minute space i.e. ………………. . In this way, ……………….. were conducted in the body and the process of ……………….. was completed by conducting the impulses from ……………….. to ………………

(Nerve, muscle cell, impulse, dendrite, synapse, axon, reflex action, cell body)
Answer:
nerve, dendrite, cell body, axon, synapse, impulses, reflex action, nerve, muscle cell.

3. Write notes on Root pressure, Transpiration, Nerve cell, Human brain, Reflex action

4. Name the hormones of the following endocrine glands and the function of each.
Pituitary, Thyroid, Adrenal, Thymus, Testis, Ovary.

Life Processes In Living Organisms Class 9 Question 1.
Pituitary:
Answer:

Class 9 Science Chapter 15 Life Processes In Living Organisms Question 2.
Thyroid
Answer:

Life Processes In Living Organisms Class 9 Exercise Question 3.
Adrenal
Answer:

9th Class Science Chapter 15 Life Processes In Living Organisms Exercise Question 4.
Thymus
Answer:

Question 5.
Testis
Answer:

Std 9 Science Chapter 15 Life Processes In Living Organisms Question 6.
Ovary
Answer:

5. Draw and label the diagrams.
Human endocrine glands, Human brain, Nephron, Nerve cell, Human excretory system.

15. Life Processes In Living Organisms Question 1.
Human endocrine glands
Answer:

15 Life Processes In Living Organisms Question 2.
Human brain
Answer:

Life Processes In Living Organisms 9th Class Notes Question 3.
Nephron
Answer:

Life Processes In Living Organisms Class 9 Questions And Answers Question 4.
Nerve cell
Answer:

Life Processes In Living Organisms Class 9 Solutions Question 5.
Human excretory system
Answer:

6. Answer the following.

a. Explain chemical co-ordination in humans and give the names and functions of some hormones.
Answer:
Chemical co-ordination in humans :

• In humans chemical co-ordination is brought about with the help of certain chemical substances called hormones.
• Hormones are secreted by endocrine glands. These glands are also called ductless glands.
• These glands do not have any arrangement of their own to either store or carry their secretions. So, the hormones are directly released into the blood circulation.
• Though the endocrine glands are present at specific locations in our body, their secretions reach all parts of the body via the blood.
• Endocrine glands along with the nervous systems are responsible for control and co-ordination in our body.
  These two systems help each other to control and integrate the various activities of the body.
• A marked difference between these two systems is that nerve impulses are fast but short-lived whereas the actions of hormones are very slow but long-lasting.
• It is very important that hormones are secreted only in the required quantity and there is a special mechanism which controls the quantity and timing of hormone secretion.
• For example, whenever there is an increase in blood glucose level, certain cells in the pancreas get stimulated and as a response, they release a greater quantity of insulin, thus bringing down the sugar level to normal.

Names and functions of some hormones:

b. Explain the difference between the excretory system of humans and plants.
Answer:

c. Explain co-ordination in plants with the help of suitable examples.
Answer:

• Plants do not have systems like the nervous system or muscular system.
• In plants, movements are mainly in the form of responses given to the stimuli.
• Plants show two types of movements – growth relevant movements and growth irrelevant movements.
• Movement or growth of any part of the plant in response to an external stimulus is called tropism or tropic movement.
• Examples of growth-relevant movements are :
• The shoot system of any plant responds to the light stimulus i.e., it grows towards the source of light. This is called phototropic movement.
• The root system of plants responds to stimuli like gravitation and water. These responses are called gravitropic movement and hydrotropic movement respectively.
• Movement shown by plants in response to specific chemicals is called chemotropic movement.
• For example, the growth of the pollen tube towards the ovule.
• Some specific movements of the plants do not lead to the plant growth.
• Such movements are called growth-irrelevant movements.
• As a response to changes in the surroundings, plant hormones bring about various movements in plants.
• Examples of growth irrelevant movements are closing of leaflets of Touch-me-not (Mimosa) plant on touch.
• In the plant called Venus fly trap, when an insect visits the flower like trap, the trap closes up and the trapped insect is digested by the plant.
• The lotus flower opens during day-time while that of the tuberose opens at night.
• In plants like Touch-me-not (Mimosa), movement also occurs at places other than where it has been touched.
• Hence, we can infer that the information about the touch must have been released within the plant from one place to another.
• Plants use electrochemical impulses for transfer of information from one place to another.
• Plant cells change their shape by increasing or decreasing the water content and thereby, bring about the movements of plants.

7. Explain in your own words with suitable examples.

a. What is meant by co-ordination?
Answer:

• Several different organ systems function in multicellular organisms.
• Their life goes on smoothly if there is co-ordination between different organ systems or organs and the stimuli in the surrounding.
• Depending upon this, we can say that systematic regulation of different processes can be called control and bringing about the different processes in the proper sequence is called co-ordination.
• If any activity in the body is to be completed successfully, proper co-ordination between different systems, and organs participating at different steps of that activity is necessary.
• If due to lack of co-ordination, there is confusion at any step, the activity may not get completed. There should be no randomness at any step.
• There should be proper co-ordination between internal activities of the body resulting from various factors like body temperature, water- level, enzyme-level, etc. or stimuli arising in the surrounding environment.
• Proper co-ordination between various systems of an organism helps to maintain a state of equilibrium called homeostasis which is necessary for the optimal efficiency of the body.

b. How does excretion occur in human beings?
Answer:

• Removal of wastes from the body is very important and it is the excretory system that carries out this function.
• The human excretory system consists of a pair of kidneys, a pair of ureters, the urinary bladder and the urethra. Urine is formed by the kidneys by separating the waste and unwanted excess substances from the blood.
• The functional unit of the kidney that performs the basic function of filtration is called a nephron. The urea produced in the liver comes into the blood.
• When the urea-containing blood comes into the glomerulus, it is filtered through capillaries and urea and other similar substances are separated from it.
• Water molecules and small molecules of some other substances can cross the semipermeable membrane of Bowman’s capsule.
• The solution accumulated in the cavity of Bowman’s capsule passes into the tubular part of the nephron. Here, molecules of water and some other useful substances are reabsorbed into the blood.
• Urine is formed from the remaining solution which is full of waste materials. The urine is carried by the ureters and stored in the urinary bladder. Afterwards, urine is given out through the urethra.

c. How is excretion in plants useful to human beings?
Answer:

• Plants give out oxygen during photosynthesis by diffusion which is useful to human beings for respiration.
• Some waste materials of plants for example, gum, resin, latex of rubber, etc. are useful to humans.

d. Describe the transportation system in plants.
Answer:

• Plants have two types of conducting tissues i.e., xylem which conducts water and phloem which conducts food.
• During transpiration, water is released into the atmosphere.
• As a result, water level is the epidermal layer of the leaf decreases.
• Water is brought up to the leaves through the xylem so as to compensate for the lost water.
• Transpiration helps in absorption of water and minerals and distribution to all parts of the plant whereas root pressure preforms the important role of pushing the water up at night time.
• The food produced by leaves is transported to each cell of the plant through phloem.
• When the food material like sucrose is transported towards a part of the plant through phloem, using ATP, the water concentration in that part decreases.
• As a result, water enters the cell by diffusion. The pressure on the cell wall increases due to increase in the cellular contents.
• Due to the increased pressure, food is pushed into the neighboring cells where the pressure is low.
• This process helps the phloem to transport the materials as per the need of the plant.

Class 9 Science Chapter 15 Life Processes in Living Organisms Intext Questions and Answers

Class 9 Science Chapter 15 Life Processes In Living Organisms Exercise  Question 1.
How do the digestive system and respiratory system work?
Answer:
(a) Digestive system:

• The digestive system is responsible for digestion of food. i.e. breaking down complex insoluble food into simpler soluble form.
• The digestive system is made up of alimentary canal and digestive glands.
• The alimentary canal is a long and muscular tube of varying diameter which extends from the mouth to the anus.
• The digestive glands associated with alimentary canal are salivary glands, gastric glands, liver and pancreas.
• The process of digestion includes various stages wherein the food passes through the different organs of the alimentary canal and there it is digested part by part with the help of various enzymes secreted from the digestive glands.
• After the food is digested, the important nutrients are absorbed into the blood and the undigested food and residue of digested food is removed out of the body through the anus.

(b) Respiratory system:

• Respiration is the process of release of energy from the assimilated food.
• The respiratory system consists of nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi and lungs (alveoli).
• Oxygen enters our body through breathing.
• This oxygen is taken to the cells and with the help of oxygen, food is oxidized into the cells to release energy in the form of ATR
• During this process, carbon dioxide and water vapour are given out as by-products which are given out during breathing.

Thus, the digestive and respiratory systems work in co-ordination with each other to produce energy from food.

Life Processes In Living Organisms Exercise Question 2.
Previously you have performed the activity of observing a branch covered in a plastic bag. What did you observe in that activity?
Answer:

• When a branch is covered in a plastic bag, we observe that small droplets of water accumulate on the inner side of the plastic bag.
• This shows that leaves release water in the form of vapour through the stomata during transpiration. These vapours get condensed to form water droplets and accumulate inside the bag.

Life Process In Living Organism Exercise Question 3.
Which are the sensory organs of an organism? What is their function?
Answer:

• Sensory organs of an organism are eyes, ears, tongue, skin and nose.
• The eyes help the organism to perceive the sensation of light to see the objects around it.
• The ears help the organism to perceive the sensation of sound and also perceive the sensation of pressure.
• The tongue helps to perceive different tastes and also in chewing the food.
• The skin helps to perceive the sensation of touch, pain, pressure etc.
• Some insects also possess antennae for sensing the changes in the environment.

15 Life Processes In Living Organisms Class 9 Question 4.
Where are the gustatory and olfactory nerves to be found?
Answer:

• Gustatory nerves are concerned with sense of taste whereas olfactory nerves are concerned with the sense of smell.
• Gustatory nerves are found in the tongue from where they carry impulses to the gustatory cortex in the brain.
• Whereas the olfactory nerves are found in the nasal passage from where they carry impulses to the olfactory lobes in the brain.

Answer the following questions:

15.Life Processes In Living Organisms Question 1.
Why do we eat fruits and vegetables? Do the plants also need minerals like we do?
Answer:

• We eat fruits and vegetables to get nutrients like carbohydrates, vitamins, minerals and fibers. These nutrients are important for the proper functioning of the body .
• Plants too need minerals for their growth and development.

Life Processes In Living Organisms Class 9 Notes Question 2.
From where do plants get inorganic substances other than carbon dioxide and oxygen?
Answer:
Plants get inorganic substances like nitrogen, phosphorus, magnesium, manganese, sodium etc. from the soil. Soil is the nearest and richest source of these elements.

9th Std Science Chapter 15 Life Processes In Living Organisms Question 3.
At least a small quantity of garbage or waste is produced every day in each house. What will happen if you keep this garbage for many days in your house?
Answer:

• If we keep garbage for many days in our house, it will start decaying due to the growth of decomposers like fungi and bacteria.
• This will result in foul odour and will also lead to spread of diseases.

Life Processes In Living Organisms Exercise Class 9 Question 4.
Sometimes, while eating we bite our own finger or tongue by mistake.
Answer:

• Sometimes, while eating we over-fill our mouth causing the bite to misalign, thus we bite our own finger or tongue by mistake.
• If we are dehydrated, the muscles of the mouth and tongue do not function properly causing us to bite our own tongue.
• If we are distracted with other activities while eating, it can cause us to bite our tongue or finger.
• Thus, due to lack of co-ordination sometimes while eating, we bite our own finger or tongue by mistake.

9th Class Science 15 Chapter Life Processes In Living Organisms Question 5.
Sometimes, we choke while eating in a hurry.
Answer:

• There is an elastic flap at the starting of the wind-pipe called epiglottis which opens whenever we breathe in air and closes to prevent the entry of food into the respiratory system.
• While eating in hurry, due to lack of co-ordination, the epiglottis opens to take in air but food too enters in causing us to choke.

Life Processes In Living Organisms Class 9 Extra Questions Question 6.
An injury to the medulla oblongata can lead to death. Why?
Answer:

• The medulla oblongata controls involuntary activities like the beating of the heart, blood circulation, breathing etc.
• An injury to the medulla oblongata will stop these activities, leading to death.

Life Processes In Living Organisms Class 9 Maharashtra Board  Question 7.
You may have seen how a drunken person struggles to maintain his body balance. An excess of alcohol in the body causes one to lose control over it. Why does this happen? Find out the reason with help of the internet.
Answer:

• The cerebellum co-ordinates voluntary movements and maintains balance of the body.
• An excess of alcohol causes dysfunctioning of the cerebellum.
• It results in primary loss of co-ordinated movements and loss of balance.

9th Life Processes In Living Organisms 5 Question 8.
Why does this happen?

(a) Leaves of plants fall off in a particular season.
Answer:

• Plants lose water through their leaves by transpiration. So some plants shed their leaves in dry season to reduce transpiration and conserve water.
• In plants, the waste substances are stored in the vacuoles of leaf-cells which are then shed along with the leaves in a specific season.

(b) Fruits, flowers fall off after a certain period of time.
Answer:

• In plants, waste substances are stored in the vacuoles of fruits and flowers. So, they fall off after some time to excrete these wastes.
• Also, when fruits and flowers mature, the supply of nutrients to mature fruits and flowers is blocked. This causes abscission in that part of the plant leading to their detachment from the plant body and falling off.

(c) Substances like resin, gum, etc. are given out of the plant body.
Answer:

• Resin, gum etc. are the waste products of plants. They are given out after some time as a process of excretion in plants.
• Many plants, particularly, woody plants produce resin and gum in response to injury. These resin and gum act as bandage protecting the plants from invading insects and pathogens.

15 Life Processes In Living Organisms Exercise Question 9.
Which waste products are produced in our body through metabolic activities?
Answer:
The waste products formed in our body through metabolic activities are urea, uric acid, ammonia, carbon dioxide etc.

Life Processes In Living Organisms 9th Class Exercise Question 10.
As compared to the monsoons and winter a very small quantity of urine is produced in the summer season. Why is it so?
Answer:
In summer, we sweat more due to excess heat. So, the body tries to conserve water by reducing urine formation. This is to prevent dehydration.

Question 11.
In adults, the process of urination is under their control but not in infants. Why is it so?
Answer:

• In adults, the muscles of the bladder are under the voluntary control. So the process of urination is under control.
• In infants, the bladder muscles are not mature until about two years of age. So, the process of urination is not under control.

Answer the following questions:

Question 1.
Observe the following figures carefully.

Answer:
Observations:

• Figure ‘A’ shows chemotropic movement. Pollen tube grows towards the ovule in response to specific chemicals released by the ovule.
• Figure ‘B’ shows phototropic movement. Shoot grows towards the Sun in response to stimulus of light.
• Figure ‘C’ shows thigmotropic movement. Tendrils of climbers are sensitive to touth. When they come in contact with an object, they entwine around the object and cling to it.
• All the above movements are related to growth. Hence, they are called growth relevant movements.

Question 2.
Observe the pictures carefully and think about them.

Answer:

• Figure ‘A’ shows touch-me-not (Mimosa) plant. In this plant, the leaflets close in response to stimulus of touch.
• Figure ‘B’ shows Venus fly trap. In this plant, there is a trap that appears and smells like a flower and deceives the insect. When an insect visits that flower-like trap, the trap closes up and the trapped insect is digested by the plant,
• Figure ‘C’ shows lotus plant. The lotus flower opens during day-time.?
• Figure ‘D’ shows Balsam plant. In this plant, the ripened fruit dehisces (bursts open) at the right time to disperse the seeds.

Question 3.
As you watch the match being played on your school ground, you will see the control and co-ordination among the movements of the players. Make a list of all such different actions.
Answer:
In an inter-house basketball match, control and co-ordination is seen in dodging the ball, jumping, running, passing it to the team mates and dribbling the ball.

Question 4.
Observe the figure carefully and as per the numbers in that figure, answer the following questions.

(a) What is happening at 1 and 2?
Answer:
At 1 stimulus of heat is received by thermo-receptors in the skin. At 2, the hand is withdrawn instantly.

(b) Which nerve carried the impulse to the point marked 3? In which direction is it conducting the impulse?
Answer:
Sensory nerve carried the impulse to the point marked 3. The impulse is conducted from the skin towards the spinal cord.

(c) Which is the nerve shown by 4?
Answer:
The nerve shown by 4 is association neuron. It is present in the gray matter of the spinal cord. It receives the sensory impulse, interprets it and generates impulse.

(d) Which is the organ marked as 5?
Answer:
Spinal cord.

(e) At 6, which nerve is conducting the response impulse?
Answer:
Motor nerve.

(f) At 7, where has the impulse reached? What is its effect?
Answer:
At 7, the impulse has reached the muscles of the hand. As a result, the muscles contract and the hand is withdrawn instantly in response to the stimulus of heat.

Question 5.
Sketch and label:
Answer:

• Stimulus
• Hand is withdrawn
• Sensory neuron
• Association neuron
• Spinal cord
• Motor neuron
• Muscles

(6) Observe the figure and list down functions for ‘A’ and ‘B’

Answer:

Answer the following questions:

Question 1.
Take a small plant like balsam or tuberose with its roots intact. Wash and clean its roots. As shown in the fig, keep it in the water containing a stain like safranin or eosin. Observe the stem and the veins of the leaves after 2-3 hours.

Answer:

• The stem and veins of the leaves appear pinkish in colour.
• Due to the root pressure generated, eosin solution is continuously pushed upward.
• As a result water reaches xylem and the water column is pushed forward.

Question 2.
Take a transverse section of the stem of a plant and observe the stained xylem under a compound microscope.
Answer:
The xylem elements appear pinkish as the eosin solution is conducted upwards through the xylem. From this we infer that the xylem is responsible for the conduction of water and minerals in the plant.

Question 3.
Observe your mother while she cuts the elephant’s foot (Amorphophallus) or arum leaves. Your hands may also begin to itch if you try to cut these leaves. Why does this happen? Try to find out. Ask your mother what she does to prevent the itching.
Answer:

• In some plants like elephant foot (Amorphophallus) or arum, waste materials are in the form of crystals of calcium oxalate. They are called raphides.
• As they are needle-shaped, they prickle and cause irritation of the skin leading to itching.
• This can be prevented by applying tartaric acid (tamarind) or citric acid (lemon) on the hands while cutting these vegetables as the acids dissolve the crystals of calcium oxalate.

Class 9 Science Chapter 15 Life Processes in Living Organisms Additional Important Questions and Answers

Choose and write the correct options.

Question 1.
The transport of food produced in leaves to each cell in the plant body is called …………………………… .
(a) Transpiration
(b) Root pressure
(c) Translocation
(d) Ascent of sap
Answer:
(c) translocation

Question 2.
Kidneys filter blood about ……………………………. times every day.
(a) 100
(b) 200
(c) 300
(d) 400
Answer:
(d) 400

Question 3.
About ……………………………. of blood is sent through the dialysis machine at one time.
(a) 500 ml
(b) 5 l
(c) 200 ml
(d) 400 ml
Answer:
(a) 500 ml

Question 4.
The movement of plant towards the source of light is called ……………………………. movement.
(a) chemotropic
(b) hydrotropic
(c) phototropic
(d) gravitropic
Answer:
(c) phototropic

Question 5.
The movement of root system towards stimulus of gravity is called ……………………………. movement.
(a) phototropic
(b) gravitropic
(c) hydrotropic
(d) chemotropic
Answer:
(b) gravitropic

Question 6.
The movement of root system towards stimulus of water is called ……………………………. movement.
(a) Phototropic
(b) Gravitropic
(c) Hydrotropic
(d) Chemiotropic
Answer:
(c) hydrotropic

Question 7.
Hormone ……………………………. helps in stem elongation.
(a) Auxin
(b) Gibberellin
(c) Cytokinin
(d) Abscisic acid
Answer:
(b) Gibberellin

Question 8.
Hormone ……………………………. helps in cell division.
(a) Auxin
(b) Gibberellin
(c) Cytokinin
(d) Abscisic acid
Answer:
(c) Cytokinin

Question 9.
The hormone ……………………………. is effective in prevention and retardation of growth, leaf wilting, etc.
(a) Auxin
(b) Cytokinin
(c) Gibberellin
(d) Abscisic acid
Answer:
(d) Abscisic acid

Question 10.
……………………………. neurons conduct impulses from the sensory organs to the brain and the spinal cord,
(a) Sensory
(b) Motor
(c) Association
(d) All of these
Answer:
(a) Sensory

Question 11.
The brain of an adult human weighs about …………………………… .
(a) 500 – 600 grams
(b) 2 – 3 kilograms
(c) 1300 -1400 grams
(d) 1500 -1600 grams
Answer:
(c) 1300 – 1400 grams

Question 12.
……………………………. is the largest part of the brain.
(a) Cerebrum
(b) Cerebellum
(c) Medulla oblongata
(d) Spinal cord
Answer:
(a) Cerebrum

Question 13.
There are two triangular swollen structure called ……………………………. on the upper side of the medulla oblongata.
(a) Ventricles
(b) Meninges
(c) Pyramids
(d) Pons
Answer:
(c) Pyramids

Question 14.
Control of voluntary movements is done by …………………………… .
(a) Cerebrum
(b) Cerebellum
(c) Medulla oblongala
(d) Spinal cord
Answer:
(a) Cerebrum

Question 15.
Co-ordination of voluntary movements is done by …………………………… .
(a) cerebrum
(b) cerebellum
(c) medulla oblongata
(d) spinal cord
Answer:
(b) cerebellum

Question 16.
Control of involuntary activities like the beating of the heart, blood circulation, breathing etc. are controlled by …………………………… .
(a) Spinal cord
(b) Cerebrum
(c) Cerebellum
(d) Medulla oblongata
Answer:
(d) Medulla oblongata

Question 17.
The function of cerebrum is to …………………………… .
(a) control of voluntary movements
(b) co-ordination of voluntary movements
(c) control of involuntary activities
(d) maintaining the body balance
Answer:
(a) control of voluntary movements

Question 18.
The function of cerebellum is …………………………… .
(a) to control of voluntary movements
(b) to maintain the body balance
(c) to control of involuntary activities
(d) to co-ordinate of voluntary movements
Answer:
(b) to maintain the body balance

Question 19.
Hormone ……………………………. stimulates the liver to convert excess blood glucose into glycogen.
(a) Glucagon
(b) insulin
(c) Somatostatin
(d) Pancreatic polypeptide
Answer:
(a) Glucagon

Question 20.
Hormone ……………………………. controls behaviour during crisis and emotional situation.
(a) Thyroxine
(b) Parathormone
(c) Adrenalin and Nor adrenalin
(d) Somatostatin
Answer:
(c) Adrenalin and Nor adrenalin

Question 21.
……………………………. controls menstrual cycle and ovulation.
(a) Prolactin
(b) Oxytocin
(c) Luteinizing hormone
(d) Progesterone
Answer:
(c) Luteinizing hormone

Question 22.
……………………………. stimulates growth of secondary sexual characteristics in men.
(a) Thymosin
(b) Testosterone
(c) Oestrogen
(d) Thyroxine
Answer:
(b) Testosterone

Question 23.
……………………………. occurs through stomata.
(a) Translocation
(b) Perspiration
(c) Transpiration
(d) Conduction
Answer:
(c) Transpiration

Question 24.
……………………………. performs the important role of pushing the water up during the night time.
(a) Translocation
(b) Root pressure
(c) Transpiration pull
(d) None of these
Answer:
(b) Root pressure

Question 25.
In plants, gaseous substances are given out by …………………………….
(a) Root pressure
(b) Osmosis
(c) Diffusion
(d) Translocation
Answer:
(c) diffusion

Question 26.
Each kidney has approximately ……………………………. nephrons.
(a) 1 lakh
(b) 10,000
(c) 10 lakh
(d) 50 lakh
Answer:
(c) 10 lakh

Question 27.
Insulin is secreted by the ……………………………. of the pancreas.
(a) Alpha cells
(b) Beta cells
(c) Delta cells
(d) F cells
Answer:
(b) Beta cells

Select the odd man out:

Question 1.
Skin, Brain, Kidneys, Lungs.
Answer:
Brain – It is a controlling organ whereas the others are excretory orgAnswer:

Question 2.
Gum, Resin, Urea, Latex
Answer:
Urea – It is an excretory product of animals whereas the others are excretory products of plants.

Question 3.
Gibberellin, Auxin, Thyroxine, Cytokinin.
Answer:
Thyroxine – It is a hormone in animals whereas the others are hormones in plants.

Question 4.
Dendrite, Cell body, Axon, Synapse.
Answer:
Synapse – It is a minute space between two adjacent neurons whereas the others are parts of the neuron.

Question 5.
Thyroxine, Calcitonin, Insulin, Auxin.
Answer:
Auxin – It is a plant hormone whereas the others are hormones in human beings.

Complete the Analogy:

(1) Water : Xylem :: Food : …………………………….
(2) Movement of root system : Gravitropic :: Movement of shoot system : …………………………….
(3) Brain: Cranial Cavity :: Spinal Cord : …………………………….
(4) Cavities of the brain : Ventricles :: Cavities of the spinal cord : …………………………….
(5) Involuntary activities : Medulla oblongata : : Balance of the body : …………………………….
(6) Stem elongation: Gibberellin :: Cell division : …………………………….
(7) Control of voluntary movements : Cerebrum :: Co-ordination of voluntary movements : …………………………….
(8) Converts glucose to glycogen : Insulin :: Converts glycogen to glucose : …………………………….
(9) Secondary sexual characters in males : Testosterone :: Secondary sexual characters in females : …………………………….
Answer:
(1) Phloem
(2) Phototropic
(3) Vertebral column
(4) Central canal
(5) Cerebellum
(6) Cytokinin
(7) Cerebellum
(8) Glucagon
(9) Oestrogen

Match the columns:

Question 1.

Answer:
(1 – b),
(2 – c),
(3 – d),
(4 – a).

Question 1.

Answer:
(1 – b),
(2 – d),
(3 – a),
(4 – c).

State whether the following statements are true or false. Correct the false statements.

Question 1.
Plants need less energy as compared to animals.
Answer:
True

Question 2.
Xylem conducts food whereas phloem conducts water.
Answer:
False. Xylem conducts water whereas phloem conducts food.

Question 3.
The loss of water from the plants is known as translocation.
Answer:
False. The loss of water from the plants is known as transpiration.

Question 4.
Calcium oxalate crystals present in some plants are called resins.
Answer:
False. Calcium oxalate crystals present in some plants are called raphides.

Question 5.
Root pressure helps to push the water up in plants during night time.
Answer:
True

Question 6.
Translocation is carried out by phloem in downward direction.
Answer:
False. Translocation is carried out by phloem in both upward and downward direction.

Question 7.
In unicellular organisms, waste materials are directly eliminated across the cell surface.
Answer:
True

Question 8.
Urea is produced in the liver.
Answer:
True

Question 9.
Systematic regulation of different processes is called co-ordination.
Answer:
False. Systematic regulation of different processes is called control.

Question 10.
A hormone auxin produced in the apical part of the shoot helps in enlargement of cells.
Answer:
True

Question 11.
Gibberellin helps in prevention and retardation of growth, leaf wilting etc.
Answer:
False. Abscisic acid helps in prevention and retardation of growth, leaf wilting etc.

Question 12.
The movement shown by venus fly trap while trapping an insect is a growth relevant movement.
Answer:
False. The movement shown by venus fly trap while trapping an insect is a growth irrelevant movement.

Question 13.
The lotus flower opens during night time while that of tuberose (polyanthus) opens during day time.
Answer:
False. The lotus flower opens during day time while that of tuberose (polyanthus) opens during night time.

Question 14.
Sensory neurons conduct impulses from the brain and the spinal cord to effector organs like muscles or glands.
Answer:
False. Sensory neurons conduct impulses from the sensory organs to the brain and the spinal cord.

Question 15.
There are 31 pairs of cranial nerves.
Answer:
False. There are 12 pairs of cranial nerves.

Question 16.
Activities like heart beat, blood circulation, breathing, sneezing, etc. are controlled by cerebellum.
Answer:
False. Activities like heart beat, blood circulation, breathing, sneezing, etc. are controlled by cerebellum.

Question 17.
Spinal nerves are associated with head, thorax and abdomen.
Answer:
False. Spinal nerves are associated with arms, legs, skin and some other parts of the body.

Question 18.
Nerve impulses are slow and long lasting whereas action of hormones is fast and short lived.
Answer:
False. Nerve impulses are fast and short lived whereas action of hormones is slow and long lasting.

Question 19.
Reflex actions are controlled by cerebellum.
Answer:
False. Reflex actions are controlled by spinal cord.

Question 20.
Thyroid stimulating hormone is secreted by the pituitary gland.
Answer:
True

Question 21.
The hormone thymosin is secreted by the thyroid gland.
Answer:
False. The hormone thymosin is secreted by the thymus gland.

Question 22.
Parathormone controls metabolism of calcium and phosphorns.
Answer:
True

Question 23.
The right kidney is slightly lower than the left kidney.
Answer:
True

Name the following:

Question 1.
The structural and functional unit of the nervous system.
Answer:
Newtron.

Question 2.
The network of capillaries in the Bowman’s capsule.
Answer:
Glomerulus.

Question 3.
The minute space between two adjacent nervous.
Answer:
Synapse.

Question 4.
The special cells which bring about control and co-ordination.
Answer:
Neurons.

Question 5.
The cavities present in various parts of the brain.
Answer:
Ventricles.

Question 6.
The long tubular cavity of the spinal cord.
Answer:
Central Canal.

Question 7.
The thread like fibrous structure at the end of the spinal cord.
Answer:
Filum terminale.

Give scientific reasons:

Question 1.
It is necessary to remove harmful and waste substances from the body.
Answer:

• Many harmful and waste substances like urea, uric acid, ammonia, etc. are produced in living organisms.
• If these substances accumulate in the body or are retained in the body for long, it can lead to serious harm or even death.
• Hence, it is necessary to remove such harmful and waste substances from the body.

Question 2.
In plants like Touch-me-not (Mimosa), movement also occurs at the places other than where it has been touched.
Answer:

• In plants like Touch-me-not (Mimosa), the information about the touch is relayed within the plant from one place to another.
• Plants use electro-chemical impulses for transfer of information from one place to another.
• Plant cells change their shape by increasing or decreasing their water content and thereby, bring about the movements of plants.
• Hence, in plants like Touch-me-not (Mimosa) movement also occurs at the places other than where it has been touched.

Question 3.
Endocrine glands are also called ductless glands.
Answer:

• Hormones are secreted by endocrine glands.
• These glands do not have any arrangement of their own to store or carry their secretions.
• Hence, as soon as hormones are produced, they are directly released into the blood circulation.
• Thus, though these endocrine glands are present at specific locations in our body, their secretions reach all parts of the body via blood.
• Therefore, endocrine glands are also called ductless glands.

Define the following:

Question 1.
Transportation
Answer:
The process by which a substance either synthesized or absorbed in one part of the body reaches another is called as transportation.

Question 2.
Control
Answer:
Systematic regulation of different processes is called as control.

Question 3.
Coordination
Answer:
Bringing about the different processes in the proper sequence is called as co-ordination.

Question 4.
Tropism or Tropic movement
Answer:
Movement or growth of any part of the plant in response to an external stimulus is called as tropism or tropic movement.

Question 5.
Excretion
Answer:
Removal of waste or harmful substances from the body is called excretion.

Question 6.
Dialysis
Answer:
The process of separating the nitrogenous waste from the blood with the help of a man?made machine is called dialysis.

Question 7.
Reflex action
Answer:
An immediate and involuntary response given to a stimulus from the environment is called a reflex action.

Question 8.
Homeostasis
Answer:
Proper co-ordination between various systems of an organism helps to maintain a state of equilibrium called homeostasis.

Question 9.
Tropism
Answer:
Movement or growth of any part of the plant in response to an external stimulus is called tropism.

Distinguish between:

Question 1.
Nervous control and Chemical control
Answer:

Question 2.
Growth relevant movements and growth irrelevant movements
Answer:

Question 3.
Cerebrum and Cerebellum
Answer:

Write short notes:

Question 1.
Root Pressure
Answer:

• Root cells are in contact with water and minerals in the soil.
• Water and minerals enter the cells of the root surface due to difference in concentration. As a result, these cells become turgid.
• This is called root pressure.
• Under the effect of this pressure, water and minerals reach the xylem of the roots and to reduce this difference in concentration, they are continuously pushed forward.
• As a result of this continuous movement, a water column is formed, which is continuously pushed ahead.
• This pressure, is sufficient to lift the water up in shrubs, small plants and small trees.

Question 2.
Transpiration
Answer:

• Plants give out water in the form of water vapour through the stomata on their leaves. This is known as transpiration.
• Two cells called guard cells are present around the stomata. They control the opening and closing of stomata.
• Water is released into the atmosphere by leaves through the process of evaporation.
• As a result, water in the epidermal layer of the leaf decreases.
• Water is brought up to the leaves through the xylem to compensate for the lost water.
• Transpiration helps in absorption of water and minerals and distribution to all parts of the plant.

Question 3.
Nerve cell
Answer:

• Nerve cells also called as neurons are special types of cells which conduct impulses from one place to another in the body.
• Neurons are the structural and functional units of the nervous system.
• Nerve cells, the largest cell in the human body, may measure upto a few metres in length.
• Nerve cells have the ability to generate and conduct electrochemical impulse.
• The cells that support the nerve cells and help in their functioning are called neuroglia. Nerve cells and neuroglial cells together form nerves.

Question 4.
Reflex action
Answer:

• An immediate and involuntary response given to a stimulus from the environment is called a reflex action.
• Sometimes we react to an incident without any thinking on our part or control over the reaction.
• This is a response given to a certain stimulus from the surroundings.
• In such situations, proper control and co-ordination is achieved even without the intervention of the brain.
• For example, when our hand touches a hot object, the receptor in the skin detects the stimulus.
• The sensory neuron sends the impulse to the relay neuron in the spinal cord.
• The impulses are then sent to motor neurons which cause the muscles of the hand to contract and move away from the hot object.
• The spinal cord is the center of co-ordination for reflex actions.

Question 5.
Spinal cord
Answer:

• The spinal cord is the part of the central nervous system and it is held within the vertebral column.
• It is slightly thick but gradually tapers towards the end.
• There is a thread like fibrous structure at its end. It is called the filum terminale.
• The long tubular cavity of the spinal cord is called the central canal. It is filled with cerebrospinal fluid.
• The spinal cord conducts impulses from the skin towards the brain and from the brain to the muscles and glands.
• It functions as a centre of co-ordination of reflex actions.

Question 6.
Dialysis
Answer:

• The efficiency of kidneys can be adversely affected by injury, infection or decreased blood supply.
• If this happens, excess of toxic substances accumulates in the body and it can lead to death.
• If kidneys fail, nitrogenous wastes are separated from the blood with the help of a man-made machine.
• The process of separating the nitrogenous waste from the blood with the help of this machine is called dialysis.
• About 500 ml of blood is sent at one time through this machine. Purified blood is reinfused into the body of the patient.

Draw neat and labelled diagrams:

Question 1.
Vertical Section of Kidney
Answer:

Question 2.
Reflex action
Answer:

Name the hormones of the following endocrine glands and the function of each:

Question 1.
Parathyroid
Answer:

Question 2.
Pancreas
Answer:

Complete the following table of plant hormones with their functions:
Answer:

State the functions of different parts of the brain.
Answer:

Answer the following:

Question 1.
How do plants bring about movements in them?
Answer:

• Plants use electro-chemical impulses for transfer of information from one place to another.
• Plant cells change their shape by increasing or decreasing their water content and thereby bring about the movement of plants.

Answer the following:

Question 1.
What are growth-irrelevant movements? Give examples.
Answer:

• Some specific movements of the plants do not lead to the plant growth. Such movements are called growth-irrelevant movements.
• In the plant called venus fly trap, there is a trap that appears and smells like flowers and deceives insects. When an insect visits the flower-like trap, the trap closes up and the trapped insect is digested by the plant.
• Fibrils present on the leaves of the insectivorous plant Drosera, bend inward as soon as an insect lands on the leaves and surround the insects from all sides.
• In Balsam, the ripened fruit dehisces (bursts-open) at the right time to disperse the seeds.

Question 2.
Which are the different types of nerve cells or neurons?
OR
How are nerve cells classified according to their functions?
Answer:
According to their functions, nerve cells are classified into three types:

• Sensory neurons: They conduct impulses from the sensory organs to the brain and the spinal cord.
• Motor neurons : They conduct impulses from the brain or spinal cord to effector organs like muscles or glands.
• Association neurons : Association neurons perform the function of integration in the nervous system.

Question 3.
What are the different parts of the human nervous system?
Answer:
The human nervous system can be divided into the following three parts.

1. Central nervous system (CNS) : It consists of the brain and the spinal cord. It controls and regulates all activities of the body.
2. Peripheral nervous system (PNS) : The peripheral nervous system consists of the nerves originating from the central nervous system which connect the central nervous system with all parts of the body. They are of two types cranial nerves and spinal nerves.
3. Autonomic nervous system (ANS) : The autonomous nervous system consists of the nerves of involuntary organs like the heart, lungs, stomach etc. It is not under the control of our will.

Question 4.
Describe the structure of the central nervous system.
Answer:

• The central nervous system consists of the brain and spinal card.
• The organization of the brain is extremely delicate and highly evolved.
• The brain is the main controlling part of the nervous system and is safely located in the cranial cavity. The spinal cord is protected by the vertebral column.
• In the space between the delicate central nervous system and its bony covering are the protective layers called the meninges.
• Cavities present in various parts of the brain are called ventricles whereas the long tubular cavity of the spinal cord is called the central canal.
• The ventricles, central canal and spaces between the meninges are filled with cerebro?spinal fluid.
• This fluid supplies nutrients to the central nervous system and protects it from shock.

Question 5.
Which are the two types of peripheral nerves?
Answer:
Peripheral nerves are of two types:
(a) Cranial nerves:

• Nerves originating from the brain are called cranial nerves.
• They are associated with various parts in the head.
• There are 12 pairs of cranial nerves.

(b) Spinal nerves:

• Nerves originating from the spinal cord are called spinal nerves.
• They are associated with arms, legs, skin and some other parts of the body.
• There are 31 pairs of spinal nerves.

Question 6.
How do plants get rid of their excretory products?
Answer:

• Excretion is a simpler process in plants. There is no special organ or system for excretion in plants.
• Gases are given out by diffusion.
• Most of the waste substances of plants are stored in vacuoles of leaf-cells and in flowers, fruits and the bark of the stem. After some time these parts fall off.
• Some other waste materials are stored in old and worn out xylem in the form of resin and gum.
• Some waste materials are also given out through roots in the surrounding soil.

Answer in detail:

Question 1.
Explain how food and other substances are transported in plants?
OR
Explain translocation in plants.
Answer:

• The food produced in leaves is transported to each cell in the plant body.
• Excess food, except amino acids, is stored in roots, fruits and seeds. This process is called translocation of materials.
• It is carried out in both the upward and downward directions by the phloem.
• Translocation is not a simple process, it requires energy. This energy is obtained from ATP.
• Whenever food material like sucrose is transported towards a part of a plant via the phloem with the help of ATP, the water concentration decreases in the part. As a result, water enters the cell by the process of diffusion.
• The pressure on the cell wall increases due to increase in cellular contents.
• Due to the increase pressure, food is pushed into the neighbouring cells where the pressure is low.
• This process helps the phloem to transport the materials as per the need of the plant. During flowering season, the sugar stored in roots or stem is transported towards the floral buds to make them open and blossom.

Question 2.
What is tropic movement? Describe the different types of tropic movements.
OR
What are growth relevant movements? Describe the different types of growth relevant movements.
Answer:
Movement or growth of any part of the plant in response to an external stimulus is called tropic movement or tropism.

The different types of tropic movements are:

• Phototropic movement : The shoot system of any plant responds to the light stimulus, i.e., it grows towards the source of light. The movement shown by plants towards the source of light is called phototropic movement.
• Gravitropic movement : The root system of plants responds to stimulus of gravity. This is called gravitropic movement.
• Hydrotropic movement : The root system of plants responds to the stimulus of water. This is called hydrotropic movement.
• Chemotropic movement : Movement shown by plants in response to specific chemicals is called chemotropic movement. For example, the growth of the pollen tube towards the ovule.

All the above-mentioned movements of plants are related with growth, hence are called growth relevant movement.

Question 3.
Write short note on : Human Brain
Answer:

• The brain is the main controlling part of the nervous system and is safely located in the cranial cavity.
• The brain is covered by protective layers called the Meninges.
• Cavities present in various parts of the brain are called ventricles.
• The ventricles are filled with cerebrospinal fluid. This fluid supplies nutrients to the brain and also protects it from shock.
• The brain of an adult human weighs about 1300 -1400 grams and consists of approximately 100 million neurons.
• The left side of our brain controls the right side of our body and right side of our brain controls left side of the body.
• In addition, the left side of the brain controls our speech and conversation, writing, logical thinking etc., whereas the right side controls artistic abilities.

Human brain is made up of following parts:

(a) Cerebrum:

• This is the largest part of the brain and consists of two cerebral hemispheres. These hemispheres are joined with each other with the help of tough fibres and nerve tracts.
• The cerebrum occupies two-thirds of the brain. Hence, it is also called as large brain.
• Its surface has deep, irregular ridges and grooves which are called convolutions, convolution increases the surface area of the cerebrum and therefore a large number of nerve cells can be accommodated.

(b) Cerebellum:

• This is the smaller part of the brain situated below the cerebrum at the back of the cranial cavity.
• Its surface shows shallow grooves instead of deep convolutions.

(c) Medulla Oblongata:

• This is the hind-most part of the brain.
• There are two triangular swollen structures called pyramids on the upper side of medulla oblongata.
• The medulla oblongata continues downwards the spinal cord.

(6) How are nerve impulses conducted in the body?
Answer:

• Special types of cells which conduct impulses from one place to another in the body are called neurons. Nerve cells have the ability to generate and conduct electro-chemical impulses.
• The cells that support the nerve cells and help in their functioning are called neuroglia.
• All the information about our surroundings is collected by the ends or dendrites of the neuron.
• The chemical process begins at those ends and electric impulses are generated which are conducted from the dendrites to the cell body, from the cell body to the axon and from the axon to its terminal.
• These impulses are then to be transferred from this nerve cell to the next.
• Now the impulse that reaches the terminal of an axon, stimulates the nerve cell to secrete certain chemicals.
• These chemicals pass through a minute space, called the synapse, between two adjacent neurons and generate the impulses in the dendrites of the next neuron.
• In this way, impulses are conducted in the body and these impulses are finally conveyed by nerve cells to muscles cells or glands.

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Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Class 9 Science Solutions Chapter 7 Energy Flow in an Ecosystem Notes, Textbook Exercise Important Questions and Answers.

Maharashtra State Board Class 9 Science Solutions Chapter 7 Energy Flow in an Ecosystem

Class 9 Science Chapter 7 Energy Flow in an Ecosystem Textbook Questions and Answers

1. Complete the following table (Carefully study the carbon, oxygen and nitrogen cycles).

2. Correct and rewrite the following statements and justify your corrections.
a. Carnivores occupy the second trophic level in the food chain.
b. The flow of nutrients in an ecosystem is considered to be a ‘one-way’ transport.
c. Plants in an ecosystem are called primary consumers.

3. Give reasons.
a. Energy flow through an ecosystem is ‘one way’.
Answer:

• The Sun is the most important source of energy in any ecosystem.
• Green plants of the ecosystem store some amount of solar energy in the form of food.
• Before reaching the decomposers, this energy is passed on from one trophic level to the next.
• Decomposers dissipate some amount of energy in the form of heat.
• However, no part of the energy ever returns to the Sun. Hence, energy flow through an ecosystem is ‘one way’.

b. Equilibrium is necessary in the various bio-geo-chemical cycles.
Answer:

• The cyclic flow of nutrients within an ecosystem is called bio-geo-chemical cycles.
• Nutrients, necessary for the growth of organisms are continuously transferred from abiotic to biotic factors and biotic to abiotic factors within an ecosystem.
• Any imbalance in the cycles will break the link between the biotic and abiotic factors.
• Therefore, equilibrium is necessary between bio-geo-chemical cycles.

c. Flow of nutrients through an ecosystem is cyclic.
Answer:

• All organisms need nutrients for their growth.
• The nutrients carbon, oxygen, nitrogen, iron, calcium etc. are circulated and recycled from the biosphere to living organisms and after their death back to the biosphere.
• Nutrients are taken up by plants and then passed on to the consumers.
• Eventually, after their death, all types of consumers, are decomposed by decomposers like bacteria and fungi and the nutrients are again released into the biosphere and are, used again by living organisms.

Therefore, the flow of nutrients through an ecosystem is cyclic.

4. Explain the following cycles in your own words with suitable diagrams.
a. Carbon cycle.

Answer:

• The circulation and recycling of carbon from the atmosphere to living organisms and after their death back to the atmosphere is called the carbon cycle.
• Abiotic carbon atoms are circulated and recycled into biotic form mainly through photosynthesis and respiration.
• Hence, the carbon cycle is one of the important bio-geochemical cycles.
• Plants convert carbon dioxide into carbohydrates by the process of photosynthesis.
• Similarly, they produce carbon compounds like proteins and fats, too.
• Carnivores feed upon herbivores. In this way, biotic carbon is transported from plants to herbivores, from herbivores to carnivores and from carnivores to apex consumers.
• Main processes in the carbon cycle
  
• Eventually, after death, all types of consumers, are decomposed by decomposers like bacteria and fungi and carbon dioxide is released again into the atmosphere and is used again by living organisms.
• In this way, carbon is continuously passed on from one living organism to another. After the death of living organisms, carbon goes to the atmosphere and is again taken up by living organisms.

b. Nitrogen cycle.
Answer:

• Nitrogen forms 78% i.e. the maximum portion of the atmosphere. It is necessary for the maintenance of the cycle of nature.
• The circulation and recycling of nitrogen gas into the form of different compounds through various biotic and abiotic processes in nature is called the nitrogen cycle.
• All organisms participate in the nitrogen cycle. It is an important component of proteins and nucleic acids.
• As compared to other elements, it is inactive and does not easily combine with other elements. Most organisms cannot use the free form of nitrogen.
• Important processes of nitrogen cycle:
  (a) Nitrogen fixation: Conversion of nitrogen into nitrates and nitrites through atmosphere, industrial and biological processes.
  (b) Ammonification: Release of ammonia through the decomposition of dead bodies and excretory wastes of organisms.
  (c) Nitrification: Conversion of ammonia into a nitrite and then nitrate.
  (d) Denitrification: Conversion of nitrogen compounds into gaseous nitrogen.

c. Oxygen cycle.
Answer:

1. Oxygen forms 21% of the atmosphere. It is also present in the hydrosphere and lithosphere. The circulation and recycling of oxygen within the biosphere is called the oxygen cycle.
2. This cycle, includes both the biotic and abiotic components. Oxygen is continuously produced as well as used up in the atmosphere.
3. Oxygen is highly reactive and it readily reacts with other elements and compounds.
4. As oxygen is found in various forms like molecular oxygen (Oz), water (H,0), carbon dioxide (C02), inorganic compounds etc, the oxygen cycle of the biosphere is extremely complex.
5. Oxygen is released in the process of photosynthesis, whereas it is used up in processes like respiration, combustion, decomposition, corrosion, rusting, etc.

5. What would you do to help maintain the equilibrium in the various bio-geochemical cycles? Explain in brief.
Answer:

• Bio-geo-chemical cycles always involve the achievement of equilibrium, i.e., a balance in the cycling of the nutrients between the spheres.
• Human activities that are known to be environmentally unfriendly can disrupt this balance.
• We should avoid deforestation as trees play an important role in maintaining the balance.
• We should avoid overuse of fertilizers. The fertilizers get washed away in the nearby water bodies disrupting the balance.
• Avoid burning of fossil fuels as these fuels release a large amount of carbon in the form of carbondioxide, thus disrupting the balance.
• Vehicular emissions is another contributor to the disruption in balance of the various cycles.
• These emissions release oxides of nitrogen and carbon and other hazardous air pollutants.
• So, we must use better quality fuel like CNG or ethanol to reduce vehicular emissions.

6. Explain in detail the inter-relationship between the food chain and food web.
Answer:

• Interaction go on continuously between producers, consumers and decomposers.
• There is a definite sequence in these interactions which is called the food chain.
• Each chain consists of four, five or more links.
• An ecosystem consists of many food chains that are interconnected at various levels. Thus, a food web is formed.
• An organism may be the prey for many other organisms.
• For example, an insect feeds upon leaves of various plants but the same insect is the prey for different animals like frog, wall lizard, birds, etc.
• Thus, many food chains interconnected together form an intricate web called as food web.

7. State the different types of bio-geochemical cycles and explain the importance of those cycles.
Answer:

• The different types of bio-geo-chemical cycles are nitrogen, oxygen, carbon, water vapour, iron, calcium, phosphorus, etc.
• Nutrients, necessary for the growth of the organisms are continuously transferred from abiotic to biotic factors and biotic to abiotic factors within an ecosystem.
• These cycles operate continuously through the medium of the biosphere formed by the lithosphere, atmosphere and hydrosphere.
• (iv) The recycling of biological, geological and chemical sources of nutrients takes place through these cycles.
• Nutrients from the biosphere enter the bodies of plants and animals. Eventually, after death, all types of consumers are decomposed by decomposers like bacteria and fungi and they are again released into the biosphere and are used again by living organisms.
• Therefore, these cycles help in maintaining the flow of nutrients and energy through ecosystem and maintaining the equilibrium in the ecosystem.

8. Explain the following with suitable examples.
a. What type of changes occur in the amount of energy during its transfer from plants to apex consumers?
Answer:

• Plants of the ecosystem store some of the solar energy in the form of food.
• Before reaching the decomposers, this energy is passed on from one trophic level to the next.
• At every trophic level, some amount of energy is used by the organism for its own life processes and some amount of energy is lost to the surroundings.
• Decomposers dissipate some amount of energy in the form of heat.
• However, no part of the energy ever returns to the Sun. Hence, such passage of energy is referred to as ‘one way’ transport.
• Therefore, energy is maximum at the base of the pyramid and is least at the apex, e.g.
• phytoplanktons which form the base of the pyramid have 10,000 kcal of energy while humans at the apex have 10 kcal of energy.

b. What are the differences between flow of matter and of energy in an ecosystem? Why?
Answer:

Class 9 Science Chapter 7 Energy Flow in an Ecosystem Intext Questions and Answers

Can you recall?

7 Energy Flow In An Ecosystem Exercises  Question 1.
What is meant by nitrogen fixation?
Answer:
The process of conversion of Nitrogen into nitrates and nitrites is called Nitrogen fixation.

Energy Flow In An Ecosystem Class 9 Questions And Answers Question 2.
Which microbes bring about the process of nitrogen fixation?
Answer:
Rhizobium present in the root nodules of the leguminous plant bring about the process of nitrogen fixation.

Class 9 Science Chapter 7 Energy Flow In An Ecosystem Question 3.
What is meant by ‘ecosystem’?
Answer:
An ecosystem includes all of the living things like plants, animals and other organisms in a given area, interacting with each other and also with non-living environmental factors like weather, earth, sun, soil, climate and atmosphere.

Energy Flow In An Ecosystem Class 9 Exercise 1Question 4.
Which are different types of ecosystems?
Answer:

Class 9 Science Chapter 7 Energy Flow In An Ecosystem Exercise Question 5.
How do interactions take place between biotic and abiotic factors of an ecosystem?
Answer:

• Abiotic factors include non-living factors such as soil, water etc. and biotic factors include all living organisms.
• Both these abiotic and biotic ecosystems are connected through various bio-geo-chemical cycles.
• These connections/interactions are important for the flow of matter and flow of energy.

Class 9 Science Chapter 7 Energy Flow in an Ecosystem Additional Important Questions and Answers

Choose and write the correct option:

Question 1.
An intricate network of food chains is called
(a) Biosphere
(b) Food web
(c) Energy pyramid
(d) Ecosystem
Answer:
(b) food web

Question 2.
Fungi and other microbes are called
(a) Producers
(b) Consumers
(c) Decomposers
(d) Omnivores
Answer:
(c) decomposers

Question 3.
Oxygen forms of the atmosphere.
(a) 78%
(b) 21%
(c) 10%
(d) 90%
Answer:
(b) 21%

Question 4.
Microbes which do not need oxygen are called
(a) Producers
(b) Aerobes
(c) Anaerobes
(d) Decomposers
Answer:
(c) anaerobes

Question 5.
The pattern of energy exchange in an ecosystem is called a
(a) Food chain
(b) Food web
(c) Pyramid of energy
(d) Trophic levels
Answer:
(c) Pyramid of energy

Question 6.
Carbon atoms are circulated and recycled through
(a) Nitrification and denitrification
(b) Photosynthesis and respiration
(c) Respiration and nitrification
(d) Photosynthesis and ammonification
Answer:
(b) photosynthesis and respiration

Question 7.
Conversion of ammonia into a nitrite and then nitrate is called
(a) Nitrogen fixation
(b) Denitrification
(c) Nitrification
(d) Ammonification
Answer:
(c) nitrification

Question 8.
The conversion of nitrogen compounds into gaseous nitrogen is called
(a) Nitrogen fixation
(b) Denitrification
(c) Ammonification
(d) Nitrification
Answer:
(b) denitrification

Question 9.
is an important component of proteins and nucleic acids.
(a) Carbon
(b) Nitrogen
(c) Phosphorus
(d) Oxygen
Answer:
(b) Nitrogen

Question 10.
Amount of matter and energy from the lowest level to the highest level.
(a) decreases
(b) increases
(c) remains the same
(d) multiplies
Answer:
(a) decreases

Question 11.
is the most important source of energy in any ecosystem.
(a) The Sun
(b) The Moon
(c) Producers
(d) Decomposers
Answer:
(a) The Sun

Question 12.
Flow of energy in an ecosystem is
(a) cyclical
(b) two way transport
(c) o ne way transport
(d) to and fro transport
Answer:
(c) one way transport

Question 13.
The Indian Institute of Ecology and Environment, Delhi, has published
(a) Invasive species in a changing Environment
(b) Encyclopaedia of Ecology and Environment
(c) Environment and Ecology Magazine
(d) Biodiversity and Disaster Management
Answer:
(b) Encyclopaedia of Ecology and Environment

Question 14.
Oxygen is released in the process of
(a) Respiration
(b) Decomposition
(c) Combustion
(d) Photosynthesis
Answer:
(d) photosynthesis

Question 15.
cycle is a gaseous cycle.
(a) Carbon
(b) Phosphorus
(c) Calcium
(d) Iron
Answer:
(a) Carbon

Question 16.
is a sedimentary cycle.
(a) Carbon
(b) Nitrogen
(c) Oxygen
(d) Calcium
Answer:
(d) Calcium

Question 17.
is a primary consumer.
(a) Elephant
(b) Frog
(c) Owl
(d) Tiger
Answer:
(a) Elephant

Question 18.
is a secondary consumer.
(a) Grasshopper
(b) Elephant
(c) Frog
(d) Human
Answer:
(c) Frog

Question 19.
Tiger is a /an
(a) Producer
(b) Primary consumer
(c) Apex consumer
(d) Secondary consumer
Answer:
(c) apex consumer

Question 20.
Carbon dioxide is released into the atmosphere through
(a) burning of fossil fuels
(b) volcanic activity
(c) respiration
(d) all of these
Answer:
(d) all of these

Question 21.
in 1942 studied the food chain and energy flow through it
(a) Linderman
(b) Darwin
(c) Calypso
(d) Chu win lee
Answer:
(a) Linderman

Question 22.
fter the death of apex consumers, energy becomes available to.
(a) Decomposers
(b) Producers
(c) Herbivores
(d) Carnivores
Answer:
(a) Decomposers

Question 23.
Green plants of the ecosystem store in the form of food.
(a) Solar energy
(b) Chemical energy
(c) Thermal energy
(d) Electrical energy
Answer:
(a) Solar energy

Question 24.
Plants convert carbon dioxide into by the process of photosynthesis.
(a) Carbohydrates
(b) Proteins
(c) Fats
(d) Vitamins
Answer:
(a) Carbohydrates

Question 25.
Carnivores feed upon
(a) Decomposers
(b) Herbivores
(c) Producers
(d) Secondary producers
Answer:
(b) Herbivores

Question 26.
is used up in the processes like respiration, combustion, decomposition, corrosion, rusting, etc.
(a) Nitrogen
(b) Oxygen
(c) Argon
(d) Helium
Answer:
(b) Oxygen

Question 27.
Nitrogen forms % of the atmosphere.
(a) 79
(b) 78
(c) 21
(d) 2
Answer:
(b) 78

Question 28.
Most organisms cannot use the free form of
(a) Oxygen
(b) Nitrogen
(c) Carbon dioxide
(d) Carbon monoxide
Answer:
(b) Nitrogen

Question 29.
first proposed the concept of Ecological Pyramid in 1927.
(a) Darwin
(b) Newton
(c) Elton
(d) Edison
Answer:
(c) Elton

Question 30.
Ecological Pyramid is called
(a) Hills
(b) Mounts
(c) Eltonian
(d) Darwinism
Answer:
(c) Eltonian

Question 31.
is produced from oxygen through various atmospheric processes.
(a) Nitrogen dioxide
(b) Nitrites
(c) Ozone
(d) CFC
Answer:
(c) Ozone

Question 32.
Interactions between producers, consumers and saprophytes in a definite sequence is called
(a) Links
(b) Internet
(c) Food chain
(d) Connectors
Answer:
(c) Food chain

Question 33.
Many food chains interconnected at various levels is called
(a) Links
(b) Internet
(c) Connectors
(d) Food web
Answer:
(d) Food web

Question 34.
Decomposers dissipate some amount of energy in the form of
(a) Light
(b) Electricity
(c) Sound
(d) Heat
Answer:
(d) Heat

Question 35.
The flow of nutrients in an ecosystem is
(a) Non- cyclic
(b) Mono directional
(c) Reverse directional
(d) Cyclical
Answer:
(d) Cyclical

Question 36.
The cyclical flow of nutrients within an ecosystem is called
(a) Biological cycle
(b) Chemical cycle
(c) Solar cycle
(d) Bio-geo chemical cycle
Answer:
(d) Bio-geo chemical cycle

Question 37.
is an accumulation of the main abiotic gaseous nutrient materials found in the earth’s atmosphere.
(a) Gaseous cycle
(b) Water cycle
(c) Solar cycle
(d) Lunar cycle
Answer:
(a) Gaseous cycle

Question 38.
Oxygen is released into the atmosphere by the process of
(a) Photosynthesis
(b) Respiration
(c) Oxidation
(d) Decomposition
Answer:
(a) Photosynthesis

Question 39.
Charles Elton studied the of the Beer islands in England..
(a) Tundra ecosystem
(b) Mediterranean ecosystem
(c) Equatorial ecosystem
(d) Taiga ecosystem
Answer:
(a) Tundra ecosystem

Question 40.
in 1942 studied the food chain and energy flow through it.
(a) Charles Elton
(b) Lindeman
(c) Robert Whittaker
(d) Eichler
Answer:
(b) Lindeman

Question 41.
After the death of apex consumers, energy becomes available to
(a) Primary consumer
(b) Secondary consumer
(c) Decomposer
(d) Sun
Answer:
(c) Decomposer

Question 42.
Nitrogen forms % of the atmosphere.
(a) 28%
(b) 78%
(c) 48%
(d) 82%
Answer:
(b) 78%

Question 43.
first proposed the concept of the Ecological Pyramid in 1927.
(a) Charles Elton
(b) Lindeman
(c) Eichler
(d) John Muir
Answer:
(a) Charles Elton

Question 44.
Oxygen is released into the atmosphere by the process of
(a) respiration
(b) Photosynthesis
(c) Combustion
(d) All of these
Answer:
(b) Photosynthesis

Find the odd man out:

Question 1.
Photosynthesis, Respiration, Decomposition, Forest Fires
Answer:
Forest Fires

Question 2.
Combustion, Corrosion, rusting, formation of ozone, Photosynthesis
Answer:
Photosynthesis

Question 3.
Biological nitrogen fixation, ammonification, nitrification, denitrification, industrial nitrogen fixation
Answer:
Industrial nitrogen fixation

Question 4.
Frog, Owl, Squirrel, Fox
Answer:
Squirrel

Question 5.
Grasshopper, squirrel, elephant, lion
Answer:
Lion

Question 6.
Nitrogen cycle, oxygen cycle, carbon cycle, phosphorus cycle
Answer:
Phosphorus cycle

Question 7.
Photosynthesis, Nitrification, Ammonification, Denitrification
Answer:
Photosynthesis

Find out the correlation:

1. Grasshopper : Primary consumer :: Tiger : ………………..
2. Owl : Secondary consumer :: Squirrel : ………………..
3. Flow of energy : One way :: Flow of nutrients : ………………..
4. Plants : Producers :: Bacteria and Fungi : ………………..
5. Nitrogen : Gaseous cycle :: Phosphorus : ………………..
6. Oxygen : 21% :: Nitrogen : ………………..
7. Photosynthesis: Carbon cycle:: Ammonification : ………………..
8. Respiration : Oxygen cycle :: Nitrification : ………………..
9. Respiration : Biotic process :: Combustion : ………………..
10. Microbes using oxygen : Aerobes :: Microbes not using oxygen : ………………..
Answer:
(1) Apex consumer
(2) Primary consumer
(3) Cyclic
(4) Decomposers
(5) Sedimentary cycle
(6) 78%
(7) Nitrogen cycle
(8) Nitrogen cycle
(9) Abioticprocess
(10) Anaerobes

Q.l. (B) 3. Difference between:
(1) Azotobacter and Rhizobium
Answer:

(2) Biotic components and Abiotic component
Answer:

(3) Producers and Herbivores
Answer:

(4) Carnivores and Herbivores
Answer:

(5) Phosphorus and Carbon
Answer:

(6) Food chain and Food web
Answer:

State whether the following statements are true or false. Correct the false statements:

(1) Herbivores occupy the third trophic level in a food chain.
(2) Apex consumers use herbivores and carnivores as their food.
(3) Humans are apex consumers.
(4) Omnivores feed only on carnivores.
(5) A food chain has two links.
(6) The number of consumers in a food web is fixed.
(7) The amount of matter and energy goes on increasing at every level in a food chain.
(8) Robert Brown first proposed the concept of Ecological Pyramid.
(9) After the death of apex consumers, the energy becomes available to decomposers.
(10) The gaseous cycle is a speedier cycle than the sedimentary cycle.
(11) Climatic changes and human activities seriously affect the speed, intensity and equilibrium of bio-geo-chemical cycles.
(12) Carbon dioxide is released in the atmosphere through photosynthesis.
(13) The equilibrium of oxygen and carbon dioxide gases is maintained by decomposers.
(14) The conversion of ammonia into a nitrite and then nitrate is called nitrogen fixation.
(15) Conversion of nitrogen compounds into gaseous nitrogen is called nitrogen fixation.
(16) Release of ammonia through decomposition of dead plants and excretory wastes of organisms is called ammonification.
(17) The cyclic flow of nutrients within an ecosystem is called Energy Pyramid.
Answer:
(1) False, herbivores occupy the second trophic level in a food chain as they are directly dependent on producers.
(2) True
(3) True
(4) False. Omnivores feed on both herbivores and carnivores.
(5) False. A food chain consists of four, five or more links.
(6) False. A food web can have many consumers.
(7) False. The amount of matter and energy goes on decreasing at every level in a food chain.
(8) False. Charles Elton first proposed the concept of Ecological Pyramid.
(9) True
(10) True
(11) True
(12) False. Carbon dioxide is released in the atmosphere through respiration, burning of fossil fuels and wood, forest fires and volcanic activity. (13) False. The equilibrium of oxygen and carbon dioxide gases is maintained by plants.
(14) False. The conversion of ammonia into a nitrite and then nitrate is called nitrification.
(15) False. Conversion of nitrogen compounds into gaseous nitrogen is called denitrification.
(16) True
(17) False. The cyclic flow of nutrients within an ecosystem is called bio-geochemical cycle.

Name the following:

Question 1.
The animals that feed on herbivores.
Answer:
Carnivores.

Question 2.
Organisms that feed on herbivores and carnivores.
Answer:
Omnivores.

Question 3.
Two examples of primary consumers.
Answer:
Grasshopper, squirrel.

Question 4.
Two examples of secondary consumers.
Answer:
Frog, owl.

Question 5.
Two examples of Apex consumers.
Answer:
Lion, tiger.

Question 6.
Levels in the food chain.
Answer:
Trophic level.

Question 7.
Organisms that decompose the dead bodies of plants and animals.
Answer:
Decomposers.

Question 8.
Process which releases oxygen.
Answer:
Photosynthesis.

Question 9.
Release of ammonia through decomposition of dead bodies and excretory wastes of organisms.
Answer:
Ammonification.

Question 10.
Conversion of nitrogen into nitrates and nitrites through atmospheric, industrial and biological processes.
Answer:
Nitrogen fixation.

One line answers:

Question 1.
What is Food chain?
Answer:
Interactions between producers, consumers and decomposers in a definite sequence is called as a food chain.

Question 2.
What is Food web?
Answer:
The interconnection among different food chains in an ecosystem at various levels is called as a food web.

Question 3.
What is Trophic level?
Answer:
A trophic level is the step at which the organism obtains its food in the chain.

Question 4.
What is Pyramid of energy?
Answer:
The pattern of energy exchange in an ecosystem is called a ‘Pyramid of energy’.

Question 5.
What is Bio-geo-chemical cycle?
Answer:
The cyclical flow of nutrients within an ecosystem is called bio-geo-chemical cycle.

Question 6.
What is Carbon cycle?
Answer:
The circulation and recycling of carbon from the atmosphere to living organisms and aher their death back to the atmosphere is called the carbon cycle.

Question 7.
What is Oxygen cycle?
Answer:
The circulation and recycling of oxygen within the biosphere is called as oxygen cycle.

Question 8.
What is Nitrogen cycle?
Answer:
The circulation and recycling of nitrogen gas into the form of different compounds through various biotic and abiotic processes in nature is called the nitrogen cycle.

Question 9.
What is Nitrogen fixation?
Answer:
The process of conversion of free nitrogen gas of the atmosphere into nitrogen compounds is called of nitrogen fixation.

Distinguish between:

Question 1.
Gaseous Cycle and Sedimentary Cycle.
Answer:

Question 2.
Carbon Cycle and Nitrogen Cyde.
Answer:

Complete the flow chart:

Question 1.
Energy Pyramid.

Question 3.
Nitrogen Cycle

Question 4.
Bio-Geo Chemical cycle

Write short notes on:

Question 1.
Trophic level.
Answer:

• Each level in the food chain is called a trophic level.
• A trophic level is the step at which the organism obtains its food in the chain.
• The amount of matter and energy gradually decreases from producers at the lowest level to the top consumers at the highest level.

Question 2.
Food web.
Answer:

• An ecosystem consists of many food chains that are interconnected at various levels. This is called food web.
• An organism may be the prey for many other organisms.
• For example, an insect feeds upon leaves of various plants but the same insect is the prey for different animals like wall lizards, birds etc.
• This forms an intricate web instead of a linear food chain. Such an intricate network is called as food web.
• Generally food webs are formed everywhere in nature.

Question 3.
Energy Pyramid.

Answer:

• Each level in the food chain is called a trophic level.
• The amount of matter and energy gradually decreases from producers at the lowest level to the top consumers at the highest level.
• The initial quantity of energy goes on decreasing at every level of energy exchange.
• Similarly, the number of organisms also decreases from the lowest level to the highest level.
• This pattern of energy exchange in an ecosystem is called a Pyramid of energy.

Explain the following statements

Question 1.
justify the statements
(a) Producers form the first trophic level in the food chain. Herbivores depend directly on producers.
(b) The flow of nutrients in an ecosystem is cyclic.
(c) Plants in an ecosystem are called autotrophs.
Answer:

1. So herbivores form the second trophic level, whereas carnivores depend on herbivores, so they form the third trophic level in the food chain.
2. The nutrients are circulated and recycled from the biosphere to living organisms and after their death back to the biosphere.
3. They produce their own food by the process of photosynthesis. All animals in an ecosystem directly or indirectly depend on plants for food.

Explain the diagram

Question 1.
Food chain in a forest ecosystem:

Answer:

• In a forest ecosystem, grass is eaten by a deer, which in turn is eaten by a tiger.
• The grass, deer and tiger form a food chain.
• In this food chain, energy flows from the grass (producer) to the deer (primary consumer) to the tiger (secondary consumer).

Question 2.
Food chain in an aquatic ecosystem (Pond)

Answer:

• In a aquatic ecosystem algae are eaten by insects.
• Insects are eaten by small fish, small fish are in turn eaten by big fish.
• And the big fish are eaten by fish eating birds.
• In this food chain, energy flows from the algae (producer) to the insects (primary consumers) to the small fish (secondary consumers) to the big fish (tertiary consumer) and to the fish eating birds (apex consumer).

Question 3.
Carbon cycle

Answer:

• The circulation and recycling of carbon from the atmosphere to living organisms and after their death back to the atmosphere is called carbon cycle.
• Main processes involved in carbon cycle are photosynthesis and respiration.
• Carbon in the form of carbon dioxide is directly absorbed by plants for photosynthesis

Question 4.
Nitrogen cycle

Answer:
(i) The circulation and recycling of nitrogen into the form of different compounds through various biotic and abiotic processes in nature is called the nitrogen cycle.
(ii) Main processes involved in nitrogen cycle are nitrogen fixation, ammonification, nitrification and denitrification.
(iii) Nitrogen gas cannot be directly absorbed by plants. So nitrogen is fixed by the process of nitrogen fixation and then absorbed from the soil.

Question 5.
Oxygen cycle

Answer:

1. Oxygen forms 21% of the atmosphere. It is also present in the hydrosphere and lithosphere.
2. Circulation and recycling of oxygen within the biosphere is called the oxygen cycle.
3. This cycle, includes both the biotic and abiotic components.
4. Oxygen is continuously produced as well as used up in the atmosphere.
5. Oxygen is highly reactive and it readily reacts with other elements and compounds.
6. As oxygen is found in various forms like molecular oxygen (O₂), water (H₂O), carbon dioxide (CO₂), inorganic compounds etc, the oxygen cycle of the biosphere is extremely complex.
7. Oxygen is released in the process of photosynthesis, whereas it is used up in processes like respiration, combustion, decomposition, corrosion, rusting, etc.

Answers based on figures.

Question 1.
Nitrogen Cycle

Answer:

• Oxygen forms 21% of the atmosphere. It is also present in the hydrosphere and lithosphere.
• The circulation and recycling of oxygen within the biosphere is called the oxygen cycle.
• This cycle, includes both the biotic and abiotic components.
• Oxygen is continuously produced as well as used up in the atmosphere.
• Oxygen is highly reactive and it readily reacts with other elements and compounds.
• As oxygen is found in various forms like molecular oxygen (O₂), water (H₂O), carbon dioxide (CO₂), inorganic compounds etc, the oxygen cycle of the biosphere is extremely complex.
• Oxygen is released in the process of photosynthesis, whereas it is used up in processes like respiration, combustion, decomposition, corrosion, rusting, etc.

Answers based on figures.

Question 1.
Nitrogen Cycle

(i) Is nitrogen a reactive gas?
Answer:
Nitrogen in its atmospheric state non-reactive gas

(ii) Name process of nitrogen conversion from atmosphere to green plants.
Answer:
Nitrogen fixation is the process of nitrogen conversion atmosphere to green plants

(iii) Name the process of converting usable nitrogenous products into atmospheric inert nitrogen.
Answer:
Denitrification is the process of converting usable nitrogenous products into atmospheric inert nitrogen

(iv) Animals produce which product of nitrogen?
Answer:
Animals produce ammonia as a product of nitrogen

(v) Name two nitrifying organisms.
Answer:
Azotobacter and Rhizobium are the two nitrifying organisms

(vi) Which type of bio-geo-chemical cycles does nitrogen follow?
Answer:
Nitrogen follows gaseous and sedimentary bio-geo-chemical cycles

Question 2.
Carbon cycle

(i) Is carbon dioxide gas freely available in the atmosphere?
Answer:
Carbon dioxide gas is freely available in the atmosphere

(ii) How is carbon found in water?
Answer:
Carbon is found in water in the form of carbonates

(iii) How are we using carbon as a fuel?
Answer:
Fossil fuels are a form of carbon which are used as fuel by us

(iv) How to plants use carbon as their food source?
Answer:
Plants take up carbon in photosynthesis and convert it into starch which is their food source

(v) How do animals use carbon?
Answer:
Animals use carbon in form of organic compounds and inorganic compounds

(vi) Which type of bio-geo-chemical cycles does carbon follow?
Answer:
Carbon follows gaseous and sedimentary bio-geo-chemical cycles

Question 3.
Oxygen cycle

(i) Is oxygen gas freely available in the atmosphere?
Answer:
Oxygen gas is freely available in the atmosphere

(ii) How is oxygen used by animals?
Answer:
Oxygen is used in respiration by the animals

(iii) How are we using carbon as a fuel?
Answer:
Fossil fuels are a form of carbon which are used as fuel by us

(iv) How to plants use carbon as their food source?
Answer:
Plants take up carbon in photosynthesis and convert it into starch which is their food source

(v) How do animals use carbon?
Answer:
Animals use carbon in form of organic compounds and inorganic compounds

(vi) Which type of bio-geo-chemical cycles does carbon follow?
Answer:
Carbon follows gaseous and sedimentary biogeo-chemical cycles

Question 4.
Food web

(i) What is the basic unit of food web?
Answer:
The basic unit of food web is food chain

(ii) Which organisms are on the 1st level of this food web?
Answer:
Producers are p. the 1st level of this food web

(iii) What are the animals which depend on producers directly for nutrition called?
Answer:
The animals which depend on producers directly for nutrition are called Herbivores

(iv) What are the animals which eat any type of food for nutrition called?
Answer:
The animals which eat any type of food for nutrition are called Omnivore

(v) What will happen if one animal in the food chain goes extinct?
Answer:
If one animal in the food chain goes extinct the entire food chain collapse

(vi) What are the factors badly affecting the food web?
Answer:
Factors like hunting, pollution, deforestation, human-animal conflicts etc. are the factors badly affecting the food web

Complete the paragraph

(1) Elemental oxygen is normally found in the form of a diatomic molecule. However, in the upper reaches of the atmosphere, a molecule containing three atoms of oxygen is found. This would mean a formula of 03 and this is called ozone. Unlike the normal diatomic molecule of oxygen, ozone is poisonous and we are lucky that it is not stable nearer to the Earth’s surface. But it performs an essential function where it is found. It absorbs harmful radiations from the Sun. This prevents those harmful radiations from reaching the surface of the Earth where they may damage many forms of life.

Recently it was discovered that this ozone layer was getting depleted. Various man-made compounds like CFCs (carbon compounds having both fluorine and chlorine) which are very stable and not degraded by any biological process) were found to persist in the atmosphere. Once they reached the ozone layer, they would react with the ozone molecules. This resulted in a reduction of the ozone layer and recently they have discovered a hole in the ozone layer above the Antarctica. It is difficult to imagine the consequences for life on Earth if the ozone layer dwindles further, but many people think that it would be better not to take chances. These people advocate working towards stopping all further damage to the ozone layer.

(2) The utilisation of glucose to provide energy to living things involves the process of respiration in which oxygen may or may not be used to convert glucose back into carbon dioxide. This carbon dioxide then goes back into the atmosphere. Another process that adds to the carbon dioxide in the atmosphere is the process of combustion where fuels are burnt to provide energy for various needs like heating, cooking, transportation and industrial processes.

In fact, the percentage of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere is said to have doubled since the industrial revolution when human beings started burning fossil fuels on a very large scale. Carbon, like water, is thus cycled repeatedly through different forms by the various physical and biological activities. Heat is trapped by glass, and hence the temperature inside a glass enclosure will be much higher than the surroundings. This phenomenon was used to create an enclosure where tropical plants could be kept warm during the winters in colder climates. Such enclosures are called greenhouses.

Greenhouses have also lent their name to an atmospheric phenomenon. Some gases prevent the escape of heat from the Earth. An increase in the percentage of such gases in the atmosphere would cause the average temperatures to increase worldwide and this is called the greenhouse effect. Carbon dioxide is one of the greenhouse gases. An increase in the carbon dioxide content in the atmosphere would cause more heat to be retained by the atmosphere and lead to global warming.

(3) Nitrogen gas makes up 78% of our atmosphere and nitrogen is also a part of many molecules essential to life like proteins, nucleic acids (DNA and RNA) and some vitamins. Nitrogen is found in other biologically important compounds such as alkaloids and urea too. Nitrogen is thus an essential nutrient for all life-forms and life would be simple if all these life-forms could use the atmospheric nitrogen directly. However, other than a few forms of bacteria, life-forms are not able to convert the comparatively inert nitrogen molecule into forms like nitrates and nitrites which can be taken up and used to make the required molecules.

These nitrogen-fixing bacteria may be free-living or be associated with some species of dicot plants. Most commonly, the nitrogenfixing bacteria are found in the roots of legumes (generally the plants which give us pulses) in special structures called root nodules. Other than these bacteria, the only other manner in which the nitrogen molecule is converted to nitrates and nitrites is by a physical process. During lightning, the high temperatures and pressures created in the air convert nitrogen into oxides of nitrogen. These oxides dissolve in water to give nitric and nitrous acids and fall on land along with rain. These are then utilised by various lifeforms.

Read the paragraph and answer the questions:

(1) Nitrogen cycle
The nitrogen cycle is the biogeochemical cycle by which nitrogen is converted into multiple chemical forms as it circulates among the atmosphere, terrestrial, and marine ecosystems. The conversion of nitrogen can be carried out through both biological and physical processes. Important processes in the nitrogen cycle include fixation, ammonification, nitrification, and denitrification, The majority of Earth’s atmosphere (78%) is atmosphere nitrogen, making it the largest source of nitrogen.

However, atmospheric nitrogen has limited availability for biological use, leading to a scarcity of usable nitrogen in many types of ecosystems. The nitrogen cycle is of particular interest to ecologists because nitrogen availability can affect the rate of key ecosystem processes, including primary production and decomposition, Human activities such as fossil fuel combustion, use of artificial nitrogen fertilizers, and release of nitrogen in wastewater have dramatically altered the global nitrogen cycle. Human modification of the global nitrogen cycle can negatively affect the natural environment system and also human health.

(i) Why nitrogen cycle is called bio-geochemical cycle?
Answer:
Nitrogen cycle is called bio-geochemical cycle as it undergoes biological as well as geochemical processes.

(ii) Why is nitrogen cycle important to us?
Answer:
Nitrogen cycle is important to us as nitrogen availability can affect the rate of key ecosystem processes, including primary production and decomposition.

(iii) Name important process of nitrogen cycle.
Answer:
Important processes in the nitrogen cycle include fixation, ammonification, nitrification, and denitrification.

(iv) What can affect the nitrogen cycle negatively?
Answer:
Human modification of the global nitrogen cycle can negatively affect the natural environment system and also human health.

(v) Which human activities change the nitrogen cycle?
Answer:
Human activities such as fossil fuel combustion, use of artificial nitrogen fertilizers, and release of nitrogen in wastewater have dramatically altered the global nitrogen cycle.

(2) Food web
A food chain is a linear network of links in a food i web starting from producer organisms (such asgrass or trees which use radiation from the Sun to make their food) and ending at apex predator species (like grizzly bears or killer whales), detritivores (like earthworms or woodlice), ordecomposer species (such as fungi or bacteria), A food chain also shows how the organisms are related with each other by the food they eat. Each level of a food chain represents a different trophiclevel. A food chain differs from a food web, because the complex network of different animal’s feeding relations are aggregated and the chain only follows a direct, linear pathway of one animal at a time.

Natural interconnections between food chains make it a food web. A common metric usedto the quantify food web trophic structure is foodi chain length. In its simplest form, the length of a chain is the number of links between a trophici consumer and the base of the web and the meanchain length of an entire web is the arithmetic average of the lengths of all chains in a food web. The food chain is an energy source diagram. Many food webs have a keystone species. A keystonespecies is a species that has a large impact on thei surrounding environment and can directly affectthe food chain.

If this keystone species dies off it can set the entire food chain off balance. Keystonespecies keep herbivores from depleting all of thei foliage in their environment and preventing ai mass extinction. Food chains were first introduced by the Arab scientist and philosopher Al-Jahiz inthe 10th century and later popularized in a book I published in 1927 by Charles Elton, which also i introduced the food web concept.

(i) What is a food web?
Answer:
Food web is a linear network of links of food chains.

(ii) In a food web which organism are called producers?
Answer:
In a food web which organism which can produce food by photosynthesis are called producers.

(iii) What is the role of keystone species?
Answer:
Keystone species keep herbivores from depleting all of the foliage in their environment and preventing a mass extinction.

(iv) What is a keystone species?
Answer:
A keystone species is a species that has a large impact on the surrounding environment and can directly affect the food chain.

(v) What does each level of food chain represent?
Answer:
Each level of a food chain represents a different trophic level.

(3) Carbon cycle
The carbon cycle is the biogeochemical cycle by which carbon is exchanged among the biosphere, pedosphere, geosphere, hydrosphere, and atmosphere of the Earth. Carbon is the main component of biological compounds as well as a major component of many minerals such as limestone. Along with the nitrogen cycle and the water cycle, the carbon cycle comprises a sequence of events that are key to make Earth capable of sustaining life. It describes the movement of carbon as it is recycled and reused throughout the biosphere, as well as long-term processes of carbon sequestration to and release from carbon sinks.

The carbon cycle was discovered by Antoine! Lavoisier and Joseph Priestley, and popularised by Humphry Davy. Carbon in the Earth’satmosphere exists in two main forms carbon dioxide and methane. Both of these gases absorb and retain heat in the atmosphere and are partially responsible for the greenhouse effect. Methane produces a larger greenhouse effect per volume as compared to carbon dioxide, but it exists in much lower concentrations and is more short-lived than carbon dioxide, making carbon dioxide the more important greenhouse gas of the two.

Carbon dioxide is removed from the atmosphere primarily through photosynthesis and enters the terrestrial and oceanic biospheres. Carbon dioxide also dissolves directly from the atmosphere into bodies of water (ocean, lakes, etc.), as well as dissolving in precipitation as raindrops fall through the atmosphere. When dissolved in water, carbon dioxide reacts with water molecules and forms carbonic acid, which contributes to ocean acidity. It can then be absorbed by rocks through weathering. It also can acidify other surfaces it touches or be washed into the ocean.

(i) Which gas has greener house effect as compared to CO₂?
Answer:
Methane gas CH₄ has greener house effect as compared to CO₂.

(ii) How does dissolved CO₂ affect oceans?
Answer:
When dissolved in water, carbon dioxide reacts with water molecules and forms carbonic acid, which contributes to ocean acidity.

(iii) Why is carbon cycle called bio-geochemical cycle?
Answer:
The carbon cycle is the biogeochemical cycle by which carbon is exchanged among the biosphere, pedosphere, geosphere, hydrosphere, and atmosphere of the Earth.

(iv) How is carbon dioxide removed from atmosphere?
Answer:
Carbon dioxide is removed from the atmosphere primarily through photosynthesis and enters the terrestrial and oceanic biospheres.

(v) Who discovered the carbon cycle?
Answer:
The carbon cycle was discovered by Antoine Lavoisier and Joseph Priestley.

Answer the questions in detail:

Question 1.
Write the important processes of the nitrogen cycle.
Answer:

• Nitrogen fixation: Conversion of nitrogen into nitrates and nitrites through atmospheric, industrial and biological processes.
• Ammonification: Release of ammonia through decomposition of dead bodies and excretory wastes of organisms.
• Nitrification: Conversion of ammonia into a nitrite and then nitrate.
• Denitrification: Conversion of nitrogen components into gaseous nitrogen.

Make a concept diagram and explain.

Question 1.
Food chain

Answer:
According to the mode of nutrition the organisms are classified into producers, consumers, saprotrophs (saprophytes) and decomposers. Primary consumers are directly dependent on autotrophs (producers), e.g.: Grasshopper, squirrel, elephant) Secondary consumers use herbivores as their food, e.g.: Frog, owl, fox, etc. Apex or top consumers use herbivores and carnivores as their food. No animals feed on top consumers, e.g.: Tiger, lion, etc. Omnivores feed on herbivores and carnivores, e.g.: Humans, bear, etc. A continuous interaction between producers, consumers and decomposers in a definite sequence is called as food chain.

Food chain, in ecology is the sequence of transfers of matter and energy in the form of food from organism to organism. Food chains intertwine locally into a food web because most organisms consume more than one type of animal or plant. Plants, which convert solar energy to food by photosynthesis, are the primary food source. In a predator chain, a plant-eating animal is eaten by a flesh-eating animal. In a parasite chain, a smaller organism consumes part of a larger host and may itself be parasitized by even smaller organisms. In a saprophytic chain, microorganisms live on dead organic matter.

Question 2.
Energy pyramid
Answer:

An energy pyramid is a model that shows the flow of energy from one trophic, or feeding, level to the next in an ecosystem. The model is a diagram that compares the energy used by organisms at each trophic level. The energy in an energy pyramid is measured in units of kilocalories (kcal). Energy pyramids are similar to biomass pyramids, another type of trophic pyramid that models the amount of biomass at each trophic level in an ecosystem, energy flow in ecosystems. The structure of an energy pyramid reflects the trophic structure of an ecosystem.

The pyramid is divided into trophic levels similar to those in a food chain. At the pyramid base are the producers, autotrophic organisms that make their own food from inorganic substances. All of the other organisms in the energy pyramid are consumers. These are heterotrophs, meaning that they get food energy by consuming other organisms. The consumers at each trophic level feed on organisms from the level below and are themselves consumed by organisms at the level above. Primary consumers are organisms that consume producers; thus, most primary consumers are herbivores, though some may be detrivores (organisms that feed on decaying organic matter).

Secondary consumers are carnivores that feed on primary consumers and tertiary consumers are carnivores that eat secondary consumers. In rare instances, an ecosystem may have an additional trophic level composed of quaternary consumers camivores that consume tertiary consumers’ energy pyramid. The shape of an energy pyramid shows that the amount of food energy that enters each trophic level is less than the amount that entered the level below. Approximately 90 percent of the food energy that enters a trophic level is “lost” as heat when it is used by organisms to power the normal activities of life such as breathing and digesting food the remaining 10 percent is stored in the various organisms’ tissues.

It is this latter energy that is available to be passed to the next trophic level. Thus, the higher the trophic level on the pyramid, the lower the amounts of available energy ecosystem energy transfer through an ecosystem. The number of organisms at each level decreases relative to the level below because there is less energy available to support those organisms. The top level of an energy pyramid has the fewest organisms because it has the least amount of energy. Eventually there is not enough energy left to support another trophic level; thus most ecosystems only have four trophic levels.

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भाषाभ्यास:

1. एकवाक्येन उत्तरत।

प्रश्न 1.
भिक्षुकस्य नाम किम् ?
उत्तरम् :
भिक्षुकस्य नाम स्वभावकृपणः।

प्रश्न 2.
स्वभावकृपणेन घट: कुत्र बद्धः?
उत्तरम् :
स्वभावकृपणेन घटः नागदन्ते बद्धः।

प्रश्न 3.
सोमशर्मा कस्मात् भीतः भविष्यति ?
उत्तरम् :
सोमशर्मा कुक्कुरात् भीतः भविष्यति।

प्रश्न 4.
सक्तुपिष्टेन पूर्णः घट: कस्मात् कारणात् भग्नः ?
उत्तरम् :
‘स्वप्नमग्न: ध्यानस्थित : भिक्षुकः लगुडप्रहारम् अकरोत्।’ तस्मात् घट: भग्नः।

प्रश्न 5.
सोमशर्मपितुः नाम किम् ?
उत्तरम् :
स्वभावकृपणः इति सोमशर्मपितुः नाम।

प्रश्न 6.
स्वभावकृपणेन कटः कुत्र प्रसारित: ?
उत्तरम् :
स्वभावकृपणेन कटः कलशस्य अधस्तात् प्रसारितः।

2. माध्यमभाषया उत्तरत।

प्रश्न 1.
स्वभावकृपणः किमर्थं पाण्डुरताम् अगच्छत्?
उत्तरम् :
विष्णुशर्मा विरचित ‘पञ्चतन्त्र’ या जगप्रसिद्ध कथासंग्रहातील ‘अपरीक्षितकारकम्’ या तंत्रावर आधारित ‘मनोराज्यस्य फलम्’ ही कथा आहे. स्वभावकृपण नावाच्या भिक्षुकाच्या दिवास्वप्न पाहणाच्या स्वैर वृत्तीमुळे अंती त्याला नुकसान सोसावे लागते हे या कथेत मांडले आहे.

स्वभावकृपण नावाचा भिक्षुक भिक्षेतून मिळालेल्या सातूच्या पिठाने भरलेला घड़ा दोरीने खुंटीला अडकवून त्या खाली झोपला. तेव्हाच तो भविष्यात काय काय होईल याचा विचार करू लागला, ते पीठ विकून आपल्याला पैसे मिळतील त्यातून आपण दोन बकऱ्या विकत घेऊ पुढे आधिक श्रीमंत झाल्यावर, गायी त्यानतर म्हैस असे करत करत अनेक घोडेही विकत घेऊ असे दिवास्वप्नच जणू तो पाहू लागला.

त्यातही पुढे सोने मिळवून आपले रूपवती कन्येबरोबर लग्न होईल व आपल्याला सोमशर्मा नावाचा मुलगा असेल एवढे भविष्यातील सर्व विचार करत असताना त्याचा मुलगा सोमशर्मा कुत्र्याला घाबरतो म्हणून स्वभावकृपण कुत्र्याला काठीने मारतो हे सर्व स्वप्नात पाहत असताना, तंद्रीत असल्याने प्रत्यक्षातही स्वभावकृपणाने तीच कृती केली व त्यामुळे वर बांधून ठेवलेला पीठाचा घडा फुटला.

त्यातील पीठ स्वभावकृपणावर सांडल्यामुळे तो पांढरा झाला. जे घडलेलेच नाही त्या भविष्यातील गोष्टींचा सतत विचार करणे या अविवेकी वर्तनामुळे वर्तमानातील गोष्टीही भिक्षुक गमावून बसला.

The story ‘मनोराज्यस्य फलम् is based on the principle of ‘अपरीक्षितकारकम्’ from ‘पञ्चतन्त्र’ composed by विष्णुशर्मा, Amonk named स्वभावकृपण slept under a pot in which he had kept the flour of sattu. He started dreaming about his future.

He thought that he would sell the flour in the time of famine and earn hundred rupees. With those hundred rupees he would buy two goats. With those goats he would buy cows and with cows buffaloes. With them he would buy mares.

This is how he would earn a lot of gold with which he would build a mansion and get married to a beautiful girl. They would have a son whom he would name as सोमशर्मा, Once adog would come near his sons and he would hit that dog with wooden rod. Thinking this he actually hit and shattered the pot and got whitened. Day-dreaming always leads to losing what we actually have.

प्रश्न 2.
‘अपि दिवास्वप्नदर्शनं योग्यम् ?” इति कथायाः आधारेण लिखत ।
उत्तरम् :
विष्णुशर्मा विरचित ‘पञ्चतन्त्र’ या जगप्रसिद्ध कथासंग्रहातील ‘अपरीक्षितकारकम्’ या तंत्रावर आधारित ‘मनोराज्यस्य फलम्’ ही कथा आहे भिक्षुकाच्या दिवास्वप्न पाहण्याच्या वृत्तीचे कथेच्या अंती त्याला मिळालेले फळ अविवेकी वृत्तीने वर्तन केल्यास नुकसानच पदरी पडते हा उपदेश नकळतपणे मनावर बिंबवणारेच ठरते.

भिक्षेतून मिळालेले सातूचे पीठ एका घड्यात ठेवून तो घडा दोरीने खुंटीला अडकवून स्वभावकूपण त्या खालीच झोपला व तो भविष्यातील गोष्टींची दिवास्वप्ने रंगवू लागला. पीठ विकून पैसे मिळवेन इथपासून ते पुढे पशुपालनाचा व्यवसाय व त्यातून सोने प्राप्त करेन अशी गुंफण स्वभावकृपण स्वप्नात करू लागला, त्याही पुढे लग्नाचे, संसाराचे, अपत्याचे दिवास्वप्न तो रंगवू लागला.

त्याच स्वप्नात मग्न होऊन गेलेले असताना भानावर नसल्यामुळे स्वप्नातील कृती तो प्रत्यक्षातही केली व सातूच्या पिठाचा घडा काठीच्या प्रहाराने फुटला. यावरून हाच उपदेश मिळतो की, दिवास्वप्न पाहणे अयोग्य आहे. स्वप्न पूर्ण करण्यासाठी कार्य न करताच असलेल्या गोष्टीही हातातून निसटून जातात. त्यामुळे भविष्यात प्रगती साधायची असेल तर त्या ध्येयावर लक्ष केंद्रित करुन सतत त्यादृष्टीने कृती करणे आवश्यक आहे. ‘Preperation is a key to success’ म्हणूनच दिवास्वप्न न पाहता सतत प्रयत्न करत राहिल्यास वर्तमान व भविष्यकाळातही यश संपादन करता येते.

In the lesson ‘मनोराज्यस्य फलम्’ a message about day-dreaming is conveyed through a very interesting story. This story is based on one of the five principles of ‘पञ्चतन्त्र’ i.e ‘अपरीक्षितकारकम्’. A monk had a pot full of flour of sattu. He slept under that pot. He started dreaming how he would get rich after selling that flour in famine. Actually, there was no such situation of famine. He thought that he would sell flour of sattu and earn hundred rupees.

With that money, he would buy many animals and start a poultry business. In this way he would earn a lot of gold and build a mansion. He would get married to a beautiful girl and have a child whose name would beसोमशर्मा. Once when hthyref would be playing, a dog would come there and I would hit him with wooden rod.

While dreaming this he actually hit the pot and the pot got shattered. The flour on the basis of which the beggar was dreaming big things itself was vanished. The story tells us that a man should certainly dream big, but his dreams should be based on the reality.

3. अ. सन्धिविग्रहं कुरुत।

प्रश्न 1.

1. तस्याधस्तात्
2. सोमशर्मेति
3. ततोऽहम् ।

उत्तरम् :

1. तस्याधस्तात् – तस्य + अध: + तात्।
2. सोमशमति – सोमशर्मा + इति।
3. ततोऽहम् – तत: + अहम्।

आ. वर्णविग्रहं कुरुत।

प्रश्न 1.

1. दुर्भिक्षम्
2. रूपाढ्याम्
3. ध्यानस्थितः
4. स्वभावकृपणः

उत्तरम् :

1. दुर्भिक्षम् – द् + उ + र + भ् + इ + क् + ष् + अ + म्।
2. रूपाढ्याम् – र + ऊ + प् + आ + ढ् + य् + आ + म्।
3. ध्यानस्थितः – ध् + य् + आ + न् + अ + स् + थ् + इ + त् + अः।
4. स्वभावकृपणः – स् + व् + अ + भ + आ + व् + अ + क् + ऋ + प् + अ + ग् + अः।

4. समानार्थकशब्द लिखत।
कृपणः, दुर्भिक्षम्, अश्वः, धेनुः, सुवर्णम्, कुक्कुरः ।

प्रश्न 1.
समानार्थकशब्द लिखत।
कृपणः, दुर्भिक्षम्, अश्वः, धेनुः, सुवर्णम्, कुक्कुरः ।
उत्तरम् :

• कृपणः – कदर्यः, क्षुद्रः, किम्पचानः।
• दुर्भिक्षम् – वर्षाभावः।
• अश्वः – हयः, तुरगः, वाजी, घोटकः।
• धेनुः – गौः।
• सुवर्णम् – कनकम्, हेम, काञ्चनम्, हिरण्यम्।
• कुक्कुरः – सारमेयः, शुनकः, कौलेयकः।

Sanskrit Anand Class 9 Textbook Solutions Chapter 11 मनोराज्यस्य फलम् Additional Important Questions and Answers

उचितं पर्यायं चिनुत ।

प्रश्न 1.
कोऽपि भिक्षुकः ………… स्म।
(अ) प्रतिवसामि
(आ) प्रतिवसति
(इ) प्रत्यवसत्
(ई) प्रत्यवसन्
उत्तरम् :
(आ) प्रतिवसति।

प्रश्न 2.
कलशः ………… सम्पूरितः?
(अ) जलेन
(आ) धनेन
(इ) सक्तुपिष्टेन
(ई) रूप्यकेण
उत्तरम् :
(इ) सक्तुपिष्टेन।

प्रश्न 3.
भिक्षुक: अजाभिः प्रभूताः ………… ग्रहीष्यति।
(अ) अश्वाः
(आ) धेनूः
(इ) अश्वान्
(ई) महिषी:
उत्तरम् :
(आ) धेनूः

प्रश्न 4.
स्वभावकृपणस्य पुत्रस्य नाम …………।
(अ) सोमदेवः
(आ) विष्णुशर्मा
(इ) सोमशर्मा
(ई) देवदत्तः
उत्तरम् :
(इ) सोमशर्मा

प्रश्न 5.
कोपाविष्ट: भिक्षुकः काम् अभिधास्यति ?
(अ) सोमशर्माणम्
(आ) अजाम्
(इ) भार्याम्
(ई) बालकम्
उत्तरम् :
(इ) भार्याम्

प्रश्न 6.
स्वप्ने भिक्षुक: कं ताडयिष्यति?
(अ) महिषीम्
(आ) अश्वम्
(इ) अजाम्
(ई) कुक्कुरम्
उत्तरम् :
(ई) कुक्कुरम्

एकवाक्येन उत्तरत।

प्रश्न 1.
यदि दुर्भिक्षं भवति तर्हि कस्य विक्रयणेन भिक्षुक: रूप्यकाणां शतं प्राप्स्यति?
उत्तरम् :
यदि दुर्भिक्षं भवति तर्हि सक्तुपिष्टेन परिपूर्णघटस्य विक्रयेण रूप्यकाणां शतं प्राप्स्यति।

प्रश्न 2.
स्वप्ने भिक्षुक: कति अजा: केष्यति?
उत्तरम् :
स्वप्ने भिक्षुक; अजाद्वयं क्रेष्य

प्रश्न 3.
वडवापसवत: किं भविष्यति?
उत्तरम् :
वडवाप्रसवतः प्रभूताः अश्वाः भविष्यन्ति ।

प्रश्न 4.
भिक्षुकः कीदृशीं कन्याम् इच्छति?
उत्तरम् :
भिक्षुकः प्राप्तवयस्का रूपाझ्या कन्याम् इच्छति।

सत्यं वा असत्यं लिखत।

प्रश्न 1.

1. भिक्षुकेन भिक्षया प्राप्तेन सक्तुपिष्टेन कलश: सम्पूरितः।
2. भिक्षुकः भूमौ सुप्तः।
3. भिक्षुकस्य नाम स्वभावकृपणः आसीत्।
4. सोमशर्मा अन्धकारात् भीत: भविष्यति।
5. लगुडप्रहारेण जलेन पूर्णः घट: भग्नः अभवत्।
6. स्वभावकृपणः स्वप्नमग्नः आसीत् ।
7. अश्वानां विक्रयणात्पभूतं सुवर्ण प्राप्स्यामि।
8. स्वभावकृपणस्य पिता सोमशर्मा ।
9. सुवर्णेन चतुःशालं गृहं सम्पत्स्यते।

उत्तरम् :

1. सत्यम्
2. असत्यम्
3. सत्यम्
4. असत्यम्
5. असत्यम्
6. सत्यम्
7. सत्यम्
8. असत्यम्
9. सत्यम्

शब्दस्य वर्णविग्रहं कुरुत।

• कस्मिंश्चित् – क् + अ + स् + म् + इ + न् + श् + च् + ई + त्।
• सम्पूरितः – स् + अ + म् + प् + ऊ + र + इ + त् + अः।
• रज्ज्वा – र + अ + ज् + ज् + व् + आ।
• बद्ध्वा – ब + अ + द् + ध् + व् + आ।
• प्रसार्य – प् + र + अ + स् + आ + र + य् + अ।
• मत्समीपम् – म् + अ + त् + स् + अ + म् + ई + प् + अ + म्।
• कोपाविष्टः – क् + ओ + प् + आ + व् + ई + ष् + ट् + अः।
• स्वप्नमग्नः – स् + व् + अ + प् + न् + अ + म् + अ + ग् + न् + अः।
• षाण्मासिक – ष् + आ + ण + म् + आ + स् + इ + क + अ।
• ग्रहीष्यामि – ग् + र् + अ + ह् + ई + ष् + य् + आ + म् + इ।

प्रवनिर्माणं कुरुत।

प्रश्न 1.

1. लगुडप्रहारेण: घट: भग्नः अभवत्।
2. सोमशर्मा कुक्कुरात् भीत: भविष्यति।
3. अश्वानां विक्रयणात्प्रभूतं सुवर्णं प्राप्स्यामि।

उत्तरम् :

1. केन घट: भग्नः अभवत्?
2. सोमशर्मा कस्मात् भीतः भविष्यति?
3. केषां विक्रयणात्प्रभूतं सुवर्ण प्रास्यामि?

त्वान्त/ल्यबन्त/तुमन्त अव्ययानि।

विभक्त्यन्तरूपाणि।

• प्रथमा – भिक्षुकः, कलश:, अयम्, परिपूर्णः, घटः, नाम, अहम्, अजा, वडवाः, अश्वाः, धनिकः, पुत्र:, सः, सोमशर्मा, अहम्, कुक्कुरः,सः, घटः, पाण्डुरः, सोमशमपिता, ध्यानस्थितः।
• द्वितीया – तम्, घटम्, कटम्, धेनूः, महिषी:, सुवर्णम्, गृहम, कन्याम, रूपाढ्याम्, बालकम, भार्याम्, कुक्कुरम्, लगुडप्रहारम्, चिन्ताम्, माम्।
• तृतीया – तेन, भिक्षया, सक्तुपिष्टेन, विक्रयणेन, रज्ज्वा, अजाभिः, धेनुभिः, महिषीभिः, सुवर्णेन, लगुडेन, प्रहारेण।
• चतुर्थी – महाम् पझमी – ताभ्याम्
• पञ्चमी – तस्मात्।
• षष्ठी – अस्य, तेषाम् , आवयोः, तस्य, मम।
• सप्तमी – नगरे, नागदन्ते, विषये।

लकारं लिखत।

• प्रतिवसति – प्रति + वस् धातुः प्रथमगणः परस्मैपदं लट्लकार प्रथमपुरुष: बहुवचनम्।
• अचिन्तयत् – चिन्त् धातुः दशमगण: उभयपदम् अत्र परस्मैपदं लङ्लकारः प्रथमपुरुष: एकवचनम्।
• प्राप्स्यामि – प्र + आप् धातुः पञ्चमगण: परस्मैपदं लुट्लकार: उत्तमपुरुष: एकवचनम्।
• वेष्यामि – की धातुः नवमगणः परस्मैपदं लुट्लकार: उत्तमपुरुष: एकवचनम्।
• भविष्यति – भू धातुः प्रथमगणः परस्मैपदं लूट्लकार: प्रथमपुरुष: एकवचनम्।
• ग्रहीष्यामि – गृह धातुः नवमगण: उभयपदम् अत्र परस्मैपद लुट्लकार: उत्तमपुरुष: एकवचनम्।
• दास्यामि – दा धातः प्रथमगण:/तृतीयगण: उभयपदम् अत्र परस्मैपदं लट्लकार: उत्तमपुरुष: एकवचनम्।
• करिष्यामि – कृ धातुः अष्टमगण: उभयपदम् अत्र परस्मैपदं लुट्लकार: उत्तमपुरुष: एकवचनम्।
• आगमिष्यति – आ + गम् धातुः प्रथमगण: परस्मैपदं लुट्लकार: प्रथमपुरुष: एकवचनम्।
• अभिधास्यामि – अभि + धा धातु: तृतीयगणः परस्मैपदं लट्ल कार: उत्तमपुरुष: एकवचनम्।
• श्रोष्यति – शृ धातुः पञ्चमगण: परस्मैपदं लट्लकार: प्रथमपुरुष: एकवचनम्।
• ताडयिष्यामि – ताधातुः दशमगण: परस्मैपदं लुट्लकार: उत्तमपुरुष: एकवचनम्।
• ब्रवीमि – ब्रूधातुः द्वितीयगण: उभयपदम् अत्र परस्मैपदं लट्लकारः उत्तमपुरुष: एकवचनम्।
• शेते – शी धातु: द्वितीयगण: आत्मनेपदं लट्लकारः प्रथमपुरुष: एकवचनम्।

विशेषण-विशेष्य-सम्बन्ध: (स्तम्भमेलनं कुरुत)।

प्रश्न 1.

उत्तरम् :

कः कं वदति।

प्रश्न 1.
“गृह्मण बालकम्”।
उत्तरम् :
स्वभावकृपणः/ भिक्षुकः भार्या वदति।

उचितं कारणं चित्वा वाक्यं पुनर्लिखत।

प्रश्न 1.
सक्तुपिष्टेन पूर्ण: घट: भग्नः अभवत् यतः……….।
a. स्वप्नमग्न; ध्यानस्थितः भिक्षुक: लगुडप्रहारम् अकरोत्।
b. घट: भूमौ अपतत्।
उत्तरम् :
सक्तुपिष्टेन पूर्ण: घटः भग्नः अभवत् यतः स्वप्नमग्नः ध्यानस्थित : भिक्षुकः लगुडप्रहारम् अकरोत्।

सूचनानुसारं वाक्यपरिवर्तनं कुरुत।

प्रश्न 1.
स: अचिन्तयत्।
(लट्लकारं योजयत।)
उत्तरम् :
स: चिन्तयति।

प्रश्न 2.
घटस्य विक्रयणेन रूप्यकाणां शतं प्राप्स्यामि।
(लङ्लकारे परिवर्तयत।)
उत्तरम् :
घटस्य विक्रयणेन रूप्यकाणां शतं प्राप्नवम्।

प्रश्न 3.
अजाभिः प्रभूताः धेनू: ग्रहीष्यामि।
(बहुवचने परिवर्तयत।)
उत्तरम् :
अजाभिः प्रभूताः धेनूः ग्रहीष्यामः।

प्रश्न 4.
एकदा सोमशर्मा मां दृष्ट्वा मत्समीपम् आगमिष्यति।
(‘त्वान्त’ निष्कासयत।)
उत्तरम् :
एकदा सोमशर्मा मां दर्शविष्यति मत्समीपम् आगमिष्यति च।

प्रश्न 5.
स्वभावकृपणः सः पाण्डुरताम् अगच्छत्।
(‘स्म’ योजयत।)
उत्तरम् :
स्वभावकृपणः सः पाण्डुरतां गच्छति स्म।

समानार्थकशब्द योजयित्वा वाक्यं पुनर्लिखत।

1. प्रभूता: – वडवाप्रसवतः प्रभूता: अश्वाः भविष्यन्ति। वडवाप्रसवत: बहवः/प्रचुराः अश्वा: भविष्यन्ति।
2. पूर्णम् – यत्परिपूर्णोऽयं घटस्तावत् सक्तुपिष्टेन वर्तते। यत्परिसमग्र:/सकल:/अखण्डे ऽयं घटस्तावत् सक्तुपिष्टेन वर्तते।
3. शोभनम् – बालस्य रूपं शोभनम् अस्ति। बालस्य रूपं सुन्दरं/रुचिरं/साधु अस्ति।
4. कृपणः – कस्मिंश्चित् नगरे कश्चित् स्वभावकृपणो नाम कोऽपि भिक्षुकः प्रतिवसति स्म ।
   कस्मिंशित् नगरे कश्चित् स्वभावकदर्य:/क्षुद्रः/किंपचान: नाम कोऽपि भिक्षुकः प्रतिवसति स्म।

व्याकरणम् :

शब्दानां पृथक्करणम्

समासाः।

मनोराज्यस्य फलम् Summary in Marathi and English

प्रस्तावना :

भारतात कथाकथनाची परंपरा फार पूर्वीपासून आहे. शर्करावगुण्ठित उपदेश करून सहजपणे एखादे मूल्य पटविण्यासाठी गोष्ट हे प्रभावी माध्यम ठरते. विष्णुशर्मारचित पंचतंत्र या कथा संग्रहात पुढील 5 तंत्रे गोष्टीरूपाने मांडली आहेत.1) मित्रभेदः 2) मित्रसम्प्राप्तिः 3)काकोलुकीयम् 4)लब्धपणरा: 5) अपरीक्षितकारकम्. राजा अमरशक्तीच्या तीन मुलांना नीती व राज्यशास्त्राचे शिक्षण देण्यासाठी, व्यवहारज्ञानात चतुर बनविण्यासाठी विष्णुशर्माने हा ग्रंथ रचला.

विष्णुशर्मा विरचित ‘पंचतंत्र’ या जगप्रसिद्ध कथासंग्रहातील ‘अपरीक्षितकारकम्’ (अविचाराने केलेले काम) या तंत्रावर आधारित प्रस्तुत कथा आहे. आपल्या स्वप्नांच्या पूर्तीसाठी जिद्दीने झटणे आवश्यक असते. केवळ दिवास्वप्न पाहून, न घडलेल्या गोष्टींबद्दल विचार करत राहिल्यास वर्तमानात असलेल्या गोष्टीही हातातून निघून जातात, हा बोध भिक्षुकाच्या या कथेतून मिळतो.

India has a wide history of story literature. Stories have been a very strong and effective method of inculcating moral and ethical things since time immemorial A classical example of this is king Amarshakti whose sons could not be taught by any traditional means.

It uses only when the scholar Vishnusharma took them into this fold and narrated to them stories that could make them proficient in administration. It is these stories which form the basis of the five principles of पञ्चतन्त्र – 1) मित्रभेद: 2) मित्रसम्प्राप्ति: 3) काकोलूकीयम् 4) लब्धप्रणाश: 5) अपरीक्षितकारकम् The present story is taken from the अपरीक्षितकारकम् which deals with the effect of actions done without proper thinking. This story presents to us the ill-effects of daydreaming and building castles in air without proper action to follow it.

परिच्छेद : 1

कस्मिंश्चित् ………………. शतं प्राप्स्यामि।
कस्मिंश्चित् नगरे कश्चित् स्वभावकृपणो नाम कोऽपि भिक्षुकः प्रतिवसति स्म । तेन भिक्षया प्राप्तेन सक्तुपिष्टेन कलश: सम्पूरितः । तं च घट नागदन्ते रज्ज्वा बद्ध्वा तस्याधस्तात् कटं प्रसार्य सततं तद्विषये चिन्तयन् सः सुप्तः । स: अचिन्तयत् – “यत्परिपूर्णोऽयं घटस्तावत् सक्तुपिष्टेन वर्तते । यदि दुर्भिक्षं भवति तर्हि अस्य विक्रयणेन रूप्यकाणां शतं प्राप्स्यामि ।

अनुवादः

कोण्या एका नगरात कोणी एक स्वभावकृपण नावाचा भिक्षुक राहात असे. त्याने भिक्षा मागून मिळालेल्या सातूच्या पिठाने घडा पूर्ण भरला, आणि (त्याने) त्या घड्याला दोरीने खुंटीवर बांधून त्याच्या खालीच चटई पसरून सतत त्या विषयीच विचार करत तो (तिथे) झोपला. त्याने विचार केला – “हा घडा सातूच्या पिठाने पूर्ण भरलेला आहे. जर दुष्काळ पडला तर याच्या (सातूच्या पीठाच्या) विक्रीतून शंभर रूपये मिळवेन.

In certain city there lived a certain monk named स्वभावकृपण. He filled a pot with the flour of sattu which he obtained as alms. After hanging that pot with a rope to the nail, spreading a mat exactly below it, he fell asleep constantly thinking about it. He thought this pot is filled with sattu flour. If there is a famine, (scarcity of food) I’ll get hundred rupees by selling it.

परिच्छेद : 2

ततस्तेन ………….. जानुचलनयोग्यः भविष्यति।
ततस्तेन अहम् अजाद्वयं क्रेष्यामि। तत: पाण्मासिक-प्रसववशात् ताभ्यां यूथः भविष्यति। ततोऽजाभिः धेनू: ग्रहीष्यामि, धेनुभिः महिषी:, महिषीभिः वडवाः, वडवाप्रसवतः प्रभूता: अश्वाः भविष्यन्ति । तेषां विक्रयणात्प्रभूतं सुवर्ण प्राप्स्यमि। सुवर्णेन चतु:शालं गृहं सम्पत्स्यते। ततः कश्चित् धनिकः प्राप्तवयस्कां रूपाढ्यां कन्यां मां दास्यति । आवयोः पुत्रः भविष्यति । तस्याहं सोमशमति नाम करिष्यामि । तत: स: जानुचलनयोग्यः भविष्यति।

अनुवादः

त्यानंतर त्यातून मी दोन बकऱ्या विकत घेईन. त्यानंतर सहा महिन्यांनी त्यांच्या प्रजननातून त्यांचा कळप तयार होईल. त्यानंतर पुष्कळ बकऱ्या झाल्यावर गायी विकत घेईन. गाईंनंतर म्हशी, म्हशींनंतर घोड्या, घोड्यांच्या प्रजननातून पुष्कळ घोडे जन्माला येतील. त्यांच्या विक्रीतून पुष्कळ सोने मिळवेन.

त्या सोन्यामुळे चौसोपी घर होईल. तेव्हा कोणी एक धनिक वयात आलेली रूपवती कन्या मला देईल. आम्हां दोघांना मुलगा होईल. त्याचे मी सोमशर्मा असे नाव ठेवेन त्यानंतर तो रांगू लागेल.

Then, with that, I shall buy two goats. Then, after six month of their pro-creation, there will be a flock of them. Then with the goats, I shall get cows, with the cows buffaloes, with the buffaloes, many mares, from many mares there will be many horses.

I shall obtain lots of gold by selling them. With the gold there will be a mansion (four buildings enclosing a quadrangle). Then some rich man will give me his beautiful daughter of marriageable age. Then we will have a son. I will name him as Somasharma. Then he’ll be able crawl on knees.

परिच्छेद : 3

एकदा सोमशर्मा ………… यया ।।
एकदा सोमशर्मा मां दृष्ट्वा मत्समीपम् आगमिष्यति । ततोऽहं कोपाविष्टः अभिधास्यामि भार्याम्, “गृहाण बालकम्’ इति । साऽपि मम वचनं न श्रोष्यति । तावत्काले कश्चन कुक्कुरं तत्र आगमिष्यति । सोमशर्मा तस्मात् भीतः भविष्यति। ततोऽहं समुत्थाय लगुडेन तं कुक्कुर ताडयिष्यामि।” एवं स्वनमग्नः ध्यानस्थितः सः तथैव लगुडप्रहारम् अकरोत् । तेन लगुडपारेण सक्तुपिष्टेन पूर्णः सः घट: भग्नः अभवत् । स्वभावकृपणः सः पाण्डुरताम् अगच्छत् । अत: ब्रवीमि – अनागतवती चिन्तामसम्भाव्यां करोति यः । स एव पाण्डुर: शेते सोमशर्मपिता यथा ।।

अनुवादः

एकदा सोमशर्मा मला पाहून माझ्याजवळ येईल. तेव्हा रागावलेला मी पत्नीला म्हणेन, “मुलाला घे.” ती सुद्धा माझे बोलणे ऐकणार नाही. त्याचवेळी कोणी एक कुत्रा तेथे येईल. सोमशर्मा त्याला घाबरेल. तेव्हा मी उठून काठीने त्या कुत्र्याला मारेन, अशा प्रकारे स्वप्नात गढून गेल्याने विचारमग्न झालेल्या त्याने तशाच प्रकारे काठीचा प्रहार केला. त्या काठीच्या प्रहाराने सातूच्या पिठाने भरलेला तो घडा फुटला. तो स्वभावकृपण पांढरा झाला.

म्हणून म्हणतो – अद्याप न घडलेल्या गोष्टींची आणि अशक्य गोष्टींची जो उगाचच चिंता करतो (विचार करतो), तो झोपलेल्या सोमशाच्या पित्याप्रमाणेच पांढरा होतो.

Once after seeing me Heref will come to me. Then, I will angrily say to my wife ” Take the boy”. She too will not hear my words. By that time, a certain dog will come there. Somasharma will get scared of it. Then after getting up, I shall hit that dog with a stick.

Thus engrossed in the dream he who was thinking, struck a blow with the stick. Due to the blow of the stick, the pot filled with sattu flour was shattered (broke) and that स्वभावकृपण got all whitened. Hence I tell you, he who sleeps over (worries over) something yet to come, or something impossible, gets whitened (pale) just like Somasharma’s father who was sleeping.

सन्धिविग्रहः

• कश्चित् – क: + चित्।
• ततस्तेन – ततः + तेन। ततोऽजाभिः – ततः + अजाभिः।
• तस्याहम् – तस्य + अहम्।
• विक्रयणात्प्रभूतम् – विक्रयणात् + प्रभूतम्।
• तावत्काले – तावत् + काले।
• चिन्तामसम्भाव्याम् – चिन्ताम् + असम्भाव्याम्।
• साऽपि – सा + अपि।
• तथैव – तथा + एव।
• स्वभावकृपणो नाम – स्वभावकृपणः + नाम।
• कोऽपि – क: + अपि।
• तद्विषये – तत् + विषये।
• यत्परिपूर्णोऽयम् – यत् – परिपूर्ण: + अयम्।
• घटस्तावत् – घटः + तावत् ।
• कस्मिंचित् – कस्मिन् + चित् ।

समानार्थकशब्दाः

• भिक्षुकः – भिक्षुः, परिव्राजकः, परिव्राट्।
• रज्जुः – गुणः, सूत्रम्।
• नगरम् – पत्तनम्, पुरी।
• कलशः – घटः, कुम्भः ।
• वडवा – अश्वा, वामी।
• कन्या – तनया, पुत्री, दुहिता।
• पुत्रः – आत्मजः, सुतः, सुनः।
• प्रभूताः – बहुलाः, बहवः।

विरुद्धार्थकशब्दाः

• सुप्तः × जागरितः।
• पूर्णः × अपूर्णः ।
• प्रभूताः × स्तोकाः।
• समीपे × दूरे।

शब्दार्थाः

1. स्वभावकृपणः – miserly by nature – स्वभावाने कंजूष
2. सक्तुपिष्टम् – saktu flour – सातूचे पीठ
3. नागदन्तः – bracket on the wall – खुंटी
4. दुर्भिक्षम् – famine – दुष्काळ
5. विक्रयणेन – by selling – विकून
6. बद्ध्वा – having tied – बांधून
7. प्रसार्य – having spread – पसरून
8. अजा – goat – बकरी, शेळी
9. महिषी – buffalo – म्हैस
10. वडवा – mare – घोड़ी
11. अश्वः – horse – घोडा
12. प्रभूतम् – a lot – पुष्कळ
13. प्राप्तवयस्का – of proper age – वयात आलेली
14. जानुचलनयोग्य: – able to crawlon knees – रांगण्यायोग्य
15. भ्यूथः – flock / shed – समूह, कळप
16. ‘चतुःशालम् – quadrangle with four building (mansion) – वाडा
17. मत्समीपम् – near me – माझ्याजवळ
18. कोपाविष्टः – angry – अतिशय रागावलेला
19. अभिधास्यामि – I will say – मी बोलेन
20. गुहाण – you take – तू घे
21. कुक्कुरः – dog – कुत्रा
22. समुत्थाय – after getting up – उठून
23. लगुडेन – with a stick – काठीने
24. पाण्डुरः – white – पांढरा
25. अनागतवती – not arrived – न आलेली
26. असम्भाव्यम् – impossible – अशक्य
27. शेते – sleeps – झोपतो

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Class 9 Sanskrit Solutions Anand Chapter 10 काव्यशास्त्रविनोदः Notes, Textbook Exercise Important Questions and Answers.

Maharashtra State Board Class 9 Sanskrit Anand Solutions Chapter 10 काव्यशास्त्रविनोदः

Sanskrit Anand Std 9 Digest Chapter 10 काव्यशास्त्रविनोदः Textbook Questions and Answers

भाषाभ्यास:

श्लोकः 1

1. एकवाक्येन उत्तरत।

प्रश्न अ.
विपर्ययः कस्मिन् शब्दे दृश्यते ?
उत्तरम् :
विपर्ययः ‘साक्षराः’ इति पदे दृश्यते।

प्रश्न आ.
विपर्यय: कस्मिन् शब्दे न दृश्यते ?
उत्तरम् :
विपर्ययः ‘सरस’ इति पदे न दृश्यते।

प्रश्न इ.
मानवाः कीदृशाः भवेयुः?
उत्तरम् :
मानवा: साक्षराः भवेयुः।

प्रश्न ई.
मानवाः कीदृशाः न भवेयु:?
उत्तरम् :
मानवा: राक्षसाः न भवेयुः।

2. समानार्थकशब्द लिखत ।
राक्षसः, सरसः

प्रश्न 1.
समानार्थकशब्द लिखत ।
राक्षसः, सरसः
उत्तरम् :

• राक्षस: – असुरः।
• सरस: – रसपूर्णः।

3. सन्धिविग्रहं कुरुत।

प्रश्न 1.
अ) विपरीतोऽपि = …………..
आ) विपरीताश्चेत् = प्रलोकः
उत्तरम् :
अ) विपरीतोऽपि – विपरीतः + अपि।
आ) विपरीताश्चेत् – विपरीताः + चेत्।

श्लोक: 2.

1. एकवाक्येन उत्तरत।

प्रश्न अ.
वृक्षाग्रवासी कः?
उत्तरम् :
पक्षिराजः वृक्षाग्रवासी।नारिकेलं वृक्षाग्रवासी।

प्रश्न आ.
कः पक्षिराजः?
उत्तरम् :
गरुडः पक्षिराजः अस्ति ।

प्रश्न इ.
क: त्रिनेत्रधारी?
उत्तरम् :
शङ्करः त्रिनेत्रधारी। नारिकेलं त्रिनेत्रधारी।

प्रश्न ई.
कः शूलपाणिः ?
उत्तरम् :
शङ्करः शूलपाणिः।

प्रश्न उ.
क: जलं बिभर्ति ?
उत्तरम् :
घट: मेघः च जलं बिभर्तः। नारिकेलं जलं बिभर्ति।

प्रश्न ऊ.
कः त्वम्वस्त्रं धारयति ?
उत्तरम् :
सिद्धयोगी त्वम्वस्त्र धारयति। नारिकेलं त्वग्वस्वं धारयति।

2. शब्दसमूहस्य कृते एकं संक्षेपशब्द लिखत ।

प्रश्न 1.
अ) यः वृक्षस्य अग्रभागे निवसति – ……………
आ) पक्षिणां राजा – ……………
इ) यस्य त्रीणि नेत्राणि – …………..
ई) शूलं पाणौ यस्य सः – ……………
उ) यः त्वग्वस्त्रं धारयति – …………….
उत्तरम् :
अ) यः वृक्षस्य अग्रभागे निवसति – वृक्षाग्रवासी।
आ) पक्षिणां राजा – पक्षिराजः।
इ) यस्य त्रीणि नेत्राणि – त्रिनेत्रधारी।
ई) शूलं पाणौ यस्य सः – शूलपाणिः।
उ) य: त्वग्वस्त्रं धारयति . त्वग्वस्त्रधारी।

3. योग्यं पर्यायं चिनुत –

प्रश्न 1.
अ. पक्षिराजः वृक्षाग्रे (वसति/न वसति)।
आ. घटः त्रीणि नेत्राणि (धारयति/न धारयति)।
इ. शूलपाणिः जलं (बिभर्ति न बिभर्ति)।
ई. नारिकेलं त्वग्वस्त्रं (धारयति/न धारयति)।
उत्तरम् :
अ. पक्षिराज: वृक्षाग्रे वसति।
आ. घट: त्रीणि नेत्राणि न धारयति।
इ. शूलपाणि: जलं न बिभर्ति।
ई. नारिकेलं त्वग्वस्वं धारयति।

4. समानार्थकशब्दयुग्मं चिनुत लिखत च।
पक्षिराजः, शूलपाणिः, जलम्, मेघः, शङ्करः, वृक्षः, सिद्धयोगी, गरुडः, तरुः, तोयम्, जलदः, तपस्वी।

प्रश्न 1.
पक्षिराजः, शूलपाणिः, जलम्, मेघः, शङ्करः, वृक्षः, सिद्धयोगी, गरुडः, तरुः, तोयम्, जलदः, तपस्वी।
उत्तरम् :

• पक्षिराज: – गरुडः।
• शूलपाणिः – शङ्करः।
• जलम् – तोयम्।
• मेष: – जलदः।
• वृक्षः – तरुः।
• सिद्धयोगी – तपस्वी।

श्लोकः 3.

1. कः कं वदति? ‘पत्रं लिख।’

प्रश्न 1.
कः कं वदति? ‘पत्रं लिख।’
उत्तरम् :
पिता पुत्रं वदति।

2. एकवाक्येन उत्तरत।

प्रश्न अ.
केन आज्ञा दत्ता?
उत्तरम् :
तातेन आज्ञा दत्ता।

प्रश्न आ.
केन आज्ञा न लजिता ।
उत्तरम् :
पुत्रेण आज्ञा न लङ्घिता।

प्रश्न इ.
पत्रं केन लिखितम् ?
उत्तरम् :
पुत्रेण पत्रं लिखितम्।

3. विशेषण-विशेष्य-अन्वितिं पूरयत ।

प्रश्न 1.

उत्तरम् :
1. कथितः
2. पत्रम्

4. सन्धिविग्रहं कुरुत।

प्रश्न 1.
ममाज्ञया, पितुराज्ञा
उत्तरम् :

• ममाज्ञया – मम + आज्ञया।
• पितुराज्ञा – पितुः + आज्ञा।

5. श्लोकात् ‘क्त’ प्रत्ययान्तरूपाणि (क.भू.धा.वि.)
चिनुत लिखत च।

प्रश्न 1.
श्लोकात् ‘क्त’ प्रत्ययान्तरूपाणि (क.भू.धा.वि.)
चिनुत लिखत च।
उत्तरम् :

1. कथितम्
2. लिखितम्
3. लक्षिता

श्लोकः 4.

1. क्रमानुसारं रचयत।

प्रश्न 1.
अ. त्रि-अक्षरयुक्ते शब्दे ‘य’ मध्ये तिष्ठति ।
आ. शब्दस्य आरम्भे ‘न’ विद्यते।
इ. शब्दस्य अन्ते अपि ‘न’ विद्यते।
उत्तरम् :
आ. शब्दस्य आरम्भे ‘न’ विद्यते,
अ. त्रि-अक्षरयुक्ते शब्दे ‘य’ मध्ये तिष्ठति।
इ. शब्दस्य अन्ते अपि ‘न’ विद्यते।

2. प्राप्तम् उत्तरम्  – [ ] [ ] [ ]

प्रश्न 1.
प्राप्तम् उत्तरम्  – [ ] [ ] [ ]

3. सन्धिं कुरुत।

प्रश्न 1.
अ. तस्य + आदिः (अ + आ) ………….
आ. तस्य + अन्तः (अ + अ) ………..
इ. तव + अपि (अ + अ) ………..
ई. अपि + अस्ति (इ + अ) ……….
उत्तरम् :
अ. तस्यादिर्न – तस्य + आदि: + न।
आ. तस्यान्तः – तस्य + अन्तः।
इ. तवाप्यस्ति – तव + अपि + अस्ति।
ई. ममाप्यस्ति – मम + अपि + अस्ति।

4. श्लोकात् षष्ठ्यन्तपदानि चिनुत लिखत च।

प्रश्न 1.
श्लोकात् षष्ठ्यन्तपदानि चिनुत लिखत च।

श्लोकः 5.

1. एकवाक्येन उत्तरत।

प्रश्न अ.
कस्याः नद्याः वर्णनं सुभाषिते वर्तते?
उत्तरम् :
गङ्गानद्या: वर्णनं सुभषिते वर्तते।

प्रश्न आ.
शतचन्द्रं नभस्तलं कुत्र शोभते ?
उत्तरम् :
गढ़ानद्या: चञ्चलतरे वारिणि शतचन्द्रं नभस्तलं शोभते।

2. विशेषणैः जालरेखाचित्रं पूरयत ।

प्रश्न 1.

उत्तरम् :

1. प्रतिबिम्बितम्
2. शतचन्द्रम्
3. तारकायुक्तम्

3. विशेषणं लिखत।

प्रश्न 1.
विशेषणं लिखत।
1. …………. वारिणि।
2. ……………नभस्तलम्।
उत्तरम् :
1. चञ्जलतरे वारिणि।
2. तारकायुक्तम् नभस्तलम्।

4. गङ्गा इति शब्दस्य अमरपङ्क्तिं लिखत।

प्रश्न 1.
गङ्गा इति शब्दस्य अमरपङ्क्तिं लिखत।
उत्तरम् :
गङ्गा – जाह्नवी, भागीरथी जहुतनया, विष्णुपदी।

Sanskrit Anand Class 9 Textbook Solutions Chapter 10 काव्यशास्त्रविनोदः Additional Important Questions and Answers

एकवाक्येन उत्तरत।

प्रश्न 1.
सरसत्वं कदा न मुञ्चति?
उत्तरम् :
‘सरस’ इति पदस्य अक्षराणां क्रम: विपरीतं क्रियते चेत् अपि तस्य सरसत्वं न मुञ्चति।

प्रश्न 2.
‘साक्षरा’ इति पदं विपरीतं क्रियते चेत् किं भवति?
उत्तरम् :
‘साक्षरा’ इति पदं विपरीतं क्रियते चेत् ‘राक्षसा’ इति भवति।

प्रश्न 3.
गङ्गायाः वारिणि किं शोभते?
उत्तरम् :
गङ्गायाः वारिणि तारकायुक्तं शतचन्द्रं नभस्तलं शोभते।

प्रश्न 4.
मृगाः किं खादन्ति?
उत्तरम् :
मृगाः तृणानि खादन्ति।

प्रश्न 5.
मीनाः कुत्र विहरन्ति?
उत्तरम् :
मीनाः जले विहरन्ति।

प्रश्न 6.
सज्जनानां का वृत्तिः?
उत्तरम् :
सन्तोषः इति सज्जनानां वत्तिः।

प्रश्न 7.
अस्याः प्रहेलिकाया: उत्तरं किम् ?
उत्तरम् :
‘नयन’ इति अस्याः प्रहेलिकायाः

प्रश्न 8.
पुत्रेण कस्य आज्ञा न लचिता?
उत्तरम् :
पुत्रेण पितु: आज्ञा न लड़िता।

प्रश्न 9.
कुरङ्गः किं न ईक्षते?
उत्तरम् :
कुरङ्गः धनिनां वक्त्रं न ईक्षते।

प्रश्न 10.
कुरङ्गः किं न शृणोति?
उत्तरम् :
कुरङ्ग: गर्ववचः न शृणोति।

प्रश्न 11.
कुरङ्गः किं खादति?
उत्तरम् :
कुरङ्गः बालतृणानि खादति।

प्रश्न 12.
कुरङ्गः किं न बूते?
उत्तरम् :
कुरङ्गः मृषा चाटून् न बूते।

लकारं लिखत।

• मुशति – मुच्-मुक् धातुः षष्ठगण: उभयपदम् अत्र परस्मैपदं लट्लकार : प्रथमपुरुष: एकवचनम्।
• ईक्षसे – ईक्ष् धातुः प्रथमगण; आत्मनेपदं लट्लकार: मध्यमपुरुषः एकवचनम्।
• खादसि – खाद् धातुः प्रथमगणः परस्मैपदं लट्लकार: मध्यमपुरुष: एकवचनम्।
• पे – दूधातुः द्वितीयगण: उभयपदम् अत्र आत्मनेपदं लट्लकार: मध्यमपुरुष: एकवचनम्।
• शृणोषि – शु धातुः पञ्चमगणः परस्मैपदं लट्लकार: मध्यमपुरुष: एकवचनम्।
• धावसि – धाव् धातुः प्रथमगणः परस्मैपदं लट्लकार: मध्यमपुरुषः एकवचनम्।
• शोभते – शुभ् धातुः प्रथमगण: आत्मनेपदं लट्लकार: प्रथमपुरुषः एकवचनम्
• तिष्ठति – ‘स्था-तिष्ठ्’ धातुः प्रथमगण: परस्मैपदं लट्लकार: प्रथमपुरुषः एकवचनम्।
• जानाति – ‘ज्ञा’ धातुः नवमगण: उभयपदम् अत्र परस्मैपदं लट्लकार: प्रथमपुरुष: एकवचनम्।
• लिख – लिख् धातुः षष्ठगणः परस्मैपद लोट्लकार: मध्यमपुरुष: एकवचनम्

विभक्त्यन्तपदानि।

• प्रथमा – वृक्षाप्रवासी, पक्षिराजः, त्रिनेत्रधारी, त्वग्वसधारी, सिद्धयोगी, घटः, मेघः, वैरिणः, पिशुनाः, तृणम्, जलम्, सन्तोषः, प्रतिबिम्बितम्, तारकायुक्तम्, शतचन्द्रम्, नभस्तलम्।
• द्वितीया – वक्त्रम्, चाटून, तान, बालतृणानि।
• तृतीया – आशया, भवता।
• षष्ठी – सज्जनानाम्, वृत्तीनाम्, धनिनाम्, एषाम्।
• सप्तमी – जगति, चञ्चलतरे, वारिणि।

प्रश्ननिर्माणं कुरुत।

प्रश्न 1.

1. पितुः आज्ञा न लाविता।
2. पत्रं लिख।
3. बालतृणानि खादसि।
4. त्वं मृषा चाटून् न बूषे।
5. तारकायुक्तं शतचन्द्रं नभस्तलं शोभते।
6. गङ्गायाः वारिणि नभस्तलं प्रतिबिम्बितम्।

उत्तरम् :

1. कस्य आज्ञा न लविता?
2. किं लिख?
3. त्वं किं खादसि?
4. त्वं किं न बूषे?
5. कीदृशं नभस्तलं शोभते?
6. नभस्तलं कुत्र प्रतिबिम्बितम्?

पद्यांशं पठित्वा जालरेखाचित्रं पूरयत।

प्रश्न 1.

उत्तरम् :
1. राक्षसाः
2. सरस

प्रश्न 2.

उत्तरम् :

1. वक्षाग्रवासी
2. जलं बिभ्रन्
3. त्वग्वस्त्रधारी
4. त्रिनेत्रधारी

प्रश्न 3.

उत्तरम् :

1. प्रतिबिम्बितम्
2. शतचन्द्रम्
3. तारकायुक्तम्

समानार्थकशब्दं योजयित्वा वाक्यं पुनर्लिखत।

1. पुत्र – पत्रं लिख। तनय, पत्रं लिख।
2. नभस् – नभः शोभते। गगनं शोभते।
3. वैरिन – जगति वैरी निष्कारणम् अस्ति। जगति शत्रुः निष्कारणम् अस्ति।

व्याकरणम् :

शब्दानां पृथक्करणम्

काव्यशास्त्रविनोदः Summary in Marathi and English

प्रस्तावना :

काव्यशास्त्रविनोद म्हणजे काव्य आणि शास्त्र यांच्याद्वारे केलेले मनोरंजन.
हा शब्द –
‘काव्यशास्त्रविनोदेन कालो गच्छति धीमताम्।
व्यसनेन च मूर्खाणां निद्रया कलहेन वा।।’
या श्लोकात आला आहे. याचा अर्थ असा – बुद्धिमान लोक काव्य आणि शास्त्र यांद्वारे मनोरंजन करण्यात वेळ वापरतात. तर मूर्ख लोक व्यसन, झोप, भांडण यांत वेळ घालवतात. संस्कृत भाषा सुभाषितांनी नटलेली आहे. काही सुभाषिते इतकी चमत्कृतीपूर्ण असतात की ती समजण्यासाठी आपल्या बुद्धीला ताण द्यावा लागतो. ती सुभाषिते समजायला अवघड असली तरी मनोरंजकसुद्धा असतात.
टीप : – या पद्यातील श्लोक हे माध्यमभाषेत भाषांतरासाठी आहेत आणि त्यांचे स्पष्टीकरणसुद्धा अपेक्षित आहे.

काव्यशास्त्रविनोद means amusement derived from poetry and science. This phrase is a part of the shlok
‘काव्यशास्त्रविनोदेन कालो गच्छति धीमताम्।
व्यसनेन च मूर्खाणां निद्रया कलहेन वा।।’
This means wise people spend their time in deriving amusment through poetry and scriptures but foolish spend their time in addiction, sleep or quarrel. We know that Sanskrit abounds in subhashitas.

Some Subhashitas are so marvellous that understanding them requires us to tickle over brain cells. These are not only challenging but also amusing at times. Note:- These shlokas are for writing the meaning in medium of answer and explanation to them is also expected.

श्लोकः – 1

साक्षरा …………….. मुञ्चति ।।1।।
श्लोकः : साक्षरा विपरीताश्चेद् राक्षसा एव केवलम्।
सरसो विपरीतोऽपि सरसत्वं न मुञ्चति ।।1।।
स्पष्टीकरणम् : साक्षरा: इति पदं विपरीतक्रमेण पठितं चेत् ‘राक्षसाः’ इति भवति। परं ‘सरसः’ इति पदं यथानुक्रमं वा विपरीतक्रमेण पठितं चेत् ‘सरसः’ इत्येव भवति। अत्र कविकल्पना एवं कविकौशलं विभाति।

अनुवादः

‘साक्षर’ हा शब्द उलट केला तर ‘राक्षस’ असा होतो. पण ‘सरस’ हा शब्द उलट केला तरी तो त्याचा सरसपणा सोडत नाही.
स्पष्टीकरण – ‘साक्षर’ मनुष्य जर विपरीत असेल तर तो राक्षसाप्रमाणे वागतो. म्हणजे तो त्याच्या ज्ञानाचा विपरीत वापर करून विघातक कृत्य करतो. पण ‘सरस’ म्हणजे उत्तम प्रवृत्तीचा मनुष्य संवेदनशील असतो. त्याचे वर्तन सरळ अथवा विपरीत परिस्थितीमध्ये सुद्धा बदलणार नाही.

The word ‘साक्षराः’ (literate) if reversed, becomes ‘राक्षसा:’ that is demons. But the word ‘सरस’ which means sensitive or filled with emotion doesn’t leave its sensitivity though reversed.

Explanation – This is poetic imagination which itself is the creativity of the poet. The poet says those who have only bookish knowledge whom we refer to as ‘pothi pandits’ if he is rubbed the wrong way will become evil like demons. Just as intelligent man has created weapons using science which is the wrong usage of knowledge.

On the other hand, a connoisseur is sensitive and even in difficult conditions, he still remains happy, because the word Rasa means आनंद i.e happiness, Rasika is always happy and also makes others happy.

श्लोकः – 2

वृक्षाग्रवासी ………….. न मेघः।
श्लोकः : वृक्षानवासी न च पक्षिराज:
त्रिनेत्रधारी न च शूलपाणिः।
त्वग्वत्रधारी न च सिद्धयोगी
जलं च विभन्न घटोन मेघः।।

स्पष्टीकरणम् : सः वृक्षस्य अग्रे वसति किन्तु पक्षिराजः गरुडः न। तस्य त्रीणि नेत्राणि सन्ति किन्तु सः शूलपाणिः शङ्कर: न। सः वल्कलसदृशं वस्त्रं धारयति किन्तु स: सिद्धयोगी न। सः जलं धारयति किन्तु सः न घटः न च मेषः। अस्य उत्तरं वर्तते नारिकेलफलम्।

अनुवादः

तो वृक्षाच्या टोकावर राहतो पण पक्षीराज (गरुड) नाही. तीन डोळे आहेत पण शंकर नाही. वल्कले धारण करतो पण योगी नाही. पाणी धारण करतो पण घडा नाही व ढगही नाही.

स्पष्टीकरण – हे सुभाषित प्रहेलिका प्रकारातील आहे. प्रहेलिका म्हणजे कोडे. या कोड्याचे उत्तर आहे नारळ, नारळ झाडाच्या टोकावर असतो. त्याला तीन डोळे असतात, त्याला शेंडी असते आणि आत पाणी असते.

It lives on the top of the tree but is not the king of birds (garuda/eagle). It has three eyes but is not the one who holds the Trident (Shiva). It wears barkgarments but is not an accomplished ascetic (yogi), and it holds water but is neither a pot nor a cloud.

Explanation – This is a riddle or prahelika the answer to which is a coconut. A coconut grows on the top of the tree, it has three eyes below the tuft of coir on top, it has bark garments which is the coin and it has water in it.

श्लोकः – 3

तातेन ……………… लड़िता।।3।।
श्लोकः : तातेन कथितं पुत्र पत्रं लिख ममाज्ञया।
न तेन लिखित पत्रं पितुराज्ञा न लड्डिता ।।3।।
स्पष्टीकरणम् : तातेन कथितं, “हे पुत्र, मम आज्ञया पत्रं लिख।” तेन पुत्रेण पत्रं न लिखितम्। तथापि पितुः आशा न लकिता। अर्थसङ्गतिः न दृश्यते। यदि ‘न तेन’ इति एकपदं क्रियते ‘नतेन’ इति पदेन अर्थबोधः भवति। नतेन नाम नमस्वभावेन पुत्रेण पत्रं लिखितम्। अपि च पितुः आज्ञा न लविता।

अनुवादः

वडिलांनी मुलाला सांगितले ‘माझ्या आज्ञेने पत्र लिही!’ त्याने पत्र लिहिले नाही आणि वडिलांची आज्ञा मोडली नाही. स्पष्टीकरण – हा श्लोक ‘कूटश्लोक’ या सुभाषितप्रकाराचे उदाहरण आहे. ‘न तेन’ हा शब्द एकत्र ‘नतेन’ असा वाचला तर ‘त्या नम्र मुलाने’ असा अर्थ होतो. संस्कृत भाषेमधील विभक्तिप्रत्यय व शब्द चमत्कृती येथे दिसून येते.

The father said, “O son, write a letter by my order. He did not write the letter nor did he disobey the father’s order.
Explanation – In this shloka the word has to be read as one word ‘1’ which means ‘by the modest one.’ So, the son who was modest wrote the letter and therefore did not disobey the father’s order. This is an example of a कूटश्लोक.

श्लोकः – 4

न तस्यादिर्न ……………. स पण्डितः।
श्लोकः : न तस्यादिर्न तस्यान्त; यो मध्ये तस्य तिष्ठति।
तवाप्यस्ति ममाप्यस्ति यो जानाति स पण्डितः ।।4।।
स्पष्टीकरणम् : कूटप्रश्न: अयम्।
अस्य उत्तरम् – तस्य आदिः न , तस्य अन्त:न, तस्य मध्ये यः तिष्ठति (तत्) तव अपि अस्ति, मम अपि अस्ति।

अनुवादः

त्याच्या सुरुवातीला ‘न’, त्याच्या शेवटी ‘न’ वमध्ये ‘य’ आहे. तुझ्याकडेही आहे. माझ्याकडेही आहे. जो जाणतो तो पंडित आहे.
स्पष्टीकरण – हा सुभाषिताचा ‘कूटप्रश्न’ प्रकार आहे. ‘नयन’ हे त्याचे उत्तर आहे. कारण यात ‘न’ हे अक्षर सुरुवातीला आणि शेवटी येते तसेच ‘य’ हे अक्षर मध्ये येते.

It doesn’t have a beginning nor does it have an end and it stays in the middle. You too have it and I too have it, the one who knows this is a scholar. Explanation – This is an example of prahelika where the answer is ‘नयन’ means eye’. ‘न’ is at the beginning ‘न’ is at the end and ‘य’ is in the middle which is ‘नयन’.

श्लोक: – 5

गङ्गायाश्चञ्चलतरे ………………. नभस्तलम्।।6।।
श्लोकः : गङ्गायाश्चलतरे वारिणि प्रतिबिम्बितम्।
शोभते तारकायुक्तं शतचन्द्रं नभस्तलम् ।।6।।
स्पष्टीकरणम् । गङ्गायाशजलतरे वारिणि प्रतिबिम्बितम् तारकायुक्तं शतचन्द्र नभस्तलम् शोभते। शतचन्द्र नभस्तलम्। इति काचन समस्या वर्तते। आकाशे चन्द्राणां शतं कथं शक्यते? इत्येषा समस्या।
समस्यापूर्तिः- गङ्गानद्याः जलं कल्लोलयुक्त विद्यते। यदा गगने तारकाः चन्द्रमा: च विलसन्ति तदा चन्द्रमसः शतं प्रतिबिम्बानि गङ्गानद्याः जले दृश्यन्ते । तदा कवि: कल्पनां करोति, ‘नभः शतचन्द्रम्’ इव दृश्यते।

अनुवादः

गंगेच्या चंचल पाण्यामध्ये प्रतिबिंबित झालेले आकाश जणू काही चांदण्यांनी व शेकडो चंद्रांनी युक्त असल्याप्रमाणे शोभून दिसत आहे.
स्पष्टीकरण – ही समस्यापूर्ती आहे. ‘शतचन्द्रं नभस्तलम्’ ही समस्या म्हणजे कोडे आहे. त्याचे उत्तर कवी असे देतो, आकाशात तर शंभर चंद्र असणे शक्य नाही, पण गंगेच्या लाटांवर जेव्हा चांदण्या व चंद्राने भरलेल्या आकाशाचे प्रतिबिंब पडते तेव्हा एकाचवेळी पाण्यात असंख्य चंद्र असल्याचे (पडल्याचे) भासते.

Hundred moons look beautiful along with stars in the sky reflected in the trembling waters of the Ganga.

Explanation – This shloka is an example of समस्यापूर्त where the last part ‘शतचन्द्रं नभस्तलम्’ is given and poets have to compose a shloka to make it meaningful. Now, this is really not possible.

So, to justify this sentence, the poet very beautifully says that the reflection of the moon is seen in the shaking waters of Ganga and this appears as if there are hundreds of moons. The reflection of the moon in the sky with many stars when seen in the trembling river water makes one see hundred moons.

सन्धिविग्रहः

• घटोन – घट: + न।
• यो मध्ये – यः + मध्ये।
• गङ्गायाश्चञ्चलतरे – गङ्गायाः + चलतरे।
• नभस्तलम् – नभः + तलम्।
• मुहुरीक्षसे – मुहुः + ईक्षसे।
• तन्मे – तद् + मे।
• नैषाम् – न + एषाम्।
• यद्वक्त्रम् – यत् + वक्वम्।

समानार्थकशब्दाः

1. तपः – तपस्या।
2. दानव: – दैत्यः ।
3. धनी – धनिक्, श्रीमत्, बहुधनः ।
4. वच: – वाणी, भाषा।
5. वारि – जलम, तोयम, आपः।
6. तारका – नक्षत्रम्, तारा, ज्योतिः।
7. चन्द्रः – हिमांशुः, इन्दुः, विधुः, सुधांशुः, सोमः ।
8. तृणानि – शष्याणि।
9. संतोषः – तुष्टिः।
10. मीन: – मत्स्यः ।
11. पिशुन: – दुर्जनः।
12. लुब्धक: – व्याधः।
13. सज्जनः – सुजनः, सत्पुरुष।
14. वैरिणः – शत्रवः, रिपवः।
15. कुरङ्ग – मृगः, हरिणः, सारङ्गः।
16. पण्डितः – ज्ञानी, विद्वान्।
17. तातः – पिता, जनक:
18. पुत्रः – तनयः, सूनुः आत्मजः

विरुद्धार्थकशब्दाः

• चञ्चलम् × स्थिरम्।
• आदिः × अन्तः
• पण्डित: × मूढः।
• नतः × गर्विष्ठः, उध्दतः।
• विपरीत: × सरलः।
• सरस: × नीरसः।

शब्दार्थाः

1. विपरीत – reverse order – उलट क्रमाने
2. मुञ्चति – does not leave – सोडत नाही
3. सरसत्वम् – best qualities – रसिकता, रसाळपणा
4. साक्षरा: – literate – साक्षर
5. राक्षसा: – demons – दानव
6. चेत् – if – जर
7. वृक्षाग्रवासी – one who resides on top of the tree – वृक्षाच्या टोकावर राहणारा
8. पक्षिराज: – king of birds, eagle – पक्ष्यांचा राजा, गरुड
9. त्रिनेत्रधारी: – I having three eyes, Shiva – तीन डोळे असणारा, शंकर
10. सिद्धयोगी – ascetic – योगी
11. शूलपाणि: – the one who holds त्रिशूल in hand – त्रिशूलधारी (शंकर)
12. त्वग्वस्त्रम् – clothes of bark – वल्कल
13. घट: – pot – घडा
14. मेघः – cloud – ढग
15. बिभ्रत् – holds – धारण करणारा
16. तात: – father – वडील
17. आज्ञया – by order – आज्ञेवरून
18. पत्रम् – letter – पत्र
19. लहिता – crossed – मोडली
20. आदिः – beginning – सुरुवात
21. अन्त – end – शेवट
22. मध्ये – in the middle – मध्ये
23. जानाति – knows – जाणतो
24. पण्डित: – intelligent, scholar – हुशार
25. तिष्ठति – stands – राहते
26. मृगः – deer – हरीण
27. सज्जनः – good person – सज्जन
28. मीन: – fish – मासा
29. लुब्धकः – hunter – शिकारी
30. ग्धीवरः – fisherman – कोळी
31. पिशुन: – wicked – दुर्जन
32. निष्कारण – without reason – निष्कारण
33. जगति – in the world – ह्या जगात
34. वैरिणः – foes, enemies – शत्रु
35. चञ्चल – unsteady – चंचल, हलणारे
36. प्रतिबिम्बित – reflected – प्रतिबिंबित झालेले
37. तारकायुक्त – full of stars – चांदण्यानी युक्त
38. नभः – sky – आकाश

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Class 9 Sanskrit Solutions Anand Chapter 8 मनसः स्वच्छता Notes, Textbook Exercise Important Questions and Answers.

Maharashtra State Board Class 9 Sanskrit Anand Solutions Chapter 8 मनसः स्वच्छता

Sanskrit Anand Std 9 Digest Chapter 8 मनसः स्वच्छता Textbook Questions and Answers

भाषाभ्यास:

1. एकवाक्येन उत्तरत।

प्रश्न 1.
निद्रा कदा उत्तमा भवति?
उत्तरम् :
शरीरं मन: च स्वच्छे तर्हि निद्रा उत्तमा भवति।

प्रश्न 2.
स्नानेन किं भवति?
उत्तरम् :
स्नानेन शरीरं स्वच्छं, सतेजः, लघुभारमिव च भासते।

प्रश्न 3.
कदा प्रार्थनां बदामः?
उत्तरम् :
रात्रौ निद्रायाः पूर्व प्रार्थनां वदामः ।

प्रश्न 4.
माता श्यामस्य चरणौ केन मार्जयति?
उत्तरम् :
माता श्यामस्य चरणौ शाटिकाशलेन मार्जयति।

प्रश्न 5.
वयं प्रतिदिनं किमर्थ प्रयतामहे ?
उत्तरम् :
वयं पावित्र्यार्थ, स्वच्छतायै प्रतिदिनं प्रयतामहे ।

2. माध्यमभाषया लिखत।

प्रश्न 1.
मनसः स्वच्छताविषये माता श्यामं कथं बोधितवती?
उत्तरम् :
‘श्यामची आई’ या पुस्तकातील कथेवर आधारित ‘मनस: स्वच्छता’ या पाठात मनाची शुद्धता व आत्मिक समाधान यावर भाष्य केले आहे. श्याम शारीरिक स्वच्छतेबद्दल खूप जागरुक होता. तो लहानपणापासून दररोज न चुकता दोनदा आंघोळ करीत असे. एकदा संध्याकाळी खेळून आल्यावर श्यामने आंघोळ केली.

आईने त्याचे अंग नेहमीप्रमाणे पदराने स्वच्छ पुसले नंतर तिने श्यामला देवपूजेसाठी फुले आणण्यासाठी जा असे सांगितले पण श्याम म्हणाला, ‘माझे तळवे ओले आहेत त्यांना माती लागेल. तू आधी मोझे तळवे पूस. आईने श्यामचे तळवे पुसले. श्याम फुले घेऊन आल्यावर आई त्याच्याजवळ गेली आणि म्हणाली, ‘श्याम पायाला माती लागू नये, म्हणून जसे जपतोस तसेच मनाला मळ लागू म्हणून सुध्दा जप! देवाकडे प्रार्थना कर, शुद्ध बुद्धी दे!’ श्यामचा शरीर स्वच्छ ठेवण्याचा हट्ट बघून आईला कौतुक वाटलेच पण ही संधी साधून तिने श्यामच्या कोवळ्या मनावर एक सुंदर विचार बिंबवला. शरीराप्रमाणेच आपले मन स्वच्छ ठेवणे गरजेचे आहे. श्यामच्या आईने श्यामला दिलेला हा विचार सर्वांनीच आचरणात आणायला हवा.

In the lesson ‘मनसः स्वच्छता।’ Shyam’s mother has given him the moral about purity of mind. Shyam was very keen about his physical cleanliness. He used to take a bath twice a day without fail ever since his childhood.

Once he came home and took bath after playing in the evening. His mother wiped his body clean as she used to do every day. Then she asked Shyam to bring some flowers for worship.

He refused to keep his feet on soil fearing his wet feet would get dirty. Mother spreaded her pallu on the floor then Shyam dried his feet went. After getting the flowers, he came to his mother.

That time his mother told his that just as you take care of your feet not to get dirty also take care about purity of mind. Pray to God for a pure mind. In this way, with the instance of Shyam’s own habit physical cleanliness, mother enlightens Shyam to strive for purity of the mind.

3. अ. सन्धिविग्रहं कुरुत ।

प्रश्न 1.

1. लघुभारमिव
2. इत्यपि
3. इतोऽपि
4. तथैव
5. कदापि

उत्तरम् :

1. लघुभारमिव – लघुभारम् + इव।
2. इत्यपि – इति + अपि।
3. इतोऽपि – इत: + अपि।
4. तथैव – तथा + एव।
5. कदापि – कदा + अपि।

आ. वर्णविग्रहं कुरुत।

प्रश्न 1.
1. पादतलौ
2. स्नानस्य
उत्तरम् :
1. पादतलौ – प् + आ + द् + अ + त् + अ + ल् + औ।
2. स्नानस्य – स् + न् + आ + न् + अ + स् + य् + अ ।

इ. विशेषण-विशेष्य-सम्बन्धः।

प्रश्न 1.

उत्तरम् :

4. समानार्थकशब्दयुग्मं चिनुत ।
शरीरम्, मृत्तिका, चरणौ, मित्रम्, मनः, मृद्, सुहृद्, चित्तम्, पादी, देहः

प्रश्न 1.
शरीरम्, मृत्तिका, चरणौ, मित्रम्, मनः, मृद्, सुहृद्, चित्तम्, पादी, देहः
उत्तरम् :

• शरीरम् – तनुः, कायः, देहः
• मृत्तिका – मृद्।
• चरणौ – पादौ।
• सुहृद् – मित्रम्, वयस्यः, सखा।
• मन: – चित्तम्, चेतः, अन्त:करणम्।

5. विरुद्धार्थक शब्द लिखत ।
पवित्रम्, शुष्कम्, नीचैः, स्वच्छम्, अधिकम्, सत्वरम् ।

प्रश्न 1.
पवित्रम्, शुष्कम्, नीचैः, स्वच्छम्, अधिकम्, सत्वरम् ।
उत्तरम् :

• पवित्रम् × अपवित्रम्, मलिनम्।
• शुष्कम् × आर्द्रम्।
• नीचैः × उच्चैः।
• स्वच्छम् × अस्वच्छम् ।
• अधिकम् × स्वल्पम्, न्यूनम् ।
• सत्वरम् × शनैः।

6. उपपदविभक्तिं योजयत ।

प्रश्न 1.
1. …………. पूर्वं वयं प्रार्थनां वदामः । (निद्रायाः/निद्रायै)
2. एकदा नित्यमिव खेलित्वा अहं ………. आगतः। (गृहे/गृहम्)

7. उचितं कारणं चित्वा वाक्यं पुनर्लिखत।।

प्रश्न 1.
मात्रा स्वशाटिका आर्द्रा कृता यतः …..।
अ) सा वर्षायां क्लिन्ना।
आ) तेन पुत्रेच्छा पूर्णा भवेत्।
उत्तरम् :
आ) तेन पुत्रेच्छा पूर्णा भवेत्।

Sanskrit Anand Class 9 Textbook Solutions Chapter 8 मनसः स्वच्छता Additional Important Questions and Answers

उचितं पर्यायं चिनुत ।

प्रश्न 1.

1. बाल्यादेव ……… स्नानं करोमि स्म। (त्रिवार, द्विवार)
2. ……… निद्रायाः पूर्व प्रार्थना करणीया। (दिने, रात्रौ)
3. अहं ……… आगत्य स्नानार्थं गतवान् । (गृहे / गृहम्)
4. सायङ्कालस्य स्नानार्थं ……… जलस्य आवश्यकता न भवति। (अधिकं / अधिकस्य)
5. ………… पुष्पाणि आनय। (देवपूजार्थं / देवपूजया)
6. मम………… आज़े। (पादतलं / पादतलौ)
7. ………… पाषाणे विस्तारय। (वस्त्रं / शाटिकाञ्चल)
8. मातुः वस्त्रम् ………… अभवत्। (शुष्कम् / आम्)

उत्तरम् :

1. द्विवारं
2. रात्रौ
3. गृहम्
4. अधिकस्य
5. देवपूजार्थम्
6. पादतलौ
7. शाटिकाञ्चलम्
8. आर्द्रम्

एकवाक्येन उत्तरत।

प्रश्न 1.
मनसः स्नानं नाम किम्?
उत्तरम् :
निद्रायाः पूर्वं कृता प्रार्थना नाम मनसः स्नानम्।

प्रश्न 2.
श्यामः कतिवारं स्नानं करोति स्म?
उत्तरम् :
श्यामः द्विवारं स्नानं करोति स्म।

प्रश्न 3.
कस्य स्नानस्य कृते अधिकस्य जलस्य आवश्यकता नास्ति?
उत्तरम् :
सायङ्कालस्य स्नानस्य कृते अधिकस्य जलस्य आवश्यकता नास्ति।

प्रश्न 4.
श्यामस्य माता कश्यं तस्य शरीरं मार्जयति स्म?
उत्तरम् :
श्यामस्य माता स्वशाटिकया तस्य शरीर मार्जयति स्म।

प्रश्न 5.
मात्रा किमर्थ स्वशाटिका आाकृता?
उत्तरम् :
मात्रा पुत्रेच्छा पूर्णा भवेत् एतदर्थ स्वशाटिका आर्द्राकृता।

प्रश्न 6.
माता किं गृहीत्वा आगतवती?
उत्तरम् :
माता दीपं गृहीत्वा आगतवती।

प्रश्न 7.
वस्त्रस्वच्छतार्थ किम् अस्ति?
उत्तरम् :
वस्त्रस्वच्छतार्थ क्षालनचूर्णम् अस्ति।

प्रश्न 8.
शरीरस्वच्छतार्थ किम् अस्ति?
उत्तरम् :
शरीरस्वच्छतार्थ चन्दनफेनकानि अस्ति।

प्रश्न 9.
सर्वे किमर्थं प्रयत्नं कुर्वन्ति?
उत्तरम् :
शरीरं वस्त्राणि च मलिनानि न भवन्तु अत: सर्वे प्रयत्न कुर्वन्ति।

सत्यं वा असत्यं लिखत।

प्रश्न 1.

1. श्यामः बाल्ये एकवारमेव स्नानं करोति स्म।
2. द्विवारं सानस्य अभ्यास: उत्तमः।
3. निद्रायाः पूर्वं स्नानं कृतं चेत् शरीरं बहुभारमिव भासते।
4. निद्रायाः पूर्व स्नानं कृतं चेत् शरीरं स्वच्छं भवति।
5. निद्रायाः पूर्व स्नानं कृतं चेत् शरीरं सतेजः भवति।
6. प्रार्थना नाम शरीरस्य स्नानम् ।
7. शरीरमनसो: स्वच्छतया निद्रा उत्तमा भवति।
8. मातुः वस्त्रं शुष्कम् अभवत्।
9. मात्रा शाटिकाञ्चलं विस्तारितम्।
10. माता श्यामस्य अङ्गं न मार्जितवती।
11. मात्रा शाटिकापरिवर्तनं कर्तुं शक्यते।
12. माता पुत्रार्थ किमपि न करोति।
13. वयं प्रतिदिनं स्वच्छतार्थ प्रयतामहे ।
14. वयं मनसः स्वच्छतायै न प्रयतामहे।
15. शरीरस्वच्छतायै क्षालनचूर्णम् अस्ति।

उत्तरम् :

1. असत्यम्
2. सत्यम्
3. असत्यम्
4. सत्यम्
5. सत्यम्
6. असत्यम्
7. सत्यम्
8. असत्यम्
9. सत्यम्
10. असत्यम्
11. असत्यम्
12. असत्यम्
13. सत्यम्
14. सत्यम्
15. असत्यम्

कः कं वदति।

प्रश्न 1.
“शुष्कय मे अङ्गम्।”
उत्तरम् :
श्याम: मातरं वदति।

प्रश्न 2.
“जलं समाप्त, सत्वरं शुष्कय मे अङ्गम्’
उत्तरम् :
श्याम: मातरं वदति।

प्रश्न 3.
“बाल्यादेव द्विवारं स्नानं करोमि स्म अहम् ।”
उत्तरम् :
श्यामः सर्वान् वदति।

प्रश्न 4.
“देवपूजार्थं पुष्पाणि आनय।”
उत्तरम् :
माता श्यामं वदति।

प्रश्न 5.
“मम पादतलौ अपि स्वच्छीकुरु।”
उत्तरम् :
श्याम : मातरं वदति।

प्रश्न 6.
“अधुना केन वस्रेण मार्जयामि।”
उत्तरम् :
माता श्यामं वदति।

प्रश्न 7.
“तव शाटिकाञ्चलं पाषाणे विस्तारय।”
उत्तरम् :
श्याम: मातरं वदति।

प्रश्न 8.
“प्रार्थय देवं शुद्धबुद्ध्यर्थम्।”
उत्तरम् :
माता श्यामं वदति।

प्रश्न 9.
“मन: मलिनं न भवतु एतदर्थम् अपि प्रयतस्व।”
उत्तरम् :
माता श्यामं वदति।

उचितं कारणं चित्वा वाक्यं पुनर्लिखत।

प्रश्न 1.
रात्रौ निद्रायाः पूर्व स्नानं करणीयम् यतः ……….।
a. शरीरं स्वच्छं, सतेज: लघुभारमिव भासते।
b. प्रार्थना करणीया।
उत्तरम् :
रात्रौ निद्रायाः पूर्व स्नानं करणीयं यतः शरीरं स्वच्छं, सतेज: लघुभारमिव भासते।

प्रश्न 2.
निद्रायाः पूर्व प्रार्थना करणीया, यतः ……….।
a. शरीरं स्वच्छं भवति।
b. मनः स्वच्छं भवति।
उत्तरम् :
निद्रायाः पूर्व प्रार्थना करणीया, यत: मन: स्वच्छं भवति।

शब्दस्य वर्णविग्रहं कुरुत।

• निद्रायाः – न् + इ + द् + र + आ + य् + आः।
• प्रार्थनाम् – प् + र + आ + र + थ् + अ + न् + आ + म्।
• स्व च्छे – स् + व् + अ + च + छ् + ए।
• खेलित्वा – + ए + ल् + इ + त् + व् + आ।
• गृहम् – ग् + ऋ + ह् + अ् + म्।
• सायकालस्य – स् + आ + य् + अ + ङ् + क् + आ + ल + अ + स् + य् + ।
• शुष्कय – श् + उ + ष् + क् + अ + य् + अ। .
• अङ्गम् – अ + इ + ग् + अ + म्।
• समाप्तम् – स् + अ + म् + आ + प् + त् + अ + म्।
• उच्चैः – उ + च् + च् + ऐः।
• मार्जयति – म् + आ + र + ज् + अ + य् + अ + त् + इ।
• पुष्पाणि – प् + उ + ष् + प् + आ + ण् + इ।
• आर्द्रम् – आ + र + द् + र + अ + म्।
• मृत्तिकया – म् + ऋ + त् + त् + इ + क् + अ + य् +आ।
• भविष्यत: – भ + अ + व + इ + ष् + य् + अ + त् + अः।
• तर्हि – त् + अ + र + ह् + इ।
• वखम् – व् + अ + स् + त् + र् + अ + म्।
• उक्त्वा – उ + क् + त् + व् + आ।
• मात्रा – म् + आ + त् + र + आ।
• तस्मिन् – त् + अ + स् + म् + इ + न्।
• कर्तुम् – क् + अ + र् + त् + उ + म्।
• पुत्रेच्छा – प् + उ + त् + र् + ए + च् + छ + आ।
• गृहीत्वा – ग् + ऋ + ह् + ई + त् + व् + आ।
• प्रयतस्व – प् + र + अ + य् + अ + त् + अ + स् + व् + अ।
• शब्दाः – श् + अ + ब् + द् + आः।
• प्रयत्नम् – प् + र + य् + अ + त् + न् + अ + म्।

प्रश्ननिर्माणं कुरुत।

प्रश्न 1.

1. द्विवारं स्नानस्य अभ्यासः उत्तमः।
2. निद्रायाः पूर्वं प्रार्थना करणीया।
3. शरीरः मनः च स्वच्छे तर्हि निद्रा उत्तमा भवति ।
4. पूजार्थं पुष्पाणि आवश्यकानि।
5. पादतलौ आद्रौं स्तः।
6. मृत्तिकया पादतलौ मलिनौ भविष्यतः।
7. शाटिकाचलं पाषाणे विस्तारय।
8. शाटिकापरिवर्तनं कर्तुं न शक्यते।
9. मन: मलिनं न भवतु एतदर्थं प्रयतस्व।
10. प्रार्थय देवं शुद्धबुर्ध्वम्।

उत्तरम् :

1. द्विवारं स्नानस्य अभ्यास: कीदृशः?
2. निद्रायाः पूर्व का करणीया?
3. निद्रा कदा उत्तमा भवति?
4. किमर्थं पुष्पाणि आवश्यकानि?
5. को आज़े स्त:?
6. कया पादतलौ मलिनौ भविष्यतः?
7. शाटिकाञ्चलं कुत्र विस्तारय?
8. किं कर्तुं न शक्यते?
9. किं मलिनं न भवतु एतदर्थं प्रयतस्व?
10. किमर्थं देवं प्रार्थय?

विशेषण-विशेष्य-सम्बन्धः।

प्रश्न 1.

उत्तरम् :

वान्त/ल्यबन्त/तुमन्त अव्ययानि।

व्याकरणम् :

शब्दानां पृथक्करणम्

समासाः।

मनसः स्वच्छता Summary in Marathi and English

प्रस्तावना :

प्रख्यात समाजसुधारक आणि लेखक पांडुरंग सदाशिव साने उर्फ सानेगुरुजी यांच्या ‘श्यामची आई’ या आत्मकथनपर पुस्तकातून ही कथा घेतली आहे. मनाच्या स्वच्छतेचे महत्व सांगणारी ही कथा डॉ. मंजूषा कुलकर्णी यांनी संस्कृतात अनुवादित केली आहे. ‘श्यामची आई’ म्हणजे मातृप्रेमाचा आदर्शच.

आजच्या चंगळवादी युगात मनाच्या शुद्धतेचे महत्त्व सांगणारी ही कथा आत्मिक समाधानाकडेही नेणारी आहे. लोक मनाच्या शुद्धतेपेक्षा शरीराच्या स्वच्छतेकडेच जास्त लक्ष देतात. या कथेत श्यामची आई त्याला मनाच्या शुद्धतेचे महत्व पटवून

This story is based on a small extract from a celebrated Marathi story collection ‘श्यामची आई’ by a renowned social activist and author Panduranga Sadashiv Sane popularly known as सानेगुरुजी. This story translated by Dr. Manjusha Kulkarni renders a valuable message about the purity of heart.

‘श्यामची आई’ is a legend of motherhood. In the era of materialistic acquisitions, one really needs this message for inner purity which leads to eternal satisfaction. Generally, people focus on keeping their body clean but they don’t bother much about the purity of the mind and heart. In this story a mother addresses her son and tells him to be keen about the purity of the mind and thoughts.

परिच्छेद : 1

बाल्यादेव द्विवारं ……………. मार्जयति स्म।

“बाल्यादेव द्विवार स्नान करोमि स्म अहम्।” श्यामेन कथा आरब्धा। “द्विवार स्नानस्य अभ्यासः उत्तमः एव। रात्री निद्रायाः पूर्व स्नानं कुर्मः चेत् शरीरं स्वच्छं, सतेजः, लघुभारमिव च भासते। निद्रायाः पूर्व वयं प्रार्थनां कुर्मः, एतत् भवति मनसः स्नानम्। शरीरं मनः च स्वच्छे तर्हि निद्रा उत्तमा भवति। एकदा प्रतिदिनमिव खेलित्वा अहं गृहम् आगत्य स्नानार्थं गतवान्।

सायकालस्य स्नानार्थम् अधिकस्य जलस्य आवश्यकता न भवति । स्नानं समाप्य मया उक्तम्, “अम्ब, शुष्कय मे अङ्गम्। जलं समाप्त, सत्वरं शुष्कय मे अङ्गम्” इति उच्चैः अवदम् अहम्। सायङ्काले में माता स्वशाटिकया एव मम शरीरं मार्जयति स्म।

अनुवादः

“लहानपणापासूनच मी दोनदा आंघोळ करत असे,” श्यामने गोष्ट सुरु केली. दोनदा आंघोळ करण्याची सवय चांगलीच! रात्री झोपण्यापूर्वी आपण आंघोळ केली तर शरीर स्वच्छ, तेजस्वी आणि हलके वाटते! रात्री झोपण्यापूर्वी आपण प्रार्थना करतो, हे मनाचे सान! शरीर आणि मन स्वच्छ असेल तर झोप कशी गाढ लागते.

एकदा नेहमीप्रमाणे खेळून झाल्यावर घरी आल्यानंतर मी आंघोळीला गेलो. संध्याकाळच्या आंघोळीसाठी जास्त पाण्याची गरज नसते. आंघोळ उरकून मी म्हणालो, “आई! माझे अंग कोरडे कर गं! पाणी संपले. लवकर कोरडे कर माझे अंग!” मी मोठ्याने ओरडू लागलो. संध्याकाळी माझी आई स्वत:च्या साडीनेच माझे अंग पुसत असे.

Shyam started the story, “Since childhood itself, I used to bathe twice a day. Taking a bath twice is indeed a good habit If we take a bath at the night before going to bed, our body remains clean, glowing and seems light. Before sleeping we pray, that itself is cleansing of the mind.

If body and mind are clean, we get sound sleep. Once like every day having come home after playing I went to take a bath. Much water is not needed for the evening bath. After finishing my bath I said, “O mother! please make my body dry. Water is over. Please dry up my body fast!” I shouted loudly. In the evening my mother used to wipe my body with her own saree.

परिच्छेद : 2

माता आगता, …………… आर्द्रम् अभवत्?

माता आगता, मम अङ्ग मार्जितवती आज्ञां च दत्तवती “देवपूजार्थं पुष्पाणि आनय, श्याम” इति। “मम पादतलौ आद्रौं स्तः। मृत्तिकया मलिनी भविष्यतः। अतः मम पादतली अपि स्वच्छीकुरु।” इति “पादतलौ आद्रौ स्त: तर्हि किं जातं रे श्याम? अधुना केन वस्त्रेण मार्जयामि?” “अम्ब, तव शाटिकाशलं पाषाणे विस्तारय।” श्याम, अतीव हठस्वभावः असि।” इति उक्त्वा मात्रा शाटिकाञ्चल विस्तारितम्। अहं चरणी तदुपरि स्थापयित्वा शुष्कौ कारयित्वा निर्गतवान्। मातु: वस्त्रम् आर्द्रम् अभवत्।

अनुवादः

आई आली. माझे अंग पुसले आणि म्हणाली, “श्याम! देवपूजेसाठी फुले “माझे तळवे ओले आहेत. मातीने खराब होतील. म्हणून माझे तळवे पण स्वच्छ कर!” मी म्हणालो. तळवे ओले असले म्हणून काय झालं रे श्याम? आता कोणत्या कापडाने पुसू?” “आई तुझा पदर दगडावर पसर.” “खूप हट्टी आहेस हो श्याम! असे म्हणून आईने पदर पसरला. मी त्यावर पाय ठेवून कोरडे करून गेलो. आईचा पदर ओला झाला.

Mother came, wiped my body and ordered me, “O Shyam! bring some flowers for worshipping god.” “The soles of my feet are wet. They will get dirty with the mud. Hence wipe my feet too.” “I told mother, So what if your soles get wet Shyam? Now with which cloth should I wipe?” “O mother! spread the pallu of your saree on the rock.”

“OShyam! you are very stubborn!” Saying this the mother spread the pallus of her saree. I went putting my feet on that and drying them. Mother’s saree got wet.

परिच्छेद : 3

तस्मिन् समये …………….. स्वच्छतायै प्रयतामहे?

तस्मिन् समये तया शाटिकापरिवर्तनं कर्तुं न शक्यते इत्यपि मया न चिन्तितम्। परन्तु पुत्रचरणौ मलिनी न भवेताम, पुत्रेच्छा पूर्णा भवेत् एतदर्थ तया स्वशाटिका आा कृता। माता पुत्रार्थ किं किं न करोति, किं किं न सहते, किं किं न समर्पयति ? अहं गृहस्य अन्तर्भागं गतवान, पूजार्थ पुष्पाणि स्थापितवान्।

माता दीपं गृहीत्वा आगतवती उक्तवती च, “श्याम, चरणी मलिनी न भवतः अतः यथा प्रयतसे तयैव मनः मलिनं न भवतु एतदर्थम् अपि प्रयतस्व। प्रार्थय देवं शुद्धबुद्ध्यर्थम्।” भो मित्राणि, कियन्त; मधुराः शब्दाः! पावित्र्याचं स्वच्छतायै वयं प्रतिदिनं प्रयतामहे । वस्त्रस्वच्छतार्थ क्षालनचूर्णम् अस्ति, शरीरा) चन्दनफेनकानि सन्ति। शरीरं वस्त्राणि च मलिनानि न भवन्तु अत: सर्वे प्रयत्नं कुर्वन्ति । अपि वयं मनसः स्वच्छतायै प्रयतामहे?”

अनुवादः

त्यावेळी तिला साडी बदलणं शक्य नव्हते, याचासुद्धा मी विचार केला नाही. पण मुलाचे पाय खराब होऊ नयेत, मुलाची इच्छा पूर्ण व्हावी म्हणून तिने स्वत:ची साड़ी ओली केली. आई मुलासाठी काय काय नाही करत, काय काय सहन नाही करत, कशाचा त्याग नाही करत. मी घरात गेलो, पूजेसाठी फुले ठेवली.

आई दिवा घेऊन आली आणि म्हणाली, “श्याम, तळवे खराब होऊ नयेत म्हणून जशी काळजी घेतोस, तशीच मनसुद्धा अस्वच्छ होऊ नये म्हणून जप हो! देवाला सांग शुद्ध बुद्धी दे!” मित्रांनो ! किती सुंदर शब्द ! पावित्र्यासाठी, स्वच्छतेसाठी आपण दररोज प्रयत्न करतो. कपडे धुण्यासाठी साबण आहे, शरीरासाठी चंदनाचा साबण आहे. शरीर, कपडे खराब होऊ नयेत म्हणून सगळे प्रयत्न करतात. पण आपण मनाच्या पावित्र्यासाठी झटतो का?

That time I did not even think that it was not possible for her to change the saree. But she let her saree get wet. So that her son’s feet don’t get wet, her son’s wish get fulfilled. What a mother wouldn’t do for her child! What all she bears with! What all she sacrifices.

I went inside the house and put flowers for God’s worship, Mother came with a lamp in her hand and said, “O Shyam! Just as you try for not getting feet dirty, exactly likewise try hard, so that your mind won’t get dirty. Pray to god for pure intellect.

My friends!How sweet words! for purity,cleanliness we try everyday. For cleaning clothes we have detergents, for | (cleaning) body there is sandalwood soap. Everyone tries not to make one’s body and clothes dirty. But do we strive to keep our mind clean/pure?

सन्धिविग्रहः

• बाल्यादेव – बाल्यात् + एव।
• प्रतिदिनमिव – प्रतिदिनम् + इव।

समानार्थकशब्दाः

• रात्रिः – निशा, शर्वरी, यामिनी।
• माता – जननी, अम्बा, जन्मदात्री।
• पुष्पाणि – सुमनानि, कुसुमानि, प्रसूनानि।
• वस्त्रम् – वासः, वसनम्।
• इच्छा – आकाङ्क्षा।
• प्रयत्न: – यत्नः।
• देवः – ईश्वरः, ईशः।

विरुद्धार्थकशब्दाः

• रात्रिः × दिनः ।
• पूर्वम् × पश्चात् ।
• पूर्णा × अपूर्णा।
• मधुर: × कटुः/तिक्तः।
• उपरि × अधः।
• शुद्धम् × अशुद्धम्।

शब्दार्थाः

1. द्विवारम् – twice – दोनदा
2. आरब्धा – started – सुरु केली
3. अभ्यास: – practice, habit – पद्धत, सवय
4. सतेज: – glowing – तेजस्वी, निर्मळ
5. लघुभारम् – light – हलके
6. भासते – feels – वाटते
7. प्रार्थना – prayer – प्रार्थना
8. मनसः स्नानम् – cleansing of the mind – मनाची आंघोळ/ स्वच्छता
9. स्नानार्थम् – for bath – आंघोळीकरिता
10. शुष्कय – please dry – कृपया कोरडे कर
11. समाप्तम् – over, finished – संपले
12. स्वशाटिकया – with own saree – स्वत:च्या साडीने
13. मार्जयति – wipes out – पुसते
14. देवपूजार्थम् – for worshiping – देवपूजेसाठी
15. आनय – bring – आण
16. पादतलौ – surface of feet – तळवे
17. आर्द्रः – wet, moist – ओले
18. मृत्तिकया – by soil – मातीने
19. मलिनी – dirty – मळकट
20. अत: – hence – म्हणून
21. अधुना – now – आता
22. शाटिकाशलम् – pallu of sarees – साडीचा पदर
23. पाषाणे – on rock – दगडावर
24. हठस्वभाव: – stubborn – हड़ी
25. स्थापयित्वा – after putting – ठेवून
26. पुत्रेच्छा – son’s wish – मुलाची इच्छा
27. शाटिका – परिवर्तनम् – changing the saree – साडी बदलणे
28. मधुराः – sweet – गोड
29. पुत्रार्थम् – for son – मुलासाठी
30. प्रयतसे – you try – प्रयत्न करतोस
31. शुद्धबुद्ध्यर्थम् – for pure intellect – शुद्ध बुद्धीसाठी
32. पावित्र्यार्थम् – for purity – पावित्र्यासाठी
33. सहते – bears – सहन करते
34. समर्पयति – sacrifices, gives, offers – समर्पित करते
35. प्रयतामहे – we try, strive – आपण प्रयत्न करतो
36. क्षालनचूर्णम् – detergents – कपड्याचा साबण
37. चन्दनफेनकानि – sandalwood soap – चंदन साबण

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Class 9 Sanskrit Solutions Anand Chapter 7 सूक्तिसुधा Notes, Textbook Exercise Important Questions and Answers.

Maharashtra State Board Class 9 Sanskrit Anand Solutions Chapter 7 सूक्तिसुधा

Sanskrit Anand Std 9 Digest Chapter 7 सूक्तिसुधा Textbook Questions and Answers

भाषाभ्यास:

श्लोकः 1

1. एकवाक्येन उत्तरत।

प्रश्न अ.
कैः धनं न हीयते?
उत्तरम् :
चौरेण, राज्ञा च विद्याधनं न ह्रियते।

प्रश्न आ.
केषु धनं न विभज्यते ?
उत्तरम् :
भ्रातृषु धनं न विभज्यते।

प्रश्न इ.
सर्वधनप्रधानं किम् ?
उत्तरम् :
सर्वधनप्रधानं विद्याधनम् ।

2. माध्यमभाषया उत्तरत।

प्रश्न 1.
विद्याधनं व्यये कृते कथं वर्धते ?
उत्तरम् :
‘सूक्तिसुधा’ या पद्यपाठामध्ये विविध संस्कृत साहित्यकृतींमधून सुभाषिते संकलित केली आहेत. प्रसङ्गाभरणम् मधील श्लोक विद्येचे महत्त्व सांगतो. विद्या हे धन असे आहे जे कोणी चोरू शकत नाही, जे राजा कुणाकडून घेऊ शकत नाही, विद्याधन हे भावंडांमध्ये इतर मालमत्तेप्रमाणे वाटले जाऊ शकत नाही व त्याचे कधी ओझे सुद्धा होत नाही.

पैसा खर्च केला की तो कमी होतो, पण विद्याधन मात्र जितके वाटू तितके वाढते. आपण आपल्याकडचे ज्ञान जेव्हा दुसऱ्याला देतो तेव्हा त्याच्याकडूनसुध्दा आपल्याला अधिक ज्ञान मिळते. चर्चामधून, ज्ञानाच्या आदान-प्रदानामधून आपल्या ज्ञानात वाढच होते. ज्ञान दिल्याने वाढते, हा संदेश या श्लोकातून दिला आहे.

In the lesson ‘सूक्तिसुधा’ various subhashitas are collected from different literature pieces of Sanskrit. – In the shloka from प्रसङ्गाभरणम् the importance of knowledge is expressed. Knowledge can neither be stolen nor it can be taken away by king. It is indivisible and is not burden either.

Knowledge is that kind of a wealth which increases though spent unlike other riches. When we impart knowledge to someone, through that interaction we gain more knowledge. Here knowledge increases but never decreases. This special feature of knowledge suggests us that we should always share our knowledge and it is the greatest wealth.

3. सन्धिविग्रहं कुरुत ।
वर्धत एव ।

प्रश्न 1.
वर्धत एव ।
उत्तरम् :
वर्धत एव – वर्धते + एव।

4. समानार्थकशब्द लिखत।
चोरः, भारः, नित्यम्, विद्या, धनम्, प्रधानम् ।

प्रश्न 1.
चोरः, भारः, नित्यम्, विद्या, धनम्, प्रधानम् ।
उत्तरम् :

• चोरः – तस्करः, स्तेनः।
• नित्यम् – सदा, सर्वदा, सदैव।
• विद्या – ज्ञानम्।
• धनम् – वित्तम्।
• प्रधानम् – प्रमुखम्।

5. विरुद्धार्थकशब्द लिखत।
व्ययः, नित्यम्, प्रधानम्।

प्रश्न 1.
व्ययः, नित्यम्, प्रधानम्।
उत्तरम् :

• व्ययः × सञ्चयः।
• नित्यम् × क्वचित्।
• प्रधानम् × गौणम्, तुच्छम्।

श्लोक: 2

1. सन्धिं कुरुत।

प्रश्न 1.
अ. परः + वा + इति
आ. वसुधा + एव
उत्तरम् :
अ. परो वेति – पर: + वा + इति।
आ. वसुधैव – वसुधा + एव।

2. एकवाक्येन उत्तरत।

प्रश्न अ.
‘अयं निजः, अयं परः’ इति केषां गणना ?
उत्तरम् :
अयं निजः, अयं परः इति लघुचेतसाम् गणना।

प्रश्न आ.
केषां कृते वसुधा एव कुटुम्बकम् भवति?
उत्तरम् :
उदारचरितानां कृते वसुधा एव कुटुम्बकम् अस्ति।

3. माध्यमभाषया उत्तरत।

प्रश्न 1.
लघुचेतसः उदारचेतसः जनाः कथम् अभिज्ञातव्याः ?
उत्तरम् :
दररोजच्या आयुष्यात आपण अनेक मूल्ये, तत्त्वे पाळतो ज्यांच्यामुळे आपल्या आयुष्याला आकार मिळतो व ते अधिक समृद्ध होते. अशाच काही मूल्यांचा संदेश ‘सूक्तिसुधा’ या पद्यपाठातून दिला आहे.

शाईधरपद्धति मधून घेतलेल्या या श्लोकात उदार माणसांच्या गुणांचा गौरव केला आहे. काही माणसे नेहमी हे माझे, हे तुझे असे म्हणून गोष्टींमधे भेद करतात. त्यांच्या स्वत:च्या गोष्टींपुरतेच ते पाहतात व जे परके, आपले नाही त्याच्याशी काही देणे-घेणे ठेवत नाहीत. अशी माणसे कोत्या मनाची समजावीत. या उलट जी माणसे मनाने उदार असतात त्यांच्यासाठी संपूर्ण विश्वच त्यांचे कुटुंब असते. हे विश्वची माझे घर असे म्हणणारे संत हे उदार मन असणाऱ्या माणसांमध्ये गणले जातात.

In our day to day life, we follow certain values, certain morals that enchance our lifestyle. ‘सूक्तिसुधा’ talks about such values.

In the shloka taken from शाईधरपद्धति the nature of noble and generous people is described. It says that those who consider things as mine and not mine are low-minded. They delimit the things as their own and not belonging to them. But to those who are really generous, the whole earth is like their own family.

Great saints treat the whole universe like their own, they never hesitate to enlighten or help others irrespective of who they are. A person with a big heart is always praised and looked upon for help in any difficult situation. Such people are very hard to find. However, people with an inferior mind or nonassimilative nature are known by their attitude of being self-centered.

4. स्तम्भमेलनं कुरुत |

प्रश्न 1.

उत्तरम् :

श्लोकः 3

1. एकवाक्येन उत्तरत।

प्रश्न अ.
परोपकाराय वृक्षाः किं कुर्वन्ति ?
उत्तरम् :
परोपकाराय वृक्षाः फलन्ति ।

प्रश्न आ.
परोपकाराय नद्यः किं कुर्वन्ति ?
उत्तरम् :
परोपकाराय नद्यः वहन्ति ।

प्रश्न इ.
काः परोपकाराय दुहन्ति ?
उत्तरम् :
परोपकाराय गाव: दुहन्ति।

प्रश्न ई.
शरीरं किमर्थम् ?
उत्तरम् :
परोपकारार्थ शरीरम्।

2. माध्यमभाषया उत्तरत।

प्रश्न 1.
परोपकार: नाम किम् ? के परोपकारमग्नाः ?
उत्तरम् :
‘सूक्तिसुधा’ या पद्यपाठामध्ये प्रत्यक्ष आयुष्यात आचरणात आणण्यासाठीचे संदेश सुंदर शब्दांत काव्यात्मकप्रकाराने दिले आहेत. ‘विक्रमोर्वशीयम्’ या नाटकातून घेतलेल्या श्लोकामध्ये परोपकाराचे महत्त्व सांगितले आहे. इतरांना कोणत्याही परतफेडीची अपेक्षा न ठेवता मदत करणे म्हणजे परोपकार. काही व्यक्ती या कायमच दुसऱ्याच्या चांगल्याचा विचार करत असतात.

अशा व्यक्तींना आपण संत-महात्मा म्हणून त्यांचा गौरव करतो. प्रस्तुत श्लोकात निसर्गातील उदाहरणे देऊन परोपकाराचे माहात्म्य सांगितले आहेत. वृक्ष इतरांना देण्यासाठीच फळे धारण करतात. त्या फळांच्या बदल्यात ते कशाची अपेक्षा करत नाहीत. नद्या गावोगावांना पाणी पुरवत वाहतात. त्यांचा स्वत:चा त्यात काही वैयक्तिक लाभ नसतो.

गायी इतरांसाठीच दूध देतात. अशाप्रकारे झाडे, नद्या, गायी हे परोपकराचा संदेश नेहमी देत असतात, रोजच्या व्यवहारातील निसर्गाच्या उदाहरणांमधून परोपकाराचे महत्त्व सांगितले आहे.

In the lesson’सूक्तिसुधा’ various shlokas filled with value based messages are given. They teach us many values such as selflessness, charity, knowledge. In the shloka taken from ‘विक्रमोर्वशीयम्’ the greatness of selfless behaviour is emphasized.

परोपकार means helping othersselflessly. To help others and not expecting anything in return is a great virtue. Only noble ones possess such a rare quality. The trees bear fruits for others. They don’t eat the fruits they bear.

The rivers flow for people like us. The cows yield milk for others. They don’t see their benefit in doing so. Likewise, our life is also for helping others. These subhashita gives a message that however busy we may get, we should always spare some time to help others selflessly.

श्लोकः 3

3. समानार्थकशब्द लिखत।
वृक्षाः, नद्यः, शरीरम्।

प्रश्न 1.
वृक्षाः, नद्यः, शरीरम्।
उत्तरम् :

• वृक्ष: – तरुः।
• नद्यः – सरित्।
• शरीरम् – तनुः, देहः।

4. विरुद्धार्थकशब्द लिखत।

प्रश्न 1.
उपकारः, परः ।
उत्तरम् :
1. उपकार: × अपकारः
2. परः × निजः।

श्लोक: 4

1. रिक्तस्थानं पूरयत।

प्रश्न 1.
अ. सत्सङ्गतिः धियः जाड्यं ………..।
आ. सत्सङ्गतिः वाचि ……….. सिञ्चति।
इ. सत्सङ्गतिः ……….. दिशति ।
ई. सत्सङ्गतिः पापम् ……….. ।
उ. सत्सङ्गतिः चित्तं ……….. ।
ऊ. सत्सङ्गति दिक्षु ……….. तनोति।
उत्तरम् :
अ. हरति
आ. सत्यम्
इ. मानोन्नतिम्
ई. अपाकरोति
उ. प्रसादयति
ऊ. कीर्तिम्

2. माध्यमभाषया उत्तरत।

प्रश्न 1.
सत्सङ्गतिः जीवने किं किं करोति ?
उत्तरम् :
It is said that one is known by the company he keeps. The people around us lay great impact on our life. Company of good people takes away ignorance of the intellect. It makes us truthful. Due to company of good people one gains more respect. Our sins get wiped away when we are surrounded by virtuous people.

It doesn’t only make us happy but also spreads fame in all directions. Company of good people is always desirable. They always pass on the good qualities to everyone they are around. Company of good people is desirable in every aspect.

‘सुसंगति सदा घडो, सुजन वाक्य कानी पडो’ असे म्हणतात. सज्जनांच्या संगतीमुळे आपला उद्धार होतो हे खरेच आहे. ‘सूक्तिसुधा’ च्या या श्लोकात हे सांगितले आहे. चांगल्या माणसांच्या संगतीमुळे बुद्धीचे अज्ञान दूर होते. ते सत्याची शिकवण देतात. चांगल्या लोकांच्या संगतीत राहिल्यामुळे आपल्याला अधिक मान मिळतो.

सद्संगतीमुळे आपल्यातील वाईट वृत्तींचा नाश होतो. त्यामुळे आपण पापांपासून लांब राहतो. सज्जनांबरोबर राहिल्यामुळे वाईट गोष्टी आपल्यापासून आपोआप लांब राहतात आणि मन प्रसन्न राहते. सज्जनांबरोबर राहिल्यामुळे त्यांच्याप्रमाणेच आपली सुद्धा प्रसिद्धी सर्वदूर परसते.

श्लोक: 5

1. सन्धिविग्रहं कुरुत।
नार्यस्तु, यत्रैताः, एतास्तु, तत्राफलाः, सर्वास्तत्र ।

प्रश्न 1.
नार्यस्तु, यत्रैताः, एतास्तु, तत्राफलाः, सर्वास्तत्र ।
उत्तरम् :

• नार्यस्तु – नार्यः + तु।
• यौतास्तु – यत्र + एता: + तु।
• सर्वास्तत्राफला: – सर्वाः + तत्र + अफलाः।

2. एकवाक्येन उत्तरत।

प्रश्न अ.
देवताः कुत्र रमन्ते ?
उत्तरम् :
यत्र नार्यस्तु पूज्यन्ते रमन्ते तत्र देवताः।

प्रश्न आ.
क्रियाः कुत्र अफलाः भवन्ति ?
उत्तरम् :
यत्र तु एता: न पूज्यन्ते तत्र सर्वाः क्रियाः अफला: (भवन्ति)।

3. माध्यमभाषया उत्तरत। 

प्रश्न 1.
‘यत्र नार्यः पूज्यन्ते’। इति सूक्तिं श्लोकस्य आधारेण स्पष्टीकुरुत।
उत्तरम् :
‘सूक्तिसुधा’ पाठामध्ये रोजच्या आयुष्यात आचरणात आणण्यासारखी अशी मूल्ये सांगितली आहेत. महाभारतातील श्लोकामध्ये ‘स्त्रियांचा आदर करावा’ हे त्रिकालाबाधित तत्त्व सांगितले आहे. जिथे स्त्रियांना आदर दिला जातो, तिथे देवता सुद्धा आनंदाने राहतात. मात्र जिथे स्त्रियांचा अनादर होतो तिथे कोणतेही कार्य सफल होत नाही.

ज्या समाजामध्ये स्त्रियांना मानसन्मान मिळतो तो समाज प्रगत समजला जातो. हे तत्त्व आजही लागू होते. ‘देव आनंदाने राहतात’ म्हणजे ते स्थान पवित्र व रम्य मानले जाते. त्या ठिकाणी नेहमी सकारात्मकता, उत्साह राहतो.

In the lesson ‘सूक्तिसुधा’ different values, are taught which we should apply in our life. Averse fromमहाभारत tells an important value to respect women which is absolute irrespective of time or situation. Since ancient times, the scriptures have taught to respect each and every woman.

In this particular shloka, it is said that where the women get respect Gods dwell there happily. But where women are not respected, no action gets accomplished in such place. So respecting women is a sign of good and developed society.

5. ‘नारी’ इत्यर्थम् अमरकोषपङ्क्तिं लिखत ।

प्रश्न 1.
‘नारी’ इत्यर्थम् अमरकोषपङ्क्तिं लिखत ।

Sanskrit Anand Class 9 Textbook Solutions Chapter 7 सूक्तिसुधा Additional Important Questions and Answers

प्रश्ननिर्माणं कुरुत।

प्रश्न 1.

1. सर्वधनेषु प्रधानं विद्याधनम् अस्ति।
2. परोपकाराय वृक्षाः फलन्ति।
3. परोपकाराय नद्य: वहन्ति।

उत्तरम् :

1. सर्वधनेषु प्रधानं किम् अस्ति?
2. परोपकाराय के फलन्ति?
3. नद्यः किमर्थं वहन्ति?

विभक्त्यन्तरूपाणि।

• प्रथमा – चोरहार्यम्, राजहार्यम्, भ्रातृभाज्यम्, भारकारि, निजः, परः, अयम्, गणना, वसुधा, कुटुम्बकम्, वृक्षाः, नद्यः, गावः, शरीरम्,
  इदम्, सत्यम्, चातकः, सः, मेघः, उदारता, पठकः, पाठकः, शास्त्रवाचकाः, ते. यः, क्रियावान, सः, पण्डितः, सर्वे, अन्ये, ये, व्यसनिनः ।
• द्वितीया – जाड्यम्, मानोन्नतिम्, पापम्, चित्तम्, कीर्तिम्, जलधरम्, त्रिचतुरान्, पय:कणान्, विश्वम्।
• तृतीया – पिपासया, अम्भसा।
• चतुर्थी – परोपकाराय।
• षष्ठी – लघुचेतसाम्, उदारचरितानाम्, धियः, महताम्।
• सप्तमी – व्यये, वाचि, दिक्षु।

लकारं लिखत।

• वर्धते – वृध्-व धातुः प्रथमगण: आत्मनेपदं लट्लकार: प्रथमपुरुष: एकवचनम्।
• फलन्ति – फलधातुः प्रथमगण: परस्मैपदं लट्लकार प्रथमपुरुष: बहुवचनम्।
• वहन्ति – वह धातुः प्रथमगण: परस्मैपदं लट्लकार : प्रथमपुरुष: बहुवचनम्।
• दुहन्ति – दुह् धातुः द्वितीयगण: उभयपदम् अत्र परस्मैपदं लट्लकार: प्रथमपुरुष: बहुवचनम्।
• हरति – ह धातुः प्रथमगण: उभयपदम् अत्र परस्मैपदं लट्लकार : प्रथमपुरुष: एकवचनम्।
• सिञ्चति – सिच् – सिधातुः षष्ठगण: उभयपदम् अत्र परस्मैपदं लट्लकार : प्रथमपुरुषः एकवचनम्।
• दिशति – दिश् धातुः षष्ठगण: उभयपदम् अत्र परस्मैपदं लट्लकार : प्रथमपुरुष: एकवचनम्।
• करोति – कृ धातु: अष्टमगण: उभयपदम् अत्र परस्मैपदं लट्लकार : प्रथमपुरुष: एकवचनम्।
• प्रसादयति – प्र + सद् धातुः प्रथमगणः परस्मैपदं प्रयोजकरूपं लट्लकार : प्रथमपुरुष: एकवचनम्।
• तनोति – तन् धातुः अष्टमगण: उभयपदम् अत्र परस्मैपदं लट्लकारः प्रथमपुरुषः एकवचनम्।
• कथय – कथ् धातुः दशमगण: उभयपदम् अत्र परस्मैपदं लट्लकार: मध्यमपुरुष: एकवचनम्।
• याचते – याच् धातुः प्रथमगण: आत्मनेपदं लट्लकार: प्रथमपुरुषः एकवचनम्।
• पूरयति – पूर् धातुः दशमगण: उभयपदम् अत्र परस्मैपदं लट्लकार: प्रथमपुरुष: एकवचनम्।

पद्यांश पठित्वा जालरेखाचित्रं पूरयत।

1.

उत्तरम् :
न चोरहार्यम्, न भ्रातृभाज्यम्, न राजहार्यम्, न भारकारि।

2.

3.

4.

एकवाक्येन उत्तरत।

प्रश्न 1.
उदारचरितानां कृते वसुधा कीदृशी भवति?
उत्तरम् :
उदारचरितांना कृते वसुधा कुटुम्बकम् इव भवति।

प्रश्न 2.
सत्सङ्गतिः धियः किं हरति?
उत्तरम् :
सत्सङ्गतिः धियः जाड्यं हरति।

प्रश्न 3.
सत्सङ्गतिः वाचि किं सिञ्चति?
उत्तरम् :
सत्सङ्गतिः वाचि सत्यं सिञ्चति।

प्रश्न 4.
सत्सङ्गतिः किम् अपाकरोति?
उत्तरम् :
सत्सङ्गतिः पापम् अपाकरोति ।

प्रश्न 5.
सत्सङ्गतिः किं प्रसादयति?
उत्तरम् :
सत्सङ्गतिः चित्तं प्रसादयति ।

प्रश्न 6.
सत्सङ्गतिः दिक्षु किं तनोति?
उत्तरम् :
सत्सङ्गतिः दिक्षु कीर्तिं तनोति।

प्रश्न 7.
परैः विग्रहे प्राप्ते वयं कति स्मः?
उत्तरम् :
परैः विग्रहे प्राप्ते वयं पञ्चाधिकं शतम्।

प्रश्न 8.
कौरवाः कति सन्ति?
उत्तरम् :
कौरवाः शतं सन्ति।

रिक्तस्थानानि पूरयित्वा अन्वयं पुनर्लिखत ।

प्रश्न 1.
लघुचेतसां (कृते) अयं ……….. पर: वा इति ………… (अस्ति)। उदारचरितानां (कृते) तु ………. एव ……….. (अस्ति )।
उत्तरम् :
लघुचेतसां (कृते) अयं निज: पर: वा इति गणना (अस्ति)। उदारचरितानां (कृते) तु वसुधा एव कुटुम्बकम् (अस्ति)।

प्रश्न 2.
1. गाव: ………… दुहन्ति ।
2. इदं शरीरं ……………. (एव अस्ति)।
उत्तरम् :
1. गाव: परोपकाराय दुहन्ति ।
2. इदं शरीरं परोपकारार्थम् (एव अस्ति )।

प्रश्न 3.
सत्सङ्गतिः ………….. जाड्यं हरति, ………. सत्यं सिञ्चति, मानोन्नति दिशति, पापम् ……….., चित्तं …………, दिक्षु कीर्तिं तनोति । कथय! (सा सत्सङ्गतिः) पुंसां किं (हित) न करोति ।।
उत्तरम् :
सत्सङ्गतिः धियः जाड्यं हरति, वाचि सत्यं सिञ्चति, मानोन्नति दिशति, पापम् अपाकरोति, चित्तं प्रसादयति, दिक्षु कीर्ति तनोति । कथय! (सा सत्सङ्गतिः) पुंसां किं (हित) न करोति ।।

प्रश्न 4.
(यदा) ………… पिपासया जलधरं त्रिचतुरान् ………… याचते (तदा) सः (मेघः) अपि विश्वम् ………… पूरयति। हन्त हन्त (कियती एषा) महताम् …………
उत्तरम् :
(यदा) चातक :पिपासया जलधरं त्रिचतुरान् पय:कणान्याचते (तदा) सः (मेघः) अपि विश्वम् अम्भसा पूरयति। हन्त हन्त (कियती एषा) महताम् उदारता!

प्रश्न 5.
पठक: पाठक: (तथा) च ये अन्ये ………….. (सन्ति, ते) सर्वे ………… ज्ञेयाः। (यतः) यः ………. स(एव) ………. (अस्ति)।
उत्तरम् :
पठक: पाठक: (तथा) च ये अन्ये शास्त्रवाचका: (सन्ति, ते) सर्वे व्यसनिनः ज्ञेयाः। (यतः) य: क्रियावान् स: (एव) पण्डितः (अस्ति)।

समानार्थकशब्दं योजयित्वा वाक्यं पुनर्लिखत।

नारी – नारी सर्वत्र पूजनीया। स्त्री/महिला/योषा सर्वत्र पूजनीया।

व्याकरणम् :

शब्दानां पृथक्करणम्

समासाः।

सूक्तिसुधा Summary in Marathi and English

प्रस्तावना :

संस्कृतसाहित्य गद्य, पद्य, नाट्य अशा सर्व साहित्यप्रकारांनी परिपूर्ण आहे. सुभाषिते हा पद्यप्रकार संस्कृतसाहित्यातील लोकप्रिय साहित्यप्रकार आहे. संस्कृत सुभाषिते केवळ संस्कृतमध्येच नाही तर इतर भाषांमध्ये सुद्धा जशीच्या तशी वापरली जातात. उदा. “विनाशकाले विपरीतबुद्धिः। संपूर्ण सुभाषित लक्षात राहिले नाही तरी त्याचा गर्भितार्थ किंवा महत्त्वाची ओळ नक्कीच लक्षात राहते, जी म्हण किंवा उक्ती म्हणून वापरली जाते. शब्दसंपदा वाढवण्यात सुभाषिते निश्चितच मदत करतात.

Sanskrit literature comprises of prose, poetry and drama.सुभाषितs are well knoron part of the poetic liturature. Parts of which have been used as proverbs or sayings not only in Sanskrit but also in other languages. In fact several Sanskrit sayings are very often used as they are in other Indian languages.

You may recall विनाशकाले विपरीतबुद्धिः. People generally do not remember the entire subhashita but they do remember the phrase of the proverb quite easily. In fact remembering such sayings definitely enhances one’s vocabulary and command over the language..

श्लोकः – 1

न चोरहार्य ………….. सर्वधनप्रधानम् ।।1।। [Knowledge is the best of all riches]

श्लोकः : न चोरहार्य न च राजहार्य न भ्रातृभाज्यं न च भारकारि ।
व्यये कृते वर्धत एव नित्यं विद्याधनं सर्वधनप्रधानम् ।।1।। (प्रसङ्गाभरणम्)

अन्वयः : विद्याधनं चोरहार्य न (अस्ति), राजहार्य न, भ्रातृभाज्यं न, भारकारि (अपि) न (अस्ति) । व्यये कृते अपि (तत्) नित्यं वर्धते एव ।
(सत्यमेव विद्याधनं) सर्वधनप्रधानम् (अस्ति) ।

अनुवादः

Knowledge which is wealth cannot be stolen by a thief, cannot be taken away by a king, cannot be divided among brothers and is also not a burden. Though it is spent it only always increases. Wealth in the form of knowledge is the foremost among all types of wealth

विद्याधन चोरले जाऊ शकत नाही, राजा ते जप्त करू शकत नाही, याची भावंडामध्ये वाटणी केली जाऊ शकत नाही आणि ते त्याचे ओझे घेत नाही, खर्च केले तरी ते वाढतेच. खरोखर विद्याधन हे नेहमीच सर्व प्रकारच्या धनांमध्ये श्रेष्ठ धन आहे!

श्लोक: – 2

अयं ………………. कुटुम्बकम् ।।2।। [The world is one family]

श्लोकः : अयं निजः परो वेति गणना लघुचेतसाम् ।
उदारचरितानां तु वसुधैव कुटुम्बकम् ।।2।। (शार्ङ्गधरपद्धतिः)

अन्वयः । लघुचेतसां (कृते) अयं निजः पर: वा इति गणना (अस्ति) । उदारचरिताना (कृते) तु वसुधा एव कुटुम्बकम् (अस्ति)।

अनुवादः

हे माझे, हे तुझे असे कोत्या मनाचे लोक मानतात. उदार वृत्तीच्या लोकांसाठी तर संपूर्ण पृथ्वीच कुटुंब असते.
This is mine or it belongs to others is the consideration of the low-minded. Indeed for the | generous/ large-hearted, the entire world is a family.

श्लोकः – 3

परोपकाराय फलन्ति ……………….. शरीरम् ।।3।। [The body is for the welfare of others]
श्लोकः : परोपकाराय फलन्ति वृक्षाः परोपकाराय वहन्ति नद्यः।
परोपकाराय दुहन्ति गाव: परोपकारार्थमिदं शरीरम् ।।3।। (विक्रमोर्वशीयम्)
अन्वयः : वृक्षाः परोपकाराय फलन्ति। नद्यः परोपकाराय वहन्ति। गाव: परोपकाराय दुहन्ति। इदं शरीर परोपकारार्थम् (एव अस्ति)।

अनुवादः

झाडे परोपकारासाठीच फळे धारण करतात, नद्या इतरांसाठीच वाहतात, गायी दुसऱ्यांनाच दूध देतात आणि हे शरीरसुद्धा परोपकारासाठीच आहे.
Trees bear fruits for the welfare of others, rivers flow for the welfare of others, cows yield milk for the benefit of others. This body is for the welfare of others.

श्लोक: – 4

जाड्यं ………………. पुंसाम् ।।4।। [Good association bestows everything]

श्लोकः : जाड्यं धियो हरति सिञ्चति वाचि सत्यं
मानोन्नतिं दिशति पापमपाकरोति । चित्तं प्रसादयति दिक्षु तनोति कीर्ति
सत्सङ्गतिः कथय किं न करोति पुंसाम् ।।4।। (भर्तृहरिसुभाषितसङ्ग्रहः)

अन्वयः : सत्सङ्गतिः धियः जाड्यं हरति, वाचि सत्यं सिञ्चति, मानोन्नतिं दिशति, पापम् अपाकरोति, चित्तं प्रसादयति, दिक्षु कीर्ति तनोति । कथय ! (सा सत्सङ्गतिः) पुंसां किं (हित) न करोति ?

अनुवादः

बुद्धीचे अज्ञान दूर करते. वाणीला सत्याचे वळण लावते (सिञ्चति), आदर वाढवण्यासाठी दिशा दाखवते, पाप दूर करते, मन प्रसन्न करते, सर्व दिशांना कीर्ती पसरवते. सांगा बरे सज्जनांची संगती काय करत नाही!

Say what all can good company not do for men? It takes away the ignorance of the intellect. It sprinkles truth on speech. In directs the progress of respect and takes one away from sin. It delights the mind and spreads fame in all directions.

श्लोकः – 5

यत्र ………………… क्रियाः ।।5।। [Significance of respecting women.]
श्लोकः : यत्र नार्यस्तु पूज्यन्ते रमन्ते तत्र देवताः।
यौतास्तु न पूज्यन्ते सर्वास्तवाफला: क्रियाः ।।5।। (महाभारतम्)
अन्वयः : यत्र नार्यः पूज्यन्ते तत्र देवता: रमन्ते। यत्र तु एता: न पूज्यन्ते तत्र सर्वाः क्रियाः अफला: (भवन्ति)।

अनुवादः

जिथे स्त्रियांची पूजा होते तिथेच देवता आनंदाने राहतात. जिथे त्या (स्त्रिया) पूजल्या जात नाहीत (त्यांचा अनादर होतो) तिथे कोणतेही कार्य सफल होत नाही.

Gods rejoice where women are respected. But where they are not respected, there all actions become futile/unsuccessful.

सन्धिविग्रहः

• परोपकारार्थमिदम् – परोपकारार्धम् + इदम्।
• धियो हरति – धियः + हरति।
• पापमपाकरोति – पापम् + अपाकरोति
• परैस्तु – परैः + तु।

समानार्थकशब्दाः

• राजा – नृपः, भूपः, भूपतिः।
• निजः – स्वस्य।
• वसुधा – धरा, पृथ्वी, वसुन्धरा।
• चेतः – मनः, चित्तम्।
• धीः – मतिः, बुध्दिः।
• चित्तम् – मनः, चेतः।
• वाच् – वाणी।
• कीर्तिः – प्रसिद्धिः।
• नारी – वनिता, महिला, स्त्री।
• देवताः – दैवतानि।
• जलधरः – मेघः, पयोदः।
• अम्भः/पयः – जलम्, तोयम्, उदकम्, नीरम, वारि।
• विग्रहः – युद्धम्।

विरुद्धार्थकशब्दाः

• वर्धत × क्षीयते।
• लघुचेतस् × उदारचेतस्।
• कीर्तिः × अपकीर्तिः।
• धीः × जाड्यम्।
• अफला: × सफलाः।

शब्दार्थाः

1. चोरहार्यम् – stolen by a thief – चोराकडून चोरण्यासारखे
2. राजहार्यम् – taken away by the king – राजाने जप्त करण्यासारखे
3. भ्रातृभाज्यम् – divided among brothers – भावंडामध्ये वाटणी करण्यासारखे
4. व्यये कृते – though it is spent – खर्च केले तरी
5. नित्यम् – always – नेहमी
6. भारकारि – burden – ओझे
7. गणना – consideration – मानणे
8. लघुचेतसाम् – of the low-minded – कोत्या मनाचे
9. उदारचरितानाम् – generous hearted / magnanimous – उदार वृत्तीच्या लोकांसाठी
10. वसुधा – world – पृथ्वी
11. कुटुम्बकम् – family – कुटुंब
12. निजः – mine – माझे
13. परः – others’ – इतरांचे
14. परोपकाराय – for the welfare of others – परोपकारासाठी
15. फलन्ति – bear fruits – फळे धारण करतात
16. वहन्ति – flow – वाहतात
17. दुहन्ति – yield milk – दूध देतात
18. गाव: – cows – गायी
19. जाड्यम् – ignorance – अज्ञान
20. धियः – of the intellect – बुद्धीचे
21. अपाकरोति – takes away – दूर करते
22. प्रसादयति – delights – प्रसन्न करते
23. हरति – remove/takes away – दूर करते
24. सिजति – sprinkles – वळण लावते
25. मानोन्नतिम् – progress of respect – आदर वाढवण्यासाठी
26. दिशति – directs – दिशा देते
27. दिक्षु – in directions – दिशांमध्ये
28. तनोति – Spreads – पसरविते
29. सत्सङ्गतिः – good company – सज्जनांची संगती
30. पुंसाम् – of men – माणसांचे
31. वाचि – in speech – वाणीमध्ये
32. यत्र – where – जिथे
33. नार्यः – women – स्त्रिया
34. पूज्यन्ते – are respected – आदर केला जातो
35. रमन्ते – rejoice – आनंदाने राहतात
36. अफला: – futile/unsuccessful – असफल
37. एताः – these – या