Class 11

Balbharti Yuvakbharati English 11th Digest Chapter 1.6 Tiger Hills Notes, Textbook Exercise Important Questions and Answers.

Maharashtra State Board Class 11 English Yuvakbharati Solutions Chapter 1.6 Tiger Hills

11th English Digest Chapter 1.6 Tiger Hills Textbook Questions and Answers

1. Ajoy and Sujoy went to watch a cricket match. They enjoyed it very much, but they missed their friends Vinay and Sunay. Next day, when the four friends met, Ajoy reported how the game was played, how the players performed and how the game ended. Sujoy told them that they missed Vinay and Sunay very much and they were eager to tell them about the enjoyments.

Question (i)
Complete the following sentences:
Answer:
(a) Ajay reported about the strategy of the game, the performance of the players and the way the game had ended.
(b) Sujoy reported about their feeling of missing their other two friends Vinay and Sunay and also about their eagerness to tell them how much they had enjoyed watching the cricket match.

Question (ii)
The word ‘report’ means –
(a) Give a spoken or written account of something.
(b) Cover an event or subject as a journalist or reporter.
Answer:
(a) Give a spoken or written account of something.

2.

Question (i)
Find out the meaning of the following words:
Answer:
(a) Reportage: The reporting of news by the press and the broadcasting media.
(b) Reporter: A person employed to find out informations about the news events and describe them for a newspaper, magazine, radio or television.
(c) Reported Speech: When a speaker’s words are reported in subordinate clauses governed by a reporting verb and the necessary changes of person and tense.
(d) Reportorial: A writer, investigator or presenter of news stories.

Question (ii)
Make a list of the factors which make war stories or war-movies interesting.
Answer:
(a) They are usually based on historical facts.
(b) They need to have a gripping story line.
(c) They help us to understand the risks and sacrifices of the soilders.
(d) They make us realize the importance of peaceful co-existence and the futility of war.

(A1)

Question (i)
Imagine that you are about to interview the writer. Write 10 to 15 questions regarding the operation.
Answer:
On the 20th Anniversary of Kargil war, we remember an armed conflict between India and Pakistan in the Kargil District of Kashmir and elsewhere along the Line of Control. We are fortunate to have in our studio General Ved Prakash Malik, who was the Chief of the Army Staff of India at that time.

Excerpts from the Interview :

1. Good Morning, General Malik ! We are fortunate to have you in our studio on a day which is considered a zed-letter day in Indian history. What is the first word that comes to your mind when Kargil war is mentioned?
2. How confident were you about Indian Victory?
3. Was our Army prepared for such a difficult operation? Please give one or two examples.
4. Your book on ‘Kargil’ says it all. How did you feel while narrating or rather reporting the events of those days?
5. Kargil was the first war in Indian military history when media covered the entire battle live. How did you feel when you watched the coverage?
6. What was your first reaction when this proposal came from media?
7. You must have spent many sleepless nights when your boys were fighting a tough battle in Kargil. Share with us some of your experiences of those days.
8. We have heard many stories of Kargil war like Vikram Batra, ‘Yeh Dil Mange More’. Tell us one or two of your unforgettable memories associated with ‘Operation Vijay’.
9. There must be some memories of disappointments also. How did you handle them?
10. What is your comment on the humanitarian norms maintained even at a time of emergency?
11. How are the families of the Armymen involved when a war like this goes on?
12. What was your first reaction when you heard about the moment of victory?
13. What were your key words to your boys when you talked to them after they successfully accomplished the tough job?
14. My last question to you is what do you want to say to the civilians about their behaviour during a war or a war-like situation?

Thank You very much General Malik for giving your valuable time to our viewers and all of us to make us know so many facts about the Kargil war.

(A2)

Question (i)
Enlist any four facts which made the capturing of Tiger Hill a national challenge.
Answer:

1. The top of the Tiger Hill appeared almost impossible to capture since the enemy position on this mountaintop dominated parts of Srinagar-Kargil-Leh highway.
2. Bad weather and a poor visibility due to darkness were two major hindrances for the Indian Army.
3. Accurate firing by the well-trained enemy soldiers from the southernmost high ground was stalling the Indian Army for some time.
4. Prevention of enemy reinforcements was an urgent necessity to evict the enemy from the Tiger Hill.

Question (ii)
Different arms and ammunitions are mentioned in the excerpt. Find their names.
Answer:
Some of the arms and ammunitions used in the operation Tiger Hill are :

1. Bofors Guns
2. Individual Guns
3. Multi barrelled Grad rocket launchers
4. Mortars
5. Artillery
6. Grenades
7. Field and medium guns

Question (iii)
“Wars are not fought only on the battlefield’. Comment.
Answer:
This statement is true. Since in every walk of life, people have to fight to get their demands fulfilled and justice to prevail. The military war is, of course, fought in the battlefield but the family of the soldiers and the civilians also get involved since the country goes through a difficult phase.

In our day to day life also, we have to fight a number of battles. War against corruption, diseases, price-rise, natural disasters causing immense suffering and the fight one has to do to combat that, are all the wars that are not fought in the actual battlefield. They also have to be fought on the battlefield of life and they are the struggles for survival.

Question (iv)
Make a list of the preparations made for an assault on Tiger Hill.
Answer:
(a) Throughout the last week of June 1999, 18 Grenadiers probed to establish the extent of the enemy’s defences.
(b) They also explored to find out suitable routes for the assault.
(c) After confirming the multidirectional assault as the best strategy, the commanding officer drew up an elaborate artillery fire plan.
(d) Individual guns were ranged so as to cover each objective.
(e) Bofors guns were used in a direct firing role.

Question (v)
Complete the flow chart showing the events on the day of the assault.

Answer:
Question (vi)
Rewrite the given statements in their order of occurrence.
The most difficult task of maintaining the hold on Tiger Hill was achieved in this way :
(a) 8 Sikh was ordered to attack and capture Helmet and India Gate.
(b) Bodies of the Pakistani soldiers were collected and buried appropriately.
(c)During the ferocious artillery duels the Grenadiers hung on their precarious perch with grit and determination.
(d) 8 Sikh fought back successfully two counterattacks with forty to fifty personnel.
(e) An adhoc column of 8 Sikh climbed the steep rock and captured India Gate.
(f) In spite of heavy casualties, 8 Sikh captured Helmet on 5 July.
Answer:
(a) During the ferocious artillery duels the Grenadiers hung on their precarious perch with grit and determination.
(b) 8 Sikh was ordered to attack and capture Helmet and India Gate.
(c) An adhoc column of 8 Sikh climbed the steep rock and captured India Gate.
(d) In spite of heavy casualties, 8 Sikh captured Helmet on 5th July.
(e) 8 Sikh fought back successfully two counterattacks with forty to fifty personnel.
(f) Bodies of Pakistani soldiers were collected and buried appropriately.

(A3)

Question (i)
Find out the meanings of the following idioms / phrases and use them in your own sentences.
Answer:

1. To hit the bull’s eye – get something exactly right.
   The reporter’s comments on the negligence of the authority hit the bull’s eve.
2. To be taken by surprise – to shock someone by one’s sudden appearance on action.
   The enemy soldiers were taken by surprise when our soldiers attacked them suddenly.
3. To get a toehold – to get an initial, stable position to proceed further.
   My friend is trying to get a toehold in the entertainment industry by doing modelling.
4. Under the cover of – hidden or protected by
   The freedom fighters carried on many of their attacks under the cover of darkness.

Question (ii)
Find words from the text related to the war affairs.
Answer:
Brigadier, commander, capture, evicting, enemy, defense, mission, Mountain Brigade, artillery, combat, Grenadiers, strategy, assault, field, regiment, guns, The Air Force, military, target, company, infantry, captain, firefighting, duels, commando, hand-to-hand fight, bombardment, counterattack, battle, courage, reinforcements, Major, Lieutenant, soldiers, Subedar, casualties, Naib, Subedar, recapture, outcome, valour, victory.

(A4)

Question (i)
Find out the sentence with ‘Though, Although, Even though or But’ from the text and say its purpose.
Answer:
Although 18 Grenadiers held the top now, linking up with them was not so easy. Though/Although are subordinating conjunction which is used to introduce a subordinate clause and it needs a main clause to make it complete.

Question (ii)
Put ‘a/an’ or ‘the’ at proper places. Put a cross (x) where no article is applicable.
Answer:

1. Ravi walked up to the principal’s cabin.
2. Ahmed lives in a small town.
3. Can I use × Cell Phone?
4. Who’s the woman in your office?
5. I need an English-Marathi dictionary.

(A5)

Question (i)
Imagine you are one of the soldiers from 18 Grenadiers on the mission Tiger Hill. Narrate your experience of the war to your friend.
Answer:
Today I get goosebumps when I narrate to you about our mission Tiger Hill. Thankfully, at that time we were mentally alert and were prepared to combat our enemy. Now, I can refer to the incident as a ‘story’ but it is a reality to fight for the honour of our Motherland. I was one of the members or I should say soldiers of 18 Grenadiers who were assigned the mission of capturing the Tiger Hill with 8 Sikh, which was already posted at the base.

Moreover, a crack-team, that is, a highly specialized team of soldiers who could respond quickly and smartly, were with us to assist. We found out the extent of our enemy’s strength and searched for the suitable routes to attack. I still remember, on 3rd July, 1999, at 7pm, we started our multidirectional attack with the support of our fire power of artillery and mortars. You can’t imagine how bad the weather was.

There was darkness all around and it was extremely cold. In spite of all adversities, we were successful in holding the top of the Tiger Hill, but connecting with other companies was very difficult. The enemy camp also came out of their initial surprise and fierce counterattacks started immediately. Casualties were many and the numbers were increasing, but by God’s grace we could hold on the top, facing all dangers.

I must say here that my colleague Grenadier Yogender Singh Yadav and his team showed exceptional courage. 8 Sikh team decided another strategy of stopping the supply route to our enemy and that worked wonders.

To cut a long story short, finally the entire mission was accomplished on 3rd July, 1999 at night. We captured the Tiger Hill Top, though heavy fighting was still going on. But the enemy was unable to dislodge us and we won this fierce battle, thank God !

Today, as I narrated the happenings of those days, my eyes were filled with tears. We have won the Kargil war, our operation Vijay, but I have lost many of my friends. I salute those martyrs. They are the bravehears who sacrificed their lives to safeguard the prestige of our dear Motherland, India.

Question (ii)
Would you like to join Indian Army/Navy/ Air force? If not, suggest other ways in which you could serve your nation.
Answer:
I may not join Indian Army / Navy / Air Force but I want to be a teacher and facilitate all round development , of my students. I believe ‘Examples are better than precept’ .

So, I shall never try to preach, but follow certain principles in my own life to motivate the students to become not only sincere in studies but be good human beings to be assets to the nation. The bravehearts who captured the Tiger Hill Top by sheer grit and determination have taught me the lesson of hard work, perseverance and devotion. I shall try to inspire my students to achieve these qualities to be pillars which will hold the nation strongly.

Question (iii)
Report Writing:

Question (i)
Study the web diagram and write the characteristics of report writing.
Answer:
A report should present factual and unbiased informations in brief and then analyze the facts. The reporter need to convert the comments of a person in indirect speech. He/she should always write a report in past tense and use passive voice.

Question (a)
You are Sharad Mathur, the General Secretary of the Sports Club of your college. Write a brief report of the Annual Sports activities for the college magazine.
Answer:
Annual Sports Activities 2019-20

Sharad Mathur.
(General Secretary, Sports Club)

27 December 2019

The sports club of xyz college, Ghatkopar had planned Annual Sports Activities for the academic session 2019-2020.

A variety of indoor and outdoor games were listed and our principals Dr. Atul Shanbag had approved the entire list. The professor-in-charge for sports, Shri Pankj Malhotra and his team of students had arranged for Inter-Collegiate Sports meet also where many colleges from Mumbai and its suburbs were invited to participate. The response was overwhelming. But, -before that, many intra college competitions were organized for our students to get enough practice.

Sports events were planned for the teachers also where teachers from other colleges in our college campus participated. These activities were interesting and the students enjoyed a lot.

As General Secretary of the Sports Club, I thank our principal, sports teacher and all the teachers of our college as well as teachers of our college campus and my dear fellow students for making the sports activities of their academic year, a grand success.

Question (b)
Your school organised ‘Van Mahotsav Day’ recently. Write in about 100 to 150 words a report to be published in the school magazine.
Answer:
Van Mahotsav Celebration

XYZ
Secretary, Green Earth

6 June 2019

Van Mahotsav was celebrated by Green Earth, the environment club of our college with a lot of interest from the students on 5th June, the World Environment Day. The Mayor of Mumbai, was the Chief Guest and she planted a sapling on the college compound. The principal Ms. Shobha Patil urged the students and the teachers to plant more trees and to launch a campaign to save the environment.

Speaking on the occasion, Mayor Ms. Chande told that God had created environment and human beings to stay in harmony with each other. But unfortunately the imbalance between the two was disturbing. We should join hands to remove this imbalance.

Students of XIth standard presented a street play on saving the environment. A Cultural Programme concentrating on environment-friendly topics, was presented by the students. The programme ended with the vote of thanks offered by the secretary of the Environment Club of the college, who expressed his gratitude to everybody present there for encouraging such awareness drive.

Question (c)
You are the secretary of the NSS unit of your college. Write a brief report of the Blood Donation Camp arranged by your unit.
Answer:
Blood Donation Camp, 2019

Sushant Mehta
Secretary, NSS Unit

27 June 2019

The NSS unit of our college organized a blood donation camp on 24th June,2019 at 9am in the college premises. Dr. Ashok Patel, the eminent surgeon of KEM Hospital. Was the chief guest.

The programme started with the college prayer. NSS Convenor, Shri Ashish Chopra Sir, welcomed the chief guest and introduced him. Our principal, in her speech, thanked the respected chief guest, for sparing his valuable time to motivate the donors, for the noble cause.

Dr. Patel, in his simple but motivating words made the donors aware that blood donation was safe for healthy adult and there was no risk for contracting diseases as new sterile equipments are used for each donor. He also informed that the donor’s body usually replaced the liquid part of blood within 72 hours after giving blood. He advised the donors to take healthy meal, plenty of water and to have a good night’s sleep. One of the members of the NSS Unit offered Vote of thanks. The Blood Donation Camp was grand success because of the overwhelming response from the student donors and some of our teachers.

Yuvakbharati English 11th Digest Chapter 1.6 Tiger Hills Additional Important Questions and Answers

Question 1.
During the war the soldiers need to plan strategies.
1. Find the strategies planned.
2. Find some words related with such strategies.
Answer:
1. The strategies planned were:
(a) A thorough investigation to find out the extent of the enemy’s defenses
(b) To look out for the probable routes of the attac k
(e) Drawing of a detailed fire plan of the heavy weapons by the commanding officers
(d) Individual guns were ranged to cover each target
(e) Bofors guns were used in a direct firing with accuracy
2. Words related with such strategies are: scout, probe, enemy’s defences, suitable route, strategy, fire plan, direct firing, assault, targeted, accuracy.

Question 2.
The enemy was taken aback due to the steps taken by the Indian Army. With the help of the text find out strategies of the Indian Army for such a situation.
Answer:
Captain Sachin Nimbalkar who was leading ‘D’ company, moved ahead with his company in a steep slope at the edge of the plateau ignoring darkness and bad weather. The enemy could never imagine that this could be made possible by the Indian soldiers and naturally they were surprised. There was another surprise waiting for the enemy when Lieutenant Balwan Singh along with ‘C’ Company and Ghatak (Commando) platoon could reach through one of the most difficult north eastern extension of the mountain, just thirty meters away from the top.

Both these approaches caught the enemy unaware and the Indian Army achieved their objective. Media supported and assisted the battle live. Guess the risks of the media people as well as of the army. The live coverage of media has its pros and cons. It is indeed a sign of progress and helps the army to access their strategies at the break of the war or after the war.

But too much of transparency can create confusion and invite criticism from the world around. Of course, there are always the risks of loss of lives as well as severe injuries of the civilian media people who might not have proper military training.

A great humanitarian norm is maintained during the battle. Find out and comment on it. At the time of war, it is important to remember basic humanitarian principles of life and the Indian Army has done exactly that while handling the casualties in the battle of Kargil.

Pakistani Captain Karnal Sher Khan lost his life in the counterattack from Indian Army. His body was handed over to Pakistani authorities with due respect. Other bodies of the deceased Pakistani soldiers, which were lying all over the battleground, were collected and cremated appropriately with the proper honour, a martyr deserved. The narrator uses selective words to express the Victory. They are:

1. Jubilation
2. Relief
3. Replaced gloomy mood of the people
4. Stabilized Situation.

Comprehension

Read the extract and complete the activities given below.

Global Understanding:

Question 1.
Rewrite the given statements in their order of occurance:
(i) 18 Grenadiers probed to scout for suitable routes for the assault.
(ii) A crack team assisted both 18 Grenadiers and 8 Sikh.
(iii) Air Force joined Tiger Hill Mission on 2-3 July.
(iv) Media Projected Mission Tiger Hill as a national challenge.
Answer:
(iv) Media Projected Mission Tiger Hill as a national challenge.
(ii) A crack team assisted both 18 Grenadiers and 8 Sikh.
(i) 18 Grenadiers probed to scout for suitable routes for the assault.
(iii) Air Force joined Tiger Hill Mission on 2-3 July.

Say whether the following statements are true or false and correct the false statements.

Question (i)
The bodies of the Pakistani Soldiers were handed over to the Pakistani authorities.
Answer:
False. The bodies of the Pakistani soldiers were collected and buried appropriately.

Question (ii)
The writer got the news of the captured hill in the early morning.
Answer:
True

Question (iii)
When the Defence Minister landed at the New Delhi airport, the writer gave him the exciting news.
Answer:
False. The Defense Minister landed at the Amritsar airport

Question (iv)
The Indians were in a gloomy mood when the war was going on.
Answer:
True

Complex Factual

Question 1.
Why did the media project Tiger Hill Mission as a national heritage?
Answer:
The clear visibility of the top of the Tiger Hill from the highway posed a big challenge for the Army. Not only was it exposed to everybody but the level of difficulty could also be felt before the beginning of the mission. That made the media come to the conclusion of referring Tiger Hill Mission, a challenge for the nation since all the activities of the soldiers could be seen.

Question 2.
Why was the writer keen to make the announcement on 4th July.
Answer:
The writer was keen to make the announcement of the recapture of the Tiger Hill to the world as a meeting was scheduled on the same day between the Prime Minister of Pakistan and the President of the USA. As Pakistan always denied the existence of such a mountain feature labelling it as a figment of Indian imagination, it was important for the world to know the reality, making Pakistani denial impossible.

Inference / Interpretation / Analysis

Question 1.
Make a list of four strategies that were planned for Mission Tiger Hill.
Answer:
The strategies planned were:

1. A thorough investigation to find out the extent of the enemy’s defenses
2. To look out for the probable routes of the attack
3. Drawing of a detailed fire plan of the heavy weapons by the commanding officers
4. Individual guns were ranged to cover each target

Question 2.
Why did the writer decide to wait for the announcement of the capture of the Tiger Hill? Explain. Answer:
The writer, after consulting to GOC 15 Corps and Nirmal Chander Vij decided to wait for officer’s announcement of the victory since heavy fighting was going on. There was still no confirmation from GOC 8 Mountain Division who was at the forefront. So, the writer decided for the authentic news to come to him from somebody who was at the war front.

Personal Response:

Question 1.
Explain whether you support live media coverage of the war.
Answer:
Yes, I agree with General Malik when he talks about transparency through the live media coverage. It is definitely a sign of progress and must be helpful for the Army for the assessment of their strategies. But, at the same time, live media coverage can create confusion which the reporters need to be careful about.

Question 2.
Express your feeling after reading the passage.
Answer:
I feel proud about Indian soldiers who took risks to save the pride of our Motherland. I am also extremely impressed by the respect showed to the enemy soldiers who also laid their lives for their country. I respect the way the writer has shown his responsibility to make an official announcement.

Language Study:

Question (i)
A simultaneous multidirectional assault emerged as the best strategy.
(Use the word ‘Good’and rewrite)
Answer:
No other strategy emerged as good as a simultaneous multidirectional assault.

Question (ii)
The Air Force targeted Tiger Hill on 2-3 July and hit the bull’s eye several times. (Use ‘Not only But also’and rewrite)
Answer:
Not only did the Air Force target Tiger Hill on 2-3 July but also hit the bull’s eyes several times.

Question (iii)
In India, wave of jubilation and relief replaced the gloomy mood of the people.
(Use ‘not only but also’)
Answer:
In India, not only a wave of jubilation but also relief replaced the gloomy mood of the people.

Question (iv)
The enemy would not be able to dislodge 18 Grenadiers. (Remove Negative)
Answer:
The enemy would be unable to dislodge 18 Grenadiers.

Vocabulary:

Question 1.
Pick up some names of the artillery used for Mission Tiger Hill.
Answer:
Bofors guns, rocket launchers, field and medium guns, mortars.

Question 2.
Give noun forms of the following adding suffixes.

1. confirm
2. bury
3. collect
4. consult

Answer:

1. Confirmation
2. burial
3. collection
4. consultation

Grammar:

Question 1.
Use of a/an/the
a/an – Indefinite articles
‘a’ is used with consonents and ‘an’ is used with vowels, that is, with the letters, ‘a,e,i,o,u’. They are used when we mention something for the first time, e.g., ‘And on the mountain stands a tree’.
But, ‘the’, a definite article, is used with something already mentioned, e.g., ‘And on the tree there is a branch’.

Glossary:

1. majestically – with impressive beauty
2. vicinity – surrounding area
3. features – characteristics
4. projected – predicted
5. episode – incident / event
6. assigned – allotted / given
7. grenadiers – soldiers armed with Grenades
8. crack – team – highly specialized team who can do things quickly and smartly
9. combat – action / battle
10. scout – look out
11. spell – a short period
12. elaborate – detailed
13. assault – strike / hit
14. mortars – short, smooth bore-guns
15. transparency – clarity / openness
16. artillery – heavy weapons
17. intermediate – middle / in-between
18. negotiate – arrange / work out
19. steep – sharp
20. inclement – cold / chilly
21. orchestrated – planned
22. duels – Fight between two people to settle a point
23. bombardment – shelling
24. wore off – lessened / faded
25. gearing up – preparing for an activity
26. casualties – losses / deaths
27. grit – courage
28. evict – oust / remove
29. reinforcements – extra persons sent to increase the strength of the army
30. platoon – squad / unit
31. reverse – backwards
32. scattered – spread over large area
33. dislodge – remove / displace
34. confirmation – support
35. outcome – result
36. a figment of imagination – something made up / created by one’s mind
37. jubilation – joy / great happiness
38. gloomy – depressing / cheerless
39. acquitted – conducted oneself
40. velour – courage
41. battalion – army / contingent / unit
42. adjacent – situated near or close to something,
43. evicting: to remove somebody from a house or land, especially with the support of law
44. well- fortified – to strengthen a place well against attack
45. mission – a particular task done by a person or a group a particular aim or duty that one wants to fulfill more than anything else
46. protrusion – a thing that extends from the place or from the surface something that sticks out,spur- an area of high ground extending from a mountain or hill
47. escarpment – a long,steep slope at the edge of a plateau
48. precarious – not safe,dangerous,
49. perch – a high seat or position
50. adhoc – adv- when necessary or needed
51. tenure – the act or a period of holding an important, especially political position

Maharashtra State Board Std 11th Commerce Book Keeping & Accountancy Textbook Solutions Digest | Class 11 Accounts Solutions

Bookkeeping and Accountancy 11th Solutions | Accounts Class 11 Solutions

• Chapter 1 Introduction to Book Keeping and Accountancy
• Chapter 2 Meaning and Fundamentals of Double Entry Book-Keeping
• Chapter 3 Journal
• Chapter 4 Ledger
• Chapter 5 Subsidiary Books
• Chapter 6 Bank Reconciliation Statement
• Chapter 7 Depreciation
• Chapter 8 Rectification of Errors
• Chapter 9 Final Accounts of a Proprietary Concern
• Chapter 10 Single Entry System

Maharashtra State Board Class 11 Textbook Solutions

Balbharti Yuvakbharati English 11th Digest Chapter 1.4 Pillars of Democracy Notes, Textbook Exercise Important Questions and Answers.

Maharashtra State Board Class 11 English Yuvakbharati Solutions Chapter 1.4 Pillars of Democracy

11th English Digest Chapter 1.4 Pillars of Democracy Textbook Questions and Answers

1. Discuss with your partner and choose the correct alternative.

Question (i)
‘Government of the people, by the people and for the people, shall not perish from the earth’. This famous statement is made by –
(a) Mahatma Gandhi
(b) Nelson Mandela
(c) Abraham Lincoln
(d) Dalai Lama
Answer:
Abraham Lincoln

Question (ii)
A system where the government is elected and ruled by people is called —
(a) Bureaucracy
(b) Aristocracy
(c) Democracy
(d) Autocracy
Answer:
Democracy

Question (iii)
A democratic country is governed by, its –
(a) Military
(b) Police
(c) Politicians
(d) Constitution
Answer:
Constitution

2.

Question (i)
The trinity of democracy comprises of three principles. Complete the web to show the trinity of democracy.

Answer:

Question (ii)
Match the following.

 

A	B
1. Constitution	(a) It is the freedom to go where you want, do what you want etc.
2. Liberty	(b) It is the state of being equal, especially in status, rights or opportunities.
3. Equality	(c) It is the sense of common brotherhood.
4. Fraternity	(d) It is an aggregate of fundamental principles or established precedents that constitute the legal basis of a polity, organization or other type of entity and commonly determine how that entity is to be governed.

Answer:

A	B
1. Constitution	(d) It is an aggregate of fundamental principles or established precedents that constitute the legal basis of a polity, organization or other type of entity and commonly determine how that entity is to be governed.
2. Liberty	(a) It is the freedom to go where you want, do what you want etc.
3. Equality	(b) It is the state of being equal, especially in status, rights or opportunities.
4. Fraternity	(c) It is the sense of common brotherhood.

Question (iii)
Explain the pillars of a democratic nation. Make list of obstacles that are a threat to the progress of a nation.
Answer:
The pillars of a democratic nation are:
1. Legislative: In a democratic nation, the people of the country elect their representatives that govern a state or a country.
2. Executives: Executives, as the name suggests, are in-charge of putting the laws made by the legislatives in effect.
3. Judiciary: The job of the judiciary is to keep a check on the laws made by the legislative and their execution or fulfillment by the executives without disturbing the fundamental rights of the citizens of the country.
4. Press: All types of media have a responsibility of reaching to the people all over the country, the works of the legislatives and the executive and their basic duty is to be unbiased.

Major obstacles that are threats to the progress of a nation are:

1. Caste and religion-based politics.
2. Disrespect for the constitution values.
3. Absence of universal education which makes people unaware of their basic rights and duties.
4. Huge gap between haves and have-nots- lack of qualitative resources to the poor.
5. Constant threat of the attack of enemy countries.

(A1)

Question (i)
State weather the following statements are true or false. Correct the false statement.

1. There is nothing wrong in being grateful to great men.
2. Hero-worship leads to dictatorship.
3. Liberty cannot be divorced from equality.
4. One man one vote and one vote one value.
5. Fraternity means common sense.

Answer:

1. True
2. True
3. True
4. True
5. False.

Fraternity means a sense of common brotherhood The correct statement is – Fraternity means a sense of common brotherhood.

Question (ii)
Complete the web with information from the speech of Dr. B.R. Ambedkar.

Answer:

(A2)

Question (i)
Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar has cited the quotes by John Stuart Mill and Daniel O’Connell. Write down 4 to 5 lines for each of them.
Answer:
(i) John Stuart Mill was an English philosopher and economist who was considered to be the most powerful British thinker of the 19th Century. Mill’s philosophy concentrates on establishing standards for the relationship between authority and liberty. It also advocates freedom of speech, freedom to pursue taste as long as they do not harm others and the freedom to unite without being forced and harming anybody. Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar agreed with Stuart Mill’s views on social liberty where people should have the right to have a say in the governments decision.

(ii) Daniel O’Connell who was often referred to as ‘The Liberator’ was an Irish political leader in the first half of the 19th Century. His philosophy has inspired leaders all over the world including Mahatma Gandhi and Martin Luther King. He advocated mass political participation and was very much against idealizing somebody at the cost of ones own honour, chastity or liberty. Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar felt that this Principle of Refraining from hero-worship propagated by Daniel O’Connell is badly needed in India and he agreed with Daniel who felt such kind of loyalty was actually slavery.

Question (ii)
Make a list of steps that you feel are essential to unite the people of different caste, religions and languages in India.
Answer:
India is a progressive nation but the directions of dividing India according to caste, religions and languages have still kept her handicapped. The possible remedies, I feel, to cure India from these diseases to make her stable and secure may be:
(i) Education for all irrespective of not only caste, creed, religion but also of gender.
(ii) Creation of job opportunities according to one’s abilities.
(iii) Provision for reservation to depend on the financial condition rather than caste or religion.
(iv) Creation of public welfare policies according to the need of the people of all communities and thus maintaining uniformity as well as equality in all matters.

(iii) Write your views/opinion in brief on the following topics.

Question (a)
We must always cast our vote.
Answer:
Voting is one of the fundamental duties of the citizen of a country. We have no right to criticize the works of the government if we abstain from voting which gives us a chance to choose suitable representative to govern the country. Our constitution has given the common man an important power and responsibility to select the right persons to take the country forward on the right path. We are supposed to discharge this duty judiciously.

Question (b)
Liberty, equality and fraternity lead to an ideal nation.
Answer:
The terms ‘Liberty, Equality, Fraternity’ were the mottos of French revolution. Liberty represents freedom and Indian constitution has specified various kinds of freedom for Indian citizens. Euqality stands for having equal law for all irrespective of caste, creed, gender or religion. Fraternity is associated with brotherhood among all communities of people sharing common interest and purpose. An ideal nation is recognized by the maintenance of an atmosphere of peace in all spheres of life. If the principles of liberty, equality and fraternity are followed responsibly by the people of the country as well as the leaders governing them, the prosperity of the nation is assured.

Question (c)
Steps to be taken to eradicate inequality.
Answer:
Inequality is a curse that can lead any nation to its doom. Inequality creates dissatisfaction and unrest among people who feel deprived. Some possible steps to eradicate inequality can be:
(a) Remove poverty by reducing unequal distribution of resources and equal access to the opportunities as far as possible.

(b) Advocate gender equality by preventing female foeticide and making provision for girls’ education and preventing early marriage.

(c) Investing in employment-oriented education for all, creating employment readiness among youth and institutions for skill development need to be encouraged.

(d) Ensuring that all groups and communities can express their voice without fear. But the groups and communities also need to be responsible to avoid loss of lives, damage of public properties while expressing their grievances.

(e) Strictly eliminate caste discrimination which is still pervasive and is causing a serious threat to the progress of the country. To make the above steps successful is the joint responsibility of the government and the people of the country.

Question (d)
Role of youth in creating awareness.
Answer:
Youths are the backbones of the society and that gives them the responsibility to act as catalysts for creating social awareness. Empowerment of the youth is one of the ways to fulfill the policies of good governance.

The social welfare units in the schools and colleges, NCC, NSS, etc., should be made more active and need to be made a part and parcel of the curriculum so that a large number of young minds are materialized to eradicate social evils like illiteracy, insanitation, superstitions, corruption. They can organize various cultural programmes like street plays, musical programmes with social messages, posters as well as powerpoint presentations.

They can set examples by fighting against various kinds of pollution with steps like quitting smoking, propagating against loud music, cleanliness, saving water. “Charity begins at home” thus, they need to bring about the change in their own habits and behaviour to create social awareness.

(A3)

Question (i)
Complete the following table.
Answer:

Word	Type	Synonym	Antonym
observe	Verb	notice, discern, detect, mark	ignore, overlook
abandoned	Adjective	deserted, dumped, forsaken, dropped	adopted, defended, supported
grateful	Adjective	appreciative, thankful	ungrateful, thankless, inappreciative
initiative	Noun	action, drive, enterprise	apathy, idleness, laziness, in difference
peril	Noun Verb	danger, risk, hazard, threat endanger, risk	protection, certainty, safety protect, save
separation	Noun	division, break-up, split, parting	Connection, association, union

2. Homograph: Homograph is a word spelt and pronounced like another word but with a different meaning.

(A4)

(i) Frame Wh-question to get the underlined parts of the following sentences as answers.

Question (a)
In politics we will be recognizing the principle of ‘one man one vote’ and ‘one vote one value’.
Answer:
Which principles will we be recognizing in politics?

Question (b)
The politically minded Indians preferred the expression ‘the Indian Nation’.
Answer:
Which expression did the politically-minded Indians prefer?

Question (c)
Fraternity means a sense of common brotherhood of all Indians.
Answer:
What does fraternity mean?

(A5)

Write speeches on the following topics.

Question 1.
Duties of an Ideal Citizen.
Answer:
Respected chief guest Dr. Ashok Pillai, our Principal Dr. Pradeep Sanghvi, teachers and my dear friends,

Good Evening ! I am Mayank Gala, a member of the NSS unit of our college. It is indeed a matter of pride for me to share my views on the topic ‘Duties of an Ideal Citizen.’ in front of an august gathering. ‘Duties of an ideal citizen’ according to me, has become a necessity for everyone to be aware of in the present situation of our country.

The first question that comes to my mind at this moment is “Who is an ideal citizen?” Is it a person who is honest, knows his responsibilities and values, respects others needs, is conscious of taking care of the environment and thus contributing to the society in general making it a better place to stay? , Yes, an ideal citizen ideally should have all these qualities.

I personally feel that an ideal citizen should not consider his duties as obligations and fulfill them on his own urge. If all of us make a sincere effort to carry on with our jobs, the society is bound to prosper. Since we all are members of the society, to make it exemplary is our duty. We need to remember this at every step we take in our lives and things will fall into their own places.

Here, I can give some examples which all of us can do easily. I know that there are big words like trustworthiness, honesty, courtesy, respecting the rights of others as well as laws, and these are the personal traits of an ideal citizen. But I want to give you a simple list of things which all of us can follow easily.

My list begins with a simple task of not littering the environment, followed by, conserving water, encouraging greenery in our housing societies, wearing helmets and also encouraging our pillons to wear one, maintaining dignity of all the communities and last but not the least, paying taxes on time.

Of course, the list will be longer than this. But “well begun is half done”. And the most important things, I remind all of us again that the “charity begins at home” So, let’s start!

I thank the organizers to give me an opportunity to talk to all of you. I am also grateful to each and every person in the audience for their patient hearing. I am convinced that we can fullfill our dreams of having an ideal society.

Thank you !

Question 2.
Merits of Democracy
Answer:
Respected judges and my dear friends,
I am Sandeep Agarwal wishing all of you a very good afternoon.

Today, I am going to talk on ‘Merits of Democracy’ I am sure, we all remember the definition Abraham Lincoln gave of democracy that it is “Government of the people, for the people and by the people”. In short, I can say that democracy is rule of the people.

So, what can be the merits of the rule of the people? The first merit that immediately comes to my mind is that recognizes the strength of people’s will which is expressed through their elected representatives sitting in the Parliament.

A true democracy limits the power of these representatives and they have to strictly follow the constitution which again cannot be altered or amended except through right procedural process. This is, I feel, the merit of democracy, where every effort is made to prevent the accumulation of power in the hands of any particular individual.

This leads us to the fact that the foremost demand of democracy is free and fair election. Every voter not only has access to the voting machine but secrecy of his vote has to be strictly maintained. Liberty, equality, fraternity are the three pillars of a good democracy and in a proper democratic situation it must be followed religiously.

Unless these principles are sincerely maintained, how will people who are an integral part of democracy, get assurance of safety, security as well as courage to express their views/ problems freely? Here comes the win of democracy over dictatorship where people do not have freedom of speech.

The role of unbiased press and then freedom of expression are urgent necessities so that they can reach a large number of people’s opinion to the government to judge the pros and cons of their decisions. The Parliament proceedings should be open to the public so that they can see how their elected representatives are behaving. In a true democracy, the people have the power of rejecting their representatives and that is their best safeguard.

But, I am sure you will all agree with me that no electoral system can be fool-proof and perfect democracy can be found in the utopia of poets and dreamers. We have to be satisfied with the nearest maintenance of the sanctity of democracy. Democracy is an evolutionary process. So, it is not wrong on our part to expect the scope for modification and change in the light of experience.

In conclusion, I request all of you to keep your hopes and expectations alive not only to have a true democracy in our country but to maintain its merits also. I thank our Cultural Forum team for giving me the opportunity to speak in front of an august audience. Thank you for your patient hearing !

Question 3.
Advantages of Education
Answer:
Respected judges and my dear friends,

Good afternoon! I am Deepak Shah and my topic for today’s elocution competition is ‘Advantages of Education’.

As I was thinking about the topic, two immediate questions that came to mind are, “How and when does education begin? Does it start when a child goes to school or learn alphabet? Looking around, I get a strong ’NO’ as answer. I believe, education begins with the Mother’s encouraging work, father’s words of praise and approval, sibling’s sympathy, help and sometimes fights even, with the gathering of flowers from the garden, with the chirping of the birds and last but not the least in the company of friends. Thus, the child learns to feel, observe, receive and remember as his mind opens out.

The ultimate aim of education, I know, everyone will agree, is to develop all the faculties of a person- physical, mental or moral. Education needs to help a person to be true to his own self as Shakespeare said, “To thy own self, be true.” Book-bound education limits a person. Rabindranath Tagore showed us the way at Shantiniketan how education would make a complete personality.

The true objective of education is to train the mind , to build confidence, to judge the good and bad of the things. I feel, the least advantage of education is to create the right temperament needed at the right time. I must include here the need for physical education since “A sound mind can only exist in a sound body” The harmony among mental, physical and moral learning can only supply the proper benefits of education.

To talk about the advantages of education, standing in front of so many educators, is not a small task. This has been possible because of my teachers who have been facilitators of giving me confidence to go ahead with my aspirations. This has been the advantage of my education, I believe and I salute my teachers for that.

I thank the judges, the Cultural forum team once again and all my dear friends and teachers sitting in the audience for their patient hearing which gave me the courage to present my views.

Question 4.
Equality : A Blessing
Answer:
Respected dignitaries on the dais, our honourable guests, my teachers and my dear friends,

Good afternoon to you all ! I am Deepali Doshi who is fortunate to be selected as one of the speakers to represent our college for the seminar organized by our college on the topic ‘Equality : A Blessing’.

‘Equality : A Blessing’ – one of the topics which is very close to my heart. From my childhood, I have enjoyed the situation of ‘no discrimination’ at home by my parents. I always thought of this as a natural things to happen.

I grew up and faced the big world. I started understanding the value and necessity of equal opportunity in the society. How a person uses that opportunity depends on his/her capabilities and the situations he/she faces in life. Ideally, equality means that all citizens are equal before the law, allowed to exercise the franchise, are entitled to fulfill equal rights and duties prescribed in the constitution. That leads to a levelling process which is definitely a blessing.

I must admit here, equality needs to be maintained at various levels like having social equality, political equality, economic equality and of course equality of opportunity and education. Social equality is an urgency for peaceful co-existence as it refers to the absence of discrimination of caste, creed, colour, clans, groups and classes.

Who can deny the benefits of this? Political equality gives access to all citizens similar political rights. We the people of India have the benefits of Universal Adult Franchise which gives us the right to elect our representatives to run the government the way we deserve it.

Economic equality is a dream-like situation where each citizen is provided equal opportunity to make economic progress. Practically, that seems difficult but a responsible government definitely makes an attempt to fulfill it to a large extent. Equal right to education is the birthright of every citizen. I know, everybody in this hall will say in unison with me, ‘Education is the great equalizer… opening doors of opportunity for all.’

I have tried to talk about various equalities and the ideal situations to provide them. But the toughest job is to make equality, a blessing in real life, though each one of us wishes for it. To make it a reality is the joint responsibility of the government and we, the people.

I enjoyed talking to such an alert and responsible audience. Thank you for all your patient hearing.

Question 5.
Freedom of Speech
Answer:
Respected judges, my teachers and my dear friends,

Good Evening ! I am Pooja Banerji. I am going to talk on ‘Freedom of Speech’.
‘Freedom of speech’ is an oft-quoted expression these days. Everyday wants to enjoy this freedom but in the process, knowingly or may be unknowingly, disturbs the peace in the society.

If freedom of speech is so powerful that it is capable of disturbing the peace in an otherwise stable society, then let me find out the answers to the questions like, “What is freedom of speech and what is the ideal situation to use this freedom?” I am sure, we all are bothered by these questions often because many times, some utterances in the name of freedom of speech, spread like wild fire, making the situations go out of hand.

We know that the constitution of India provides this fundamental right to the general public as well as the media to express their ideas and opinions freely. Like India, this right is provided by some other countries also but with some limitations.

But can’t freedom of speech be used positively? Constructive criticism is always welcome and is also needed to keep a person or the government under check since all activities are closely monitored.

With freedom comes responsibility. This license should not be misused to excite others and invite unwanted problems. When we get to enjoy the rights we need to respect it so that it does not spoil the peace and harmony of the society. These days, a common practice of spreading half-truths has become rampant just to create sensation. This, in the name of freedom of speech, causes serious harm and self-discipline, according to me, is the only remedy.

All good things have their positives and negatives and one should know how the use of them should not become liabilities. I want to conclude with a request to everyone that basic humanity should not be forgotten in the pretext of using the fundamental rights of freedom of speech. I join Tracy Morgan to tell all of you, “We have freedom of speech but you got to watch what you say”.

Thank you all for allowing my freedom of speech and giving it a patient hearing.

Question 6.
Unity in Diversity
Answer:
Respected judges, my teachers and my dear friends,

Good Morning ! I am Gauri Arora and I am fortunate that I have been assigned the job of talking on a topic, ‘Unity in Diversity’.

For the inter-collegiate elocution competition organized by our college. Here I am standing on the podium of a hall which is self-explanatory of ‘Unity in Diversity’. We can see very clearly that people of different religious beliefs, may be caste and creeds, languages, cultures , dresses, and diverse lifestyles as well as eating habits are harmoniously sitting under one roof.

‘Unity in Diversity’ is an expression which is frequently referred to when one talks of India. We, the Indians, are children of one mother, Mother India and that unites us on the principle of brotherhood. I am sure, my friends sitting over there, have ever bothered about caste, religion, social status of the person sitting next to them. That is, in other words, we can call national integration, in the true sense of the term.

India has won its freedom from the British rule of 200 years and the freedom fighters never bothered about their diversities. They all had one mantra in life and that was to free Mother India from the shackles of British rule.

We carry on that tradition after so many years of our independence. India is the land of festivals irrespective of culture, language, rituals, faiths, we are lost in the celebration forgetting completely the existence of our own origin.

One may ask, “How is it possible in the midst of so many diversities?” My answer to such questions will be “Its possible because we respect our togetherness. How can we forget the benefits of safeguarding this unity? It protects our heritage and in the process attracts tourism. The foreigners feel amased with the existence of so many traditions, cuisines, clothings, languages and of course the diverse gifts of Mother Nature.

I feel, the biggest benefit of ‘Unity in Diversity’ is the protection of human rights of all. This gives the citizens confidence of having safety at workplace and automatically encourages healthy teamwork that ultimately leads to progress.

Every coin has two sides, so has the principle of unity. It is an utopian idea to think that there is no social tension because of these diversities. But they can be tactfully handled by the authorities for getting global recognition and most importantly safety and security of our nation.

We all know the age-old saying, ‘United we stand, Divided we fall’ Today, my dear young friends, I am quoting J.K. Rowling, the creator of Harry Potter, “ we are only as strong as we are united, as weak as we are divided” I am sure you all believe her and take it as a maxim to protect the principle of ‘Unity and Diversity’ which is so unique for our country. I want to express my gratitude to Cultural Forum for selecting me to talk on a topic so close to my heart.

Yuvakbharati English 11th Digest Chapter 1.4 Pillars of Democracy Additional Important Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Discuss hero-worship by citing some examples.
Answer:
Hero-worship is to have exclusive admiration for someone which may lead to bias. The admirer refuses to believe that the hero might have any imperfection. The hero is idolized. It happens with film stars, sportsmen, politicians and sometimes with religious gurus.

Question 2.
‘Fraternity leads to social stability’ – Explain the statement.
Answer:
Fraternity is a common bond or feeling of unity among people. It automatically gives rise to the concept of togetherness of all cast, creed and religion. For a society to be stable, these are the basic necessities. In a vast country like India, it is definitely a tough job to maintain such feelings, but it has to be observed for the progress of the country. India, being a country of diverse communities, social stability is an essential ingredient for keeping the country safe and secure.

Question 3.
Find some words starting with ‘Anti’ like ‘Anti-social’
Answer:

1. Anti-climax
2. Anti-pathy
3. Anti-thesis
4. Anti-dote
5. Anti-virus
6. Anti-hero

Comprehension

Read the extract and complete the activities given below.

Global Understanding:

Question 1.
Supply information from the passage.
Answer:
1. When there was no way left for constitutional methods for achieving economic and social objectives, there was a great deal of justification for unconstitutional methods.
2. There is nothing wrong in being grateful to great men who have rendered lifelong services to the
country.

Question 2.
Choose the correct statements which are the themes of the passage.
(i) This passage talks about the dangers of inequality.
(ii) This passage talks about the importance of equality and fraternity.
(iii) In this passage Dr. Ambedkar supported Bhakti in politics.
(iv) Dr. Ambedkar is pained to see the denial of ‘One Man One Value’.
Answer:
(ii) This passage talks about the importance of equality and fraternity.
(iv) Dr. Ambedkar is pained to see the denial of ‘One Man One Value’.

State whether the following statements are true or false. Correct the false statement.

Question (i)
The people of America did not think that they were a nation.
Answer:
True

Question (ii)
The laity accepted the word ‘nation’ wholeheartedly.
Answer:
False – So many objections were raised by the laity to the word ‘nation’.

Question (iii)
Politically-minded Indian were in favour of the expression ‘the people of India’.
Answer:
False – Politically-minded Indians resented the expression ‘the people of India’.

Question (iv)
According to Dr. Ambedkar, it is necessary to realize the importance of becoming a nation.
Answer:
True

Complex Factual

Question 1.
What are the two things necessary to maintain democracy?
Answer:
The first thing that is needed to maintaihn democracy is to follow constitutional methods of achieving our social and economic objectives. The second thing which is of utmost importance to safeguard our democracy is not to lay our liberties even at the feet of a great man blindly.

Question 2.
What are the contradictions Dr. Ambedkar was worried about ?
Answer:
Dr. Ambedkar was worried about the contradictions of equality and fraternity. He was concerned about equality in politics but the possible inequality in our social and economic life. For him, fraternity might be a good concept but it was difficult to achieve.

Question 3.
What according to Dr. Ambedkar, was the problem of India becoming a ‘nation’? What was his suggestion to overcome the problem?
Answer:
According to Dr. Ambedkar, a nation divided into several thousands of castes, was one of the biggest problems of India becoming a nation. His suggestion was the realization of this fact as early as possible and think of ways and means to realize that goal.

Inference / Interpretation / Analysis

Question 1.
Mention the threats of hero-worship in Indian politics.
Answer:
Hero-worship plays a huge negative role in Indian politics. By excessive admiration for a person, the people of India tend to sacrifice their liberties at the feet of the person whom they admire. This can lead to misuse of power by exercising unconstitutional methods and encroaching upon people’s freedom.

Question 2.
Dr. Ambedkar was worried about inequality because –
(i) It will lead democracy to danger.
(ii) Long-standing inequality may be the cause of rebellion among the people.
OR
Explain.
‘Fraternity is a different thing to achieve’.
Answer:
India is a vast country with diverse cultures. Expecting brotherhood among all is not easy since there might be differences of opinions. But for the greater interest of the well-being of Mother India, this unity is desirable. Dr. Ambedkar also felt that was the right path to travel.

Personal Response:

Question 1.
Give an example of hero worship that you have come across in Indian politics.
Answer:
Electing the popular actors and actresses with landslide majority is a common hero-worship observed in most parts of India. The actors enjoy certain level of admiration which helps them win key portfolios enabling them to subvert key institution.

Question 2.
Explain your views on hero-worship.
Answer:
I am not against hero-worship. In life, one can have an idol/hero whom one tries to follow to reach one’s goal but too much of anything is bad and I am against excessive hero-worship which leads to biased idolizing.

Question 3.
Do you think India as a democracy is a successful nation. Explain.
Answer:
India as a democratic nation is indeed successful though there are certain elements which come in the way obstructing the smooth functioning of the government. Such elements are regionalism, casteism and fanaticism.

Language Study:

Question (i)
We must hold fast to constitutional methods. (Rewrite using a modal auxiliary showing ‘necessity )
Answer:
We need to hold fast to constitutional methods.

Question (ii)
There is nothing wrong in being grateful to great men. (Use infinitive)
Answer:
There is nothing wrong to be grateful to great men.

Question (i)
On the 26th January 1950, we are going to enter into a life of contradictions.
(Frame a Wh-question to get the underlined part of the sentence as answer.)
Answer:
What are we going to enter into on the 26th January, 1950?

Question (ii)
In politics, we will have equality. (Pick up the preposition and say its purpose)
Answer:
In-Inside something

Question (iii)
We are cherishing a great delusion. (Begin the sentence with ‘A great delusion…’and rewrite)
Answer:
A great delusion is being cherished by us.

Question (iv)
We shall realize the necessity of becoming a nation. (Use ‘that’ and rewrite as a complex sentence) Answer:
We shall realize that it is necessary to become a nation.

Vocabulary:

Question 1.
Match the words in column ‘A’ with their synonyms in column ‘B’.

Words (A)	Synonyms (B)
1. Anarchy	(a) Contribute
2. Render	(b) Purity
3. Chastity	(c) Disorder
4. Hero worship	(d) Excessive admiration

Answer:

Words (A)	Synonyms (B)
Anarchy	(c) Disorder
Render	(a) Contribute
Chastity	(b) Purity
Hero worship	(d) Excessive admiration

Question 2.
Make a list of meanings of all the homographs that are found in the text
Answer:

(ii) Example of Homograph
match, might, letter, fly, fine, leaves, left, right, ring, spring, state, well.

Question 3.
Give synonyms of the following.

1. Contradiction
2. Solidarity
3. Salvation
4. Degradation

Answer:

1. Situation in opposition
2. harmony to one another
3. liberation
4. deterioration

Question 4.
Find out the word from the passage which means –
1. rites prescribed for public worship
2. unity or agreement of feeling
Answer:
1. liturgy
2. solidarity

Grammar:

Frame Wh-question to get the underlined parts of the following sentences as answers.

Question 1.
Make sentences of your own with the following prepositions.
Answer:
(i) in, into, inside
I live in Mumbai / the flowers will bloom in spring.
The frog jumped into the well.
The jacket was inside the cupboard.

(ii) on, onto, above, over
The duster was on the teacher’s desk.
The child scattered all his toys onto the floor.
We were driving over the expressway.
My friend lives just above my apartment.

(iii) beside, besides
Ramu sits beside his best friend in the classroom.
Besides being learned, the gentleman is a good human being.

(iv) for, from, since
My grandparents will stay only for three hours.
My grandparents have been waiting since morning.
My grandparents have been waiting from 10 o’ clock.

(v) to, towards
I was going to school. (Definite destination)
I was going towards school. (May be somewhere near the school)

(vi) down, below, under, beneath, underneath,
The mountaineers came down safely.
The temperature never went below 40°C.
The scenes under the sea were very well filmed.
My mother kept my football kit safely beneath the cot. (Usually used in formal language)
You can search your slippers underneath the sofa. (Casually used)

(vii) between, among, amongst
She was sitting between two of us.
I distributed the chocolates among all my friends, (more commonly used)
My sister was the topper amongst the girls, (less common than ‘among’)

Glossary:

1. abandoned – left
2. salvation – saving from sin (Christian belief)
3. eventual – ultimate
4. contradiction – situation / ideas in opposition
5. solidarity – like-mindedness / harmony to one another
6. eminent – distinguished / renowned
7. divine – a cleric / clergyman
8. on the spur of the movement (phr) – without thinking and planning
9. resented – disliked/be displeased
10. antipathy – hostility / opposition
11. Grammar of Anarchy – a state of disorder due to the absence of non-recognition of controlling system
12. rendered – contributed, made available
13. chastity – purity, modesty
14. hero-worship – excessive admiration for somebody
15. degradation – cause something to become worse in quality
16. peril – danger, risk
17. triennial – the 300th anniversary
18. liturgy – rites prescribed for public worship
19. laity – members of a religious community
20. delusion – a mistaken idea or opinion
21. anti-national – the prefix ‘anti’ in anti-national expresses opposition to something.

Balbharti Yuvakbharati English 11th Digest Chapter 1.3 The Call of the Soil Notes, Textbook Exercise Important Questions and Answers.

Maharashtra State Board Class 11 English Yuvakbharati Solutions Chapter 1.3 The Call of the Soil

11th English Digest Chapter 1.3 The Call of the Soil Textbook Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Complete the following sentences.
Answer:

1. Before eating apples brought from the market, I wash and peel them off to stay away from any sort of contamination as far as possible.
2. In a farmer’s market, we find rice, pulses, vegetables, fruits, dairy items, eggs, etc.
3. Food adulteration means an addition of another substance to a food which may result in the loss of actual quality of food and its natural composition.
4. Organic food is grown by using fertilizers made with natural ingredients, renewable resources and conservation of soil and water.
5. Organic fertilizer means a type of fertilizer derived from animal matter, human and animal excreta (manure) and vegetable matter, that is, compost and crop residues.

Question 2.
Complete the following web diagram.

Answer:

Question 3.
Find out from your grandparents or parents the names of vegetables and fruits they had eaten in their childhood and mention how the vegetables and fruits are different from the ones today.
Answer:

Name of the vegetable or fruit	Shape	Colour	Taste
Mango	Oblong	Yellow / Green	earlier (a) naturally ripened	now (i) artificially ripened
Cauliflower	Round	White with green leaves	(b) mostly available in winter and was very tasty	(ii) we get it throughout the year, but the taste is definitely worse than those available in winter
Apple	Round	Red / Green	(c) used to grow in natural environment and was safely given to sick people	(iii) One pays more to buy the organic varieties which are supposed to be pesticides-free and so good for health

Question 4.
Discuss the difference between conventional farming and organic farming.
Answer:

Conventional Farming	Organic Farming
(a) Relies on chemical intervention	(i) Depends on natural principles
(b) Farmers use synthetic and genetically modified organisms to kill pests and maximize output	(ii) No artificial ingredient or preservative is used and they are minimally processed to maintain the integrity of food
(c) Harms health and environment	(iii) Claimed to be healthier farm system

(A1)

(i) Read the extract and state whether the following statements are true or false. Correct the false statements.

Question (a)
Growing in abundance is more important than the quality of the crop.
Answer:
False. The quality of the crop is more important than growing in abundance a lesser variety of crop.

Question (b)
The author wanted to grow the desi variety of rice.
Answer:
True

Question (c)
The author did not succeed in finding Kasbai.
Answer:
False. The author was successful in finding Kasbai from an Adivasi woman at Boripada, a remote village.

Question (d)
The aroma of the ‘desi’ rice would spread around the village.
Answer:
True

Question (e)
Newer hybrid crops have a great appetite for chemicals.
Answer:
True

Question (f)
The author is an example of‘reverse migration’.
Answer:
True (‘Reverse Migration’ is a new trend of shifting from bigger cities to nearby smaller towns or suburbs)

Question (ii)
Complete the flow chart.

Answer:

Question (iii)
Read the text and All in the blanks.
Answer:
(a) The author wanted to grow organic moong.
(b) Moru Dada wanted to spray pesticides on the moong crop.
(c) Baban’s father and some elders mentioned the name of Kasbai.
(d) “Hybrids need more water, fertilizers and pesticides”, said Devu Handa.
(e) The author bought ten kilos of rice from an Adivasi woman who lived in the remote hills.

(A2)

Question (i)
List the reactions of the agricultural officer to the author’s inquiry about Kasbai rice seeds.
Answer:
(a) He had not heard of Kasbai.
(b) He felt that the villagers were fooling the author.
(c) He mentioned the names of the latest hybrids and also offered to give him some, free of cost.

Question (ii)
Note down Devu Handa’s fond memories of Kasbai.
Answer:
Devu Handa’s fond memories of Kasbai are as follows:

• 0It needs no protection from rain
• It has an alluring aroma
• It has no hunger for chemicals like fertilizers and pesticides

(A3)

Question (i)
The writer says he grew “an awful lot of moong”. Explain the word ‘awful’ in this sentence.
Answer:
“An awful lot” is an Idiom meaning ‘a very large amount’. Everyone known to the writer did not expect a good yield of moong since he refused to spray any chemical on the plants. In spite of that, Nature did her job and the writer could get three hundred kilograms of moong which was not only ‘awful’, that means ‘large number’ but also a confidence-builder for a first-timer.

Question (ii)
The word scent is different from its synonyms aroma, fragrance or perfume. Explain how the word ‘scent’ in the subtitle ‘A Scent of Rice’, has a deeper meaning than ‘perfume’ or ‘fragrance’. Pick phrases having a similar meaning from the following:
Answer:
(i) The word ‘Scent’ in the subtitle ‘Scent of Rice’ has a deeper meaning than its usual meaning of‘fragrance’ or ‘perfume’ in the context of the text and for the author because he was trying to revive the tradition of Kasbai rice which everyone agreed had an alluring aroma. The modern farmers are forgetting conventions and have fallen a prey to hybrids. The natural ‘scent’, that is ‘flavour’ of Kasbai had drawn the writer towards real India, unspoilt by progress. The ‘scent’ was largely responsible for his quest.

(ii) Phrases
(a) In pursuit of : a quest in order to achieve something
(b) To smell a rat: to believe something wrong is happening
(c) To be keen : interested in some activity one often does and enjoys
(d) On the trail of: Trying to find someone or something by getting information about it
(e) To feel under the water : feel emotionally overwhelmed The phrases having a similar meaning of ‘A Scent of Rice’ are:
(i) In pursuit of
(ii) On the trail of

(A4)

Question 1.
She muttered in reply and we looked at Jeevan for a quick interpretation.

(A5)

Question (i)
Give reason why the text is against ‘Planting and growing more crop a year seems to be progress by normal standards.’
Answer:
Definitely planting and growing more crops a year need to be the target of the farmers but that should not be done at the cost of health hazards due to spraying of chemicals on the plants, using hybrid seeds and most importantly, forgetting our own tradition. Progress is always welcome but it should go hand in hand with safety of health and environment, importance of tradition and sentiment and last but not the least care for the rich biodiversity of our land.

Question (ii)
Describe in 150 words your experience similar to the writer’s when you pursued something and reached your goal.
Answer:
I believe “A man without an aim is like a ship without a radar”. I have been taught from my childhood to set a goal for myself. The choice of my ambition was left to me only and I was never forced to do anything.

I had multiple interests like playing football, drawing / painting and also writing about my various experiences. I started writing blogs on different social topics of my interest as well as of my own experiences in multiple walks of life. Gradually, after getting positive responses to my blogs, I got the confidence of writing short stories which were quite well accepted too by my friends and relatives. That gave me immense faith to choose writing as my profession.

One day, I saw an advertisement of ‘Crossword’ bookstore asking young writers to take part in a story-writing competition. About forty stories will be published as a book titled “ I want to be an author” without thinking twice, I took part in the competition and the rest is history. Today, I am one of those forty-one young story-tellers.

Question (iii)
The writer goes in search of an invaluable indigenous variety of seeds. List three reasons for the importance of keeping records of our indigenous agricultural practices.
Answer:
The reasons for the importance of keeping records of our indigenous agricultural practices are:
(i) (a) Reducing environmental stress by channelling water from mountain peaks to areas of demand and this practice has been going on for centuries.
(b) Using natural fertilizers made from cow dung, cow urine, evaporated cane juice of raw sugar and water to save sick plants. This practice has been mentioned in the vedas.
(ii) Traditional techniques like crop rotation, erosion prevention, systematic use of composts and manures lead to natural agricultural practices and promise better yields.
(iii) (a) Chemical fertilizers lead to degraded soil condition, deterioration in the health of quality of crops and livestock.
(b) Organic agriculture combined with tradition, innovation and science, benefits the health of the soil, people and the environment.

Question (iv)
Write a blog in about 100 to 150 words on organic farming.
Answer:
Organic Farming – A Blessing or Curse

Early 20th century saw the birth of organic farming which is an alternative to agricultural system in reaction to rapidly changing farming practices. It encourages the use of naturally occurring substances and strictly prohibits synthetic substances. Organic farming allows organically made fertilizers like compost manure, green manure and bone meal manure. Though they do not stop the use of some naturally occurring pesticides but synthetic fertilizers and pesticides are strongly prohibited. They are in favour of techniques like crop rotation, biological pest control, mixed cropping and nurturing insect killers.

Organic farming methods are internationally regulated since it has proved advantageous for health and food safety, food security, soil fertility and most importantly sustainability and biodiversity. That is why, the demand for organic farming has been steadily growing and is being encouraged all over the world. Organic farmers believe that agriculture was practised for thousands of years without the use of chemicals. If it was possible then, nothing should be impossible now.

Question (v)
Write a short paragraph in about 120 words, to be used as Counter-View for the following topic. ‘Buy a bigger cloth for your coat’.
View Section:
(a) We cannot survive by the dictum ‘Cut your cloth according to your coat’ in today’s world.
(b) In the modern world we should ‘Think Big’
(c) Think of increasing your income instead of reducing your needs.
(d) We cannot deny ourselves, what the new world offers us.
Answer:
Counter-view:
Today’s world is full of attractions. But we need to he careful about spending according to our means. We have to be prudent (wise) enough to save for the rainy days so that we don’t have to beg or borrow during emergency. It is, of course, essential to think big but at the same time over-ambition should not lead us to a point of no-return.

We should be well-aware of our capabilities and try to reach our goal judiciously instead of foolishly increasing our demands. We must make “slow but steady wins the race”, the motto of our life. Even if the new world has lots of offer, we must develop the quality of patience to wait for the right thing to come at the right time.

Question (vi)
‘Organic farming is the need of the time’. Write your views in favour and against the statement.
Answer:

Views	Counter-views
1. Reduced exposure to pesticides and chemicals since natural fertilizers are used.	(a) Some organic pesticides can actually have a worse environmental impact, contrary to the popular belief.
2. One pays more for organic food but it is worth for a healthier diet.	(b) Organic products are costlier since production per unit is less than conventional farming.
3. Better effect on the environment by reducing global warming.	(c) Organic farming may reduce global warming but because of more use of land, this practice is not sustainable with a growing world population.
4. Organic food has better taste and more nutrition since they are given more time to develop and are not pumped with artificial things.	(d) Organic food generally gets spoilt faster since no preservatives are used to maintain their freshness and mishanding of products may deprive the market of their availability.

Question (vii)
Appeal your classmate to say ‘No to Junk Food’. Write an appeal to prefer organic food over junk food.
Answer:
Attention! Attention! Attention!

My Dear Friends

Do you know what you’re putting in your mouth? You surely know, you are what you eat.

I’m here to advise you not to use your stomach as a trash can! Please Say ‘No’ To Junk Food.
But, what is a junk food? They’re all your favourites – yes, they are ! French fries, chicken nuggets, nachos, taco burgers, chips, chocolates, pizzas, cakes – Ah! all are mouth-watering, aren’t they? But they are also slow-poisoning us everyday causing obesity, various liver diseases, diabetes, blood pressure at a very young age — the list is long but the choice is yours!

Remember: Healthy organic foods bless us but junk foods mess us. Junk food which is rich in calories, fat, sugar and salt are yummier, I do agree with you. But are you ready to take such a big risk of spoiling your health and youth? Eat fresh, local and seasonal food because ‘health is wealth’, my dear friends!

Friends, you must eat to live and not live to eat. Let’s all have a healthy mind in a healthy body. It is my call, your call – our call!

(A6)

Projects:

Question (i)
Plant the seed of a flower or fruit of your choice in a pot or in your garden. Note its growth every day and maintain a diary recording its progress.

Question (ii)
Find out more career opportunities in the field of agriculture, organic farming, sales, storage, distribution and marketing research.

Yuvakbharati English 11th Digest Chapter 1.3 The Call of the Soil Additional Important Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Find words related to agriculture,
Answer:
The words related to agriculture are:

1. foliage of moong
2. pods
3. crop
4. land
5. farming
6. plant
7. sow
8. season
9. seeds
10. tractor
11. plough
12. leaves
13. bloom
14. field
15. ground
16. pesticide
17. yield
18. chemicals
19. farm
20. harvest
21. fertile
22. hybrids
23. fertilizers
24. farmers
25. rice

Question 2.
The writer disagreed with Moru Dada because –
Answer:
The writer disagreed with Moru Dada because he suggested the use of some pesticides on the plants. The author was absolutely clear in his mind not to use any chemical which will be harmful for the soil, the plants and ultimately for human health. But for Moru Dada and his friends who were used to the conventional farming, this decision of the author was unthinkable.

Question 3.
The writer wanted to grow the traditional variety of rice because –
Answer:
1. It did not need very high variety of fertilizers
2. This variety is quite strong and is able to resist pests.

Question 4.
The write almost gave up hope of finding the desi variety of rice because –
Answer:
1. In spite of his regular visits to the villages around in search of a good desi variety, he was not successful,
2. Most of the farmers, especially the younger generation, in and around the village of Peth had switched over to hybrids and looked down upon the ‘desi’ variety, as they called the local scented variety of rice.

Question 5.
Mention the varieties of rice from the passage, “Most of the farmers…disappeared”
Answer:

1. Kasbai – local long-grained scented variety
2. Basmati – more aromatic than Kasbai
3. Hybrids – the latest craze of the farmers.

Question 6.
List ways in which the Government officer cooperated with the author.
Answer:
1. The agricultural officer felt that the villagers were fooling the author as they had no rice by the name ‘Kasbai’ and offered to give him some latest hybrid seeds free of cost for a trial.
2. The officer-in-charge of Adivasi Mahamandal at Kasa informed the author that he remembered buying Kasbai rice a few years ago.
3. The second gentleman definitely had more knowledge of rice which he shared with the author.

Question 7.
Find synonyms of the word ‘insipid’.
Answer:
The synonyms of ‘insipid’ are:

• tasteless
• flavourless
• bland

Comprehension:

Read the extract and complete the activities given below.

Global Understanding:

Question 1.
Pick out the sentences that are true.
(i) The author thought that he would have some time to get familiar with farming.
(ii) Moru Dada was not at all sure about sowing moong in that season.
(iii) The moong seeds were brought from Gujarat.
(iv) The author did not own the land where he started farming.
Answer:
(i) True
(iii) True

Question 2.
State the advantages of the varieties as you find them in the extract.
Answer:

Variety	Advantages
1. Hybrid varieties	Short duration crop so can have two crops a year
2. Traditional Rice	Good quality rice with alluring aroma

Question 3.
Match the pairs to complete the sentences / phrases in A with the alternatives in B.

‘A’	‘B’
1. Tales of Kasbai	(a) was enlightening
2. Visit to agricultural officer	(b) made us more determined to get it
3. Ex-sarpanch	(c) devu Handa
4. Hybrid	(d) insipid

Answer:

‘A’	‘B’
1. Tales of Kasbai	(b) made us more determined to get it
2. Visit to agricultural officer	(a) was enlightening
3. x-sarpanch	(c) devu Handa
4. Hybrid	(d) insipid

Say whether the following statements are true or false. Correct the false statement.

Question 1.
The old woman weighed 10 kg of rice and gave it to the author.
Answer:
False. The old woman did not have a weighing scale.

Question 2.
The author and his friend did not know the local dialect very well.
Answer:
True

Question 3.
The people at Boripada village were well-aware of the modern way of farming.
Answer:
False. The people at Boripada never heard of hybrids, fertilizers or pesticides.

Question 4.
The old woman was unhappy to get the price of the rice.
Answer:
False. She was very happy and nodded her head with a smile of approval.

Complex Factual:

Question 1.
Supply Information from the passage,
1. I stood in the middle of lush green field of _______ and _______ .
2. Around me were rows of _______ and below a dense _____ .
Answer:
1. Moong (green gram), looked around me
2. Chikoo trees, foliage of moong

Question 2.
Mention any two changes that have occurred in farming of rice.
Answer:
1. Most of the farmers in and around the village of Peth had switched over to hybrids.
2. Kasbai which is a traditional long grained rice variety with distinct aroma being a long duration crop is not preferred by the farmers.

Question 3.
Mention any two difficulties that the author faced in tracing Kasbai.
Answer:
1. The Agricultural officer didn’t know Kasbai existed. So he couldn’t help the author in procuring it.
2. He couldn’t get the seeds as farmers resorted to hybrid varieties which gave quick yield.

Question 4.
The only people who still grew Kasbai rice were –
Answer:
The adivasis in a hamlet at the foothills of the mountains in the village Asarvari.

Question 5.
Each year they had to increase the quantity of urea and pesticides as –
Answer:
The hybrid varieties had insatiable appetite for chemicals and fertilizers.

Question 6.
How was the old lady’s world unspoilt by progress?
Answer:
The old lady, who, according to the write, represents real people of India, holding on to the biodiversity of Indian land. They have been able to do this as they have never heard of hybrids, fertilizers or pesticides.

Inference / Interpretation / Analysis

Question 1.
Explain.
“I was grateful to have taken Moru’s advice”
Answer:
The author was not sure about planting moong in that season as he wanted to get familiar with the process of farming. But Moru Dada insisted that the season was right for planting moong seeds. He was right and the author was thankful for listening to his advice since he had a good harvest of moong.

Complete the following sentence.

Question 1.
The author decided to not plant hybrids because –
Answer:
The hybrid had given him low yield the previous year.

Question 2.
The seeds of Kasbai wasn’t easily available because –
Answer:
It is a long duration crop and farmers could grow two crops in that duration.

Question 3.
A visit to agricultural officer was not useful.
Answer:
The agricultural officer had not heard of the traditional long duration varieties of rice. He was aware of only the hybrid varieties that gave quick yield. So visiting the agricultural office was not useful.

Question 4.
People didn’t grow Kasbai.
Answer:
The market didn’t recognize Kasbai anymore as a variety of rice, it had lost its popularity. If they grew it they wouldn’t be able to sell it. So people didn’t grow it.

Question 5.
Write a small paragraph on the new shift to hybrid plants.
Answer:
With advent of irrigation farmers have resorted to new hybrid varieties of rice. The long duration crops are now replaced by short duration hybrids as they can plant two crops in one year. The traditional varieties have lost its existence as it requires more duration for its harvest and also will attract cattle for its pleasant aroma unlike the hybrid crops.

Question 6.
Interpret the statement: “It was difficult to keep a straight face …”
Answer:
The author was very happy to know that the old lady had Kasbai rice with her. He was unsuccessful in his search for this particular aromatic rice for months and suddenly this revelation from the old lady was very exciting for him. But he had to control his feeling since the lady had not given him the seed till then.

Question 7.
Guess why the old lady nodded her head in approval.
Answer:
The old lady did not have any clue how much to ask for a basketful of seeds which she had given to the writer. She, even did not have a weighing scale to know how much she had given. But the author gave her hundred rupees which probably she did not hope for. She happily accepted the money which might be unexpected but was definitely welcomed by her.

Personal Response

Question 1.
Name any two reasons for destruction of foliage in India today.
Answer:
Reason 1: The trees are cut to clear the land for construction of buildings.
Reason 2: The growing industries also demand deforestation.

Question 2.
Frame any four questions that you would ask a farmer if you interview him.
Answer:

1. What do you usually grow in your farm,
2. What are the challenges you face while pursuing farming as your sole occupation,
3. What do you do on a daily basis?
4. What sprays do you use?

Question 3.
Mention any four rice varieties that you have heard of.
Answer:
There are many varieties of rice in India. The most common types rice and parboiled rice. are white rice, basmati rice, emperor’s.

Question 4.
According to you how can we develop sustainability in Agriculture.
Answer:
The sustainability can be attained by the following practices.

1. Rotating crops
2. Planting cover crops
3. Applying integrated pest management
4. Embracing diversity

Question 5.
Why do you think, the author was grateful to the old lady who was ‘unspoilt by progress’?
Answer:
I think, progress has its pros and cons. It is true that we cannot sit idle when the world is progressing by leaps and bounds. But we need to recognise the adverse (ill) effects of ‘progress’ and keep them away as much as possible. That is why, the author was delighted to see the old lady who had carefully kept the tradition alive by preserving the seeds of Kasbai rice.

Language Study

Question 1.
The author thought that he would have some time for farming.
(Rewrite using the Infinitive of the underlined gerund)
Answer:
The author thought that he would have some time to farm.

Question 2.
I was trying to figure out how we should go about it.
(Place the modal auxiliary with another showing obligation)
Answer:
I was trying to figure out how we must go about it.

Question 3.
The hybrid had given him low yield the previous year.
Answer:
The hybrid had not given him high yield the previous year.

Question 4.
Kasbai is a traditional long grained rice variety.
Answer:
Kasbai is a traditional long grained rice variety, Isn’t it?

Question 5.
The entire area would have this heady aroma. (Rewrite in past perfect tense)
Answer:
The entire area had this heady aroma.

Question 6.
His eyes turned dreamy as he drifted to the past. (Make it compound sentence)
Answer:
His eyes turned dreamy and he drifted to the past.

Question 7.
“If my field alone has Kasbai it will be a treat for the cattle.” He explained
(Rewrite in reported speech)
Answer:
He explained that if his field alone had Kasbai it would be a treat for the cattle.

Question 8.
The only people who still grew it were the adivasis. (Rewrite removing ‘who’)
Answer:
Only the adivasis still grew it.

Question 9.
Her world was unspoilt by ‘Progress’.
Answer:
Progress did not spoil her world.

Question 10.
She nodded her head in approval.
Answer:
She nodded her head as she had approved.

Vocabulary

Question 1.
Match the words in column ‘A’ with their synonyms in column ‘B’.

Words (A)	Synonyms (B)
1. Foliage	(a) Careful
2. Gingerly	(b) Moist
3. lush	(c) Leaves of a tree
4. dump	(d) Thick

Answer:

Words (A)	Synonyms (B)
1. Foliage	(c) Leaves of a tree
2. Gingerly	(a) Careful
3. lush	(d) Thick
4. dump	(b) Moist

Question 2.
Write antonyms of the words from the given extract:

1. Appear
2. Wise
3. Short duration
4. Modern

Answer:

1. Disappear
2. Crazy
3. Long duration
4. Traditional

Question 3.
From one word for:
1. mixed varieties
2. a different type of something
Answer:
1. hybrids
2. aroma
3. variety

Question 4.
From the odd words from each group of words.

1. Reminisce, Remember, Think, Speak.
2. Mourn, Wail, Delight, Lament.
3. Appeasable, Insatiable, Satisfiable, Satiable.
4. City, Hamlet, Town, Village.

Answer:

1. Speak
2. Delight
3. Insatiable
4. City

Question 5.
Match the words in column ‘A’ with their synonyms in column ‘B’.

Column‘A’	Column ‘B’
(a) biodiversity	1. chemical used to kill harmful insects
(b) hybrid	2. plant food
(c) pesticide	3. existence of wide variety of plants and animals on earth
(d) fertilizers	4. mixed-breed

Answer:

Column‘A’	Column ‘B’
(a) biodiversity	3. existence of wide variety of plants and animals on earth
(b) hybrid	4. mixed-breed
(c) pesticide	1. chemical used to kill
(d) fertilizers	2. plant food

Grammar:

Question 1.
Find out some simple, complex and compound sentences from the text.
Answer:
(i) Simple Sentences

• At that point, I could not have asked for anything more.
• Moru Dada rented his tractor to plough the land.
• We started to look for a good variety of traditional rice.
• The officer-in-charge here had more knowledge of rice.

(ii) Complex Sentences

• Kasbai is a traditional long-grained rice variety which has a distinct aroma.
• My bare feet were muddy as I walked around gingerly.
• We were clear that we would not use any chemicals.
• Even when there were flash floods in the sixties, Kasbai had stood its ground.

(iii) Compound Sentences.

• They just grew their rice and ate what they got.
• It was just before sunrise and the sky was turning a bright orange.
• I made a quick trip to Surat and bought around 10 kilograms of moong.
• Nature did her job and she needed no bribes.

Question 2.
List of subordinating conjunctions.
Answer:
All wh-words like, who, what, when, whom, where, why, how though / although unless since, as, that, because, while, whereas before, whichever, whoever, after etc., are subordinating conjunctions.

Glossary:

1. lush – dense / thick
2. damp – wettish / moist
3. dense – thickest
4. pods – shells
5. exhilarated – very happy
6. plough – cultivate
7. thrilled – excited
8. hibiscus – a type of flower
9. yield – amount produced
10. convincing – persuasive
11. fertile – productive / rich
12. morale – confidence
13. booster – uplift / encouragement
14. hybrids – mixed breeds
15. aroma – scent / smell
16. pleasantries – polite talks
17. tremble – shiver / shake
18. alluring – attractive / fascinating
19. fall in line (phr) – agree
20. rued – regretted bitterly
21. hamlet – small village
22. ditches – watercourses / canals /drains
23. scrambling – climbing / moving with difficulty
24. gravels – pebbles / stones
25. wrinkled – covered with lines
26. muttered – whispered/spoke in an undertone
27. scowled – looked angrily
28. nestling – naturally / pleasantly located house
29. hustle and bustle (phr) – excited activities
30. biodiversity – all the varieties of life on earth, their communities
31. habitat fuzz – a soft covering

Balbharti Yuvakbharati English 11th Digest Chapter 1.2 On To The Summit: We Reach The Top Notes, Textbook Exercise Important Questions and Answers.

Maharashtra State Board Class 11 English Yuvakbharati Solutions Chapter 1.2 On To The Summit: We Reach The Top

11th English Digest Chapter 1.2 On To The Summit: We Reach The Top Textbook Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Complete the web of different activities related to climbing.

Answer:

Question 2.
There are certain prerequisites for Mountaineering. With reference to the following points develop a short dialogue between you and your friend about mountaineering.

Answer:

• Ashish: Hey Mayank ! when is your next plan for mountaineering?
• Mayank: Yes, I am planning for some days in September – October. Are you interested in joining?
• Ashish: Yes, I am. But I’m not very confident.
• Mayank: Then we will go to Mount Kilimanjaro to start with. But before that you must begin with small practices like walking, stair climbing and may be uphill hiking a bit.
• Ashish: What are the usual equipments that we need? You must be having most of them?
• Mayank: Honestly speaking, we need a lot of equipments and yes, I have some. But let’s visit a mountaineering equipment shop one day to get an idea of the latest ones, convenient as well as inexpensive. I have the basic ones like tent, headlight, map, compass, cap, jackets, gloves, sunscreen, lip balm, etc.
• Ashish: Oh ! You have quite a lot. Let’s visit the shop tomorrow.
• Mayank: But you need to talk to a fitness expert to get the guidance because a fit climber spends less energy. He will suggest what type of fitness regime we should follow as well as can recommend a good trainer.
• Ashish: Yes, I know. Mental and physical fitness are the main ingredients for the success of a mountaineer. Tomorrow, I’ll come to your place and we’ll plan everything. We have to start as soon as possible.
• Mayank: You are most welcome. See you tomorrow.

Question 3.
Discuss various hazards and risks that a mountaineer/ trekker has to face in an expedition.
Answer:
The hazards and risks for a mountaineer/trekker may be:

1. Bad visibility caused by bad weather (mist, rain, snow) or darkness is a major hazard.
2. Snow and ice can make a simple path a very dangerous one, especially if there is a steep drop off near by.
3. Rock fall is a common mishap during heavy snow and rain.
4. Lightning can cause a major problem at some places.
5. Flash floods due to storm might be risky.
6. A mountaineer cannot ignore rain and wind. Rain makes the path towards upward climbing slippery and a strong wind can cause loss of balance of a mountaineer, making climbing impossible.
7. Hypothermia, that is, lowering of the body’s natural temperature to 32° C due to wet clothing and heat loss because of strong wind, can be a big hindrance. If it is not treated immediately, severe hypothermia may occur leading to fatalities.
8. Heat exhaustion and dehydration are very common problems because of difficult physical work.
9. Timely care should be taken by pouring water on the victim to avoid heatstroke. The patient should be urgently given cold water mixed with a small amount of salt and sugar to refresh him.

(A1)

Question 1.
Summarize, in your own words, the highly risky and dangerous journey of Tenzing and Hillary from the base to the top of Mount Everest.
Answer:
Tenzing and Hillary were well-informed about the flat side of the summit, its steep rise, rocky and snowy sides too. It was decided that Tenzing would lead the mission followed by Hillary in the beginning and this position would be alternated. They would be tied together by a rope. They started early from camp nine. Tenzing carried the flags of Britain, the United Nations, Nepal and India to be put on the top of Mount Everest.

They steadily climbed for an hour and faced the difficulties of steep rocks on the west side. The last fifty feet to the top was made easier by their togetherness and they officially announced that without making any attempts to take the credit for conquering Mt. Everest first. Four flags were put by Tenzing wearing the red scarf gifted by his friend. Both of them stayed safely at the top for fifteen minutes.

(A2)

Question (i)
Complete the web highlighting the feelings/emotions of Tenzing after reaching the summit.

Answer:

Question (ii)
Explain the qualities of Tenzing Norgay. Pick lines that show his unique qualities.
Answer:

Qualities	Lines
1. Patriotic	I told Colonel Hunt that I was carrying the Indian flag with me and I would like it to be on the top with other flags.
2. Unselfish	Our main thought was that both of us reached the top.
3. Non-controversial	We will not take part in any controversy.
4. ratitude	My first thought on reaching the top was a sense of gratitude to God.

Question (iii)
Write down the significance of the following in the context of‘On to the Summit*.
(a) Red Scarf
(b) Husiar
(c) Kerosene Flavoured Tea
(d) Ice Axe
(e) Anchor
Answer:
(a) Red Scarf: The red scarf was given to Tenzing by his good friend Lambert who was the leader of the Swiss Expedition of 1952. This scarf reminded Tenzing of their successful mission, a year ago and rejuvenated him to feel fit, energetic, and excited for the completion of another mission.

(b) Husiar: This code-mixing makes Tenzing’s knowledge about mountaineering clearer to the readers. Both Tenzing and Hillary did not take it easy while climbing down. After successful completion, they were not over-confident and were fully aware of the technique and caution needed for the downward journey.

(c) Kerosene Flavored Tea: This tea was brought by C.W.F. Noyce for Tenzing and Hillary from camp eight and he had to do a lot of climbing up and down for that. Some amount of Kerosene got mixed with the tea as it was made in a hurry. Tenzing did not make Mr. Noyce feel guilty as both the mountaineers were grateful for getting hot tea at a time when they needed it the most. The gentleman had taken so much trouble to serve them tea and they were not bothered about its flavour.

(d) Ice Axe: Tenzing used his ice-axe to tie one end of the four flags of Britain, the United Nations and Nepal and the other end was held up by him. Hillary took his pictures holding all the flags up. But he needed his ice-axe for climbing down. So he had to remove his ice-axe and buried one end of the flags in the snow on the slope down below and other end in the ice on the top. Obviously, they fell down but Tenzing had no choice but to remove his ice-axe.

(e) Anchor: An anchor is a person who is strong and reliable. He makes people feel safe and confident. In mountaineering, the man who follows while climbing has a difficult job both in climbing up and climbing down. Tenzing and Hillary decided to alternate this job of anchoring so that the person leading feel safer. This proved that their expedition was a team-work where both shared the responsibility of being the anchor in order to have a successful mission.

(A3)

Question (i)
Add suitable suffixes (- tion, ly, – ment, – ous) and prefixes (un, il, im) to the words given below. Answer:

Word	Prefix	Suffix
absolute	–	absolutely
fulfill	unfulfill	fulfillment
determine	–	determination
danger	–	dangerous
tight	untight	tightly
clear	unclear	clearly
sure	unsure	surely
legal	illegal	legally
legitimate	illegitimate	legitimately
possible	impossible	possibly

(ii) Fill appropriate letters in the blank space to get a past participle form of a word. Use the word as adjective in your own sentence.

Question (a)
s _ g n _ d
Answer:
signed – The advocate took all the signed documents to the court.

Question (b)
p _ _ z _ d
Answer:
prized – My grandmother’s diary is a prized possession for me.

Question (c)
f _ _t_ene_
Answer:
flattened – On the highway we were in great trouble due to the flattened tyre.

Question (d)
b _ i _ e _
Answer:
boiled – My sister loves to eat boiled egg.

(iii) Spot the error in the following sentences.

Question (i)
I was not afraid for die that day.
Answer:
I was not afraid to die that day.

Question (ii)
Tenzing and Hillary made on pact at the office of PM of Nepal.
Answer:
Tenzing and Hillary made a pact in the office of PM of Nepal.

Question (iii)
I has to bring my ice axe down with me.
Answer:
I had to bring my ice axe down with me.

Question (iv)
Tenzing have spent a night with Camp Eight.
Answer:
Tenzing had spent a night at Camp Eight.

Question (v)
Pact was signed from Tenzing and Hillary.
Answer:
A pact was signed between Tenzing and Hillary.

Question (vi)
I and Hillary were in no mood of talking.
Answer:
Hillarv and I were in no mood for any talking.

(A4)

Question 1.
In passive voice the doer is the objeet and the job accomplished is the subject. The verb of passive voice is formed by using the correct form of verb ‘to be’ or verb ‘to have’ + past participle of the main verb. Construct the passive voice of the following sentences accordingly.
Answer:

Active Voice	Passive Voice
(i) We have done it.	(i) It has been done by us.
(ii) We made a pact.	(ii) A pact was made by us.
(iii) I offered silent prayer in my heart.	(iii) Silent prayer in my heart was offered by me.
(iv) Colonel Hunt gave me three flags.	(iv) Three flags were given to me by Colonel Hunt.
(v) I was carrying the Indian flag.	(v) The Indian flag was being carried by me.
(vi) I took photographs of Tenzing holding aloft the flags.	(vi) Photographs of Tenzing holding aloft the flags were taken by me.
(vii) I remembered him.	(vii) He was remembered by me.
(viii) We spent the night at Camp Eight.	(viii) The night was spent at Camp Eight by us.

(A5)

Question (i)
Write in short about any adventure sport that you like and the risk involved in it.
Answer:
I like Bunjee-jumping a lot and have taken part in it at Lonavala. Bungee-jumping, I am sure, many of you, know that it is an activity where the participant jumps from a tall structure but he is obviously connected to a large elastic cord. It is thrilling and one needs a lot of courage to take part in it since a number of risks are involved in it.

Most common injuries are fracture, strains, sprains, bruising, chronic stress features. But the most dangerous risk is acute head injuries. Lots of precautions are being taken by the organizers but one needs to think whether it is worth taking such risks just for the sake of adventure.

Question (ii)
Give your opinion: whether we should or should not participate in adventure sports because –
Answer:
Every coin has two sides, so do adventure sports. Adventure sports do have some benefits.
They are as follows:
1. Boost self-confidence.
2. Stay mentally sharp.
3. Help to cope with challenges in life.
4. Spark the desire to explore.

However, the negative aspects of adventure sports can be quite disturbing.
1. They can cause serious health issues.
2. They are obviously very dangerous.
3. Regular safety precautions may not be stringently followed to prevent life threatening injuries.
It depends on the individual to assess his/her own character traits as well as the pros and cons of the sport, to come to the final decision to take part in any adventure sports with proper training.

Question (iii)
Tenzing and Hillary created history by reaching the summit of Mt. Everest. There are many mountains in Maharashtra where one can fancy his or her chances of climbing them. Imagine that you have climbed a mountain and are immensely thrilled and excited. Write a letter to your friend about it.
Answer:
XYZ,
ABC Apartment,
Flat No. 4, 29th Road,
Shivaji Nagar, Pune
11th July, 2019

Dear Manav,

How are you? I am writing to you after a long time. These days I feel so lazy to write letters, thanks to modern technologies. But today, I am very excited. I went on my first trek last week and I wanted to share with you the details of my trekking experience.

You obviously know, Maharashtra lies amidst the Western Ghats and it welcomes the rains to the beautiful ranges of the Sahayadris. Last week my close friends and I decided to go to Lonavala and from there to Lohagad Fort for trekking, which is for the beginners. We were told that Lohagad Fort trek was not very difficult. We could reach up to the fort to witness some of the most spectacular views in the Lonavala trekking region.

It took us about three to four hours to reach the summit. I must admit that the initial fear was there. But after reaching the peak and seeing the magnificent view all around, we felt that it was worth going there.

Something I must tell you here before I forget. My elder brother Deepak has joined as an executive in a good company and he was my money-bag this time. I felt so, fortunate. Coming back to my expedition, the descent was easier as we were all in a jovial mood for completing the mission (to me, it was a mission only, my first trek) successfully. We have taken beautiful photographs of the surroundings which is breathtakingly beautiful. The waterfalls, lakes, streams, rock-climbing patches, hillocks all around are real wonders of Mother Earth.

When are you planning to come to Pune? I’m eagerly waiting for showing you the photographs. How are Uncle and Aunty. Give them my regards.

Yours lovingly,
XYZ

Question (iv)
You are the college representative and your Principal has assigned you the task of writing a letter to the Divisional Officer, Satpuda Mountain Ranges, Nagpur, seeking permission for the mountaineering expedition to be organized by your college.
Answer:
Harshad Kale
College Representative
XYZ College of Arts and Commerce,
Ghatkopar (East),
Mumbai – 400 077
11th July, 2019

Divisional Officer,
Satpuda Mountain Range,
Nagpur

Subject: Permission for the mountaineering expedition to be organized by our college.

Respected Sir/Madam,

I am Harshad Kale, the College Representative of XYZ College of Arts and Commerce. On behalf of my Principal Dr. Sunil Patil I would request you to grant me the permission for organizing the mountaineering expedition.

I would like to inform you that NCC Unit of our college has planned for the mountaineering expedition from 25th to 30th July. The students who are selected for taking part are all expert trekkers and they will be accompanied by experienced mountaineers as well as our Professors who go regularly for trekking. Our Principal has instructed to arrange for all precautionary measures and is personally taking care of all arrangements.

We shall be obliged if you kindly permit us to carry on the expedition. Awaiting your positive response.

Thanking you,
Yours Sincerely Harshad Kale

Enclosed:
(a) Copy of the expedition programme.
(b) Letter of permission from Principal Dr. Sunil Patil

Question (v)
Convert the above letter into an e-mail format.
Answer:
To: abc@gmail.com
Cc: qrs@gmail.com
Bcc: (non-visible email ids)
Subject: Permission for organising mountaineering expedition

Respected Sir/Madam,

This is Harshad Kale, the representative of XYZ college of Arts and Commerce. On behalf of my teachers and Principal, I request you to grant me the permission for organising a mountaineering expedition planned by our college NCC unit from 25th to 30th July, 2019.

We shall be obliged if you permit us to organize the above mentioned expedition. I have attached the expedition programme for your kind perusal.

Awaiting your positive reply.
Thanks and regards,
Harshad Kale
XYZ College of Arts and Commerce,
Expedition programme [×]
Permission letter (Principal) [×]

Comparisons:

1. Look at the sentences given below. Find out which one is correct. If the sentence is wrong give reasons.

Question (i)
Sunita is the quieter of four sisters.
Answer:
The above sentence is wrong.
Reason: When more than two nouns are compared superlative adjective should be used, i.e., quitest

Question (ii)
Sunita is the quietest of the four sisters.
(iii) Anil’s computer is more new than mine.
Answer:
The above sentence is wrong.
Reason: ‘More new’ is the wrong form of comparative degree of the adjective ‘new’.

Question (iv)
Anil’s computer is newer than mine.
(v) I have the wonderfullest mother in the world
Answer:
The above sentence is wrong.
Reason: ‘wonderfullest’ is the wrong form of superlative degree of the adjective ‘wonderful’.

Question (vi)
I have the most wonderful mother in the world.
(vii) Aditi is more carefuller than Mary.
Answer:
The above sentence is wrong.
Reason: ‘More carefuller’ is the wrong form of comparative degree of ‘careful’.
(viii) Aditi is more careful than Mary.

Look at the following sentences and observe the changes in the three sentences. Note your responses.

Question (a)
Atul is not as bright as Milind in studies.
Answer:
Positive

Question (b)
The dining room is brighter than the kitchen.
Answer:
Comparitive

Question (c)
Anne is the brightest girl in class.
Answer:
Superlative

(A7)

Project:

Go to your college library or surf the internet for names of various mountaineers who have successfully climbed Mt. Everest. Write in your notebook about their struggles, the interesting anecdotes they have shared, their failures and the message that we get from their lives. Submit them to your teacher.

Yuvakbharati English 11th Digest Chapter 1.2 On To The Summit Additional Important Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Give reasons for the ‘rope’ being called a symbol.
Answer:
The rope that tied the two mountaineers, Hillary and Tenzing, together,was referred to as a ‘symbol’ by Tenzing because he always felt that climbing was a teamwork for them. Success, risks, hard work and failure be shared by both as two of them were tied together to fulfill an ambition which was full of hazards. They were aware of the risks involved in their mission and in all those situations, the rope would be between them as a symbol of their togetherness.

Question 2.
Discuss in pairs about any controversy in which you haive got embroiled. Also speak of your experience to the class.
Answer:
Controversies are parts and parcels of our lives and most of the times they are man-made. It happened with me also when I made an innocent comment about one of my classmates. There was a lot of hue and cry about these comments as it was reported by adding fuel to it. But I decided to talk to my classmate and the matter was resolved amicably.

Question 3.
List the ways in which Tenzing Norgay celebrates on reaching the top.
Answer:
1. Tenzing and Hillary embraced each other saying “We have done it.”
2. Tenzing showed his gratitude to God by praying silently for the fulfillment of his desire of climbing the Everest after having failed six times. His offerings were biscuits, candy and a little blue pencil which his daughter Nima had requested him to put on the top of the mountain.
3. Hillary took the photograph of Tenzing holding aloft the flags of Great Britain, Nepal, the United Nations and India.

Comprehension:

Read the extract and complete the activities given below.

Global Understanding:

Question 1.
Complete the web on climbing the summit by Tenzing and Hillary.
Answer:

Question 2.
Rewrite the given sentences in their order of occurrence.
1. I ate some biscuits and offered some to Hillary.
2. I wore the red scarf given to me by my friend, all the way up the mountain from Darjeeling.
3. I offered a silent prayer to God in my heart.
4. At the summit I felt absolutely fit.
5. My daughter Nima gave me a blue pencil, one of her prized possessions, to put at the summit as her offering to God.
Answer:
3. I offered a silent prayer to God in my heart.
5. My daughter Nima gave me a blue pencil, one of her prized possessions, to put at the summit as her offering to God.
1. I ate some biscuits and offered some to Hillary.
2. I wore the red scarf given to me by my friend, ah the way up the mountain from Darjeeling.
4. At the summit I felt absolutely fit.

Complex Factual:

Question 1.
Why didn’t it matter for Tenzing to be the first one to reach the summit?
Answer:
Both Tenzing and Hillary were not thinking of being the first to reach the summit since climbing took all their attention. Their main thought was that one could not do that job alone and only a difference of one thousand feet could decide the position which could be found by the person coming behind.

Question 2.
Why didn’t Tenzing feel tired after reaching the summit?
Answer:
After reaching the summit Tenzing felt exhilarated. He forget about the tiredness. His first thought was a sense of gratitude to god who had blessed him with the fulfillment of his desire after having failed six time.

Inference / Interpretation / Analysis

Question 1.
Explain.
“The rope was a symbol”
Answer:
The rope was a symbol of togetherness of Hillary and Tenzing as it was used to tie them, one following the other. It was also the proof that climbing the summit of Mt. Everest needed a teamwork and the two members of their team respected and considered each other important.

Question 2.
Explain.
“He gave me a big smile, showing that he understood.”
Answer:
Hillary smiled because he understood the emotion of Tenzing. The blue pencil was given to Tenzing by his youngest daughter, Nima, and it was one of her prized possessions. She parted with it with the expectation that her father would conquer the summit and the offering of the blue pencil was her way of showing gratefulness to God. Her father would fulfill her wish.

Personal Response

Question 1.
Pick up one sentence to show one quality of Tenzing that you have appreciated the most in his story. Explain your answer.
Answer:
The sentence “What does it matter whether I reached the top first or Hillary?” shows the unselfish character of Tenzing. He had the opportunity to claim that he reached the summit first as he was walking first and Hillary was behind him. But he did not take the credit as he knew it was a team work. Accomplishing the job was more important than taking credit for it.

Question 2.
Mention some of the benefits of trekking trips organized by colleges for the students.
Answer:

1. The students get more exposure and experience.
2. They get close to nature.
3. They learn to handle adverse situations.

Language Study

Question (i)
You have many more important worries. (Change the degree)
Answer:
This worry is not as important as many other worries you have.

Question (ii)
Most of the time the rope was loose. (Make negative)
Answer:
Most of the time the rope was not tight.

Question (iii)
My mind was absolutely clear. (Use past perfect tense and rewrite)
Answer:
My mind had been absolutely clear.

Question (iv)
My first thought on reaching the top was a sense of gratitude to God. (Use ‘When’ and rewrite)
Answer:
When I reached the top, my first thought was a sense of gratitude to God.

Vocabulary:

Question 1.
Add suffixes to convert the following verbs into nouns.

1. confirm
2. know
3. near
4. move

Answer:

1. confirmation
2. knowledge
3. nearness
4. movement

Question 2.
Give one word for:
1. satisfy one’s thirst
2. very happy and excited
Answer:
1. quench
2. exhilaration

Glossary:

1. anchor – support / production
2. steep – high / sharp
3. expedition – mission
4. incline – slope
5. taut – tightly
6. bulky – large
7. descent – going down / coming down
8. spared – saved
9. flushed – glowed
10. alternated – changing places
11. sloping – slanting up or down
12. summit – the highest point of a hill or mountain
13. controversy – prolonged public disagreement or heated discussion
14. pact – a formal agreement between individuals or parties
15. ridge – a long narrow piece of raised land
16. embrace – hug, hold (someone) closely in one’s arms
17. accord – agreement, be harmonious or consistent with
18. quench – satisfy one’s thirst
19. exhilarated – very happy and excited
20. gale – strong wind
21. apparently – as far as one knows or one can see.

Maharashtra State Board 11th Std Biology Textbook Solutions Digest

• Chapter 1 Living World
• Chapter 2 Systematics of Living Organisms
• Chapter 3 Kingdom Plantae
• Chapter 4 Kingdom Animalia
• Chapter 5 Cell Structure and Organization
• Chapter 6 Biomolecules
• Chapter 7 Cell Division
• Chapter 8 Plant Tissues and Anatomy
• Chapter 9 Morphology of Flowering Plants
• Chapter 10 Animal Tissue
• Chapter 11 Study of Animal Type : Cockroach
• Chapter 12 Photosynthesis
• Chapter 13 Respiration and Energy Transfer
• Chapter 14 Human Nutrition
• Chapter 15 Excretion and Osmoregulation
• Chapter 16 Skeleton and Movement

Maharashtra State Board Class 11 Textbook Solutions

Maharashtra State Board 11th Std Chemistry Textbook Solutions Digest

• Chapter 1 Some Basic Concepts of Chemistry
• Chapter 2 Introduction to Analytical Chemistry
• Chapter 3 Basic Analytical Techniques
• Chapter 4 Structure of Atom
• Chapter 5 Chemical Bonding
• Chapter 6 Redox Reactions
• Chapter 7 Modern Periodic Table
• Chapter 8 Elements of Group 1 and 2
• Chapter 9 Elements of Group 13, 14 and 15
• Chapter 10 States of Matter
• Chapter 11 Adsorption and Colloids
• Chapter 12 Chemical Equilibrium
• Chapter 13 Nuclear Chemistry and Radioactivity
• Chapter 14 Basic Principles of Organic Chemistry
• Chapter 15 Hydrocarbons
• Chapter 16 Chemistry in Everyday Life

Maharashtra State Board Class 11 Textbook Solutions

Maharashtra State Board 11th Std Physics Textbook Solutions Digest

• Chapter 1 Units and Measurements
• Chapter 2 Mathematical Methods
• Chapter 3 Motion in a Plane
• Chapter 4 Laws of Motion
• Chapter 5 Gravitation
• Chapter 6 Mechanical Properties of Solids
• Chapter 7 Thermal Properties of Matter
• Chapter 8 Sound
• Chapter 9 Optics
• Chapter 10 Electrostatics
• Chapter 11 Electric Current Through Conductors
• Chapter 12 Magnetism
• Chapter 13 Electromagnetic Waves and Communication System
• Chapter 14 Semiconductors

Maharashtra State Board Class 11 Textbook Solutions

Balbharti Yuvakbharati English 11th Digest Chapter 1.1 Being Neighborly Notes, Textbook Exercise Important Questions and Answers.

Maharashtra State Board Class 11 English Yuvakbharati Solutions Chapter 1.1 Being Neighborly

11th English Digest Chapter 1.1 Being Neighborly Textbook Questions and Answers

Read the following statements and mark those that apply to you.

Question 1.
(i) I make friends easily.
(ii) I wish to be friends with someone but my friendship is rejected.
(iii) Someone has extended a hand of friendship towards me and I have not accepted it.
(iv) I have a large group of friends but no best buddy.
(v) I have a small group of close friends and have no wish to interact with anyone else.
(vi) I have cordial relationships with all but I cannot connect with anyone.
Answer:
(i) I make friends easily.
(iv) I have a large group of friends but no best buddy.

Complete the following web diagram.

Question (i)

Answer:

Question (ii)
If you see someone lonely or sad you will –
(a) try to cheer the person by talking something pleasant.
(b) try to distract the person’s attention by doing some activity together.
(c) discuss the problem if the person wants to, give a patient hearing and also try to suggest some possible solutions.

(A1)

Question (i)
Jo’s decision to make friends with the lonely boy next door proves to be a good one. Elaborate. You may begin with ‘Jo was a bold, friendly and warm person…”
Answer:
Jo was bold, friendly and warm person who observed the boy next door closely and came to the conclusion that he was hungry for friends and fun. She was sad for the boy and felt it her neighborly duty to help the boy come out of his loneliness in her own way. She took a quick decision to catch the boys attention by throwing snowballs towards the window from where he was peeping.

She took the initiative to start an immediate conversation which was well-received by the boy. He invited her home and Jo readily accepted. Jo’s friendliness made the boy feel comfortable and he enjoyed Jo’s way of talking, her humour and most importantly, her companionship. He showed her his library and together they had a gala time which he never had before.

Question (ii)
Complete the following statements. (Answers are given directly in bold)
Answer:

1. To Jo the fine house seemed like an enchanted house.
2. Jo swept a path around the garden for Beth to walk in when the sun came out.
3. Jo entered the old stone house carrying her broom.
4. In order to tidy the room, Jo had whisked things into place.

Question (iii)
Bring out the contrast between the two houses with the help of the following points:
Answer:

House of March	House of Laurence
1. Old, brown house 2. Rather bare and shabby 3. Children played all around 4. A lively household having four girls and a loving mother	(a) Stately stone mansion (b) Stately stone mansion (c) Well kept grounds (d) All quiet, curtain down at the lower windows No motherly face smiled at the windows

(A2)

Question 1.
The traits of the characters you meet in the extract are jumbled. Sort them out and write them in the appropriate columns.
(Shy, bold, gruff, friendly, withdrawn, perceptive, empathetic, playful, lonely, happy, gentlemanly, frank, mature, dull, sharp, adventurous.)

Jo	Laurie	Grandpa
adventurous	dull	gruff
bold	lonely	withdrawn
playful	gentlemanly	frank
happy	shy	sharp
friendly	mature
empathetic	sharp
perceptive	friendly

(A3)

Question (i)
Write down in your own words the way Laurie confirmed the names of the March sisters.
Answer:
The March family sometimes forgot to put the curtain down at the window and that helped Laurie, their neighbor, to observe minutely inside the March household. The sisters often call one another and lonely Laurie enjoys watching them having good time. That’s how he came to know that Beth is the one who is generally a home-bird but whenever she goes out, she carries a basket with her. Amy’s curly hair and Meg’s pretty face has also caught his attention.

Question (ii)
Give a brief account of the interaction between Grandpa and Jo.
Answer:
Grandpa and Jo had an interesting interaction as Jo had come out of her initial fear after having a closer look at him. Grandpa had overheard Jo’s comments on his portrait and Jo did not even try to deny any one of them. This pleased Grandpa immensely and he remembered Jo’s grandfather who was similarly brave and honest.

Jo frankly told Grandpa about the problem Laurie was facing because of his loneliness. She showed her concern and expressed the March sisters’ eagerness to help Laurie. They started talking informally about Hemmel family, Jo’s mother and he also invited Jo to join for tea which Jo courteously accepted. This interaction made Jo very satisfied as she could find out how good their neighbor was.

(A4)

Question (i)
Find proverbs, maxims and idioms related to ‘friendship’.
Answer:

1. Birds of a feather flock together.
2. A friend in need is a friend in deed.
3. Friendship is love with understanding.
4. To get on like a house on fire (idiom).
5. Like two peas in a pod (idiom).

Question (ii)
The Extract deals with the atmosphere of two homes. Collect the words associated with –

1. Home
2. Library
3. Garden

Answer:

1. Home: old, brown, bare, shabby, stately stone mansion, comfort, luxury, big coach house, lovely things, rich curtains, lifeless, lawn, enchanted, hidden glories, full of splendour.
2. Library: books, pictures, statues, little cabinets, coins, sleepy hollow chairs, queer tables, quaint tiles, open fireplace, bronzes.
3. Garden: large, low hedge, vines, flowers.

(A5)

Change into indirect speech.

Question (a)
“Do you like your school?” asked the boy. “Don’t go to school I’m a businessman – girl, I mean”, answered Jo.
Answer:
The boy wanted to know whether she (Jo) liked school to which Jo answered quite emphatically that she did not go to school. She further added that she was a businessman and jovially corrected the gender.

Question (b)
Jo flourished her broom as she called out… “How do you do? Are you sick?
Laurie opened the window and croaked out as hoarsely as a raven…
“Better, thank you. I’ve had a bad cold, and been shut up a week.”
Answer:
Flourishing her broom Jo asked Laufie about his well-being and enquired whether he was sick. Laurie opened the window and croaked out as hoarsely as a raven thanking Jo for her concern and informed her that he was feeling better. He further added that he had been shut up a week as he had a bad cold.

Question (c)
“The pretty one is Meg, and the curly-haired one is Amy, I believe?” – Laurie.
“How did you find that out?” – Jo.
Answer:
Laurie wanted to confirm from Jo whether the pretty one was Meg and the curly-haired was Amy. With surprise in her voice Jo enquired how he(Laurie) had found that out.

Question (d)
“I’m not afraid of anything”, returned Jo with a toss of the head.
“I don’t believe you are !” exclaimed the boy.
Answer:
With a toss of the head Jo emphatically told that she was not afraid of anything. The boy was not surprised at her claim and agreed with her completely.

(A6)

Question (i)
Narrate in 100 words an incident, that illustrates the way a friend of yours ‘made you feel happy and accepted’, at some point in your life.
Answer:
That was my first day at school. I was just five years old. When my parents left me in school and I entered the classroom. I felt so lonely that I was about to cry. I was looking around, desperately trying to find out a known or a friendly face to talk to. Suddenly, there was a pat on my back and I saw a girl standing behind me.

She held my hand and took me to the bench where she was sitting. We became friends instantly. Till today we are the best friends. I shall be very grateful to her for her acceptance of me on the very first day at school.

Question (ii)
Give reasons, for us being reluctant to make friends with some strangers, but being comfortable with some, even after meeting them for the first time.
Answer:
Strangers are always mysteries for us. But some people have the inherent simplicity which instantly attract us towards them and we long to be friends with them. We feel comfortable in their company. But there is another category of people who have the attention-catching technique of blowing their own trumpets. It is difficult to carry on normal conversation with them as they are obsessed with their ownselves.

Question (iii)
Are friends different from neighbors? Are you friends with your neighbors? Give examples and write.
Answer:
It is not necessary to have one’s friend as one’s neighbor always. If it happens that way, then one is lucky. Friendship does not depend on the residence of a person and it can be different from the friendly relation one can have with one’s neighbor.

I am very fortunate to have a very friendly family as our neighbor. We are always there for one another at the hour of need as well as sharing happiness. For example, the owner of the apartment is a doctor and he is helping us with useful advices whenever anyone in our family falls sick. My mother is a teacher and she guides the children of our neighbor with their difficulties in studies. A good neighbor is always an asset.

Question (iv)
Make a note about how people amused themselves in earlier times without TV, internet or social media for entertainment.
Answer:
In earlier times when TV, internet and social media did not make people slaves of these sorts of entertainments, people used to socialize a lot. They used to meet their friends and relatives, talk to them over a telephone, make enquirers about each other’s well-beings and exchange ideas. The human connections were more and people used to share their joys and sorrows. Gone are those days of personal relationships which have been taken over by the modern technology enslaving people.

(A7)

Question 1.
Use your imagination and extend the story in about 100 to 130 words.
Answer:
Jo had a nice time with Laurie and his grandpa having tea and snacks which she enjoyed thoroughly. Both of them were very interesting characters, nice to talk to and Jo had an entertaining evening. She was excited to be acquainted with a friendly neighbor which she had always longed for. She was happy to go back home with so much of positive feelings about their neighbor who had been a mystery for her and her family.

Her entire family always felt sad for the lonely boy Laurie but nobody could approach him for helping him. She was extremely delighted to know Laurie and his grandpa who were courteous enough to invite her for tea. She was in a hurry to share her excitement with her family. “Ah! what a pleasant day it was !” she whispered.

(A8) Project:

If you are social, like to meet new people, can emphatise and connect with peole easily, make a list of careers available to you and write in brief about them. For example: Human Resource Development or HRD.

Yuvakbharati English 11th Digest Chapter 1.1 Being Neighborly Additional Important Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Jo doesn’t want to be a pussy-cat because –
Answer:
Pussy cat symbolises lethargy. Jo was always on the look out for excitements and thrills. She was an adventurous girl who does not want to idle away her time sleeping like a pussy-cat and enjoy the warmth of the fireplace on a cold winter afternoon. She would rather find out something interesting to spend her time.

Question 2.
Guess the meaning of‘hidden glories’ in the context of the mansion mentioned in the story.
Answer:
The expression has been used in the context of the mansion where Laurie lives. It has glimpses of lovely things and a look of an enchanted house, which probably hides lots of attractions inside.

Question 3.
Explain: “That boy is suffering for society and fun”.
Answer:
The young boy Laurie is lonely and longs for having fun with friends of his age-group, play with them and enjoy life the way a boy of his age does. The absence of company of friends and fun has made him dull which is affecting him like a disease.

Question 4.
Discuss ‘as dull as tombs’ and name the figure of speech.
Answer:
The figure of speech is ‘Simile’ as the dullness of the house is directly compared to the serious and dull atmosphere in a tomb. The boy meant by the expression that his house is very boring.

Question 5.
Complete the sentence: ‘a little gentleman’ means.
Answer:
The young boy is referred to as ‘a little gentleman’ here as he talks and behaves decently with others. He has a good upbringing which has taught him to welcome guests at his place by presenting himself as well as his room tidily.

Question 6.
Make a list of gifts you give/receive to/from your friends.
The gifts I usually give/receive to/from my friends are:

1. books
2. cosmetics
3. various food items
4. accessories

Question 7.
Complete the sentence in your own words : Hunger is related to food. Laurie is ‘hungry’ for –
Answer:
Laurie is a lonely young boy who is hungry for spending happy times both at home and with friends. He belongs to a rich family where he gets everything but suitable companions to have fun with. That is why he longs for food for his mind, that is, happy times with friends.

Question 8.
Laurie has
(i) _________
(ii) _________
(iii) _________
He doesn’t have
(i) __________
(ii) _________
(iii) _________
Answer:
Laurie
(i) a rich house filled with loneliness,
(ii) a kind but indifferent grandpa,
(iii) half a dozen servants and a tutor Mr. Brooke,

He doesn’t have
(i) his mother.
(ii) friends and companions,
(iii) any one to go out with.

Question 9.
Describe the effect of Laurie’s words on Jo.
Answer:
Jo started talking with Laurie frankly. Her words had lots of positive effects on Laurie as he was longing for exactly those things which Jo mentioned. For their first meeting, Jo was a bit blunt but Laurie liked her bluntness since he could recognize Jo’s sincerity and kindness hidden in those words. He started feeling comfortable in Jo’s company and enjoyed every bit of humorous description of Aunt March.

Question 10.
Find out what ‘good breeding’ means.
Answer:
‘Good breeding’ means that a person is well-behaved, polite, cultured and refined, which are the results of his upbringing, training as well as family atmosphere.

Question 11.
List some of the things that you need in order to be happy.
Answer:
Things that I need in order to be happy are –
(i) a supportive family and dependable friends.
(ii) hobbies to occupy myself during my free time.
(iii) a healthy life for me as well as my family members.
(iv) sufficient money earned from a satisfying career.

Question 12.
“A fellow can’t live on books” – Explain.
Answer:
A fellow, of course, cannot live on books though books are his emotional suppdrt and in many ways, his best friend. But he also needs someone, a companion, with whom he can share his feelings, fulfill his curiosities, have fun, etc. Human contact is a necessity in a person’s life since a few words, an exchange of ideas collected from the books can work wonders giving immense pleasure.

Question 13.
List the things that Jo notices in the portrait.
Answer:

1. The gentleman in the portrait is not as handsome as her own grandfather.
2. Though the gentleman is having a grim face, his kind eyes assure that there is nothing to be afraid of him.
3. From his looks, it appears that he has tremendous will-power.

Question 14.
Find out the reason for Jo’s dismay.
Answer:
Jo loudly expressed her opinions on Laurie’s grandfather, while looking at his portrait. When she came to know that the gentleman had heard all her comments, she felt embarrassed. She felt uncomfortable to face the old gentleman and felt like running away.

Question 15.
Complete the sentence.
Answer:
In spite of Jo’s apprehensions, Grandpa is –

1. having kinder eyes than what the painting shows.
2. having a shy twinkle in his eyes which could lessen Jo’s fear.
3. quite a friendly gentleman.

Question 16.
Discuss what Jo meant by –
(i) “only trying to be neighborly, Sir.”
(ii) seems a little lonely.
(iii) splendid Christmas present.
Answer:
(i) By saying, only trying to be neighborly, Sir”. Jo means she just wanted to be friendly with Laurie as he was her neighbor. She strongly felt that neighbors should know each other well.
(ii) Jo had observed Laurie now and again and she felt Laurie badly needed company since he always eagerly looked at his neighbors as if he was missing the fun they were having. To her, he appeared to be a lonely boy longing for enjoyment with friends.
(iii) Jo remembered the beautiful Christmas present that was sent to the March family by their neighbor Mr. Laurence and she felt it was a nice gesture by their neighbor.

Question 17.
Guess the meaning of the phrase “go on being neighborly” in the context.
Answer:
The phrase “go on being neighborly” in the context of the story means being friendly and helpful to the people living in one’s neighborhood.

Question 18.
Bring out the contrast in the lives of Jo and Laurie in a few lines.
Answer:
Jo belonged to a happy family who according to Laurie, had always good times together. Laurie was hungry to have company of friends and was a lonely boy. Jo had a loving mother who used to take care of her children but, Laurie was a motherless child who badly missed his mother. Jo was frank and innocent as any child of her age, whereas, Laurie’s loneliness was sickening for him.

Question 19.
I’m happy as a cricket here. (Name and explain the figure of speech)
Answer:
Simile. The happiness of Jo is directly compared to the happiness of the insect cricket.

Question 20.
Guess the meaning of the word ‘affair’ in the context.
Answer:
The word ‘affair’ in the context means ‘responsibility/matter’.

Comprehension:

Read the extract and complete the activities given below.

Global Understanding:

Question 1.
Complete the table.
The traits of Jo and Laurie are jumbled. Sort them out and write them in appropriate columns.
(companionless, adventurous, empathetic, unenergetic) (Answers are given directly)
Answer:

Jo	Laurie
adventurous	companionless
empathetic	unenergetic

Question 2.
Pick up the statements which confirm the theme of this passage.
(a) This passage is about Jo’s family not putting down the curtain.
(b) This passage is about Jo’s confirmation about Laurie’s loneliness.
(c) This passage is about Laurie’s habit of peeping at Jo’s family.
(d) This passage brings out the contrast in the lives of Jo and Laurie.
Answer:
(b) This passage is about Jo’s confirmation about Laurie’s loneliness.
(d) This passage brings out the contrast in the lives of Jo and Laurie.

Question 3.
Complete the sentences in column ‘A’ by matching them with the clues in column ‘B’

Column ‘A’	Column ‘B’
1. Laurie inspite of being inquisitive asked no questions as ____________ .	(a) Laurie seldom laughed aloud
2. Maid was surprised as ____________ .	(b) That indicated his good breeding
3. Jo was elated ____________ .	(c) As she was successful in making Laurie laugh
4. Jo found happiness in ____________ .	(d) Reading books

Answer:

Column ‘A’	Column ‘B’
1. Laurie inspite of being inquisitive asked no questions as ____________ .	(a) That indicated his good breeding
2. Maid was surprised as ____________ .	(b) Laurie seldom laughed aloud
3. Jo was elated ____________ .	(c) Reading books
4. Jo found happiness in ____________ .	(d) As she was successful in making Laurie laugh

Question 4.
Complete the following statement with four correct information from the extract.
Jo felt Laurie needs cheering up because:

1. ________
2. ________
3. ________
4. ________

Answer:

1. He seemed lonely
2. she was being neighborly
3. She was social and empathetic
4. Laurie looked expectantly at the sisters as they bad good time.

Complex Factual:

Question 1.
What were Jo’s queries to Laurie when they had talked for the first time?
Answer:
Jo wanted to know whether Laurie was sick, how he amused himself, his liking for books and if he had any visitor or not.

Question 2.
Mention any two outcomes of Jo’s visit to Laurie’s place.
Answer:
Jo’s visit made Laurie excited in the expectation of getting a companion which he never had. It also helped him to come out of his shyness and converse with Jo freely.

Question 3.
What was Jo’s suggestion to do away with Laurie’s loneliness.
Answer:
Jo assured Laurie that the curtain at her place would never be drawn so that Laurie can spend time looking at their activities. She also suggested that Laurie could come to their home and get himself entertained by. all the members of her family.

Question 4.
Why was Laurie’s grandfather impressed with Jo?
Answer:
Laurie’s grandfather was impressed by Jo’s spirited answers like her grandfather. He also appreciated that she was brave and honest as her grandfather was.

Question 5.
Mention any four changes that occurred in grandfather after meeting Jo.
Answer:

1. Grandfather shed his strict countenance.
2. He invited Jo to come over for tea.
3. He promised to come over to meet Jo’s mother.
4. He offered Jo his arm with old fashioned courtesy (indicating his gratitude for her neighborly arrival)

Inference / Interpretation / Analysis:

Question 1.
Complete the following statement.
Jo wanted to help Laurie because –
Answer:
Jo wanted to help Laurie because Laurie was unwell and he felt lonely as he had no one of his age at home. He deserved to have fun.
OR
Give reasons
“The big eyes brightened and the mouth began to smile”.
Answer:
The brightness in the eyes of Laurie and his smiling face are proofs of his happiness of having a possible friendship with Jo. When Jo threw snowballs at Laurie, he could feel Jo’s eagerness to talk to him. His loneliness has always made him unhappy and this gesture of Jo is a welcome change for him.

Question 2.
Complete the following sentence Mr. Laurie was a Tittle gentleman’ as …
Answer:
Mr. Laurie was a Tittle gentlemen’ because he was known for offering due respect to the guest who was coming to his place. He prepared himself decently by brushing his pate, pulling on a fresh set of clothing and making an attempt to clean his room. He followed the same routine for Jo’s arrival to his house also.

Question 3.
Point out the reason for Laurie’s minute observation of Jo’s family.
Answer:
Laurie spent his lonely time looking at the fun Jo’s family was having. He enjoyed watching each member of the family eagerly as he missed all those good times at his own home. He did not have his mother and he loved these girls in the company of their mother.

Question 4.
Mention the impact of Jo’s narratives on Laurie –
1. …………….
2. ……………..
Answer:
1. Laurie enjoyed her narrative immensely and he laughed out aloud.
2. He found a sudden merriment in otherwise dull mood owing to his illness.

Question 5.
Jo wasn’t scared of Laurie’s grandfather. Give evidence from the passage quoted to you.
Answer:
Jo was a bold girl who spoke her mind when it was needed. As she looked at Mr. Laurence’s portrait she found his eyes to be kind and grew fond of him instantly. She found him to be compassionate as she spoke to him and was confident that there was nothing to be scared of that gentleman.

Question 6.
Complete the boxes with information.

Answer:

Personal Response:

Question 1.
“Girls are quiet and like to play nurse”. Do you Agree or Disagree? Justify your answer.
Answer:
I do not agree to the statement. There is no hard and fast rule about this impression about girls. There may be many boys who are very quiet and also good at nursing. It depends on the nature of a person whether he/ she is quiet, or noisy or talkative. The ability to nurse somebody is also dependant on the ability of a person irrespective of any gender.

Question 2.
Enlist the gifts that you receive from or give to your friends,
Answer:

1. Books
2. Wind Chimes
3. Coffee mugs
4. Photo frames

Question 3.
Give your suggestions in two sentences. How you will cheer up one of your lonely classmates.
Answer:
I can cheer up my lonely classmate by giving him/her company and involving in some activities together. We can sit together in the classroom, share our tiffins and invite him/her at my place on holidays.

Question 4.
What are you afraid of? Explain your answer.
Answer:
Generally I am not afraid of anything and a carefree type of person. But sometimes I worry about the loss of my near and dear ones as I am very attached to my family and friends.

Question 5.
What do you fear the most? why?
Answer:
As a student I fear examination especially the public exams as they decide the future course of action. There is always an element of uncertainty which brings in fear for exams among students.

Question 6.
How do you help your neighbor?
Answer:
I help my neighbor by making myself available when they need me. I also extend courtesy calls when I meet them.

Language Study:

Question (i)
The idea amused Jo who liked to do daring things
Answer:
Jo liked to do daring things and the idea amused her.

Question (ii)
The boy is suffering for society.
Answer:
The boy has been suffering for society.

Question (iii)
What a cozy room this is! (Rewrite as a statement)
Answer:
This room is indeed very cozy.

Question (iv)
Laurie forgot his bashfulness and grew sociable. (Remove ‘and’ to make it a simple sentence)
Answer:
Forgetting his bashfulness Laurie grew sociable.

Question (v)
Her face was very friendly and her sharp voice unusually gentle.
(Use ‘not only but also’ and rewrite)
Answer:
Her face was not only very friendly but her sharp voice was unusually gentle also.

Question (vi)
She had been so simply taught that there was no nonsense in her head. (Use ‘too’)
Answer:
She had been too simply taught to have any nonsense in her head.

Question (vii)
Laurie enjoyed that immensely. (Use ‘enjoyment’and rewrite)
Answer:
Laurie’s enjoyment at that was immense.

Question (vii)
Jo liked his good breeding. (Frame a Wh-question to get the underlined part as an answer)
Answer:
What did Jo like in him?

Question (viii)
For a minute a wild desire to run away possessed her. (Change the voice)
Answer:
For a minute she was possessed by a wild desire to run away.

Question (ix)
He isn’t as handsome as my grandfather, but I like him. (Use ‘Though’)
Answer:
Though he isn’t as handsome as my grandfather, I like him.

Question (x)
He seems a little lonely. (Frame a question to get the underlined part as answer)
Answer:
How does he seem?

Question (xi)
I shall come and see your mother. (Use a modal auxiliary showing ‘obligation’)
Answer:
I must come and see your mother.

Vocabulary:

Question 1.
Match the words in Column ‘A’ with their meanings in Column ‘B’.
Answer:

Column ‘A’	Column ‘B’
1. queer	(a) bold
2. dismal	(b) frail
3. daring	(c) unusual
4. weak	(d) dull

Answer:

Column ‘A’	Column ‘B’
1. queer	(c) unusual
2. dismal	(d) dull
3. daring	(a) bold
4. weak	(b) frail

Question 2.
Mention any 4 adjectives that describe the traits of Jo’s character in the extract.
Answer:
Character
Jo

Adjectives

1. Cheerful
2. Empathetic
3. Sociable
4. Kind

Question 3.
Give antonyms of the following words,

1. rude
2. splendid
3. funny
4. frank

Answer:

1. polite
2. ordinary
3. serious

Question 4.
Give antonyms of the following using prefix.
Answer:
1. interesting × uninteresting
2. afraid × unafraid

Question 5.
Give one word for:
Answer:

1. of a voice: low and rough – Gruff
2. Lacking courage – Cowardly
3. unpleasant – Dreadful
4. very large or great – Tremendous

Glossary:

1. shovel – spade
2. mischievous – naughty
3. to doze – to sleep lightly
4. groves – group of trees
5. hedge – row of bushes
6. shabby – broken down/dilapidated
7. stately – grand
8. mansion – big house
9. betokening – a sign of something
10. glimpses – brief/faint looks
11. frolicked – played fun games
12. enchanted – attractive/ fascinating
13. splendors – richness / luxury
14. behold – look/see
15. scandalizing – shocking /disgusting
16. queer – odd/unusual/funny
17. dismal – dull row – noise
18. flutter – tremendous/full of
19. pate – head
20. parlor – sitting room
21. briskly – quickly
22. comforting – soothing
23. sociable – friendly
24. cozy – comfortable
25. hearth – floor of fireplace
26. whisked – removed
27. beckoned – called
28. twitching – shivering
29. splendid – grand/superb
30. bother- trouble/nuisance
31. acquainted – be familiar
32. blunt – frank/straightforward
33. fidgety – restless
34. poodle – a bread of dog
35. immensely – vastly/very much
36. tweaked – pulled
37. elated – delighted
38. trifle – little
39. quaint – old-fashioned /unusual/attractive
40. velour – woven fabric
41. grim – ill-tempered/stern
42. gruff – rough
43. cowardly – fearful
44. twinkle – shining
45. dreadful – terrible
46. courtesy – politeness
47. colored up – embarrassed
48. to wait on – act as an attendant to
49. pranced – walked in an energetic way
50. wicked – playfully mischievous
51. affair – matter/responsibility
52. good breeding – being raised well/ the result of good upbringing and training for good manners.

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Class 11 Psychology Solutions Chapter 8 Memory Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

Maharashtra State Board Class 11 Psychology Solutions Chapter 8 Memory

1A. Complete the following statements.

Question 1.
One of the important processes for storage of information in the LTM is _____________
a. perception
b. elaborative rehearsal
c. encoding
Answer:
b. elaborative rehearsal

Question 2.
Memory is a/an _____________
a. activity
b. process
c. performance
Answer:
b. process

Question 3.
_____________ memory has the shortest duration.
a. Sensory
b. Short Term
c. Long Term
Answer:
c. Long Term

Question 4.
_____________ memory is also known as Working Memory.
a. Long Term
b. Accidental
c. Short Term
Answer:
c. Short Term

Question 5.
_____________ memory has unlimited capacity.
a. Sensory
b. Short Term
c. Long Term
Answer:
a. Sensory

Question 6.
The span of Short-Term Memory is _____________
a. 5+/-2
b. 7+/-2
c. 9+/-2
Answer:
b. 7+/-2

1B. State whether the following statements are true or false. If false, correct them. If true, explain why.

Question 1.
Our sense organs also have memory.
Answer:
True
Explanation: Our sense organs have the capacity to retain the sensory impression received through the five senses for a very short time even after the source stimulus is withdrawn. It is known as sensory memory.

Question 2.
Short-term memory has an unlimited capacity.
Answer:
False
Reason: STM holds the information between 15 to 30 seconds and the capacity of STM is about seven items at a time. Fleece, has limited capacity.

Question 3.
Conscious memory of facts and events is called explicit memory.
Answer:
True
Explanation: Explicit memory is a type of LTM that contains conscious memories of facts and events.

Question 4.
Implicit memory is the memory of skills.
Answer:
True
Explanation: Implicit memory is the unconscious memory of skills and how we do things, regarding the use of objects or movements of the body.

Question 5.
When we memorize meanings, concepts, and principles, it is called episodic memory.
Answer:
False
Reason: Episodic memory is a memory of experiences and specific events which we recall step by step to reconstruct actual events.

Question 6.
The method of relearning is also known as the saving method.
Answer:
True
Explanation: In relearning method, there is a saving of time taken to learn the same material. Fleece, this method is also known as the saving method.

Question 7.
The most vivid memory is flashbulb memory.
Answer:
True
Explanation: Flashbulb memories are vivid memories of what we were doing at the time of an emotion-provoking event.

1C. Identify the odd item from the following.

Question 1.
Encoding, Storage, Tip of the tongue (TOT), Retrieval
Answer:
Tip of the tongue (TOT)

Question 2.
Keyword method, Method of Loci, Chunking, Rote learning, First letter technique
Answer:
Rote learning

Question 3.
Sensory register, STM, Flashbulb memory, LTM
Answer:
Sensory register

Question 4.
Recall, Recognition, Relearning, Trace decay
Answer:
Trace decay

1D. Match the following pairs.

Question 1.

A	B
1. A technique to improve memory	a. Short-term memory
2. The most vivid memory	b. Declarative memory
3. Working memory	c. Implicit memory
4. Most organized memory	d. Flashbulb memory
5. Playing the harmonium after a long time	e. Method of Loci
6. Writing an essay on perceptual process	f. LTM
	g. Recall method
	h. Relearning method

Answer:

A	B
1. A technique to improve memory	e. Method of Loci
2. The most vivid memory	d. Flashbulb memory
3. Working memory	a. Short-term memory
4. Most organized memory	f. LTM
5. Playing the harmonium after a long time	c. Implicit memory
6. Writing an essay on perceptual process	g. Recall method

2. Answer the following questions in around 35-40 words each.

Question 1.
Explain any one example of Flashbulb memory from your life.
Answer:

• I clearly remember the day when my grandmother passed away.
• On that day, I had an omelet for breakfast and went to college around 10.30 a.m. I attended only two lectures and then received a call about this bad news. After that, my best friend accompanied me home.

Question 2.
Explain the model of working memory proposed by Baddeley.
Answer:

• Baddeley called STM a working bench of memory.
• In the working memory model given by him, a central executive is responsible for the coordination between sub-systems of the phonological loop, episodic buffer, and the visuospatial sketchpad.
• Both phonological loop and visuospatial sketchpad have two components.

Question 3.
Explain the Tip of the tongue (TOT) phenomenon with an example.
Answer:

• Sometimes, when we search through our library of experiences to retrieve information from LTM, we cannot recall it even when we have that information on the tip of the tongue.
• e.g. you want to recall the name of your cousin’s favourite clothing brand. Instead of that name, you recall all similar names.

Question 4.
Give an example of episodic memory.
Answer:

• I remember a four-day-long celebration of my sister’s wedding.
• It started with Haldi followed by Mehendi and the sangeet ceremony. After that, there was a grand wedding followed by a reception ceremony.
• I also remember all preparations, outfits that I wore, and the food that we had in those four days.

Question 5.
What is motivated forgetting?
Answer:

• Motivated forgetting is a behaviour in which people may forget unwanted memories either consciously or unconsciously.
• It is also called a conscious coping strategy but it should not be confused with defense mechanisms.
• There are two levels of motivated forgetting, viz. Repression and Thought suppression.

3. Compare and contrast.

Question 1.
STM and LTM
Answer:

• Only the significant sensory inputs enter the Short-Term Memory (STM) through maintenance rehearsal. On the other hand, some items in STM enter the Long-Term Memory (LTM) after elaborative rehearsal which makes information meaningful and connects the same with already existing information in the LTM.
• STM holds the information between 15 to 30 seconds and the capacity of STM is about seven items at a time. Conversely, once information enters LTM, it is retained more or less permanently and the amount of information stored in LTM is unlimited.

Question 2.
Implicit Memory and Explicit Memory
Answer:

• Implicit memory is the unconscious memory of skills and how we do things while explicit memory is conscious memory of facts and events.
• Implicit memory is also known as procedural memory while explicit memory is also known as declarative memory.

Question 3.
Semantic memory and Episodic memory
Answer:

• Semantic memory is a more structured record of facts, meanings, concepts, and knowledge. On the other hand, episodic memory is a memory of experiences and specific events which we recall step by step to reconstruct the actual events.
• Semantic memories have personal context which includes vocabulary, mathematics, rules of logic while episodic memory is the memory of autobiographical events with times, places, and associated emotions.

Question 4.
Storage failure and Retrieval failure
Answer:

• In case of storage, failure acquired and encoded information is not stored properly while in case of retrieval failure, problems arise while recalling the stored information for its actual use.
• Both storage failure and retrieval failure make it difficult to use the retained information in the future.

Question 5.
Recall method and Recognition method
Answer:

• The recall method involves remembering a fact, event, or object that is not currently physically present and requires the direct uncovering of information from memory, (e.g. long essay-type answers). In the recognition method, already learned material is present and the learner has to recognize it. (e.g. MCQs).
• Recognition is relatively easier than recall. So, a score of memory by recognition method is usually more than the recall method.

4. What will you do if…

Question 1.
You have to prepare a long speech covering all the activities in your college and present at the annual function
Answer:

• I will make a list of all the activities and rehearse it a number of times so as to ensure better retention.
• I may also make a note with all points in brief which I can refer to if I forget something in the middle of a speech.

Question 2.
How will you apply ‘POWER’ to prepare for the final exam of Psychology?
Answer:

• Prepare: Before starting to study, I would prepare myself for it by setting goals. I will make myself aware of why am I studying Psychology, e.g. for acquiring good marks in the final exam.
• Organize: I will organize the study material properly and make a schedule for each chapter. I will allot less time for chapters that are easy and familiar. I may study these chapters when I am a bit tired. Conversely, I will allot more hours to chapters that are unfamiliar, complicated, or technical. I will also ensure to study these complex chapters when I am fresh.
• Work: I know that I have to work hard to achieve the goal of acquiring good marks. So, I will learn with the motive to understand and remember. I will try to associate new information with something that I have already learned.
• Evaluate: I will try to evaluate my progress by solving practice papers. It will enable me to know how much I have learned and the quality of my knowledge.
• Rethink: I will reanalyze, review, question, and challenge myself. I will also rethink whether I need to change my method of studying so as to achieve the goal of acquiring good marks in the final exam.

5. Short Notes.

Question 1.
Characteristics of Memory
Answer:

• Memory is an ability by which information is encoded, stored, and retrieved when needed.
• Three basic processes or characteristics of memory are Acquisition, Storage, and Retrieval.
• The acquisition is the process of acquiring information from our sense organs. The information acquired and encoded is stored over a period of time. In retrieval, the stored information is recalled for the purpose of its actual use.
• There are three stages of memory, viz. Sensory information store, short-term memory, and long-term memory.

Question 2.
Techniques to improve memory
Answer:
Some techniques to improve memory are as follows:

• Keyword method: In the keyword method, any two different pieces of information can be linked together. It is an effective method for remembering definitions and learning foreign language vocabulary.
• Encoding specificity: According to encoding specificity, memory is improved when information is available while learning is also available at the time to recall.
• Method of loci: It involves creating an imaginary route so that things can be remembered in a better way. e.g. steps to solve mathematical problems.
• Mnemonic devices: Mnemonics will include acronyms or first letter techniques (e.g. VIBGYOR includes colours of the rainbow). It will also include visualization. Another technique is chunking where one can place large information into small chunks.
• Practice and rehearsal: Relearning the same material a number of times lead to better retention and better recall. For small size or easy material, it is effective to optimally utilize our time and learn the entire material. For large size or difficult material, we must take breaks and learn the material in parts.
• Minimizing interference: We should not learn similar subjects together as they might interfere with each other. Also, one must take a rest for minimising such interference.
• POWER method: One can also use the POWER method for improving memory. Here, P stands for Preparation, 0 stands for Organisation, W stands for Work, E stands for Evaluation and R stands for Rethinking.

Question 3.
Motivated forgetting
Answer:

• Motivated forgetting is a behaviour in which people may forget unwanted memories either consciously or unconsciously.
• It is also called a conscious coping strategy but it should not be confused with defense mechanisms.
• There are two levels of motivated forgetting, viz. Repression and Thought suppression.
• Repression: Sigmund Freud’s Psychoanalytic model states that we subconsciously push unwanted thoughts and memories into our unconsciousness. People think that such repressed memories are completely forgotten.
• e.g. a girl who had experienced sexual abuse during childhood may completely forget about it. But she may have difficulty while forming a romantic relationship.
• Thought suppression: It is a conscious effort where we forget the memories of unwanted incidents and experiences of our lives, e.g. a person will avoid talking about his breakup.
• Thought suppression can be time-consuming and also quite difficult as such suppressed thoughts tend to reoccur, e.g. a person may try to suppress the thoughts about his ex but he may not be successful in doing so.

Question 4.
Causes of forgetting
Answer:

• Trace decay: Our memories fade out when we don’t use them for a longer period, i.e., traces of memory get decayed over time if they are not used.
• Trace distortion: Some researchers believe that memory traces are not decayed but are distorted over a period of time and forgetting occurs.
• Interference: Some researchers believe that we forget when materials that we learn one after the other interfere with each other. There are two types of interference, viz. retroactive interference and proactive interference.
• Motivated forgetting: It is a behaviour in which people may forget unwanted memories either consciously or unconsciously. There are two levels of motivated forgetting, viz. Repression and Thought suppression.

6. Answer the following questions in 150-200 words.

Question 1.
Explain the process of human memory in detail.
Answer:

• Memory is an ability by which information is encoded, stored, and retrieved when needed.
• The basic processes of memory include acquisition (encoding), storage, and retrieval.
  
• Acquisition/Encoding: Acquisition is the process of acquiring information from sense organs. Encoding is the process of transforming the information received into suitable symbols like pictures, figures, words, numbers.
• Storage: The information acquired and encoded is preserved over a period of time. The process of storage is essential for using that information in the future.
• Retrieval: It is the process of recalling the stored information for the purpose of its actual use. We tend to retrieve mobile numbers, names, etc. in our daily life.
• We can think of these processes as analogous to the functions of a computer.

Question 2.
Explain the theories of forgetting in detail.
Answer:

• Forgetting is the failure to retrieve the material from our long-term memory which we had already stored.
• Researchers have put forward various theories of forgetting. Each theory highlights different reasons behind forgetting.
• The various theories of forgetting are: Trace decay theory, Trace distortion theory, and Interference theory.
  • Trace decay: Our memories fade out when we don’t use them for a longer period, i.e., traces of memory get decayed over time if they are not used.
  • Trace distortion: Some researchers believe that memory traces are not decayed but are distorted over a period of time and forgetting occurs.
  • Interference: Some researchers believe that we forget when materials that we learn one after the other interfere with each other. There are two types of interference, viz. retroactive interference and proactive interference.

7. Arrange the following elements in concepts of memory in ascending order.

Question 1.
Elaborative rehearsal, Short Term Memory, Receiving information from the environment, Long Term Memory, Retrieval
Answer:

• Receiving information from the environment
• Short Term Memory
• Elaborative rehearsal
• Long Term Memory
• Retrieval

Activities

Activity 1 (Textbook Page No. 87)

Do you remember your first picnic at your school? Do you remember your primary school teacher? Now can you remember what food you ate last Monday? Why you can remember some incidents from the past clearly while you cannot remember some things which happened yesterday?
Answer:
We remember some incidents from the past clearly when they are a part of our long-term memory. Similarly, we cannot remember certain incidents from the recent past whey they form a part of our sensory or short-term memory.

Activity 2 (Textbook Page No. 87)

Why does this happen? 25 workers used to work in Thomas Edison’s Bulb and Phonogram unit of industries. There was a huge tree near his company. After 6 months, Edison asked his workers about the huge tree but not a single worker could give information about that tree. Why do you think this happened despite seeing the tree every day?
Answer:
I feel the none of the workers could give information about the tree near their company since it was a part of their sensory memory, i.e., they perceived the stimulus (tree) with sense organs but did not rehearse it enough for it to become a part of their long term memory.