Class 11

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Class 11 Sociology Solutions Chapter 4 Social Institutions Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

Maharashtra State Board Class 11 Sociology Solutions Chapter 4 Social Institutions

1. (A) Choose the correct alternative and complete the statements.

Question 1.
A rule that prescribes marriage within a group is called ……………….
(exogamy / endogamy / polygamy)
Answer:
endogamy

Question 2.
A family that comprises at least three generation is a ………………… family.
(nuclear / joint / cohabitation)
Answer:
joint

Question 3.
The 10 + 2 + 3 system is part of the ………………. system of education.
(informal / formal / universal)
Answer:
formal

1. (B) Correct the incorrect pair.

Question 1.
(a) School – Distance Education
(b) Peer group – Informal Education
(c) Health care training – Non-formal Education
(d) Family – Informal Education
Answer:
(a) School – Formal education

1. (C) Identify the appropriate term from the given options.

(Homosexual Marriage, Matrilocal, Heterosexual Marriage)
Question 1.
A married couple is expected to live at the wife’s residence.
Answer:
Matrilocal

Question 2.
A form of marriage between persons of the same sex.
Answer:
Homosexual Marriage

1. (D) Correct underlined words and complete the sentence.

Question 1.
X married Y. Later she divorced her spouse and married Z. This is an example of polygamy.
Answer:
X married Y. Later she divorced her spouse and married Z. This is an example of monogamy.

Question 2.
Mass production and factory system are found in agricultural society.
Answer:
Mass production and factory system are found in industrial society.

2. Write short notes.

Question 1.
Types of family based on authority.
Answer:
On the basis of authority within family, two broad forms of family can be identified. Matriarchal Family : In matriarchal family authority rests at the hands of the mother and she is considered the head of the family. In matriarchal family descent is traced through mother’s line, known as matrilineal system. Residence of the marriage is matrilocal i.e., the bridegroom lives with the wife’s family and the name follows the mother’s line. It is matronymic. The Garo and Khasi tribes of North East India and the Nair’s of South India follow the matriarchal system.

Patriarchal Family : In patriarchal family all authority rests at the hands of the male head and the eldest male is regarded as the head of the patriarchal family. It is patrilineal i.e., descent is traced through father’s line. Residence after marriage is patrilocal. The married couples live with the husband’s family, and the name of the father’s side continues to the next generation. It is patronymic. Patriarchal family is the most widespread form of family in India and most parts of the world.

Question 2.
Stages of Economy.
Answer:
Human society has evolved through various stages, depending upon the way it evolved mechanisms to adapt to changing material needs.

With respect to the changing nature of work and economy three broad stage of economy are as follows: Agriculture Revolution : From hunting-gathering and then pastoral phases, human society entered into a new stage with discovery of agriculture. With development of agriculture, food production increased. Complex division of labour, advanced trade and permanent settlement are the result of economy expansion through agricultural technology.

Industrial Revolution : Industrial revolution which happened around the middle of the 18th century, first in England transformed social and economic life like never before. It brought four notable economic changes.

1. New forms of energy : With the pioneering invention of the steam engine in 1765 by James Watt, the use of animal and human muscle energy was significantly reduced.
2. Centralisation of work in factories : Use of machinery gave rise to a new workplace called factory.
3. Mass production : Industrial economy developed the manufacturing sector very fast and produced goods on a large scale.
4. Division of labour : The factory system reduced the importance of human skills and resulted to specialised division of labour.
5. Industrialization transformed the whole society and also created huge economic gaps in the society.

The Information Revolution : By the middle of the 20th century the nature of production started to change. The use of automated machinery drastically reduced the role of human labour in manufacturing. Three key changes were seen due to the development of computer and information technology.

1. Tangible products to idea : The tertiary or service sector providing services and dealing with production of ideas and symbols is expanding very fast.
2. Mechanical skills to literacy skills : The information revolution demands a new set of skills such as literacy skills – the ability to communicate, to write, to present and use computer technology.
3. Work from anywhere : Computer technology is allowing for decentralisation of work.

Question 3.
Importance of Education.
Answer:
Education is broad process of learning that broadens an individual’s cognitive horizons and develops in them the skills to choose, evaluate and add to existing knowledge.
The functions of education can be as follows:
1. Inculcate common values and moral beliefs : Children coming from diverse family and community backgrounds gain an understanding of the common values and moral beliefs in society through school education.

2. Fosters self-discipline : Through education children learn self-discipline. They internalise the social rules that contribute to the smooth function of society.

3. Teaches specialised skills: The education system teaches specialised skills needed for a complex modern economy. For example, technical schools are specially designed to provide technical / vocational training.

4. Instils the value of achievement in children : Schools like wider society, largely operate on a meritocratic basis. Those with ability and talent achieve their just rewards.

3. Differentiate between.

Question 1.
Matriarchal Family and Patriarchal Family.
Answer:

Matriarchal Family	Patriarchal Family
(i) Authority rests at the hands of the mother in a matriarchal family. She is considered the head of the family.	(i) The eldest male is regarded as the head of the patriarchal family. All authority rests at the hands of the male head.
(ii) Matriarchal families follow a matrilineal system of lineage i.e., descent through mother’s line.	(ii) Patriarchal family is also patrilineal i.e., descent is traced through father’s line.
(iii) Residence after marriage is matrilocal i.e., the bridegroom lives with the wife’s family.	(iii) Residence after marriage is patrilocal. The married couple lives with the husband’s family.
(iv) The name follows the mother’s line. It is matronymic.	(iv) The name of the father’s side continues to the next generation. It is patronymic.
(v) The Garo and Khasi tribes of North East India and the Nair’s of South India follow the matriarchal system.	(v) The most widespread form of family in India and most parts of the world is patriarchal family.

Question 2.
Agriculture Revolution and Industrial Revolution.
Answer:

Agriculture Revolution	Industrial Revolution
(i) From hunting – gathering and then pastoral phases, human society entered into a new stage with discovery of agriculture.	(i) Industrial revolution happened around the middle of the eighteenth century and transformed social and economic life.
(ii) Agricultures involved using technology of large -scale farming using ploughs harnessed to animals.	(ii) Industrialisation involved using of machinery and new forms of energy.
(iii) This increased the productive power of hunting and gathering more than tenfold.	(iii) This increased more mass production which turned raw materials into a wide range of goods.
(iv) griculture revolution resulted into expansion of economy through agricultural technology, complex division of labours permanent settlement and advanced trade.	(iv) Industrial revolution resulted into centralisation of work in factories and specialized division of labour.

4. Explain the following concept with suitable examples.

Question 1.
Cohabitation
Answer:

1. Cohabitation is the sharing of a household by an unmarried couple.
2. Live in relations or cohabitation may or may not lead to marriage.
   Example : Younger generations specially in many parts of Europe and in some urban areas in India are preferring cohabitation as family relation. This is especially true among same sex couples.

Question 2.
Formal Education
Answer:

1. Formal education is planned with a specific end in view.
2. It involves direct schooling and instruction. Since it is provided to fulfill specific ends, formal education is limited to a specific period. Formal education has a well-defined and systematic curriculum based on aims designed according to the needs of society.

Example : Schooling and education are considered as a formal education based on formal curriculum with specific subject and skills.

5. State whether the following statements are true or false with reasons.

Question 1.
In a modernizing society the role of parents are changing.
Answer:
This statement is True.

1. Rapid growth of divorce and changing roles of woman give rise to a new family form and relation which has led to changes in the role of parents.
2. The average age at which people get married is also increasing. There is also an increasing trend of individuals not getting married. There is a changing role of women due to education and employment. All these changes are affecting family as an institution.
3. In our contemporary society, the traditional belief of fathers are the breadwinners and mothers only do household chores is no longer true. With the advent of globalization, their roles are changing which is vastly different from their previous generations.

Question 2.
India is in the stage of industrial revolution.
Answer:
This statement is False.

1. India is in the stage of information revolution. The development of computer and information technology have changed the nature of work in India.
2. The use of automated machinery has reduced the role of human labour in manufacturing. Service industries like public relations, banking and sales, media, advertising have expanded.
3. The introduction of computer and information have changed the character of work in India.

6. Give your personal response.

Question 1.
What are your views about love marriage? Do you support it? Explain.
Answer:
The basic concept of love marriage lies in the fact that the girl or boy chooses his or her life partner. The restrictions of caste, religion, physical appearance does not apply when a person falls in love. In India these restrictions are seriously enforced which limit the number of desirable matches for a person. Also, it curbs the practice of dowry as one does not need to prove one’s worth. Therefore, I support love marriages.

Question 2.
How has the information revolution impacted your life?
Answer:
Information revolution has made our life easier. Information revolution has made it possible to do many things from the comforts of one’s own home. I can take virtual tour of museums, buildings etc. It has exposed one to different cultures. One can do all of shopping online. It has created abundance of data on every possible subject or interest.

7. Answer the following in detail (About 150-200 words).

Question 1.
Show how the role of family has changed in the present times. Illustrate with your own examples.
Answer:
Families are the nexus of activities that include parenting , employment and leisure. As society changes, families must adapt to the new structures and processes resulting from this change. One of the most striking features of modern societies has been rapid growth of divorce.

The average age at which people get married is also increasing along with an increasing trend of an individuals not getting married. The changing roles of woman through increased education and employment, has put additional pressures on the family to adapt to dual-earner, households and changing needs of child care. All these changes are affecting family as an institution.

It has given rise to new family relationship:
(i) Single-parent Family : Majority of single parent families are headed by single mothers. This may result from divorce, separation, death or by choice. Sometimes growing up in a single parent family can be a disadvantage for children.

(ii) Cohabitation : Cohabitation is the sharing of a household by an unmarried couple. Younger generations, especially in many parts of Europe and in some urban areas in India are preferring cohabitation as family relation. This is especially true among some same sex couples.

(iii) Step-parenting : As rates of divorce and remarriage is steadily on an increase, it gives rise to a new family form and relation of step-parenting. The extent of children staying in step families is increasing.

In the traditional family living, the wife had no voice in family decision making but in contemporary family she has equal power role to play. The authority has shifted from patriarchal to parents who consult their children an all-important issues before taking any decisions about them. Younger generations now claim more individuality. Change in family does not mean the complete erosion of previous norms and structure.

11th Sociology Digest Chapter 4 Social Institutions Intext Questions and Answers

ACTIVITY (Textbook Page No. 41)

Question 1.
Discuss why hypogamous marriages are resisted in society. Take help of newspapers, magazines and cinema.
Answer:
Reasons for resisting hypogamous marriage. Hypergamy is a term used for the practice of a person marrying a spouse of higher caste or social status than themselves. Young women generally marry older men of higher status, with general rule that older men have more time to create wealth and status than younger men. Today such marriages are on decline, as most people marry their approximate social equals and in some parts of the world hypergamy has decreased. Also, it is becoming less common for women to marry older men though hypergamy does not require the man to be older but only of higher status.

Question 2.
Look at the matrimonial advertisements in newspapers, magazines and internet and discuss the findings. Do you think endogamy is still the prevalent norm in India? (Textbook Page No. 42)
Answer:
Religion and Caste endogamy still dominates while choosing a life partner. Women have the freedom to select a spouse in urban areas, yet, the choice can be restricted. So, in general, marriage is often seen as socially determined institutions.

Question 3.
Watch the classic movie ‘Modern Times’ made by Charlie Chaplin and have a discussion on the effects of mechanisation on human labour. (Textbook Page No. 44)
Answer:
The film ‘Modern Times’ is a comment on the desperate employment and financial conditions that people faced during the great depression conditions created, by the modern industrialization in the view of Chaplin. Modern Times’ portray Chaplin as a factory worker where he is subjected to such indignities as being forced fed by a malfunctioning ‘feeding machine’. In the movie, industry is portrayed as something bigger and more valuable than the people who work within it. Chaplin tries to point out the fact at the industrialized world functions in a way that suppresses human agency and creativity.

Question 4.
Eminent personalities having achieved social prestige and position on the basis of their educational qualification. (Textbook Page No. 48)
Answer:
(i) Bhimrao Ramji Ambedkar : Dr. Bhimrao Ambedkar was born on 14th April 1891. During his childhood he was subjected to socio-economic discrimination and faced severe humiliation. Dr. Ambedkar earned his doctorates in Economics from both Columbia University and the London School of Economics. He gained reputation as a scholar for his research in Law, economics and political science. In his initial career, he worked as an economist, professor and lawyer. He was posthumous awarded the Bharat Ratna, India’s highest civilian award, in 1990.

(ii) A. P. J. Abdul Kalam : A. P. J. Abdul Kalam was born on 15th October 1931. His father was an owner of a boat, an imam of local mosque. Due to destruction in business and loss of the family fortune, Kalam’s family suffered poverty. To help his family, he started selling newspapers at an early age. Abdul Kalam completed his graduation from the Madras Institute of Technology and joined the Aeronautical Development Establishment of the Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) as a scientist after becoming a member of Defence Research and Development Service (DRDS). He came to be known as the Missile Man of India’. He was the 11th President of India.

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Class 11 Psychology Solutions Chapter 1 Story of Psychology Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

Maharashtra State Board Class 11 Psychology Solutions Chapter 1 Story of Psychology

1A. Complete the following statements.

Question 1.
Psychology is a study of ______________
(A) mind
(B) behaviour
(C) soul
Answer:
(B) behaviour

Question 2.
processes include thinking, memory, emotions, etc.
(A) Mental
(B) Cognitive
(C) Spiritual
Answer:
(B) Cognitive

1B. Match the following pairs.

Question 1.

A	B
1. Tri-Doshas	a. First laboratory of Psychology
2. Tri-Gunas	b. Study of unconscious
3. Wilhelm Wundt	c. Perception, thinking, memory, etc.
4. Sigmund Freud	d. Sattva, Rajas, Tamas
5. Cognitive processes	e. Ashtanga Yog
6. Patanjali	f. Kapha, Vata and Pitta

Answer:
1 – f, 2 – d, 3 – a, 4 – b, 5 – c, 6 – e

1C. State whether the following statements are true or false.

Question 1.
Psychology is a study of the mind.
Answer:
False

Question 2.
The first mental hospital in India was established in Mumbai.
Answer:
False

Question 3.
There was no study of mental processes in India till the formal discipline of Psychology was recognized as a science.
Answer:
False

Question 4.
Dr. Sigmund Freud proposed the concept of the unconscious.
Answer:
True

Question 5.
Control is one of the objectives of Psychology.
Answer:
True

1D. Identify the odd item from the following and give reasons for the same.

Question 1.
Soul, Mind, Feeling, Consciousness, Behaviour.
Answer:
Feeling
Reason: Rest is the term used in the definition of Psychology.

Question 2.
Walking, dancing, playing, thinking, eating.
Answer:
Thinking
Reason: The rest are overt behaviours.

Question 3.
Yam, Niyam, Karya, Aasana, Pratyahar.
Answer:
Karya
Reason: The rest are the aspects of Ashtanga Yoga.

Question 4.
Feeling, memory, attention, perception
Answer:
Feeling
Reason: The rest are the processes in the study of cognition.

1E. Complete the following table.

Question 1.

Answer:
1. Greek word: Psyche – Soul
2. John Locke – Empty slate
3. First Psychological Laboratory
4. Sigmund Freud – Founder of Psychoanalysis
5. John Watson OR Organism’s response to stimuli – Behaviour

2. Explain the following concepts.

Question 1.
Psychology
Answer:
The word Psychology is derived from Greek words – ‘Psyche’ and ‘Logos’. It is denoted by the Greek Alphabet “Psi” and the symbol is 4L Wilhelm Wundt defined it as “the study of consciousness”. Dr. Sigmund Freud defined it as “the study of unconsciousness”. John B. Watson defined it as “the science of human behaviour”. The latest definition of Psychology is ‘The study of human behaviour and mental processes.

For your understanding

• Conscious mind: It is the level of mind that someone is aware of at any particular point in time.
• Unconscious mind: It contains thoughts, memories, and desires that are buried deep in us. Although we are not aware of their existence, they exert great influence on our behaviour.

Question 2.
Behaviour
Answer:
In general, behaviour is an organism’s response to various internal and external stimuli.
John Watson defined behaviour as ‘anything that can be observed, recorded and studied in human beings and animals.’ Behaviour is either overt (seen) or covert (hidden).

Question 3.
Overt behaviour
Answer:
Overt behaviour is that behaviour that is directly noticeable or observable. It includes responses such as walking, talking, dancing.

Question 4.
Covert behaviour
Answer:
Covert behaviour is that which is not directly noticeable but can be inferred from behaviour like thinking, feeling. It basically includes mental processes.

Question 5.
Stimulus
Answer:
Stimulus is defined as any physical event or condition that gives rise to a reaction. It can be external or internal.
In simple words, it is an object or event that elicits a sensory or behavioural response in an organism.

Question 6.
Response
Answer:
A response is defined as a reaction of the organism to a given stimulus. All organisms respond differently to the same stimulus.
Example:
Stimulus (S): A teacher asks students to prepare a presentation.
Organism (O): All students present in class.
Response (R):

• Some students actively participate in presentations.
• Some students remain silent as they are scared to talk in front of the entire class.

3. Answer the following questions in 35-40 words.

Question 1.
Psychology is a science: explain why?
Answer:

• Psychology is the scientific study of human behaviour and mental processes.
• Through experiments and observations, Psychologists try to analyze and predict human behaviour. This shows the empirical nature of Psychology.
• Wilhelm Wundt used scientific methods to study fundamental psychological processes. John Watson also conducted scientific research on animal behaviour and child-rearing.

Ques 2.
Explain the S-O-R model, with your own experience.
Answer:

• The S-O-R model explains how organisms respond differently to the same stimulus. It can be explained as follows:
  
• Example: Suppose Neha is an excellent orator while her friend Seema is afraid of public speaking.
  • Stimulus: The teacher asks Neha and Seema to give speeches.
  • Organism: Neha and Seema.
  • Response: Neha will confidently give her speech.
    Seema is likely to get cold feet and become nervous.
• This shows that different organisms (Neha and Seema) react differently to the same situation.

Question 3.
Explain the goals of Psychology.
Answer:

1. Describe
   • To precisely identify and classify behaviours and mental processes
   • Involves recording behaviour using various tools
2. Explain
   • To understand the causes of behaviour through meaningful explanation of facts
   • Involves the use of standardized tests
   • Behaviour observed in most people can be generalized
3. iii. Predict
   • To predict how given conditions will lead to a particular behaviour and mental processes.
   • b. Involves knowledge of possible outcomes
4. Control
   • To mould behaviour in a particular direction
   • Involves the use of psychological principles and psychotherapeutic techniques

4. Give a historical account of the emergence of Psychology as a science.
Answer:

• Psychology is a vast field studying behavioural aspects of mankind and it started as a branch of Philosophy. It evolved as a separate branch in the 19th century.
• The first attempt to define Psychology was made based on the terminology. The word ‘Psychology’ is derived from two Greek words: ‘Psyche’ (soul or mind) and ‘Logos’ (science or branch of knowledge).
• Rational sciences establish facts based on observation and experimentation. However, neither soul nor mind can be observed. Hence, the definition of Psychology changed over time.
• In the late 19th century, Wilhelm Wundt established the first psychological laboratory at Leipzig University. He defined Psychology as the study of consciousness.
• Sigmund Freud defined Psychology as the study of the unconscious while John Watson defined it as ‘Science of human behaviour’.
• The latest definition of Psychology is the ‘Study of human behaviour and processes.’
• Psychology as a discipline evolved over time.

5. Describe the goals of Psychology.
Answer:

1. Describe
   • To precisely identify and classify behaviours and mental processes
   • Involves recording behaviour using various tools
2. Explain
   • To understand the causes of behaviour through meaningful explanation of facts
   • Involves the use of standardized tests
   • Behaviour observed in most people can be generalized
3. Predict
   • To predict how given conditions will lead to a particular behaviour and mental processes.
   • Involves knowledge of possible outcomes
4. Control
   • To mould behaviour in a particular direction
   • Involves the use of psychological principles and psychotherapeutic techniques

Activities

Activity 2. (Textbook Page No. 3)

Do you agree with the definition of Psychology as the Science which deals with the soul? If yes why? If no, why?
Answer:

• No, I don’t agree with this definition since the soul refers to the spiritual part of a person; which is believed to exist in some form even after death.
• Psychology is not a spiritual science. Since it studies the mental activities and behaviour of living beings, this definition seems to be incorrect.

Activity 3 (Textbook Page No. 3)

Collect information about Bahinabai Chaudhari: Mana (description of Mind)
Answer:

• Bahinabai Chaudhari (11 Aug 1880 – 3 Dec 1951) was an illiterate cotton farmer from the Jalgaon district in Maharashtra.
• She was a famous Marathi poet. Her poems captured the essence of her life, reflect the culture of the village and farming life, and present her wisdom.
• She has beautifully compared the mind with different aspects of nature such as wind, waves, butterflies, small particles, etc. The poet stressed that the mind is a unique creation of God and nothing in this world compares to it.

Activity 5 (Textbook Page No. 4)

Do you agree with the definition that Psychology is the study of the unconscious? What could be the limitations of this definition?
Answer:
I agree with the above definition because Psychology studies unconscious behaviour. A person himself may not be aware of unconscious aspects of his personality even when it may have a significant impact on his thoughts and behaviour. Psychology enables us to understand this unconscious side of human beings and hence, I agree with this definition. However, the limitation of the definition is the unconscious mind. It can’t be observed directly and hence is difficult to study it. Furthermore, Psychology is also concerned with the study of the conscious mind.

Activity 6 (Textbook Page No. 5)

Make a note of how your friends react to the same stimulus in a different way. Example: examination.
Answer:

• Nisha and Seema are two of my friends. During the examination, Seema gets extremely tensed. She is not able to concentrate. She even fails to sleep and eat peacefully.
• She needs the constant emotional support of her parents and friends to overcome her fear.
• Conversely, Nisha views the exam as a challenge. She does not get worked up.
• Instead, her moderate tension motivates her to study sincerely.
• She also knows that failure is a part and parcel of life and tries to learn from each mistake.
• Hence, she remains calm and confident even during the exam period.

Activity 8 (Textbook Page No. 6)

Find out more attributes of Vata, Kapha, and Pitta.
Answer:
Vata:

• Elements: Air + Space
• Body Type: Slim, lean
• Properties: Energetic, Moody, Creative

Kapha:

• Elements: Earth + Water
• Body Type: Average build, moderate weight
• Properties: Strong build, Affectionate, Cool

Pitta:

• Elements: Fire + Water
• Body Type: Large frame, heavy
• Properties: Smart, Fiery nature

Activity 9 (Textbook Page No. 6)

Find out different characteristics of Rajas, Tamas, and Sattva Guna.
Answer:
Rajas represent passion, action, energy, and motion. Tamas manifests itself as impurity, laziness, and darkness. Sattva manifests itself as purity, knowledge, and harmony.

Activity 10 (Textbook Page No. 7)

Look at the statements given below. Analyze each one of them and come up with goats of Psychology or the role that Psychology plays in real life.

Question 1.
A group of Psychologists observed 1000 individuals and recorded their behaviour and reactions.
Answer:
The goal of description (What): Describing what happens in a particular situation

Question 2.
After analyzing their responses, they tried to understand the reasons behind their behaviours.
Answer:
The goal of explanation (Why): Explaining why a particular instance happened

Question 3.
These observations can be generalized to the entire population. Therefore behaviour of an individual under stressful situations can be predicted.
Answer:
The goal of prediction (Anticipate): Predicting how people will behave under a given situation

Question 4.
The Psychologists came up with some conclusions so that people can change their responses to stressful situations for the better.
Answer:
The goal of control (Modify): Controlling actions of human beings with the help of psychological techniques.

Activity 11 (Textbook Page No. 8)

Find more examples of each of the above goals of Psychology. They could be real examples that you know or you have read about or they could be fictional examples.
Answer:

Goal	Example	Explanation
i. Describe	Recording how different students behave during exam period	Neha is confident while Reena gets anxious.
ii. Explain	Analyzing why different students behave in different ways during exam	Neha has always done well in exams while Reena gets tensed due to over-expectations from her parents.
iii. Predict	Anticipating how students will react in other stressful situations	Neha is likely to handle stressful situations calmly than Reena
iv. Control	Enabling anxious students to control their anxiety level during exams and other stressful situations	Reena could take counselling to improve her abilities to deal with examinations and other stressful situations.

 

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Class 11 History Solutions Chapter 12 India, Nations in the Northwest of the Indian Subcontinent and China Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

Maharashtra State Board Class 11 History Solutions Chapter 12 India, Nations in the Northwest of the Indian Subcontinent and China

1A. Choose the correct alternative and write the complete sentences.

Question 1.
The coin hoards found in ____________ had Roman gold coins in it.
(a) Tamil Nadu
(b) Maharashtra
(c) Karnataka
(d) Kerala
Answer:
(a) Tamil Nadu

Question 2.
The famous king Hammurabi had ruled the kingdom of ____________
(a) Syria
(b) Babylon
(c) China
(d) Greece
Answer:
(b) Babylon

Question 3.
The route that links Asia and ____________ is referred as the ‘Silk Route’.
(a) Europe
(b) Africa
(c) America
(d) Russia
Answer:
(a) Europe

Question 4.
‘White Horse Temple is the first Buddhist temple built in ____________
(a) India
(b) Japan
(c) China
(d) Egypt
Answer:
(c) China

1B. Find the incorrect pair from set B and write the correct ones.

Question 1.

Set ‘A’	Set ‘B’
(1) Strabo	Geographia
(2) Pliny the Elder	Naturalis Historia
(3) Hippalus	Hippokura
(4) Arrian	Indica

Answer:
(3) Hippalus – Periplus of the Erythrean Sea

1C. Write the names.

Question 1.
A place in the Gandhara region enlisted as a World Cultural heritage.
Answer:
Takht-i-Bahi

Question 2.
Buddhist monks in the 4th century B.C.E. translated many Buddhist texts into the Chinese language.
Answer:
Kumarjeeva

2. Complete the concept maps.

Question 1.

Answer:

3. Explain the following statements with reasons.

Question 1.
Buddhism reached China during the Kushana period.
Answer:

• The Ancient Kapisha (Begram)was an additional capital of the Kushanas which was located on the silk route at a vantage point.
• The trade route from Afghanistan to China was under the rule of the Kushanas.
• This route starting from Taxila crossing through Khyber Pass to Bamiyan in Afghanistan and from there to China through the plateau of Pamir.
• In the Kushana period, Buddhism reached China by this trade route.

Question 2.
The merchants rarely used the shorter line of the Silk Route.
Answer:

• One of the major lines of the Silk Route linked China and India and then extended further to Central Asia linking one oasis to the other in the desert.
• It was easier for the merchants and travellers to find accommodation and food in the oasis cities. They also found a ready market for their merchandise.
• Another line crossed through the stepped to the north of the mainline. The journey on this line is relatively shorter.
• It was rarely used by merchants as it was infested by troublesome pastoral tribes and hardly have any accommodation and food facilities on route.

4. State your opinion.

Question 1.
There was a close cultural association between the Gandhara region and India before the advent of Islam.
Answer:

• Gandhara was favourably situated on the trade route that linked India and Central Asia.
• It had close cultural connections with India from the ancient period of Janapadas till the introduction of Islam.
• Whether it was the invaders from Central Asia, or the Buddhist monks sent out by Emperor Ashoka, or the Chinese monks traveling to India, all had to pass through Afghanistan.
• Thus, there were close cultural associations between the Gandhara region and India before the advent of Islam.

5. Write short notes.

Question 1.
Shahji-ki-Dheri
Answer:

• The Chinese monks like Fa-Hien, Yuan Chwang, who travelled through India have described the Buddhist viharas and stupas in India.
• There are numerous remains of viharas and stupas in Afghanistan. Among them, a place called ‘Shahji-ki-Dheri’ near Peshawar in Pakistan was excavated.
• This stupa was built during Kanishka’s period.
• It is also known as ‘Kanishaka’s Stupa’. According to prevailing tradition, the sacred remains in the box (karandaka) found there are of Gautama Buddha.
• The box has an inscription. It also mentions the name ‘Agnishala’, the main supervisor of the building work of ‘Kanishka Vihara’.
• This box is in the Peshawar museum at present.

Question 2.
The Bamiyan Buddhas.
Answer:

• The Bamiyan Buddhas are in Bamiyan, 250 km away from Kabul.
• About 750 caves have been hewn out in one of the cliffs of the mountain ranges known as ‘Kuh- e-Baba’.
• Beautiful murals have been painted inside these caves.
• The same cliff has niches of two standing Buddha statues in stucco. One of them was 53 meters tall the other was 38 meters.
• The core was plastered with several layers of mud mixed with straw. The folds of Gautama Buddha’s robes were modeled in this clay plaster.
• Buddha’s forearms were supported with the help of wooden armatures and fixed with wooden pegs.
• According to Yuan Chwang, the statues were surrounded by colourful murals and even the statues were painted with gold coating and precious stones.
• The ‘Bamiyan Statues of Buddha’ are declared as the World Cultural Heritage.

6. Answers the following questions with the help of given points.

Question 1.
Write about the ties between ancient India and China.
(a) Trade relations
(b) The spread of Buddhism in China
(c) Serendian art style
Answer:
(a) Trade relations:

• The Silk Route links Asia and Europe. It runs more than 6000 km.
• It was easier for Merchants and travellers to find facilities of accommodation and food in the oasis cities.
• They also found a ready market for their merchandise.
• Another line crossed through the steppes to the north of this mainline. The journey on this line was relatively shorter.
• However, it was rarely used by merchants as it was infested by troublesome pastoral tribes and it hardly had any accommodation and food facilities en route.

(b) The spread of Buddhism in China:

• Buddhism spread in the 1st century C.E. This also introduced a new trend in Chinese art.
• Many of the Mahayana Buddhist monks who arrived in China hailed from Central Asia.
• Their presence in China inspired the making of images of Gautama Buddha and Bodhisattva.

(c) Serendian art style:

• Serendian art style that originated in the Xinjiang province is known as ‘Serendian Art Style’ (Seres meaning China + India).
• This art was influenced by Gandhara art. It presents a combination of Greek, Persian, and Chinese art forms.
• Many styles were brought to light during excavations by Sir Aurel Stein.

Activity

Collect more information about the ‘Silk Route’ with the help of the internet.
Answer:

• The Silk Road was a network of trade routes that went along the northern borders of China, India, and Persia and ended up in Eastern Europe near today’s Turkey and the Mediterranean Sea.
• The Silk Road was important because it helped to generate trade and commerce between a number of different kingdoms and empires.
• The route included a group of trading posts and markets that were used to help in the storage, transport, and exchange of goods.

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Class 11 Sociology Solutions Chapter 3 Basic Concepts in Sociology Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

Maharashtra State Board Class 11 Sociology Solutions Chapter 3 Basic Concepts in Sociology

1. (A) Choose the correct alternative and complete the statements.

Question 1.
Society is based on ……………….
(co-operation / competition / conflict)
Answer:
Co-operation

Question 2.
Villages are a part of ……………….. community.
(rural / city / metropolitan)
Answer:
rural

Question 3.
Family is an example of a ………………. group.
(large / primary / formal)
Answer:
primary

Question 4.
Social status refers to ……………… in a group.
(function / position / purpose)
Answer:
position

1. (B) Correct the incorrect pair.

Question 1.
(a) Family – Voluntary Group
(b) Caste – Involuntary Group
(c) Village – Primary Group
(d) Workplace – Secondary Group
Answer:
(a) Family – Involuntary Group

1. (C) Identify the appropriate term from the given options.

(Role, Folkways, Society)
Question 1.
Punctuality in class is the duty of a student.
Answer:
Role

Question 2.
In many places in India, eating with hands is a common practice.
Answer:
Folkways

1. (D) Correct underlined words and complete the sentence.

Question 1.
Norms which can be applied in daily life are called law.
Answer:
Norms which can be applied in daily life are called standard norms.

Question 2.
Family is an example of a/an voluntary group.
Answer:
Family is an example of a/an involuntary group.

2. Write short notes.

Question 1.
Characteristics of Society.
Answer:
(i) Society includes likeness : According to Maclver ‘society’ means likeness. Social relationships exist among those who are alike in body and mind. People have similarities with regard to their needs aim, ideals, values, outlook towards life and so on.

(ii) Society includes difference : A society together with likeness is also based on differences. Differences is an important factor for a healthy society. Different types of personalities are essential in our society in order to satisfy the different needs. These differences are based on sex, age, physical strength, intelligence, talent, personality and unequal possessions of material objects and wealth.

(iii) Interdependence : Individuals in a society depend upon one another for the satisfaction of needs. One group, one nation, one community depends upon the other for its development, t Interdependence is seen in family groups as well. The existence of society depends upon different types of social relationships.

(iv) Co-operation : Every society is characterized by co-operation and division of labour. It is necessary for survival.

(v) Normative nature : In a society, social behaviour is evaluated by social control. These controlling means are known as norms. Norms control the misbehaviour or the acts which are harmful to society thus protecting the society.

(vi) Society is dynamic : No society is static. It changes continuously; old customs, traditions, I values, norms and institutions replace the new customs, traditions, values, norms and institutions.

Question 2.
Characteristics of Primary Group.
Answer:

1. Physical proximity : This is essential for a primary group as people have close relations with each other. Hence, they experience physical proximity.
2. Smallness of the group : These social groups are small in size and bring out the close relations among its members.
3. Permanence of relationship : Close relations create more unity among the members.
4. Face-to-face relationship : These social groups are small in size and are based on greater closeness. It is useful for maintaining group stability.
5. Similar objectives and goals : This group is homogeneous in nature. Hence, there is uniformity of objectives and goals among its members.
6. The relationship is an end in itself: The relationships in this group are very natural.
7. Informal control: This group is conventional and based on emotional bonds.

Question 3.
Types of Norms.
Answer:
Folkways : The term was first used by William Sumner. According to him, folkways are the recognized ways of behaving and acting in society. Example, eating using one’s fingers, eating with chopsticks, eating with fork and spoon; different ways of wearing a sari.

Mores : Mores are more rigid than folkways. They are instruments of social control and deals with higher values of people. Example, sexual relations before marriage are not permitted.

Law : Law is an important and essential element of society.
They are deliberately formulated rules of behaviour. It is universal in nature and common for all to follow. There are two types of law- Customary Law and Enacted Law.

1. Customary law – It is not in a written form but orally transmitted. It is followed in tribal as well as in rural society.
2. Enacted law – This law is in a written form. It is important as well as obligatory in a modern, complex and dynamic society. For example, The Hindu Marriage Act, 1955; The Domestic Violence Act, 2005.

3. Differentiate between.

Question 1.
Primary Group and Secondary Group.
Answer:

Primary Group	Secondary Group
(i) Primary group is a group in which relationships are personal, informal, face to face and intimate in nature.	(i) Secondary group is a group in which relationships are impersonal, formal and contractual in nature.
(ii) This group is small in size.	(ii) This group is large in size.
(iii) Relationships are personal, so physical proximity is more.	(iii) Due to formal relationships there is no physical proximity between the members.
(iv) Relations are permanent.	(iv) Relations are temporary.
(v) Behaviour is controlled in an informal way.	(v) Behaviour is controlled in a formal way.
(vi) Example Family, peer group, neighbourhood, etc.	(vi) Example Nation, State, Labour unions, etc.

Question 2.
Voluntary Group and Involuntary Group.
Answer:

Voluntary Group	Involuntary Group
(i) Membership is based on choice.	(i) Membership is based on birth.
(ii) It may be temporary or permanent in nature.	(ii) It is mostly permanent in nature.
(iii) Individual has choice to continue or to leave the membership.	(iii) One cannot leave the membership or it may be difficult to leave the group.
(iv) Example : Political parties, youth organisation, cultural association, etc.	(iv) Example : Family, caste, race, religion, etc.

4. Explain the following concept with suitable examples.

Question 1.
Reference Group
Answer:
The concept of reference group was introduced by Robert Merton. A reference group is a group to which an individual or another group is compared. We use reference groups in order to guide our behaviour and attitudes that help us to identify social norms.

Reference Groups are of two types Informal and Formal.

1. Informal reference groups are formed by the individual as per their likes, interests and attitudes.
   Example : Family, peer groups, teachers, siblings, associates, etc.
2. Formal Reference Group are the ones that have a specific goal or mission.
   Example : Labour unions, supreme court, military units, corporations, worship place, universities, etc.

Question 2.
Role Conflict
Answer:

1. Role conflict refers to a clash between roles.
2. When one faces incompatibility between two or more roles at the same time or in a given situation. Role conflict is inevitable.

Example: A boss will suffer role conflict if forced to fine an employee who is also a close friend. A newly married bride experiences role conflict because she has to adjust with her in-laws, household work and office work.

5. (A) Complete the concept maps.

Question 1.

Answer:

5. (B) State whether the following statements are true or false with reasons.

Question 1.
Society never changes.
Answer:
This statement is False.
1. Society is a web of social relationships. These relationships and interactions are based upon different institutions, traditions, customs, values and norms of the society.

2. Changes in any one of this is reflected in the changes in relationship and interaction among the individuals. Change is a universal phenomenon. No single society is static. Factors like, westernisation, modernisation, industrialisation, education have brought various changes in society.

3. Today, educational system, family patterns, norms, values, needs, etc., are changed. People have become more self-centred. Individual freedom, consciousness towards one’s own rights are increasing. Hence, society is changing continuously.

Question 2.
People living in a community must have awareness of sharing a way of life.
Answer:
This statement is True.

1. Individuals are emotionally attached to their community. People those who live in a particular community occupy a definite territorial area. They share common objectives and needs.
2. They have love and affection towards each other.
3. This develops a sense of belongingness. Therefore, people living in a community must have awareness of sharing a way of life.

6. Give your personal response.

Question 1.
Show how folkways, mores and laws may clash with each other.
Answer:
Folkways is one of the essential elements of culture. Folkways govern our daily routine and ordinary contacts with other people. Whereas mores are considered as vital to the welfare of the group. Folkways and mores are the customary way of life and standards of right and wrong. Example: wearing clothes are mores and wearing clothes of different styles are folkways.

Laws are deliberately formulated rules of behaviour that are enforced by a special authority, e.g., there are laws that can punish people for marrying more than one person. Hindu Marriage Act, 1955.

Mores, folkways and laws are taught through the process of socialisation by various sources like family, friends, peer groups, schools, etc. However, these three clash each other in various ways. In today’s complex, competitive society, one finds it difficult to cope up with these three elements of society. Example: there is a man who belongs to a poor family and has the responsibility of marriage of his sister. Being born in a poor family, he doesn’t have enough money for his sister’s marriage. As per the laws, asking for dowry is illegal, but due to his financial condition, he has to ask for dowry from his in-laws to get his sister married. In such situation folkways, mores and law clash each other.

Question 2.
Do you think that role conflict is inevitable in social life?
Answer:
Yes, the role conflict is inevitable in social life.
When an individual has to play several roles at a time, then it is not possible to perform one role appropriately, it is called as role conflict. In today’s society, everyone wants to achieve high status in society. Everyone wants to achieve a life of luxury and comfort. People want to earn more and more money. Expectations have been increased. In order to adjust with such competitive situation, one has to play different role in the society. That creates role conflict.

Example: A woman working as a nurse in the hospital, has to look after her sick in-laws at home, because of which she can’t pay proper attention towards her duty. A husband who has to attend urgent meeting as a manager, can’t give time to his family. One has to perform multiple roles in a complex society. That is why role conflict is inevitable in social life.

7. Answer the following in detail (About 150-200 words).

Question 1.
Identify any two secondary groups of which you are a member. Discuss any four characteristics with reference to the groups that you have named.
Answer:
Secondary groups have impersonal, formal, indirect, temporary and goal oriented relationships with large number of members. It is not possible to have regular, permanent, close and intimate relations with everyone. People meet each other only for serving specific purposes. Relations are maintained only when the specific purposes are fulfilled and people are satisfied.

People are always very busy and it is necessary to have appointments before meeting. Secondary group are heterogeneous and formal in natural. People are given time to meet but for that purpose only. People do not meet for long term goals. Free expressions of emotions, feelings and intimacy is not allowed. In secondary group, members have to follow rules and regulations strictly.

Example : (i) Student of a college
(ii) Member of NSUI – National Students Union of India (or) ABVP – Akhil Bhartiya Vidhyarthi Parishad
Characteristics of secondary group with reference to the above mentioned group. Large Size: In college or in NSUI number of students and members is large. Here, the membership is unlimited as compared to primary group.

Indirect relations : Due to large size, direct relations among all the students and members are not possible. To convey any message, we take help of modern means of communication, e.g., mobile phones, e-mail, WhatsApp, etc.

Impersonal relations : As the members are large in size personal interactions is very rarely seen. Here, we do not know each other personally. That is why, relationship is not personal.

Formal relations : Informal relations is not possible because face to face contact can’t take place. People are more goal oriented. Membership is strictly based upon laws and regulations.

11th Sociology Digest Chapter 3 Basic Concepts in Sociology Intext Questions and Answers

ACTIVITY (Textbook Page No. 25)

Question 1.
Visit a rural, tribal or urban community and speak to 3-5 people and find out about their work, families, customs, beliefs etc. Write a report or make a short film on your mobile phone.
Answer:
Tribal, Rural and Urban Community – Work, Families, Customs, Beliefs-
(i) The Tribal Community : The tribal community is small in size. Each tribe has its own culture. They are close to nature and their life is influenced by religion. Therefore, they worship natural forces and seek assistance from the shaman and magician for solving their problems. Their economy and usage of technology is simple. This is known as subsistence economy.

(ii) Rural Community : The rural community is largely homogeneous. The main occupation of the people in this community is agriculture and non-agricultural occupations such as dairy farming, poultry, etc. This community is influenced by nature and they worship it as God or Goddess.

The rural community is influenced by the institution of family and characterized by primary relations. Joint family continues to exist in rural areas though some modification has occurred.

(iii) Urban Community : The urban community is large in size and consists of mostly nuclear families. It is a settlement of socially heterogeneous people. Occupations of the urban people are non agricultural. There is more scope for division of labour. This community is greatly impacted by artificial or man-made environment rather than natural environment on the urban community.

Question 2.
Prepare a photo essay regarding interactions observed within primary and secondary groups. Students should go around in their neighbouring localities and capture with their devices (like mobiles), the interaction patterns based on characteristics of various types of groups. How to write a photo essay? (Textbook Page No. 29)
Answer:
(Students are required to perform this activity themselves by visiting the link http://www. collectivelens.com/blog/creating-photoessay/ as a guideline.)

Question 3.
Conduct a role play exercise to understand the concept of role conflict and role strain. For example: Working women performing various roles inside and outside the home. (Textbook Page No. 32)
Answer:
Understanding 1: Women consider that the household affairs and care for the family is their primary duty. Women are thus confronted with the challenge of playing the dual role, to excel at home, as well as at the workplace. To prove her competence on both the fronts, women are facing the problem of overwork and are often being stressed or drained of their energy. Yet, they find themselves unable to match the expectations at any of the two places, which gives rise to role conflict and role strain.

Understanding 2:
Role Conflict:
Role conflict occurs when conflicting expectations arise from two or more statuses than an individual occupies.

Role Strain:
Role strain arises when conflicting expectations are built into a single status.

Question 4.
List out various folkways and mores that we find in our day-to-day lives. (Textbook Page No. 33)
Answer:
Folkways: The folkways are the recognized ways of behaving and acting in society. Folkways are norms that stem from and organize casual interactions and emerge out of repetition and routines. We engage in them to satisfy our daily needs and they are most often unconscious in operation, though they are quite useful for the ordered functioning of the society.

1. Waiting in a queue
2. Appropriate dressing.
3. Practice of raising one’s hand to take turns while speaking in a group.
4. While eating using one’s fingers, eating with chopsticks, eating with fork and spoon.
5. Different ways of wearing a sari.

Mores : “More are the popular habits and traditions when they include a judgment that are conductive to social welfare and when they exert a coercion on an individual to conform to them”.

More are stricter than folkways, as they determine what is considered moral and ethical behaviour. Mores structure the difference between right and wrong. Violation of mores results in disapproval or ostracizing. As such mores play a key role in shaping our value, beliefs, behaviour, and interactions than folkways.

1. Religious doctrine.
2. Sexual relations before marriage are not permitted.
3. It is not acceptable to use drugs such as heroin and cocaine.
4. It is expected that one will be one time for work.
5. Talking to oneself in public is not considered normal behaviour.
6. Nudity in public is not acceptable.

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Class 11 History Solutions Chapter 16 Swarajya to Empire (Maratha Period) Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

Maharashtra State Board Class 11 History Solutions Chapter 16 Swarajya to Empire (Maratha Period)

1A. Choose the correct alternative and complete sentences.

Question 1.
___________ is known as the Father of Indian Navy.
(a) Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj
(b) Chhatrapati Sambhaji Maharaj
(c) Chhatrapati Rajaram Maharaj
(d) Chhatrapati Shahu Maharaj
Answer:
(a) Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj

Question 2.
The Pathans from Afghanistan had settled in ___________ the province at the foothills of the Himalayas.
(a) Varanasi
(b) Mathura
(c) Ayodhya
(d) Delhi
Answer:
(c) Ayodhya

Question 3.
Chhatrapati Sambhaji Maharaj wrote the Sanskrit text ___________
(a) Nayikabhed
(b) Budhabhushan
(c) Nakhshikh
(d) Satasattka
Answer:
(b) Budhabhushan

1B. Find the incorrect pair from set B and write the correct ones.

Question 1.

Set ‘A’	Set ‘B’
(a) Naik-Nimbalkar Wada	Vathar
(b) Nana Phadanvis Wada	Menavali
(c) Kalaram Temple	Jejuri
(d) Mohiniraj Temple	Nevase

Answer:
(c) Kalaram Temple – Nashik

1C. Write the names.

Question 1.
He was the Chief of the intelligence network of Chh. Shivaji Maharaj
Answer:
Bahirji Naik

Question 2.
He assisted in the provincial affairs
Answer:
Subhedars/Deshadhikari

Question 3.
Leader of the Rohillas
Answer:
Najib Khan

2. Complete the concept map.

Question 1.

Answer:

3. Explain the statement with reasons.

Question 1.
Shahajiraje is known as the visionary of Swarajya.
Answer:

• Shahajiraje Bhosale was a prominent Sardar in the Nizamshahi kingdom. After the end of Nizamshahi’s rule, he accepted the rank of a Mansabdar in the Adilshahi court.
• Shahajiraje was valiant, courageous, wise, and well-versed in the science of statehood.
• He had successfully handled many Adilshahi expeditions in Maharashtra, Karnataka, and Tamil Nadu.
• The provinces of Pune, Supe, Shirwal, Indapur, and Chakan were given to Shahajiraje as Jahangir.
• He personally aspired to establish Swarajya. He is regarded as the visionary of Swarajya.
• The concept of Swarajya was visualized by Shahajiraje and it was turned into reality by Chh. Shivaji Maharaj.
• Chh. Shivaji Maharaj laid the foundation of Swarajya from the Mawal region. Several factors like the topography of Maharashtra, valour of the local Mawalas, the administrative and military experience gained by the Maratha sardars while working with Nizamshahi, and Adilshahi and above all these the able leadership of Chh. Shivaji Maharaj could make it possible.

Question 2.
Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj built the naval force.
Answer:

• In the year 1657 C.E., after conquering Kalyan and Bhiwandi, the boundaries of Swarajya extended up to the coastline.
• The British and the French were involved in the Salt trade. Chh. Shivaji Maharaj wanted to establish control over the sea waters.
• Chh. Shivaji Maharaj was the only king in medieval India who attempted to build a navy.
• He realized to check the activities of foreign traders so having a Navy was important.
• It was necessary for his military strategy also. During the second sack of Surat, Chh. Shivaji Maharaj brought those ships to the coast of Surat and loaded the huge booty on them acquired from Surat.
• It is apparent that Chh. Shivaji Maharaj wanted to establish complete control over the land as well as on the sea.

Question 3.
Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj charged heavy duty on the salt imported from the Portuguese territory.
Answer:

• Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj was keen on protecting the local industries.
• He protected the salt industry in Konkan. At that time, traders imported salt from the Portuguese territory and sold it in Swarajya.
• That affected the local trade in the Konkan areas.
• Chh. Shivaji Maharaj charged heavy duty on the salt imported into Swarajya from the Portuguese territory.
• The intention was that the salt imported from the Portuguese territory would then cost more and as a result, its import would be discouraged and the sale of the local salt would increase.

4. Write short notes.

Question 1.
Maratha Art:
Answer:

• Developments of Maratha miniature paintings can be seen through illustrations on the manuscripts such as pothis, pattachitra, and patrikas. For example, the wooden stands of pothis have pictures of Ganapati, Riddhi-Siddhi, Gopalkrishna in dark red, green, and yellow colours.
• Miniature paintings include human portraits and themes like ragamalas, talamala, processions, etc.
• Murals are found on the fagade of the Wadas, as well on the walls of reception areas (Diwankhana) and bedrooms.
• The 18th-century murals have survived till today at places like Naik-Nimbalkar Wada at Vathar, Rangamahal at Chandwad, Mayureshwar Mandir at Morgaon, Shiva Temple of Pandeshwar, and Matha at Benawadi.
• The main theme of murals is mythological stories. They include scenes from Ramayana, Mahabharata, and Puranas.
• The subjects of contemporary social life were also reflected in the paintings. The royal court, royal meetings, processions were also included in them.

Question 2.
Maratha Architecture:
Answer:

• Chh. Shivaji Maharaj built forts, the tradition of which was prevalent in the Deccan for three centuries.
• The Kasaba temple in Pune and Vitthal temple in Vitthalwadi were reconstructed by Veermata Jijabai.
• During the Peshwa period, the Maratha kingdom regained its prosperity and all forms of art and architecture received patronage.
• The construction of temples began on a large scale during the later Peshwa.
• Period. These temples are of three types. Examples of temple architecture of this period are found at Saswad, Mahuli, Jejuri, etc.
• These are huge in size. The plan of these temples is in star design, the foundation of the temple was multi-layered and was named accordingly.
• The shikhara is made in bricks and stucco method.
• The Kalaram, Goraram, and Sundarnarayan temples at Nasik and Mahadev temple at Trimbakeshwar, Mohiniraj temple at Nevasa is similar to the temples in Malwa and Rajasthan.
• These temples are constructed in stone. These temples are embellished extensively with sculptures.
• The third type of temple can be found at Pune, Satara, Wai, etc.
• It included arches, a wooden hall, and a sanctum sanctorum(gabhara). The Shikhara slopes inwards at the top.
• The stone ‘Deepamala’ is a remarkable feature of these temples. The stone deepamalas at Jejuri were built by Shahajiraje.
• The Chhatris (Samadhis) at various places are noteworthy.

Activity

Collect information about capable women in the medieval period and present it in class. Arrange a discussion on it.
Answer:

• In Indian history, we find only a few women actively participating in public affairs.
• In the Muslim period, Razia Sultan was the only woman who conducted the affairs of the government for a short time.
• And in later times, Rani of Jhansi rose into prominence during the revolt of 1857.
• During the Maratha period, there were women like Jijabai and Maharani Tarabai who performed public duties in the absence of their husbands.

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Class 11 History Solutions Chapter 15 India During Mughal Period Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

Maharashtra State Board Class 11 History Solutions Chapter 15 India During Mughal Period

1A. Choose the correct alternative and write the complete sentences.

Question 1.
Mughal Emperor Babur was born in ___________
(a) Baluchistan
(b) Kazakhstan
(c) Uzbekistan
(d) Afghanistan
Answer:
(c) Uzbekistan

Question 2.
Mughal Emperor Humayun was defeated by ___________
(a) Ibrahim Lodi
(b) Shershah Sur
(c) Babur
(d) Akbar
Answer:
(b) Shershah Sur

Question 3.
Akbarnama was written by ___________
(a) Mohammad Qasim
(b) Abul Fazl
(c) Mirza Hyder
(d) Badauni
Answer:
(b) Abul Fazl

1B. Find the incorrect pair from set B and write the correct ones.

Question 1.

Set ‘A’	Set ‘B’
(1) Khafi Khan	Akbarnama
(2) Malik Muhammad Jayasi	Padmavat
(3) Sant Kabir	Doha
(4) Mirza Hyder	Tarikh-i-Rashidi

Answer:
(1) Khafi Khan – Tarikh-i-Khafikhan

1C. Write the names.

Question 1.
He defeated Ibrahim Lodi.
Answer:
Babur

Question 2.
She successfully resisted the attack of Akbar and saved the Nizamshahi kingdom.
Answer:
Chand bibi

2. Explain the statements with reasons.

Question 1.
The Rajput rulers united against Babur.
Answer:

• The grand army of Ibrahim Lodi could not survive in front of Babur in the battle of Panipat.
• Babur defeated Ibrahim Lodi on the strength of configuration skills, strong artillery, a system of secret intelligence, and strong leadership. This was a direct threat to the Rajputs in Rajasthan.
• Rajputs were brave warriors and proud advocates of their religion.
• Babur established his rule in Delhi.
• The Rajput kings came together under the leadership of Mewar King Rana Sangha to counter him.
• Babur defeated the Rajputs in the Battle of Khanwa.

Question 2.
Shershah Sur was well-known for his ideal administration.
Answer:

• Humayun was deprived of the kingdom due to the defeat at the hands of Shershah Sur of Bihar.
• Shershah Sur made some reforms in the administrative setup. He also made changes in the land revenue system.
• He erected the hierarchical setup of administrative units and officers.
• He brought together the Afghan sardars scattered in North India and established Afghan rule.
• The descendants of Shershah were not efficient. Thus, his power declined.

Question 3.
Emperor Akbar strengthened the foundation of his rule in India.
Answer:

• After Humayun, his son Akbar ascended the throne.
• He proved to be the greatest Mughal Emperor because of his qualities such as high intelligence, tolerance, firmness, and courage.
• The kingdom established by Babur was transformed into a great empire by Akbar.
• He established his rule from Kabul to Bengal and Kashmir to Varhad-Khandesh.
• He entered into political matrimonial relations with the Rajputs in order to strengthen his kingdom.
• He erected an efficient administrative setup.

Question 4.
Mughal art declined during the period of Aurangzeb.
Answer:

• During the period of Aurangzeb, the royal patronage of the art of painting was withdrawn.
• Aurangzeb was a fanatic ruler. Under Aurangzeb’s rule, art declined, since he had banned all art forms.
• The artists were forced to seek patronage elsewhere under various rulers in Rajasthan, Bundelkhand, Gujarat, and the provinces of the Himalayan ranges.
• New local styles of paintings emerged there.

3. Write short notes.

Question 1.
Mughal Art
Answer:

• The reign of the three emperors, Akbar, Jahangir, and Shahjahan was a period of peace, order, and prosperity. Arts flourish when there is stability.
• A new era began in the field of art and architecture.
• The etched designs on the marble walls of mosques, tombs, and palaces are evidence of the highly advanced styles of art and architecture.
• The influence of the Persian style of architecture was more prominent till Akbar’s period.
• In the later period, it evolved by absorbing Indian elements, which came to be known as the Indo-Islamic style of architecture.
• During the period of Akbar and Jahangir, the art of ivory carving received royal patronage.
• The Mughal paintings originated from the Persian styles of painting.
• There are miniature paintings of Persian style in the manuscript of ‘Baburnama’. The art of painting received encouragement during the period of Akbar. He appointed skilled painters in his court.
• During the period of Jahangir, paintings were done based on the court and hunting scenes. The paintings of this period were done in a more realistic style, which is vibrant and attractive. These paintings, portray birds and animals, cloud formations, human figures, and natural scenery.
• During the Mughal period, the art of music seems to have received royal patronage.

Question 2.
Mughal Literature
Answer:

• During the Mughal period, excellent literature was created in the Persian language.
• Babur himself knew Persian and Turkish languages. His autobiography known as ‘Baburnama’ is well known.
• Another important text is ‘Tarikh-i-Rashidi’ by Mirza Hyder written during the period of Humayun.
• Akbar got many Sanskrit texts translated in Persian which includes ‘Rajatarangini’, ‘Lilavati’, ‘Ramayana’, ‘Mahabharata’, ‘Harivamsh’ and ‘Panchatantra’. Abul Fazal wrote the famous ‘Akbarnama’ and ‘Ain-i- Akbari’.
• Dara Shukoh, the son of Shahjahan, was a Sanskrit scholar. He translated the text of several Upanishads texts in the Persian language from Sanskrit.
• During the Mughal period, a number of biographical, historical texts were written. Among them Khafi Khan’s ‘Tarikhi- Khafikhan’ is well-known.
• During the Mughal period, a number of literary works of high quality were created in local north Indian dialects. To mention a few, ‘Ramacharitamanas’ written by Goswami Tulsidas, the compositions of Surdas and Meerabai, Padmavat composed by Malik Muhammad Jaysi, dohas of Saint Kabir.

4. Answer the following questions in detail.

Question 1.
During the Mughal period, what were the changes made in the revenue system?
Answer:

• Akbar made further reforms in the revenue system implemented by Shershah Sur.
• This bought a certain discipline in the Mughal revenue system.
• He graded the cultivable land based on the systematic land survey.
• The land was classified into four types on the basis of annual yield, i.e. fertile (supik), infertile (napik), irrigated (bagayat), and dry crop (jirayat) land.
• Individual land holdings of farmers were registered.
• An average of the annual yield in the last ten years was calculated and one-third of this average yield was fixed as the base for the tax to be paid.
• The tax, thus fixed, was applicable for the span of ten years. This offered considerable respite to farmers for a span of ten years.
• Documents are known as ‘Kabulayat’ and ‘Patta’ were prepared by the farmers after the fixing of the tax rate. The tax was collected in cash or in kind.

Question 2.
Elaborate on the features of Mughal architecture.
Answer:

• The architectural style during the Sultanate period had great implements on strength and simplicity.
• But during the Mughal period, the focus shifted to aesthetics.
• During the period of Babur, the Kabulbag mosque at Panipat and Jama Masjid at Sambhal in Uttar Pradesh were built in Persian style.
• The memorial built during the period of Shershah Sur at Sahastram (Bihar) is an excellent example of the Indo-Islamic style of architecture.
• The Purana Qila was built by Shershah in Delhi. The city of Fatehpur Sikri was set up during Akbar’s period.
• Later the buildings like Jama Masjid, Buland Darwaza were built in Fatehpur-Sikri.
• Akbar built important forts like Agra fort, Lahore fort, Allahabad fort, and Attock fort.
• The use of Red stone and marble, huge domes, arches were the salient features of the architecture of this period.
• The period of Shahjahan was the most glorious period of Mughal architecture.
• ‘Diwan-i-Aam’ and ‘Diwan-i-Khaas’ in Red fort, ‘Jama masjid’, ‘Moti Masjid’, were built during his period.
• The ‘Taj Mahal’ of Agra built by him is incomparable and immortal.
• Later, Mughal architecture began to decline.

Activity

Collect information about the expansion of Mughal rule by Emperor Akbar and the contemporary cities.
Answer:

• Akbar was an Imperialist.
• The first conquest of Akbar was that of Malwa.
• His empire extended from Kabul in the west to Bengal in the east and from Kashmir in the north to Vindhyas in the south.
• Had consolidated the whole of north India under his administration.
• The following is the link for additional information: https://www.historydiscussion.net

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Class 11 History Solutions Chapter 14 Delhi Sultanate, Vijayanagar and Bahamani Kingdom Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

Maharashtra State Board Class 11 History Solutions Chapter 14 Delhi Sultanate, Vijayanagar and Bahamani Kingdom

1A. Choose the correct alternative and write the complete sentences.

Question 1.
The royal poet in the court of Balban was _________________
(a) Al-Beruni
(b) Tuli
(c) Amir Khusrow
(d) Husen Shah Sharukhi.
Answer:
(c) Amir Khusrow

Question 2.
The first ruler who built the buildings in Indo-Islamic style of architecture was _________________
(a) Ferozshah Tughluq
(b) Qutubuddin Aibak
(c) Alauddin Khalji
(d) Akbar
Answer:
(b) Qutubuddin Aibak

1B. Find the incorrect pair from set B and write the correct ones.

Question 1.

Set ‘A’	Set ‘B’
(a) Rajasthan	Chauhans
(b) Kanauj	Pratiharas
(c) Bundelkhand	Chandelas
(d) Tripuri	Paramaras

Answer:
(d) Tripuri – Kalachuris

2. Complete the concept Maps.

Question 1.

Answer:

3. Explain the statements with reasons.

Question 1.
The Arab rule did not expand in India.
Answer:

• There was political instability in India in the 13th century and the Turkish invaders took advantage of this instability.
• Muhammad bin Qasim of the Ummayad dynasty attacked Sindh in the year 712 C.E.
• He conquered the entire region from Sindh to Multan. After Muhammad bin Qasim, the Arabs rule in India grew unstable.

Question 2.
The Rajput rulers had to accept defeat in front of the Turkish invaders.
Answer:

• In the 13th century, many petty rulers existed such as Chauhans of Rajasthan, Pratiharas, and Gadhwals (Rathod) of Kanauj, Chandellas of Bundelkhand, Parmars of Malwa, Kalachuris of Gorakhpur, Kalachuris of Tripuri (Madhya Pradesh), Chalukyas (Solanki) of Gujarat, Palas of Bengal, etc.
• They did resist the invasions of the Turks individually but they did not unite for it.

4. State your opinion.

Question 1.
The textile industry flourished during the Sultanate’s rule.
Answer:

• The textile industry flourished on large scale.
• Delhi, Agra, Lahore, Multan, Banaras, Patna, Khambayat, Burhanpur, Devgiri were the main centers of the textile industry during this period.
• The cotton cloth was exported on a large scale from Bengal to Gujarat.
• The textile exports included muslin, linen cloth, satin, and jari cloth.
• The textile dyeing industry gained importance. Golconda, Ahmedabad, Dhaka, etc. were the centers of this industry.

5. Write short notes.

Question 1.
Khyber Pass.
Answer:

• The Khyber Pass has proved to be very important in Indian history.
• During the ancient period, the trade between India and Central Asia was carried via. this pass.
• After the Persian Emperor Darius, Alexander came, to India, via. this pass and so did Mahmud Ghazni, Babur, Nadir Shah, and Ahmed Shah Abdali.
• The British built a railway line with its last destination at a place called ‘Jamrud’ near Peshawar in Pakistan, Jamrud in the doorway of Khyber Pass.

Question 2.
Coins during Sultanate period.
Answer:

• During the sultanate period, there were major changes in the coinage system.
• The names of the Khalifa and the Sultan were inscribed on the coins.
• Details regarding the year of issue, place of minting, etc. were inscribed on it in the Arabic script.
• ‘Tola’ came to be considered as a standard unit for the weight of the coin.

6. Answer the following questions with help of given points.

Question 1.
Write down the information about the invasion of Alauddin Khilji on Yadavas of Devgiri with the help of points given below.
(a) Reasons of invasion
(b) Invasion and events
(c) Effects of invasion
Answer:
(a) Reasons of invasion:

• Devgiri was a prosperous city in the South.
• King Ramadevarai Yadava was ruling over Devgiri.
• Alauddin attacked Devgiri in 1296 C.E.
• In face of the sudden attack, Ramadevarai took shelter in the fort of Devgiri (Daulatabad). Alauddin seized the fort and plundered the city.
• Alauddin conquered nearby provinces of Devgiri as well and collected a large booty as part of the treaty.

(b) Invasion and events:

• Ramadevarai, the ruler of Devgiri had stopped paying tribute to Alauddin for some time.
• So Alauddin sent his commander Malik Kafur to the South.
• There were political and economic reasons behind this campaign.
• The most important reason was to subdue the Yadavas and to collect tribute from them.

(c) Effects of invasion:

• Alauddin had increased his army in size.
• He was the first Sultan to set up a permanent standing army on a large scale.
• He devised new economic reforms for controlling market prices.
• These new measures created a heavy strain on the state treasury.
• It was also necessary to keep the newly increased army and its officers are busy by planning new campaigns.

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Class 11 History Solutions Chapter 13 India, Sri Lanka and Southeast Asia Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

Maharashtra State Board Class 11 History Solutions Chapter 13 India, Sri Lanka and Southeast Asia

1A. Choose the correct alternative to write the complete sentences.

Question 1.
Buddhaghosh was an Indian _____________ in Sri Lanka.
(a) Thinker
(b) Philosopher
(c) King
(d) Priest
Answer:
(b) Philosopher

Question 2.
The founder of Pagan empire was _____________
(a) Kyanzittha
(b) Anwrahta
(c) Ayuttha
(d) Jayavarman
Answer:
(b) Anwrahta

Question 3.
The ancient name of Cambodia was _____________
(a) Kambuja Desh
(b) Laos
(c) Angkorwat
(d) Sumatra
Answer:
(a) Kambuja Desh

1B. Find the incorrect pair from set B and write the correct ones.

Question 1.

Set ‘A’	Set ‘B’
(1) Finest example of stupa architecture in Myanmar	Shwedagon Pagoda
(2) Saivaite temples in the Champa kingdom	My Son
(3) The World famous temple in Cambodia	Angkor wat
(4) The Centre of Angkor Thom	Dieng Temples

Answer:
(4) The centre of Angkorthom – Bayon Temple

1C. Write the names.

Question 1.
Son of Emperor Ashoka –
Answer:
Thera Mahinda

Question 2.
Ancient kingdom in Laos –
Answer:
Lao Sang

Question 3.
Kingdom of ‘Cham’ people –
Answer:
Champa

Question 4.
Last king of Malayu –
Answer:
Eskandar Shah

2. Write short notes.

Question 1.
Chenla Kingdom
Answer:

• The first kingdom, established in Cambodia was known by the name of ‘Chenla’.
• The people who established Chenla were known as ‘Khmer’.
• The influence of Indian culture in Cambodia dates back to the Chenla period.
• The kingdom of Chenla was established by Jayavarman II. His capital’s name was ‘Hariharalaya’.
• The kings of Chenla expanded their empire from Vietnam to Myanmar and to China in the north.
• After King ‘Jayavarman VII’ the Khmer empire began to decline.

Question 2.
Vishnu temple at Angkorwat
Answer:

• (i) The world-famous temple of ‘Angkorwat’ was built in Yashodharpura, the capital city built by Suryavarman II.
• (ii) The temple area is about 500 acres, which is about 2 sq. km.
• (iii) The main entrance is at the west and the temple is surrounded by a moat, which is 200 meters in depth.
• (iv) Among the sculptural panels on the southeast walls of the temple the panel of ‘Samudramanthan’ is notable. Later, it was turned into a Buddhist temple.

Question 3.
Majapahit Kingdom
Answer:

• In the 13th century C.E., in Eastern Java arose a kingdom known as ‘Majapahita’.
• The name of the founder King of Majapahita was, Vijaya’.
• He established his supremacy in some of the islands like Java, Bali and also some other islands and extended the kingdom of Java into an empire.

Question 4.
Champa Kingdom
Answer:

• ‘Champa’ was an ancient kingdom in the coastal region of Vietnam.
• Champa was named after the ‘Cham’ tribe.
• The names of the cities in Champa were ‘Indrapur’, ‘Amaravati’, ‘Vijay’, ‘Kauthara’, and ‘Panduranga’.
• The city of Vijay was the capital of the Champa kingdom.
• The inscriptions of Champa mention the names of its kings and queens and the temples of Hindu deities especially Shiva temples.

3. Answer the following questions in detail.

Question 1.
Explain the spread of Indian culture in Thailand.
Answer:

• Thailand was referred to as ‘Mueng Thai’ by the ancient people. However, it was known as ‘ Siam’ in the world. In the 20th century, its name was changed to ‘Thailand’.
• Thailand was ruled from the 6th century to the 11th century by the ‘Mon’ people. Indian culture was spread at this time.
• The Indian traditions of sculpture, literature, ethics, judicial science, etc. had a great role in shaping up the Mon culture.
• Dvaravati although smaller and weaker contributed greatly to the development of writing, arts, administration, religion, science, etc. in others kingdoms.
• The remains of sculptures and architecture of the period have been found in Lop Buri (Lao Puri) and Ayuttha (Ayodhya).
• The sculptures include Buddha images a few Shivalingas and images of Vishnu.
• In the 14th century C.E, a new kingdom of Ayuttha was established in Thailand and the kings of Ayuttha bore names with the prefix ‘Ram’.
• Thai Ramayana developed into an independent tradition. It is known as ‘Ramakien’ (Ram Akhyana).
• The stories of ‘Ramakien’ have been preserved in all Thai art traditions including sculpture, folk music, dance, and theatre.

Question 2.
Write about the cultural interrelationship between India and Myanmar.
Answer:

• ‘Myanmar’ is a neighbouring country of India. It was earlier known as ‘Brahmdesh’. In the 2nd century B.C.E. there were city-states known as ‘Pyu’ in the north and central regions of Myanmar.
• Among the new ‘Pyu’ cities that came into existence at a later period were the cities of ‘Halin’ and ‘Shrikshetra’ were important.
• Shrikshetra was the largest among the ‘Pyu’ cities. The founders of Shrikshetra belonged to the Shakya clan of Gautam Buddha.
• The three Pyu cities of Halin, Beikthano, and Shrikshetra where archaeological excavations were conducted have brought into light many remains of buildings like stupas, cemeteries, and structures built for water management. The three sites have been declared as World Cultural Heritage sites.
• The ‘Shwedagon’ pagoda built between the 6th-10th century C.E. at Yongan (Rangoon) is one of the finest examples of stupa architecture in Myanmar.
• The ‘Shwedagon’ pagoda contains the hair of Gautama Buddha. This pagoda is covered with sheets of gold.
• The ‘Anand Temple’ is another important monument built during the reign of Kyanzittha, the emperor of Pagan in the 11th century C.E. It is the finest example of the combined architectural style of India and Pagan.

Activity

Find out the names of World Cultural Heritage in this lesson. Prepare a chart by using the following points: Name of the heritage, place, and country.
Answer:

Name of the Heritage	Place	Country
1. Sri Dalad Maligava	Kandy	Sri Lanka
2. Dambulla Caves	Dambulla	Sri Lanka
3. Angkorwat, Angkorthom	Siem Reap	Cambodia
4. Borobudur Stupa	Java	Indonesia
5. Prambanan Temples	Yogyakarta	Indonesia

 

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Class 11 Sociology Solutions Chapter 2 Contribution of Western and Indian Sociologists Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

Maharashtra State Board Class 11 Sociology Solutions Chapter 2 Contribution of Western and Indian Sociologists

1. (A) Choose the correct alternative and complete the statements.

Question 1.
The Industrial Revolution took place in ………………..
(North America / Europe / Australia)
Answer:
Europe

Question 2.
Science is based on …………………
(beliefs / facts / guess work)
Answer:
facts

Question 3.
Significant work has been done on kinship organisation in India, by female sociologist ………………
(Iravati Karve / Suma Chitnis / Neera Desai)
Answer:
Iravati Karve

Question 4.
The ……………….. stage of societal growth is characterised by explanations which are abstract but not God-centred.
(Theological / Metaphysical / Positive)
Answer:
Metaphysical

1. (B) Correct the incorrect pair.

Question 1.
(a) Abdul Rahman Ibn-Khaldun – North Africa
(b) Auguste Comte – France
(c) Harriet Martineau – England
(d) Karl Marx – Russia
Answer:
(d) Karl Marx – Germany

1. (C) Identify the appropriate term from the given options.

(Polarization. M. N. Srinivas, R. N. Mukherjee)
Question 1.
Marx argues that classes will become hostile towards each other.
Answer:
Polarization

Question 2.
The Indian sociologist who coined the term westernisation.
Answer:
M. N. Srinivas

1. (D) Correct the underlined words and complete the sentence.

Question 1.
The stage of society where empirical evidence forms the basis for explanation is the theological stage.
Answer:
The stage of society where empirical evidence forms the basis for explanation is the positive / scientific stage.

Question 2.
The book ‘Le Suicide’ was written by Hobbes.
Answer:
The book ‘Le Suicide’ was written by Emile Durkheim

2. Write short notes.

Question 1.
Contribution of G. S. Ghurye to Indian Sociology.
Answer:
1. Govind Sadashiv Ghurye was the first who introduced sociology in India after independence. Therefore, he is considered as the ‘Father of Indian Sociology’. He established ‘Indian Sociological Society’ and started the journal ‘Sociological Bulletin’.

2. Ghurye’s work on scheduled tribes, were based on the historical, administrative and social dimensions of Indian tribes. He wanted the tribals to be integrated with the wider Indian society. He has written on tribes like Mahadev Kolis in Maharashtra. His book, ‘Caste and Race in India’ is one of the most important contribution to Indian sociology.

3. Ghurye referred to the long process of Hinduisation of the tribes from different parts of India. He considered cultural unity between tribes and caste as the only means to promote integration in Indian society.

4. His book, ‘Caste and Race in India’, published in 1932 combines historical, anthropological and sociological perspectives to understand caste and kinship system in India.

Question 2.
Types of suicide according to Durkheim.
Answer:
Suicide is a type of death carried by an individual intentionally or deliberately. According to Durkheim suicide is a social phenomenon. Following are the types of suicide.
1. Egoistic suicide : It takes place when an individual is very much self-centred and least bothered about the other members of society, e.g., it is committed by people who become introvert and have less desires to live in the company of others, suicide rates are higher for those widowed, single and divorced.

2. Anomic suicide : When situations go against the norms and values of a person. In such condition individual finds it difficult to face the situation and adjust with that, e.g., suicide of farmers.

3. Altruistic suicide : This type of suicide is different from egoistic suicide. This type of suicide means sacrificing own life for the betterment of people or society, e.g., Sati system, a patient commits suicide for the sake of family.

4. Fatalistic suicide : When an individual is under excessive control from the outside factors fatalistic suicide takes place e.g., Dowry death. According to Durkheim social situations, circumstances, factors are responsible for suicide and become a ‘social fact.’

3. Differentiate between.

Question 1.
Theological Stage and Positive Stage.
Answer:

Theological Stage	Positive Stage
(i) Theological stage is the first stage of Comte’s Law of three stages.	(i) Positive stage is last or third stage of Comte’s law of three stages.
(ii) Human thinking, ideas and views were influenced by spiritual and supernatural factors.	(ii) This is an improved rational, scientific form of human thinking.
(iii) All societies believed that God controls all events in the world.	(iii) Instead of imagination and superstitious belief, societies turn towards empirical scientific approach.
(iv) Example : Natural calamities like flood, drought etc., were the expressions of God’s anger.	(iv) Example : Discoveries of Newton and Galileo, enlightement.

Question 2.
Anomic Suicide and Altruistic Suicide.
Answer:

Anomic Suicide	Altruistic Suicide
(i) Anomic suicide takes place in situations where one is not able to adjust with circumstances which arise unexpectedly.	(i) Altruistic suicide means, an individual commits suicide with the object of doing well for others.
(ii) This is due to economic instability and personal struggle.	(ii) This is due to fanatical love for one’s own community.
(iii) It reflects a normlessness.	(iii) It is value-oriented.
(iv) Example : Businessman committed suicide due economic depression or extreme prosperity.	(iv) Example : Sati system (committed by Indian women in the past), Hara-kiri (committed by Japanese)

4. (A) Complete the concept maps.

Question 1.

Answer:

4. (B) State whether the following statements are true or false with reasons.

Question 1.
According to Marx, capitalism gives rise to we feeling among workers.
Answer:
This statement is True.

1. Capitalists accumulate profit through the exploitation of labour. The poverty of the workers’ class grows with increasing exploitation of labour.
2. Economic exploitation and inhuman conditions lead to the increasing alienation of workers.
3. The classes tend to become internally homogeneous and class struggle, more intensified and creates class solidarity and we feeling among the workers.

Question 2.
Iravati Karve has made significant contribution to the study of Kinship in India.
Answer:
This statement is True.

1. Iravati Karve has contributed in the field of Sociology as well as Anthropology. She wrote a book ‘Kinship Organization in India’ in which she describes major kinship systems in India.
2. Kinship is one of the concepts which is socially and culturally related with factors like family, caste and languages in India.
3. According to her, kinship system is based on the geographical and linguistic group differences.
   Thus, Iravati Karve has made significant contribution to the study of Kinship in India

5. Give your personal response.

Question 1.
Do you think globalization has led to polarization of classes? Discuss with relevant examples of your own.
Answer:
Yes, globalization has led to polarization of classes. This has led to segregation of people in the society that may emerge from income inequality, economic restructuring etc. It leads to differentiation of groups on the basis of high income and low income. Skilled people manage to get high paying jobs while the less educated/skilled people receive low wages.

Question 2.
Do you think Kinship bonds are weakening? Give reasons for your response?
Answer:
Yes, I think as we Indians are progressing and trying to establish our nation as a developed nation, we on the other side are losing importance of our family ties. Kinship bonds means ties based on blood and marriage.
Following are some of the reasons which are axing Kinship bonds.

1. Urbanisation, one of the major reasons of migration of people from rural to urban resulting into formation of a nuclear family.
2. Modernisation, making individuals self-centred, career oriented simultaneously detach from family.
3. Change in the medium of recreation, earlier it was family get together or celebration of festivals or religious ceremony now it is Cinema Hall or Visit to Mall.
4. Increasing control of electronic gadgets like T.V., Mobile Internet, etc., which make virtual world closer but taxing to kinship bond, care and attachment.
5. Dominance of materialistic world results into abundance of needs. Above all, todays smart and modern generation is chopping their own roots, meaning, weakening kinship bonds.

6. Answer the following in detail (About 150-200 words).

Question 1.
You have studied about Comte’s Law of Three Stages of human thought. With reference to the first and third stage, comment on the challenges it poses for Indian society.
Answer:
Auguste Comte believed that the evolution of human mind had taken place along with the evolution of the individual mind. Comte’s social philosophy is based on the concept of three stage of human thought.

Theological stage : In this stage human beings believed in supernatural and spiritual factors. It was believed that three was a control of God on all events in the world. The human mind, at this level, supposed that all phenomena was produced by the immediate action of supernatural beings. For example, all natural calamities were the expressions of God’s anger. This stage is dominated by priests and ruled by military men.
Following are the challenges which poses for Indian society:

1. During this stage, human mind is dominated by sentiments, feelings and emotions.
2. Certain section of Indian society believed that all actions/events happened due to power of God/ Supernatural beings.
   E.g. drought, flood, earthquake etc., natural calamities were nothing but anger of God.
3. Explanation for all happening events are the form of myths concerning spirits and supernatural beings.
4. During this stage, military society was basically dying and priests were dominated.
5. In short, due to effect of theological stage there was lack of logical and orderly thinking in the Indian society.

Positive/Scientific stage : Comte says, scientific stage is an improved and scientific form of human thinking. Now, instead of imagination, we turn to observation. Since Reason and examination were basic planks of knowledge at this stage hence, one seeks to establish laws which link facts and which govern social life.

Effect of scientific stage on Indian Society:

1. Finally, in this stage, Indian society turned towards the scientific way of thinking.
2. Instead of imaginations, society turned towards observation, reason and examination all these were basic planks of knowledge.
3. The concept of God started vanishing from human mind.
4. Society adopted the scientific rational way of thinking and there is no place for any belief or superstition in it.
5. In this way, Comte’s first and third stage affected the Indian Society.

11th Sociology Digest Chapter 2 Contribution of Western and Indian Sociologists Intext Questions and Answers

ACTIVITY (Textbook Page No. 16)

Question 1.
Discuss how ‘polarization of classes’ and ‘class solidarity’ are relevant in the present times.
Answer:
In present times, polarization of classes and class solidarity is associated with the segregation within a society which are immediate cause of emergence of income inequality, economic displacements, formation of various social groups from high income to low income, economic restructuring particularly in cities, economic inequality etc.

Question 2.
Read newspaper articles related to caste issues (e.g. representation, atrocities, reservation) and share the findings with your class. (Textbook Page No. 19)
Answer:
Reference : Times of India (March 29, 2019)
The Indian Express (June 6, 2019)
Times of India (June 3, 2019)

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Class 11 History Solutions Chapter 11 Kingdoms in South India Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

Maharashtra State Board Class 11 History Solutions Chapter 11 Kingdoms in South India

1A. Choose the correct alternative and write complete sentences.

Question 1.
The name of the well-known king of Vakatak dynasty was ______________
(a) Sarvasena
(b) Pravarasena
(c) Jaising
(d) Chandragupta
Answer:
(b) Pravarasena

Question 2.
After the conquest in South, Pulakeshin II took up the title of ______________
(a) Parameshwara
(b) Vishayapati
(c) Deshadhipati
(d) Satyajay
Answer:
(a) Parameshwara

Question 3.
Kalidasa composed ______________ at Ramtek in Vidarbha.
(a) Shakuntal
(b) Meghdoot
(c) Malavikagnimitra
(d) Harivijay
Answer:
(b) Meghdoot

Question 4.
The world famous Kailasa temple was built during the ______________ period.
(a) Chalukya
(b) Pallava
(c) Cher
(d) Rashtrakuta
Answer:
(d) Rashtrakuta

1B. Find the incorrect pair from set B and write the correct ones.

Question 1.

Set ‘A’	Set ‘B’
(a) Setubandh	Panini
(b) Harivijay	Sarvasena
(c) Indica	Megasthenes
(d) Sangit Ratnakar	Sharangdev

Answer:
(a) Ashtadhyayi – Panini

2. Explain the following statement with reasons.

Question 1.
A strong rule of the Chalukyas was created in south India.
Answer:

• The Chalukya dynasty ruled in the south for approximately 200 years.
• Jaising the founder of this dynasty established his capital at Vatapi (Badami) Pulakeshin I was an important king of this dynasty who performed the Ashwamedha sacrifice.
• After him, his son Kirtivarman I came to power. During his reign, he conquered the Kadambas of Vanvasi (Karwar) and Mauryas of Aparanta (North Konkan) and expanded his rule.
• The greatest king of the Chalukyas was Pulakeshin II.
• He performed the Digvijaya and strengthened the power of the Chalukyas.
• His achievements are described by Ravikirti, a poet. He defeated Harshavardhan thus, acquiring great fame.

Question 2.
Yadava period has special importance in the history of Maharashtra.
Answer:

• Yadava dynasty is one of the important dynasties of Medieval Maharashtra.
• During this period there was a notable development in the cultural sphere of Maharashtra.
• The Mahanubhav and Warkari sects had a beginning in the Yadava period.
• During this period, Patan in Khandesh, Solotagi in Karnataka, and Paithan in Maharashtra became important centers of learning.
• Sanskrit texts were written on subjects like Dharmashastra, ‘Purva Mimansa’ (philosophical text), Nyaya, and Vedanta.
• Many important texts were composed at this time for eg. the composition of saint poets like Namadeva, Janabai, etc.
• Many temples were built of the Hemadipanti style at this time.
• An important feature of the Hemadipanti temples is that no mortar was used.

3. Write short notes.

Question 1.
The administrative system in South India
Answer:

• There were officials like ‘Mahadandanayaka’, ‘Rashtrika’, ‘Deshadhikruta’, ‘Amatya’, ‘Ayukta’, etc.
• The council of officers in the Chola kingdom was called ‘Udankuttam’.
• The kingdom was divided into many provinces. These provinces were known as ‘Mandalam’.
• A member of the royal family was the chief of the Mandalam.
• There were many officers under him such as ‘Vishayapati’, ‘Deshadhipati’, ‘Deshadhikrut’, ‘Rashtrika’, etc.
• The administration of the Southern kingdoms was very efficient. Village autonomy was an important feature.
• The ‘Gramasabha’ (village council) looked after the village administration.
• The head of the Gramasabha was known by different names such as ‘Gramabhojaka’, ‘Gramakuta’ etc.
• Land revenue was the main source of income for the state.
• Apart from it the excise tax, professional tax, pilgrimage tax were the sources of income.

Question 2.
Coins in South Indian dynasties.
Answer:

• The Maurya coins were in circulation in South India.
• After the decline of Mauryas, the Pandyas issued their own punch-marked coins.
• The images like sun, horse, stupa, tree, fish were carved on it.
• On the Chera coins, there used to be a bow and arrow on one side and an image of an elephant on the other.
• On the Chola coins, the symbol of the tiger as the royal emblem of Cholas is depicted.
• The Chola coins were made of gold, silver and the legends were inscribed in the Devnagari script.
• The coins belonging to Chalukya king Rajaraja are issued in three metals gold, silver, and copper, with the image of Rajaraja and a tiger.
• Due to the trade with Rome, many Roman coins are found.

4. Answer the following questions in brief with the help of the points given below.

Question 1.
Describe the rule of the Shilahara dynasty
(a) Founder
(b) Shilahara of South Konkan
(c) Shilaharas of North Konkan
(d) Shilaharas of Kolhapur
Answer:
(a) Founder: Jimutvahan is considered to be the founder of all three branches. They ruled for almost three hundred years as the feudatories of Rashtrakutas and later the Chalukyas.

(b) Shilahara of South Konkan: Sanafulla established the South Konkan branch of Shilaharas. His son, Dhammiyar set up the village of Vallipattana and built a fort there. Later King Adityavarma expanded his kingdom from Thane to Goa. Rattaraj was the last ruler of this dynasty. One of the copper plates found at Kharepatan gives an account of the history of this dynasty.

(c) Shilaharas of North Konkan: Kapardi established the North Konkan branch of Shilaharas. Their capital was at Sthanak (Thane). Aparajita was an important king of this branch. He ruled for around thirty-five years. He was followed by Chittaraj.

(d) Shilaharas of Kolhapur: The modern districts of Satara, Sangli, Ratnagiri, and Belgaum were included in this kingdom. Jatiga established the Kolhapur branch of Shilaharas. Bhoj II was an important king of this dynasty. Kolhapur, Valivade, and Panhala were the capitals of this kingdom. ‘Koppeshwar Mahadev’ temple at Khidrapur was the creation of Shilaharas.

Activity

Visit the Kailasa temple at Ellora and prepare a detailed note.
Answer:

• The Kailasa temple is one of the 100 odd rock-cut cave temples and monasteries at Ellora.
• It is carved from a single, gigantic rock.
• Lies around 30 km northwest of Aurangabad in Maharashtra.
• Only 34 are accessible to the public.
• Ellora or Verul to the locals was located on an ancient South Asian trade.