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Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Class 7 English Solutions Chapter 1.5 Seeing Eyes Helping Hands Notes, Textbook Exercise Important Questions and Answers.

Maharashtra State Board Class 7 English Solutions Chapter 1.5 Seeing Eyes Helping Hands

Class 7 English Chapter 1.5 Seeing Eyes Helping Hands Textbook Questions and Answers

1. This passage contains four different types of invitations. They are:
A: A formal invitation
C: An oral invitation
B: A notice
D: Another oral invitation
Read each invitation carefully, keeping in mind the list of eight questions given below. Note the answers in your notebook. Verify that the formal invitation ‘A’ covers all the eight points.

1. Who is sending/giving the information?
2. What is the programme?
3. What is the name of the project?
4. Who will inaugurate it?
5. Who will preside over the function?
6. What time will the function start?
7. Where will it take place?
8. How many names get mentioned in the invitation?

Now see which of these eight points are covered in the other invitations ‘B’, ‘C’ and ‘D’. Put tickmarks against the points that are covered.

2. Prepare a formal invitation for a function you have arranged at home.
It should clearly state the following points:

• Who is inviting people to the function.
• What the programme is.
• The date and time.
• The venue. (The place where
• A polite request to attend the function. the function will take place.

Question 1.
Prepare a formal invitation for a function you have arranged at home.
Answer:

3. Write an imaginary telephone conversation in which you invite your friend to the above function.

Question 1.
Write an imaginary telephone conversation in which you invite your friend to the above function.
Answer:

• • Mohan: Hello! Could I speak to Shashank.
  • Shashank: Yes, speaking.
  • Mohan: Hi! I have called you up to invite you to the house-warming ceremony of our new home.
  • Shashank: Oh, thanks. Where have you shifted your residence?
  • Mohan: Very close to you. We are now at Shri Laxmi Niwas.
  • Shashank: Next to Blue Dales School?
  • Mohan: Yes, you got it right. Please do come with your parents.
  • Shashank: My parents are out, in Pune for about a week. When is the function?
  • Mohan: On the 25th of this month. It is a Sunday.
  • Shashank: Yes, they will be back by then. When should we come?
  • Mohan: The pooja will begin at 11.00 am.
  • Shashank: I will surely be there.
  • Mohan: Thanks. See you then.
  • Shashank: You’re welcome. See you, bye.

4. Imagine someone has invited your family to a programme and you were the only person at home when the invitation was given orally. Write a note (4-5 lines) to pass on the message to the other people in your family. Or, Write an imaginary conversation in which you pass on the message to your parents.

Question 1.
Imagine someone has invited your family to a programme and you were the only person at home when the invitation was given orally. Write a note (4-5 lines) to pass on the message to the other people in your family. Or, Write an imaginary conversation in which you pass on the message to your parents.
Answer:
Dear Mom and Dad,
Sudhir uncle has invited us for a surprise birthday party given for Anita aunty, tomorrow, 8th November at Grand Central Hotel at 7.00 pm.

Mona.

Class 7 English Chapter 1.5 Seeing Eyes Helping Hands Additional Important Questions and Answers

Answer the following questions:

Question 1.
Find different ways in which you can send an invitation using the internet.
Answer:
Through the internet an invitation can be sent via email, WhatsApp, Facebook, Twitter and other such social networking sites.

Question 2.
Many times the school authorities have to communicate with your parents. How is it done in school? How are written communications sent?
Answer:
In my school, written communications are sent through notices, SMS, Telephone, invitation cards, web pages, newsletters, quarterly report card comments and via school staff such as the peon or an attendant.

Question 3.
When do we write formal invitations and why?
Answer:
The write formal invitations for a formal event to invite the people with whom we want to celebrate and also the people we are close to. The best way to invite people to such planned events is by sending them a formal invitation. Another important reason behind writing an invitation is that it gives our invitees proper information regarding the programme, its time, date and venue.

Question 4.
What are some ways in which you can send invitations to your family and friends, apart from using the internet?
Answer:
Some other ways in which we can send invitation to our family and friends are as follows:

1. By using Indian Postal Service.
2. Using SMS or mobile phone.
3. Hand delivering.
4. Through telephone call and
5. Through courier.

Reading Skills, Vocabulary and Grammar

Read the following passage and do the activities.

Simple Factual Questions:

Principal	Teacher in-charge	Presiding dignitary	School
Suhasini Ambekar	V. S. Ajinkya	Dr. A. M. Dr. A. M. Chaudhary, Dean	New Vision High School

Complex Factual Questions:

Question 1.
Who prepared the formal invitation?
Answer:
The Principal prepared the formal invitation.

Question 2.
Where is the venue of inauguration?
Answer:
The venue of the inauguration is the Assembly Hall of New Vision High School, Off Main street, Girgaon.

Question 3.
Who are the student secretaries?
Answer:
The student secretaries are Komal Shelar and Nitin Valke.

Vocabulary:

Question 1.
Make verb forms.
Answer:

• invitation – invite
• vision – envision

Question 2.
Give homophones of the following words from the passage.
Answer:

• maid – made
• knew – new

Grammar:

Question 1.
The art teacher and her students made copies of it. (Add a question tag)
Answer:
The art teacher and her students made copies of it, didn’t they?

Question 2.
We solicit your presence at the inauguration of the project. (Write in question form)
Answer:
Don’t we solicit your presence at the inauguration of the project?

Personal Response:

Question 1.
What according to you is a formal invitation?
Answer:
A formal invitation is a letter or a card in which the important person is courteously requested to attend an important event.

Read the following passage and do the activities.

Simple Factual Questions:

Question 1.
State whether the statements are true or false.
1. The News Editor will not be sent an official invitation.
2. The News Editor refused to come for the function.
Answer:
1. False
2. False

Complex Factual Questions:

Question 1.
What is the purpose of the project?
Answer:
The purpose of the project is to make students aware of their social responsibilities.

Question 2.
Why was Mr. Shashank invited?
Answer:
Mr. Shashank, Newspaper Editor, was invited to cover the function prominently.

Vocabulary:

Question 1.
Make a sentence using the phrase/idiom ‘to set a trend’.
Answer:
Their school is setting new trends in Activity based learning.

Question 2.
Pick out words that mean.
1. Notice or attention given to someone or something by the media.
2. To a large extent.
Answer:
1. publicity
2. prominently

Grammar:

Question 1.
I have made a note of it. (Change the voice)
Answer:
A note of it has been made by me.

Question 2.
The project is an important one. (Make exclamatory)
Answer:
What an important one the project is!

Personal Response:

Question 1.
Do you think it is a good idea to invite a Newspaper Editor to such programmes? Why?
Answer:
Yes, it is a good idea to cover such programmes done for a noble cause in the newspaper, as it sets a trend for other schools to follow and children also become aware of their social responsibilities.

Language Study:

Do as directed.

Question 1.
“Mummy, you and Daddy are invited to our school on Sunday, the ninth” said Sameer.
(Write in indirect speech)
Answer:
Sameer informed his mother and father that both she and daddy were invited to his school on Sunday, the ninth.

Question 2.
We are all going to visit places. (Rewrite in past perfect tense)
Answer:
We had all gone to visit places.

Question 3.
I see. (Add a question tag)
Answer:
I see, don’t I?

Question 4.
Daddy and I can’t both go. (Remove negative)
Answer:
Either Daddy or I can go.

Question 5.
Teachers made phone calls to some special invitees. (Frame a wh- question to get the underlined part as an answer)
Answer:
Who made phone calls to some special invitees?

Question 6.
Write the noun forms of.

1. inaugurate
2. converse
3. participate

Answer:

1. inauguration
2. conversation
3. participation

Question 7.
Write noun for the following ending in ’-er’ or ’-or’ to show the work or function or description of the person:

1. help
2. edit
3. visit
4. speak
5. teach
6. preach

Answer:

1. helper
2. editor
3. visitor
4. speaker
5. teacher
6. preacher

Writing Skills:

With your teacher’s help, get two or three specimens of the notices/announcements put up on the school notice board.

Question 1.
Specimen 1
Answer:

Question 2.
Specimen 2
Answer:
Announcement:
This is to inform the students of Std. VIII that the Nature Club has organized a one day nature trail to CEC at BNHS, Goregaon on 26th July, 2017. The timing for the same is 7.00 am to 5.00 pm. Students interested in going for the trail should register their names with the Nature Club advisor, Mrs. Ketki Dhuri by paying Rs. 500/-(Inclusive of transport and entry fees).

– By Order

Seeing Eyes Helping Hands Summary in English

The lesson discusses various means of sending an invitation for an inaugural function in New Vision High School. Formal invitation, oral invitation and notice being some of them. With the help of a sample invitation the lesson conveys that one can choose among various means of communication, the one that best suits one’s need.

Introduction:

Communication is a vital tool. In today’s times, with the rise in technological media, communication has undergone a drastic change. From letters to emails; invitations and messages can be sent in a short time.

Glossary:

1. inauguration (n) – the beginning or introduction of something ‘
2. scheduled (v) – to arrange that an event or activity will happen at a particular time
3. formal (adj) – done in accordance with convention or etiquette
4. sample (n) – a specimen
5. conversation (n) – a talk, especially an informal one
6. to set a trend – to do something that becomes accepted or fashionable, something that a lot of other people copy
7. accompany (v)-to go along with someone
8. specimens (n) – examples of something; samples
9. solicit (v) – to formally ask for help
10. preside (v) – to be in charge of a formal meeting or ceremony
11. invitee (n) – person who is invited
12. sec. – short form for second
13. trend (n) – a general direction in which something is developing or changing
14. prominently (adv) – in a way that many people will know about it

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Class 7 Science Solutions Chapter 13 Changes – Physical and Chemical Notes, Textbook Exercise Important Questions and Answers.

Maharashtra State Board Class 7 Science Solutions Chapter 13 Changes – Physical and Chemical

Class 7 Science Chapter 13 Changes – Physical and Chemical Textbook Questions and Answers

1. Distinguish between the following.

Question a.
Physical change and Chemical change
Answer:

Physical changes	Chemical changes
1. In a physical change material may change its	1. A change which after physical properties and
shape, size, texture or state.	composition also.
2. No new compound is formed.	2. New compound /substance is formed due to chemical change.
3. The change is temporary. It is reversible.	3. The change is permanent and irreversible.
4. Examples: Evaporation of water, boiling of water, melting of ice.	4. Examples: Burning of wood, paper, souring of milk, digestion of food, rusting of iron.

Question b.
Periodic changes and Non-periodic change
Answer:

Periodic changes	Non-periodic change
1. Some changes occur again and again after a definite interval of time. Such changes are called periodic changes.	1. In this, certain changes will recur after one occurrence, it cannot be said for sure, even if they occur interval is not fixed. Such changes are called non-periodic changes.
2.  Examples: movement of clock hands in clock showing time, change of season, day and night formation, heart beat, ripening of fruit, rising and setting of the sun.	2. Examples: volcanic eruption, occurrence of an earthquake, tsunami, forest fires, freezing of water to form ice, sneezing, rusting of iron.
3. They repeat themselves after a fixed interval of time.	3. They do not repeat themselves after a fixed interval of time.

Question c.
Natural change and Man-made change
Answer:

Natural change	Man-made change
1. Changes that occur naturally on its own are called natural changes.	1. Changes that are result of human activity. Such changes are called man-made.
2. Examples ripening of a fruit, spoiling of milk, change in the climate	2. Burning of fossil fuels, deforestation, pollution of air, water and soil.

2. Under which different types can the following changes be classified?

Question a.
Conversion of milk into yoghurt.
Answer:
Manmade (useful).

Question b.
Bursting of cracker.
Answer:
Manmade (fast change).

Question c.
Occurrence of an earthquake.
Answer:
Non-periodic.

Question d.
Revolution of earth around the sun.
Answer:
Periodic. (Natural change)

Question e.
Stretching of a spring.
Answer:
Physical, reversible change.

3. Give reasons.

Question a.
While purchasing canned food, its expiry date should be checked.
Answer:

1. Canned food is processed food.
2. After certain period of time it may get spoilt due to some growth of micro-organism it may get intoxicated.
3. If we consume such food we may get food poisoning, so we should check the expiry date.

Question b.
An iron article should be given a coat of paint.
Answer:

1. When an iron article is kept for long time it gets corroded due to presence of oxygen in atmosphere.
2. Iron gets oxidized to iron oxide which forms a reddish brown layer on it and iron gets rusted.
3. It is called corrosion. Due to corrosion things become weak.
4. So an iron article should be given a coat of paint so that it is protected against corrosion.
5. Paint gives protection to iron.

Question c.
A Wooden article should be polished.
Answer:

1. When a wooden article comes in contact with moisture there is possibility of fungal growth and also termites will make wooden article brittle and break.
2. So a wooden article should be polished which forms a protective layer.
3. It does not allow the wooden article to get decayed by moisture or attacked by termite.

Question d.
Copper and brass utensils should be tinned.
Answer:

1. Due to corrosion of copper or brass a greenish layer is seen to form on it.
2. So to protect copper and brass utensils from corrosion they are coated with tin.
3. This process is called thinning.

Question e.
A dry handkerchief gets wet at once on dipping in water, but it takes long for a wet handkerchief to dry.
Answer:

1. The dry fibres of handkerchief absorbs water to its maximum capacity immediately that is why handkerchief gets wet at once.
2. When wet handkerchief dries, all the water absorbed has to become water vapour by evaporation.
3. This depends on surrounding air and heat.
4. That is why wet handkerchief takes a long time to dry.

4. What will you take into account while identifying the following:

Question a.
A physical change in a substance.
Answer:
I will take into account the following facts.

1. Whether the shape, size or state of the substance is changed.
2. Whether it is a temporary change.
3. Whether it is a reversible change.

Question b.
A chemical change in a substance.
Answer:
I will take into account the following facts.

1. Whether a new substance is formed.
2. Whether it is a permanent change.
3. Whether it is a non-reversible change.

5. Read the paragraph and note down the various types of changes it mentions.

Question a.
Read the paragraph and note down the various types of changes it mentions.
It was nearing six o’clock in the evening. The sun was setting. A breeze was blowing. Leaves on the tree were shaking. Sahil was sitting in the courtyard, rolling balls of wet soil and shaping them into various toys. Then he felt hungry and went into the house. Mother made a dough from wheat flour and fried purees. While eating hot purees, his attention was drawn outside the window. It had started raining. There was lighting too. Sahil was enjoying his dinner in the dim light.
Answer:

1. Clock showing six o’clock time – It is a periodic change.
2. Sun was setting – A periodic change.
3. Breeze was blowing – A natural change.
4. Leaves shaking – A natural change.
5. Making toys from wet soil – Physical change.
6. Making dough from wheat flour – Physical change
7. Frying purees – Chemical change.
8. Raining – Natural change.
9. Lightning – Natural change.

Project:

Question a.
Visit a place where work like powder coating. spray painting is done. Make a note of the information you obtain.

Class 7 Science Chapter 13 Changes – Physical and Chemical Important Questions and Answers

Fill in the blanks and rewrite the sentences:

Question 1.
Burning of candle is a ………………. change.
Answer:
chemical

Question 2.
Cooking of vegetable is ………………. change.
Answer:
useful

Question 3.
A man painted his main gate made up of iron to prevent it from ………………. .
Answer:
rusting

Question 4.
Galvanization is a process used to prevent the rusting of ………………. .
Answer:
iron

Question 5.
Making sugar solution is a ………………. change.
Answer:
physical

Question 6.
A physical change is generally ………………. .
Answer:
temporary

Question 7.
Grinding of wheat grain changes its size, it is a ………………. .
Answer:
physical change

Question 8.
Iron benches kept in lawns and gardens get rusted. It is a change because a new ………………. is formed.
Answer:
chemical, product.

State whether the following statements are True or False. Correct and rewrite the false statement:

Question 1.
Iron and rust are the same substance.
Answer:
False, Rust is oxide of iron.

Question 2.
Iron pipes coated with zinc do not get rusted easily.
Answer:
True

Question 3.
Formation of manure from leaves is a physical change.
Answer:
False, it is a chemical change.

Question 4.
Cutting a log of wood into pieces is a chemical change.
Answer:
False, it is a physical change.

Question 5.
Digestion of food is a chemical change.
Answer:
True

Question 6.
Melting of wax is a chemical change.
Answer:
False, it is a physical change.

Question 7.
Dissolving sugar in water is physical change.
Answer:
True

Question 8.
Changes in which new substances are formed are called physical changes.
Answer:
False, they are called chemical change.

Question 9.
Breaking down of larger food particles into smaller particles is a chemical change.
Answer:
False, it is a chemical change.

Question 10.
Setting of curd is a physical change.
Answer:
False, it is a chemical change.

Question 11.
Heating of iron is a physical change.
Answer:
True

Question 12.
Cooking a vegetable is chemical change.
Answer:
True

Question 13.
Freezing water into ice is a chemical change.
Answer:
False, it is a physical change

Define the following.

Question 1.
Physical change:
Answer:
In a physical change the material may change shapes or forms but no new compounds are formed and change can generally be reversed by reversing the conditions.

Question 2.
Chemical change
Answer:
A chemical change produces a new substance having new and different properties and which cannot be reversed by reversing the conditions.

Question 3.
Periodic change
Answer:
Some changes occur again and again after . a definite interval of time, such changes are called periodic changes.

Question 4.
Non-periodic change
Answer:
Changes that do not repeat themselves after a fixed interval of time are called non-periodic changes.

Question 5.
Reversible change
Answer:
The changes that can occur in a forward and reverse direction again and again are called reversible changes.

Question 6.
Irreversible change.
Answer:
The changes which we cannot reverse back to same thing are called Irreversible changes e.g. Burning of wood, paper.

Question 7.
Condensation
Answer:
The process by which matter changes from its vapour or gaseous state into its liquid state by cooling is called condensation.

Question 8.
Corrosion of metals
Answer:
When an iron article rusts, a reddish brown layer (of iron oxide) forms on it. A greenish layer is seen to form on a copper article. This is called corrosion of metals.

Question 9.
Galvanization
Answer:
Iron articles are given a thin coat of zinc to prevent corrosion this is called galvanization.

Question 10.
Tinning
Answer:
Copper and brass articles are coated with tin. This is called tinning.

Question 11.
Natural change
Answer:
Changes that occur naturally like ripening of a fruit, spoiling of milk are called natural changes.

Question 12.
Man-made change
Answer:
Man-made changes are result of human- activity. E.g. Burning of fossil fuel.

Question 13.
Useful change
Answer:
Many changes such as baking bread, cooking food are useful to us, they are called useful changes.

Question 14.
Harmful change
Answer:
The changes that are not useful or changes that harms living things or the environment are called harmful changes.

Name or Give two example of:

Question 1.
Two physical changes.
Answer:

1. Melting of wax
2. Melting of ice

Question 2.
Two chemical changes.
Answer:

1. Burning of wax candle
2. Burning of wood or paper.

Question 3.
Two periodic changes.
Answer:

1. Occurrence of day and night
2. change of seasons

Question 4.
Two non-periodic changes.
Answer:

1. A meteor moving across the sky.
2. A bird sitting on a tree flies away.

Question 5.
Two reversible changes.
Answer:

1. Melting of wax.
2. Freezing water into ice.

Question 6.
Two irreversible changes.
Answer:

1. Ripening of a mango.
2. Burning of wood

Question 7.
Two natural changes.
Answer:

1. Lighting in the sky.
2. Earthquake.

Question 8.
Two manmade changes.
Answer:

1. Baking bread
2. Cooking food.

Question 9.
Two useful changes.
Answer:

1. Ripening of mango
2. Curdling of milk.

Question 10.
Two harmful changes.
Answer:

1. Spoiling of milk.
2. Air pollution.

Match the following:

Question 1.

Column ‘A’	Column ‘B’
1. Photosynthesis	a. Physical change.
2. Dissolving sugar in water	b. Chemical change
3. Burning of wood	c. Man-made change.
4. Melting of wax	d. Periodic changes.
5. Digestion of food	e. Non-periodic change
6. Heartbeat	f. Chemical change.
7. Occurrence of earthquake.	g. Physical change.
8. Deforestation	h. Chemical change.

Answer:

Column ‘A’	Column ‘B’
1. Photosynthesis	b. Chemical change
2. Dissolving sugar in water	a. Physical change.
3. Burning of wood	f. Chemical change.
4. Melting of wax	g. Physical change.
5. Digestion of food	h. Chemical change.
6. Heartbeat	d. Periodic changes.
7. Occurrence of earthquake.	e. Non-periodic change
8. Deforestation	c. Man-made change.

Question 2.

Column ‘A’	Column ‘B’
1. Depositing a layer of zinc on Iron	a. Tinning
2. Souring of milk	b. Rust
3. Curdling of milk	c. Galvanization
4. Iron oxide	d.  Chemical changes
5. Depositing layer of tin on copper and brass article.	e. Man-made changes.

Answer:

Column ‘A’	Column ‘B’
1. Depositing a layer of zinc on Iron	c. Galvanization
2. Souring of milk	d.  Chemical changes
3. Curdling of milk	e. Man-made changes.
4. Iron oxide	b. Rust
5. Depositing layer of tin on copper and brass article.	a. Tinning

Distinguish between the following.

Question 1.
Reversible change and Irreversible change
Answer:

Reversible change	Irreversible change
1. The changes that can occur in a forward and reverse direction again and again is called reversible.	1. The changes which we can not reverse back to some thing are called irreversible change.
2. E.g.: (a) Melting a wax candle and obtaining the original solid wax again, (b) Stretching a rubber or spring.	2. E.g.: Burning of paper or wood cannot be undone. Wood cannot be obtained from the ash.

Under which different types can be following changes be classified:

Question 1.
Formation of curd from milk.
Answer:
Manmade change (useful), chemical

Question 2.
Burning of wood or paper.
Answer:
Manmade, chemical change.

Question 3.
Glowing of bulb.
Answer:
Manmade (fast).

Question 4.
Rusting of iron.
Answer:
Chemical change (harmful)

Question 5.
Burning of Camphor.
Answer:
Chemical change

Question 6.
Souring of milk.
Answer:
chemical change (harmful)

Question 7.
Digestion of food.
Answer:
Chemical change (useful), irreversible

Question 8.
Change of season.
Answer:
Periodic change, natural change

Question 9.
Day and night formation.
Answer:
Periodic change

Question 10.
Heartbeat.
Answer:
Periodic change

Question 11.
Water pollution.
Answer:
Manmade, harmful change

Question 12.
Air pollution.
Answer:
Manmade, harmful change

Question 13.
Burning of fossil fuel
Answer:
Manmade (irreversible change)

Question 14.
Ripening of fruit.
Answer:
Natural, chemical

Question 15.
Change-in climate.
Answer:
Natural, periodic

Question 16.
Melting of ice into water
Answer:
Physical change

Question 17.
Germination of seed.
Answer:
Natural, slow, desirable.

Question 18.
Bursting of balloon.
Answer:
Irreversible change (fast).

Give reasons:

Question 1.
The burning of wax is a chemical change
Answer:

1. Because when the cotton wick embedded in the candle is burnt, ash and smoke is formed.
2. It is not possible to make wick again from the smoke and ash.

Can you tell?

Answer the following questions:

Question 1.
We see many man-made materials in our day-to-day life. For what purpose are they produced.
Answer:
We see many man-made matrical in our day to day life. For example,

1. Air conditioners for getting cool air in houses offices and cars.
2. Wooden furniture made from wood obtained by cutting trees.
3. Refrigerators to protect food from spoiling.

Question 2.
You made a link from the glass piece. How will you change the shape of the link to give it its original shape?
Answer:
Heat the glass piece again at the link. When it becomes soft break it.

Question 3.
How will you restore the original candle after melting one ?
Answer:
Collect the melted wax and give the required shape when it is soft.

Question 4.
What comes after daytime?
Answer:
Night time (periodic change)

Question 5.
What is the next stage after sunrise?
Answer:
Sunset (periodic change)

Question 6.
What comes after a high tide in the sea?
Answer:
Low tide (periodic)

Question 7.
A bird sitting on a tree flies away.
Answer:
non-periodic change.

Question 8.
A meteor streaking across the sky.
Answer:
non-periodic change.

Use your brainpower!

Answer the following questions:

Question 1.
What kind of change is the falling of a tree in a storm?
Answer:
Natural change.

Question 2.
What kind of a change is the conversion of milk into yoghurt?
Answer:
Manmade ‘ change, useful change and a chemical change

Question 3.
What is meant by irreversible change? Give some examples.
Answer:

1. An irreversible change is a permanent change that cannot be undone, cannot reverse it back to original substance.
2. In irreversible change new materials are always formed.
3. Irreversible changes are permanent changes.
4. Heating, burning, mixing, powdering are few processes which causes irreversible changes.

Examples:

• burning of paper or wood
• cooking of raw egg.

Question 4.
Which type of change is the change of seasons from summer to rains to winter?
Answer:
Natural and periodic change

Question 5.
Which hands of a clock show periodic changes from 6.00 am to 6.00 pm? How many times?
Answer:
Small (hour) hand (12 times).

Question 6.
Which of the following are physical changes and which are chemical changes?
(making a table from wood, burning wood, breaking of a glass object, ripening of a tomato, rusting of iron.
Answer:

Physical	Chemical
1. Making a table from wood	1. Burning wood
2. Breaking of a glass object	2. Rusting of iron
	3. Ripening of a tomato

Question 7.
What are periodic and non-periodic changes?
Answer:
1. We find that some changes occur again and again after a definite interval of time. Such changes are called Periodic changes, e.g. Sunrise and Sunset.
2. On the other hand, it cannot be ‘Slid for sure when certain changes will recur after one occurrence. Even if they recur, the time interval is not fixed. Such changes are called non-periodic changes, e.g. A meteor streaking across the sky.

Question 8.a.
Which changes shown in the pictures below are temporary.

Answer:
(b) Removing iron nails with help of magnet
(d) Conversion of ice cubes into water.

Question b.
Which of the changes are permanent?
Answer:
Bud blooming into flower.

Question c.
In which did the original matter undergo a change?
Answer:

1. In permanent change
2. Bud blooming into flower.

Question d.
In which the original matter remain unchanged?
Answer:
In temporary changes
(b) iron nails
(d) ice cubes.

Question e.
In which of the changes was a new substance with a new property formed?
Answer:

1. Bud blooming into flower.
2. Ice to water, Ice is in solid state, Water is in liquid state.

Question 9.
Give some examples of fast and slow changes that occur in your surroundings.
Answer:

Fast	Slow
1. Burning of paper or wood	1. rusting of iron
2. Burning of candle	2. germination of seeds
3. Bursting of a balloon	3. curdling of milk
4. Bursting of crackers	4. ripening of a fruit

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Class 7 Science Solutions Chapter 17 Effects of Light Notes, Textbook Exercise Important Questions and Answers.

Maharashtra State Board Class 7 Science Solutions Chapter 17 Effects of Light

Class 7 Science Chapter 17 Effects of Light Textbook Questions and Answers

1. Fill in the blanks.

Question a.
When the beams from the headlights of a car fall on an object in the night, the shadows – called ………. and ………… . can be seen.
Answer:
umbra, penumbra

Question b.
During a lunar eclipse the shadow of the …………. falls on the ………. .
Answer:
earth, moon

Question c.
During a solar eclipse the shadow of the ………. falls on the ………… .
Answer:
moon, earth

Question d.
Various shades of colour are seen in the sky at sunrise and sunset due to ……….. .
Answer:
scattering of light

2. Give reasons.

Question a.
Space beyond the earth’s atmosphere appears dark.
Answer:

1. Space beyond the earth’s atmosphere does have some gas and cosmic dust but there is not any atmosphere.
2. As there are no particles to scatter the sunlight, the space appears black.

Question b.
We are able to read while sitting in the shade.
Answer:

1. We are able to read because the sun light which falls on the book is scattered and reaches our eyes.
2. While sitting in the shade our eyes adjust to the environment and to amount of light available. That is how we are able to read.

Question c.
We should not observe the solar eclipse with naked eyes.
Answer:

1. During a solar eclipse ultra-violet rays which are harmful to us reach the earth and may lead to eclipse blindness or retinal bums and cataracts.
2. In order to protect our eyes a solar eclipse should never be watched with the naked eye.
3. A special type of goggles should be used for this.

3. Give some examples of scattering of light that we come across in day to day life.

Question a.
Give some examples of scattering of light that we come across in day to day life.
Answer:

1. The formation of rainbow, shift in position of stars, increased day time, mirage, inverted image, glittering of diamond, the working of lens and prism, bending of pen in water are examples of scattering of light.
2. The blue colour of the sky is due to the scattering of sunlight by the molecules of air.
3. During sunrise and sunset, sunlight has to travel greater distance, so shorter wavelength gets scattered off and removed and only orange and red with longer wavelengths reach us.
4. So during sunrise and sunset, sky appears fed and orange.

4. Why is the shadow of a bird flying high not seen on the earth?

Question a.
Why is the shadow of a bird flying high not seen on the earth?
Answer:

1. Birds flying high in the sky do cast their shadow but because they are shading an area that is very tiny the shadow is not visible.
2. The higher the bird flies, the smaller the shadow it casts.
3. Also when the bird flies high, the dark part of the shadow that is called Umbra does not reach the ground so we do not see its shadow.

5. Why is a penumbra not obtained from a point source?

Question a.
Why is a penumbra not obtained from a point source?
Answer:

1. The umbra, penumbra are the distinct parts of a shadow, created by any light source after striking on an opaque object.
2. For a point source, only the umbra is cast sharp dark shadow and not penumbra, because all the light of the point source will be blocked by any shadowing object.
3. Whereas penumbra forms only when some of the light from the source gets blocked by the shadowing object and not all of it does.

6. Answer the following questions in your own words.

Question a.
What is meant by scattering of light?
Answer:

1. Scattering of light is the deviation of light rays from its straight path.
2. As light propagates through the atmosphere, it travels in a straight path until it is obstructed by bits of dust or gas molecules in the atmosphere
3. The process in which light gets deflected by the particles in the medium through which the light passes is called scattering, e.g. The blue colour of the sky is due to the scattering of sunlight by the molecules of air.

Question b.
Does the shadow really vanish in the zero shadow condition?
Answer:
1. Yes, the day on which the sun reaches exactly overhead, at noon, shadow completely disappears.
‘This event can be seen in the region between the Tropic of Cancer (23.5°N) and Tropic of Capricorn (23.5°S).
2. The shadow diminishes and eventually disappears for a while only to reappear later.

Question c.
Will the laser beam be seen if it passes through a glass box which contains a lighted incense stick?
Answer:
Yes, it will be seen.

7. Discuss and write:

Question a.
Write a science based paragraph on ‘What if the sun did not rise’?
Answer:

1. The sun is a star and the centre of our solar system. Everything in our solar system revolves around the sun.
2. If the sun were to suddenly disappear, Earth and the other planets would retain their forward motion, effectively flying off into outer space in a straight line.
3. If the Sun didn’t rise means the Earth’s rotation had come to a screeching halt.
4. Sunrise and sunset are a result of the earth’s rotation so we will not get to see sunrise or sunset. Earth’s spinning generates the magnetic field at the core and it is saving us from harmful rays from the sun.
5. Without sun it would be very dark. No sun means no plants and no animals. Of course, without sun none of us would even exist.
6. Moon will disappear, because the moon dose not produce light. We only see the moon because sunlight is reflected by the moon.
7. Without the sun’s warmth, Earth would quickly become a much colder place. Life would be difficult, oceans will freeze.
8. Without sun rays, all photosynthesis on earth would stop. All plants would die.
9. All animals that rely on plants for food, including humans would die.

Question b.
What efforts will you make to remove the misconceptions about eclipses?
Answer:
Solar, lunar eclipse have been traditionally observed as an ominous sign and therefore superstitions are prevalent in association with these natural phenomena.
1. All these misconceptions should be removed by explaining scientifically the process of eclipse how it happens: (a) Explain with the help of diagram and models of sun, moon and earth, (b) Explain how special glasses which will protect us from UV rays, and excess heat can be used to observe eclipses safely.
2. Also inform that eclipses are natural phenomena and can be predicted in advance.

Question c.
Various eclipses and the conditions during that period.
Answer:
There are two eclipses:

1. Solar eclipse
2. Lunar eclipse

1. Solar eclipse:
There are two types of Solar eclipse, (a) Total solar eclipse (b) Partial solar eclipse

a. Total solar eclipse: In total solar eclipse, the moon is between the sun and the earth and the moon shadow covers the sun disc fully by perfect alignment. The part of the earth that lies in the umbra of the moon experiences total solar eclipse.

b. Partial solar eclipse: In partial solar eclipse, the moon is between the sun and the earth arid the moon shadow does not cover the sun disc fully, because of imperfect alignment. The part of the earth that lies in the penumbra of the moon experiences partial solar eclipse.

c. The solar eclipse occur on a new moon day.
d. Solar eclipse last for few minutes.

2. Lunar eclipse:
There are two types of Lunar eclipse, (a) Total lunar eclipse (b) Partial lunar eclipse

a. Total lunar eclipse: In total lunar eclipse, the earth comes in between the sun and the moon and the earth’s shadow covers the moon’s surface fully because of perfect alignment.

b. Partial lunar eclipse: In partial lunar eclipse, the earth’s shadow does not cover the moon’s surface fully because of inperfect alignment. A small part of the moon’s surface is covered by umbra part of earth’s shadow.

c. The lunar eclipse occurs on a full moon night.
d. Lunar eclipse last for few hours.

8. Explain the difference:

Question a.
Point sources and Extended sources.
Answer:

Point sources	Extended sources
1. A source of radiation light that is concentrated at a point and considered as having no spatial extension.	1. An extended source is a source consisting of many point sources separated internally.
2. Shadow we get from a point source is dark called umbra.	2. Shadow we get from extended source of light is faint called penumbra and dark called umbra

Question b.
Umbra and Penumbra.
Answer:

Umbra	Penumbra
1. The umbra is a central core of darkness which tapers away.	1. The penumbra is an outer cone of partial shadow which diverges, instead of tapering.
2. Umbra is shadow formed from a point source of light.	2. It is the shadow formed from the extended source of light.
3. It is dark	3. It is faint
4. Umbra is the area of total shadow	4. Penumbra is the area of partial shadow.

Project:

Question a.
Obtain information about the special goggles used to watch a solar eclipse.

Class 7 Science Chapter 17 Effects of Light Important Questions and Answers

Fill in the blanks.

Question 1.
During solar eclipse ………….. comes between the sun and earth.
Answer:
moon

Question 2.
A solar eclipse is seen only on a ………….. day.
Answer:
new moon day

Question 3.
During lunar eclipse ……………. comes between the sun and the moon.
Answer:
earth

Question 4.
A lunar eclipse is seen only on a ………….. night.
Answer:
full moon

Question 5.
The day on which the sun reaches exactly overhead is called the …………… .
Answer:
zero shadow day

Question 6.
As seen from the earth, when a planet or star passes behind the moon, that state is called a ………….. .
Answer:
occultation

Give scientific reasons:

Question 1.
Sky appears blue to us.
Answer:

1. Sunlight is scattered by the molecules of gases like nitrogen, oxygen in the atmosphere.
2. The blue colour in the sunlight which is at shorter wavelength is scattered the most than other colours and therefore the sky appears blue.

Question 2.
Solar eclipse is either partial or total.
Answer:

1. When the moon comes in between the sun and the earth and the solar disc is corripletely covered by the moon, it is called total solar eclipse.
2. When the solar disc is not covered fully by the moon, it is partial solar eclipse.

Explain the difference:

Question 1.
Solar eclipse and Lunar eclipse.
Answer:

Solar eclipse	Lunar eclipse
1. When the moon comes between the sun and the earth, a shadow of the moon is cast on the earth and sun cannot be seen from the part in shadow. This is called a solar eclipse.	1. When the earth comes between the sun and the moon a shadow of the earth is cast on the moon and a part of the moon in covered this is called the lunar eclipse.
2. A solar eclipse is seen only on a new moon day.	2. A lunar eclipse is seen only on a full moon night.
3. A solar eclipse should never be watched with the naked eye. because ultra violate rays which are harmful to us reach the earth	3. A lunar eclipse can be seen with the naked eye.
4. It can be seen for a few minutes only.	4. It can be seen over a period of a few hours.

Explain diagrams:

Question 1.
Explain Solar eclipse with diagram.
Answer:
Solar eclipse:

1. During its revolution, when the moon comes between the sun and the earth, a shadow of the moon is cast on the earth and the sun cannot be seen from the part in the shadow. This is called a solar eclipse
2. A solar eclipse is seen only on a new moon day.
3. The solar eclipse may be either partial or total,
4. Sometimes the solar disc is completely covered by the moon. This is the total solar eclipse.
5. When the solar disc is not covered fully by the moon, we have a partial solar eclipse.
6. During a solar eclipse, ultra-violet rays which are harmful to us reach the earth.
7. A solar eclipse should never be watched with the naked eye.
8. A special type of goggles should be used for this purpose.
9. Solar eclipse can be seen for a few minutes only.

Question 2.
Explain Lunar eclipse with diagram
Answer:
Lunar eclipse:

1. When the earth comes between the sun and the moon a shadow of the earth is cast on the moon and a part of the moon is covered. This is called the lunar eclipse.
2. A lunar eclipse is seen only on a full moon night. If the whole moon comes in the shadow of the earth, it is a total lunar eclipse.
3. When the shadow of the earth is cast only on a part of the moon, it is a partial lunar eclipse. You can watch a lunar eclipse with the naked eye.
4. A lunar eclipse can be seen over a period of a few hours.

Question 3.
Write a short note on Zero Shadow Day.
Answer:

1. The day on which the sun reaches exactly overhead is called zero shadow day.
2. On this day, at noon, shadow completely disappears.
3. This event can be seen in the region between the Tropic of Cancer (23.5°N) and at tropic of Capricon (23.5°S).
4. The shadow diminishes and eventually disappears for a while only to reappear later
5. This phenomenon occurs twice every year Mumbai got to witness it on May 14, 2018 last year.

Question 4.
Explain the phenomenon of scattering of light with the help of an experiment.
Answer:

1. When the sun rises our surroundings appear illuminated. The entire sky appears bright.
2. This happens because of the dust and other tiny particles in the air. This is the scattering of sunlight by the tiny particles of the various constituents of air.
3. Had there been no atmosphere, the sky would have appeared dark during the day and of course, the sun would be directly seen.
4. This has been verified by observations from the rockets and satellites which go out of the earth’s atmosphere.

Apparatus: A table lamp with a 60 or 100 W milky bulb (LED will not do), thick black paper, sticking tape, a packing needle, 100/200 ml. glass beaker, milk or milk powder, dropper, spoon, etc.

Procedure: Cover the mouth of the lampshade properly with black paper, using sticking tape. Prick a hole of 1 to 2mm diameter in the center of the paper with the help of the packing needle.

1. Take clear water in the beaker. Light the bulb and place the beaker in contact with the hole.
2. Observe from the front and at an angle of 90°.
3. Now add 2-3 drops of milk to the water and stir. Observe again.
4. A few more drops of milk may have to be added to make the water turbid.
5. A blue tinge is seen when observed along the 90° angle. This is the scattered blue light.
6. Because the blue light is scattered, a red-yellow light is seen from the front, and the hole appears reddish.

Question 5.
Short note on Shadow.
Answer:

1. Shadow is a dark patch formed behind an opaque object when it is placed in the path of light.
2. A shadow is formed only when a light source, an opaque object and a screen are present, e.g. during a lunar eclipse we see a part of the earth’s shadow on the surface of the moon.
3. This happens when the earth, the sun, and the moon are in a straight line with the earth between sun and the moon.
4. Here the sun acts as the light source, the earth as the opaque object and moon as the screen.
5. Shadows are formed due the rectilinear propagation of light.
6. The size and the shape of the shadow depend on the position and orientation of the opaque object between the source of light and the screen.
7. If the distance of the object from the source is decreased, then the size of the shadow increases.
8. If the object is moved away from the source, then the size of the shadow decreases.
9. In older days shadows caused by objects placed in the sun were used to measure time. Such a device is called sun dial.

Use your brain power!

Answer the following questions:

Question 1.
Eclipses and transits which will occur recently.
Answer:

• January 6, 2019 – Partial solar eclipse
• January 21, 2019 – Total Lunar eclipse
• July 2, 2019 – Total solar eclipse
• July 16, 2019 – Partial Lunar eclipse
• December 26, 2019 – Annular solar eclipse.

Find Out:

Answer the following questions:

Question 1.
If a few drops of milk are added in the experiment given the reddish colour seen from the front becomes an intense red. However, if many more drops are added the reddish colour is not seen. Why is this so?
Answer:

1. As more and more milk is added, more particles of protein and fat scatter the light and the blue colour is scattered more and more than orange and red light and the beam appears blue from the sides.
2. If few drops of milk are added, along with blue colour, orange and yellow also are scattered and only the intense red is seen from the front.
3. But when many more drops are added, even the red colour is scattered and we do not see any colour from the front.

Question 2.
What is Occultation?
Answer:
As seen from the earth, when a planet or a star passes behind the moon, that state is called an Occultation.

Complete the Chart.

Question 1.

Answer:

• A – Solar B – Lunar
• C – Total Solar
• D – Partial Solar
• E – Total Lunar
• F – Partial Lunar
• G – Moon is not in a straight line between earth and sun
• H – It is in the penumbra region of the moon
• I – The earth comes in between the sun and moon and they are not in a straight line.

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Class 7 English Solutions Chapter 1.4 The King’s Choice Notes, Textbook Exercise Important Questions and Answers.

Maharashtra State Board Class 7 English Solutions Chapter 1.4 The King’s Choice

Class 7 English Chapter 1.4 The King’s Choice Textbook Questions and Answers

1. Write a character sketch of each of the animals. Write about their actions and thoughts and the qualities that emerge through

Question 1.
Write a character sketch of each of the animals. Write about their actions and thoughts and the qualities that emerge through
Answer:
1. Lion: Lion was big and strong and very fierce. All the other animals in the forest called him king. The king promised other animals to give them food and protection. Whenever the king roared other animals stood in awe. Whenever he took a walk, others followed him. The lion was king also very responsible. When he had his meal, he left remains for other. So they always had enough to eat.
2. Fox: He was wise and clever creature and adviser of lion king. The fox took an oath of loyalty to the king.
3. Leopard: He was watchful and swift of foot, and a body of lion king.
4. Vulture: He was bird and can fly high in sky and a messager of lion.

2. Using your imagination, write more sentences in the same pattern:
(a) But the more the lion had, the more he wanted.
(b) Whenever he took a walk, they followed him.
(c) To be king is good. But to be kind is better.

Question a.
Using your imagination, write more sentences in the same pattern:
(a) But the more the lion had, the more he wanted.
(b) Whenever he took a walk, they followed him.
(c) To be king is good. But to be kind is better.
Answer:

1. The more you quieten the mind, the more restless it becomes.
2. Whenever I speak, he interrupts me.
3. It is nice to be important. But it is more important to be nice.
4. To live well on earth is good. But to leave well is better.

3. Turn the story into a play as a group activity and present the scenes in the classroom.

Question 1.
Turn the story into a play as a group activity and present the scenes in the classroom.
Answer:
(Curtain opens) The lion is seen pacing back and forth in deep thought.

• Lion: Hmmm, I think it’s time I’ve courtiers for myself. (Calls his guards.) Tell the fox, the leopard and the vulture to meet me at once.
• Guard: Yes, Your Majesty! (Enter of fox, leopard and the vulture)
• Fox, Leopard, Vulture: Our salute to the king of kings! (all bow down)
• Lion: Mr. Fox, you are known for your wisdom. You shall be my advisor from now on.
• Mr. Fox: (elated) As you wish, Your Majesty!
• Lion: And you…. Mr. Leopard, I am impressed by your alertness. You are swift of foot too. You shall be my bodyguard.
• Mr. Leopard: (humbly) I shall be happy to serve you, Your Majesty!
• Lion: (gesturing) And dear Vulture, you fly high above. I appoint you as my messenger.
• Mr. Vulture: I am honoured, Your Majesty! (One day the vulture enters all excited)
• Mr. Vulture: O great king! I have seen a camel in the desert not far away. I think it will be a good idea for you to taste camel meat.
• Lion: (looking at his other advisers) What do you say? (Mr. Fox & Mr. Leopard not wanting to show ignorance)
• Mr. Fox & Mr. Leopard: We don’t mind. But since the vulture has suggested let him lead the way. We shall humbly follow. (All set off on a journey to the forest. It’s hot and the sun is shining brightly.)
• King: Oh! It’s too hot to bear. My paws are burning.
• Mr. Vulture: (flying high above in cooler air) Your Majesty! The desert is close by. We shall reach in some time.
• King: (not able to bear the pain) Stop! We shall return.
• Mr. Vulture: (in thought) If we return, there will be nothing for us to eat as I will not be able to eat the king. I must stop him from returning. “Your Majesty! If you want we shall rest”.
• Mr. Fox: O king! We are far away from the forest. Let us continue towards the desert.
• King: I cannot walk anymore.
• Mr. Leopard: (thinking to himself) I wish I could run away from here.
• Fox: Let me ask for help, (leaps towards the desert)
  (In the desert)…

4. This story takes an unexpected turn when the lion decides to spare the camel’s life. Choose any fable, story that you like and rewrite it giving it an unexpected turn.

Question 1.
This story takes an unexpected turn when the lion decides to spare the camel’s life. Choose any fable, story that you like and rewrite it giving it an unexpected turn.
Answer:
A ‘friend’ is a position in one’s heart and not the court. A courtier works for money. There is self-interest involved whereas a friend is a far more selfless relation in which one does not expect anything in return. It is a relationship in which friendship itself is the only reward.

5. Talk about the good qualities of any one person you do not like. (You need not name the person.)

Question 1.
Talk about the good qualities of any one person you do not like.
Answer:
I do not like my benchmate in my class as she is very untidy and comes shabbily dressed. However, there are many good qualities in her that I admire. She is an extremely polite girl. I have seen her go out of her way to help my other classmates. Also, she is very regular in her studies besides being a voracious reader. A habit that I long to imbibe in myself.

6. Language Study: Common nouns-i: Some things, animals, etc., that is, some nouns can be counted. They are called countable nouns. Some common nouns stand for something that cannot be counted. They are called uncountable nouns. Countable nouns have two forms. A noun that shows one person or thing, etc. is said to be in the singular. For example, ‘boy’, ‘girl’, ‘dog’, ‘tree’, ‘chair. A noun that shows more than one person or thing, etc. is said to be in the plural. For example, ‘boys’, ‘girls’, ‘dogs’, ‘trees’, ‘chairs’.

Note the expressions ‘a slice of bread’, ‘strands of hair’, ‘two glasses of water’, ‘a cup of milk’ and ‘a bit of fun!’. Here, we do not say ‘breads’, ‘hairs’, ‘waters’, ‘milks’, ‘funs’, etc.

Question 1.
Find five countable nouns from the passage and write their singular and plural forms.
Answer:

1. life – lives
2. friend – friends
3. messenger – messengers
4. gift – gifts
5. creature – creatures

Question 2.
List the units that we use to measure the following: water, milk, distance, weight.
Answer:

• • water – litres
  • milk – litres
  • distance – centimetre, metre, kilometre
  • weight – grams, kilograms

Class 7 English Chapter 1.4 The King’s Choice Additional Important Questions and Answers

Answer the following questions:

Question 1.
What qualities are necessary in the following? Why?
Answer:
1. King: A king should be just and kind. His justice will instill faith towards him in his subjects and his kindness will help him win their hearts. A king should not demand respect instead it should be earned with his qualities and virtues.

2. Adviser: An adviser must be very wise and foresighted. He must weigh the pros and cons of a decision and only then advise the king to go ahead with it. This is also because once the decision is taken it cannot be reverted and fate of the entire kingdom largely depends on these decisions.

3. Bodyguard: A bodyguard of a king must be his shadow. Extremely vigilant and alert, the bodyguard should be able to sense trouble and mischief as the king’s life can be in danger if he lacks these qualities. He should not hesitate to risk his life to save the king if required. This also demands physical strength and spirit.

4. Messenger: A messenger should be very quick at carrying messages as sometimes the messages are so important and urgent that any loss of time may cause great harm to the kingdom. Moreover, the messenger should be very faithful and keep the messages of the king confidential. This will safeguard the kingdom from enemies. Also, the messenger should remember that he represents the king himself, hence should be very trustworthy.

Question 2.
Write the oath that each of the courtier must have taken.
Answer:
1. Oath taken by the advisor (Fox):
I, Mr. Fox, do hereby solemnly swear that I will remain loyal to my king and the kingdom and to the best of my ability advise the king on matters of administration in order to preserve, protect and defend the kingdom.

2. Oath taken by the messenger (Vulture):
I, Mr. Vulture, do hereby solemnly swear that I will remain loyal to my king and this great kingdom and will to the best of my ability deliver messages as and when required. In doing so I shall not alter the messages, keeping them confidential in the best interest of my kingdom in order to preserve, protect and defend it.

3. Oath taken by the bodyguard (Leopard):
I, Mr. Leopard, do hereby solemnly swear that I shall always be with the king like his shadow and will to the best of my ability protect, guard and defend the king and in doing so with loyalty I shall not hesitate to lay down my life in the general good of my beloved land.

Question 3.
Why was the vulture told to lead the way?
Answer:
The vulture had suggested that the lion should eat the camel it had seen in the desert. As, neither the lion nor the fox, nor the leopard had ever seen a camel and besides, as the fox and leopard didn’t want the vulture to appear wiser than them, they asked the vulture to lead as it was his idea.

Question 4.
Why had the lion never seen a camel?
Answer:
The lion stayed in the forest and a camel lives in a desert. So the lion had never seen a camel.

Question 5.
What advice did the fox and the leopard give? Was it based on good and sound thinking?
Answer:
The fox and the leopard advised the king to set off on a camel hunt. This advice was not based on good and sound thinking as they were accustomed to walking in the forest under shady trees and the desert would not provide them this comfort. They didn’t want to appear foolish and ignorant and so the advice.

Question 6.
Do you think the vulture was enjoying the search?
Answer:
Yes, as the vulture was flying high up in the cooler air, it was enjoying the search.

Question 7.
Do you think the king’s decision to go back was right?
Answer:
No, I don’t think the king’s decision to go back was right as he had already walked a long distance not only risking his life but that of his courtiers as well. He could have rested and then continued.

Question 8.
Can you guess the plan the fox had thought of?
Answer:
The fox had planned to trick the camel, and use him as a means of transport to go to their forest, kill him and have a feast.

Question 9.
Why does the fox address the camel as friend camel?
Answer:
The fox addressed the camel as ‘friend camel’ to make him believe that he is his well-wisher so that the camel does not see through his wicked intentions.

Question 10.
What qualities of the courtiers emerge in this part of the story when they were in the desert?
Answer:
The lion king comes across as someone who had leapt before looking what he was landing into. He himself didn’t know how he would return to the forest but commanded that they should stop right there. Not a very thoughtful and far sighted king. The vulture appears to be self-centred and greedy. He was only interested in eating the camel. The leopard, though a bodyguard, was a coward who wanted to run away. However, the fox comes across as a problem-solver who rescues everyone from the situation with his wit.

Question 11.
The fox, the leopard and the vulture have the same thought about the camel. Why is it so?
Answer:
By sparing the camel and not eating it, the king had spoilt the plan of the fox, vulture and the leopard. As they had similar interests, they had the same thought about the camel. The animals were all tired and hungry and realised that the camel would make a large meal. The camel being simple minded would not suspect this play and they could easily have a feast and satiate their hunger by fooling him. They were now irritated with their plans having been failed.

Question 12.
Did you expect the lion to be kind to the camel? Do you think his decision was right?
Answer:
No, I didn’t expect the lion to be kind to the camel who was his prey. Yes, I think the lion’s decision was right as he was thankful to the camel for saving their lives by carrying them back to the forest. His decision was a mark of gratitude towards the camel.

Answer in one sentence.

Question 1.
Why did the king appoint the leopard as his bodyguard?
Answer:
The king appointed the leopard as his bodyguard as he was watchful and swift on his feet.

Question 2.
What did the lion’s courtiers do when he went hunting?
Answer:
When the lion king went hunting, the courtiers found animals for him to kill.

Question 3.
How does the vulture describe the camel to the lion king?
Answer:
The vulture describes the camel as a lone animal in the desert who was big and fat.

Question 4.
Why couldn’t the lion walk any further?
Answer:
The lion could not walk any further as the hot sand had burned his paws.

Question 5.
What does the fox tell the camel?
Answer:
The fox tells that the camel that the lion king had killed his master and it was now free. The lion king, therefore, had invited it to live at his court.

Question 6.
On what condition did the camel agree to serve the lion?
Answer:
The camel agreed to serve the lion in return for a home at his court.

Question 7.
Why were the courtiers shocked to listen to the lion king’s decision?
Answer:
The courtiers were shocked to listen to the lion king’s decision as they had risked their lives to eat the camel’s meat but the king had now decided to spare it.

Reading Skills, Vocabulary and Grammar

Read the following passage and do the activities.

Simple Factual Questions:

Question 1.
Complete the web
Answer:

Question 2.
Who said to whom
Question i.
“A king must have a court”
Answer:
The king thought to himself.

Question ii.
“I want you to be my adviser”
Answer:
The king said the above sentence to the fox.

Question iii.
“I want you to be my bodyguard”
Answer:
The king said the above sentence to the leopard.

Question iv.
“You are to be my messenger”
Answer:
The king said the above sentence to the vulture.

Complex Factual Questions:

Question 1.
Why must a king have a court?
Answer:
A king must have a court for the smooth functioning of his kingdom. Besides, the king cannot do everything on his own so, by delegating work to his courtiers, the king can assure that various departments in his kingdom are serving his subjects well.

Question 2.
How is the human administration similar to that of what we read in the passage?
Answer:
Just as we have different portfolios the Lion king also gave responsibilities to his courtiers. For example the fox who is very wise and clever and we too have a council of ministers who advice the Prime Minister; just like the leopard who is watchful and swift, we too have the defence system in our country and like their vulture who is a messenger we too have the ministry of communication and technology.

Question 3.
What is the oath of loyalty?
Answer:
An oath of loyalty is a pledge one takes acknowledging one’s duty and faithfulness towards one’s country or a king.

Vocabulary:

Question 1.
Give the meanings of the following words.
Answer:

• courtiers – people who attend the royal court
• adviser – the one who advises
• bodyguard – a person employed to protect somebody
• loyal – faithful towards a person or an organisation.

Grammar:

Question 1.
Pick out the Subject and Predicate from the following sentences.
1. They brought him gifts from every corner of the forest.
2. The lion called a leopard to his side.
3. The fox, the vulture and the leopard took an oath of loyalty to the king.
4. The three courtiers never opposed the king.
Answer:

Subject	Predicate
1. They	brought him gifts from every corner of the forest.
2. The lion	called a leopard to his side.
3. The fox, the vulture and the leopard	took an oath of loyalty to the king.
4. The three courtiers	never opposed the king.

Question 2.
Identify any 4 common nouns from the above passage.
Answer:
king, forest, fox, leopard, animals

Question 3.
Add the question tag for the following sentences.

1. He called a fox to his side.
2. You are to be my messenger.
3. The king promised to give them food and protection.
4. He was big and strong and very fierce.

Answer:

1. He called a fox to his side, didn’t he?
2. You are to be my messenger, aren’t you?
3. The king promised to give them food and protection, didn’t he?
4. He was big and strong and very fierce, wasn’t he?

Question 4.
Give the adjective forms for the following.

1. protection
2. loyalty
3. watch
4. thought

Answer:

1. protective, protected
2. loyal
3. watchful
4. thoughtful

Question 5.
Complete the table using the singular or plural forms of the nouns.
Answer:

Singular	Plural
1. apple	apples
2. book	books
3. class	classes
4. photo	photos
5. life	lives
6. woman	women
7. mouse	mice
8. child	children
9. deer	deer
10. country	countries

Question 6.
Find five countable nouns from the passage and write their singular and plural forms.
Answer:

Singular	Plural
1. king	kings
2. animal	animals
3. gift	gifts
4. fox	foxes
5. bird	birds

Read the following passage and do the activities.

Simple Factual Questions:

Question 1.
State whether the following statements are true or false.
1. The lion ordered his courtiers to eat the camel.
2. The vulture, fox and the leopard offer themselves to the lion king.
Answer:
1. False
2. True

Complex Factual Questions:

Question 1.
Were the courtiers being loyal to their king?
Answer:
No, the courtiers were not being loyal to their king as by getting the camel killed by the lion they would force the lion king to go against his own promise of protecting the camel thereby spoiling the king’s image.

Question 2.
What qualities of the camel are seen in his speech?
Answer:
The camel comes across as very humble and loyal character. He knows very well that he could not be of much use to the lion in the forest. Moreover, he is willing to lay down his life for the sake of his king which means that he is extremely selfless.

Question 3.
Why did the lion laugh to see the courtiers go?
Answer:
The lion laughed to see the courtiers go because he knew they were unfaithful courtiers and were only with him to serve their own selfish motives. He had been successful in driving them away without pronouncing a cruel judgment against them.

Question 4.
Why did the king offer his friendship to the camel?
Answer:
The king realized that his courtiers were unfaithful. In contrast, the camel was loyal and good. So, he offered friendship to the camel.

Question 5.
Explain the lines “To be king is good. But to be kind is better”.
Answer:
The king through the lines “To be king is good, but to be kind is better” wants to say that as a king he demanded respect but couldn’t win loyal friends or courtiers. But by being kind to the camel he not only gained respect but also won a true friend.

Vocabulary:

Question
Give homophones for the following words.
(a) accept
(b) seen
Answer:
(a) except
(b) scene

Grammar:

Question 2.
Away flew the vulture.
(Separate the subject and predicate.)
Answer:
The vulture – subject, flew away – predicate

Question 3.
They were never seen in the forest again.
(Add a question tag)
Answer:
They were never seen in the forest again, were they?

Question 4.
What qualities of the lion king impresses you the most? Why?
Answer:
The lion king was very witty and wise. He had the skill of teaching his wicked and cunning courtiers a lesson without being cruel to them. He also had the quality of distinguishing between the faithful and the unfaithful. These qualities of the lion king impress me the most.

Language Study:

Do as directed.

Question 1.
The king promised to give them food and protection. (Rewrite using ‘Not only… but also’.)
Answer:
The king promised to give them not only food but also protection. The king not only promised to give them food, but also protection.

Question 2.
Let us go back to the forest.
(State the kind of sentence.)
Answer:
Imperative sentence.

Question 3.
They did not want the vulture to seem wiser than them. (Iden tify the degree of comparison.)
Answer:
Comparative degree.

Question 4.
All the other animals in the forest called him king.
(Rewrite beginning with ‘He was’.)
Answer:
He was called king by all the other animals in the forest.

Question 5.
“Our king, the lion, has killed your master” said the fox.
(Change into indirect speech.)
Answer:
The fox informed that their king, the lion, had killed his master.

Question 6.
Make sentences using phrases/idioms.
Answer:

• To set off – We packed our bags and set off on a nature trail.
• To keep (yourself) from – My grandmother is 70 years old. But that does not keep her from enjoying treks.

Question 7.
Complete the table.
Answer:

Noun	Verb	Adjective
friendship	befriend	friendly
life	live	lively
thought	think	thoughtful
protection	protect	protective
strength	strengthen	strong

Writing Skills:

Question 1.
Choose any fable, story that you like and rewrite it giving it an unexpected turn.
Answer:
The Thirsts Crow
One hot day, a thirsty crow flew all across the plains in search of water. It had taken him more time than he thought and he felt weak. Losing all hope, he flew down to see if there was water kept outside the houses by the lonely street.

To his delight, he found a jug with water outside a small hut. But, the jug had very little water and it’s neck was too narrow for his head to be put in. He tried picking up the jug but in vain. Finally, he saw some pebbles and decided that if he dropped the pebbles, into the jug the water level would rise and he would be able to quench his thirst. But the crow had no patience to throw each pebble in one by one and wait for water level to rise slowly.

He saw a big stone lying by the side of the jug. He thought to himself, “if I put this big stone inside the jug, the level of water will rise at once”.

In his heart he felt proud about himself for this brilliant idea. So in desperation, he took the big stone and threw it in the jug. But to his disappointment, the stone hit the base of the earthen jug so hard that the jug broke into pieces. All the water from the jug spread all over the place. The crow tried to drink but before he could do so the thirsty earth had soaked in most of it.
Moral: Haste makes waste.

The King’s Choice Summary in English

The folk tale ‘The King’s Choice’ highlights the importance of virtues such as loyalty and kindness. The lion king in the story proves that a king’s might and majesty may win him some untrue and fake followers but kindness alone can give him the gift of faithful friends. On the other hand, the faithful camel’s character underlines the age old maxim, ‘Loyalty always pays’.

Paraphrase:

The story takes us to a forest where the lion king appoints the fox, the vulture and the leopard as his courtiers. However, the vulture due to his selfish and greedy motive of eating up the lion king lures him into going to the desert to eat camel meat. Other courtiers also follow.

When the king and his companions get tired of walking in the scorching sun, the fox comes to their rescue. He, through his wit and craftiness, befriends the camel and tricks him into believing that the king wanted to befriend him. The innocent camel appears before the king and carries the trio back to the forest on his back.

Filled with gratitude towards the camel on saving his life, the king decides to spare him and gives him his protection. Although the three courtiers are unhappy with the decision, they keep quiet.

However, after few days, unable to go hunting, the lion summons his courtiers and orders them to bring him food. The cunning fox once again holds a meeting and they plan to compel the king to eat the camel. But there is a twist in the story, the camel is safe once again due to its loyalty and the betrayers are compelled to flee. Thus, the king outsmarts his crafty and unfaithful courtiers and repays the camel for his loyalty with his kindness.

Glossary:

1. fierce (adj) – physically violent and frightening
2. swift (adj) – quick
3. watchful (adj) – alert and vigilant
4. oath (n) – promise or vow
5. awe (n) – respect and fear
6. remains (n) – the parts left over after other parts have been removed
7. lone (adj) – only one
8. vulture (n) – a large bird of prey
9. paws (n) – an animal’s foot
10. feast (n) – a large meal, typically eaten during celebrations
11. risked (v) – put in danger
12. grateful (adj) – thankful

Maharashtra Board Class 6 Civics Solutions Chapter 2 Diversity in Society

Class 6 Civics Chapter 2 Diversity in Society Textbook Questions and Answers

1. Fill in the blanks:

Question 1.
To live among a variety of communities is to experience
Answer:
oneness

Question 2.
India is an important ______ nation of the world.
Answer:
secular

Question 3.
Cooperation makes ________ in society healthier.
Answer:
interdependence

2. Answer each of the following questions in one sentence:

Question 1.
What is meant by cooperation?
Answer:
Cooperation is the process of sharing and helping each other in solving problems and removing difficulties.

Question 2.
Why have we accepted the principle of secularism?
Answer:
We have great linguistic and religious diversity in our country and in order to preserve this diversity in a sound and healthy manner we have adopted the principle of secularism.

3. Answer the following questions in two or three sentences:

Question 1.
What is it that shows the unity in Indian society?
Answer:

• There are many languages, religions, cultures, customs and traditions in the Indian society but despite our differences we are living together for many years.
• This has developed a feeling of oneness amongst us and this oneness has lead to unity in the Indian society.

Question 2.
When do conflicts arise in society?
Answer:

• Disputes and conflicts arise when there is lack of agreement in the opinion, ideas and views of the people.
• Just as there is cooperation in the society, so also at times there can be differences of opinion, disputes and conflicts.
• Prejudices and misconceptions about each other too can also lead to conflicts.

Question 3.
What are the advantages of cooperation?
Answer:

• Cooperation makes interdependence in society healthier and allows inclusion of everybody in the society.
• It is a process of inclusion and of moving ahead, taking along all the sections of society.

Question 4.
You see two children quarrelling. What would you do?
Answer:

• I will explain to the children that quarelling with one another is bad.
• I will advise them to resolve conflicts through understanding and with a spirit of friendship.
• I will explain to them the importance of tolerance.

Question 5.
You are the Chief Minister of the school cabinet. What are the functions you would perform?
Answer:
I would perform the following functions as the chief minister of the school cabinet:

• Maintain discipline and order in school.
• Ensure that the different committee members of the school cabinet are doing their duties well.
• Coordinate with all the ministers to ensure that the day-to-day activities of the school are carried out in an organised manner.

Activities:

• Set up and run a Students’ Cooperative Store in your school, with the help of your teachers. Write about your experiences of this activity.
• Make a chart of all the rules you follow in the school and in your class and display the chart in your class.

Class 6 Civics Chapter 2 Diversity in Society Additional Important Questions and Answers

Fill in the blanks:

Question 1.
Lack of cooperation hampers our ______.
Answer:
progress

Question 2.
______ or _______ about each other can also lead to conflicts.
Answer:
Prejudices, misconception

Question 3.
People find a way to resolve conflicts through _____ and ________.
Answer:
compromise, understanding

Question 4.
Conflicts can end if people make efforts to understand each other and show a spirit of ________.
Answer:
tolerance

Question 5.
An understanding attitude leads to a lot of new __________.
Answer:
learning

Question 6.
The ________ and ________ of every individual in a society are well-defined.
Answer:
responsibilities, duties

Question 7.
Lack of cooperation ________ our progress.
Answer:
hamper

Name the following:

Question 1.
The feeling which leads to unity in Indian Society:
Answer:
Oneness.

Question 2.
Any two aspects wherein diversity is witnessed in India:
Answer:
Language, religion.

Question 3.
The spirit which end conflicts:
Answer:
Tolerance.

Question 4.
Two essential factors which are important for regulation of society:
Answer:
Laws, traditions.

Complete the analogy:

Question 1.
Secularism : religious harmony :: progress : _______.
Answer:
Cooperation

Question 2.
Prejudices or misconceptions : ________ :: compromise and understanding : tolerance.
Answer:
conflidsw

State whether the following statements are true or false giving reason:

Question 1.
The Principle of secularism ensures that there is no discrimination among people on the basis of their religion.
Answer:

• The above statement is true.
• In a secular state the people of all religions are treated equally by the state.
• No religion is recognised as the official religion of the country.

Question 2.
Conflicts can end.
Answer:

• The above statement is true.
• We can resolve conflicts through compromise and understanding.
• Conflicts can end if people make efforts to understand each other and show a spirit of tolerance.

Answer each of the following questions in one sentence:

Question 1.
When does disputes and conflicts arise among the people?
Answer:
Disputes and conflicts arise when there is lack of agreement in the opinions, ideas and views of the people.

Question 2.
How can conflicts end?
Answer:
Conflicts can end when people make effort to understand each other and show a spirit of tolerance.

Question 3.
How can we perform different roles?
Answer:
Each individual has several roles and responsibilities and duties of every role are well-defined. While playing these roles, we form bonds with many people. However, changes may occur in the part we play.

Answer the following questions in two or three sentences:

Question 1.
How will you ensure that you contribute – towards national unity?
Answer:

• I will ensure that I respect all the people of the country.
• I will develop a secular attitude and work towards national integration.

Give one example to illustrate the following points:

Question 1.
Diversity is our strength.
Answer:
We learn to respect each other’s way of life. We even adopt certain traditions from each other.
This helps to increase the feeling of unity in the society which helps us to face many natural and social calamities together.

Question 2.
We have accepted the principle of secularism.
Answer:

• No religion is recognised as the religion of our country.
• Every person has the freedom to worship as per their religion or the religion of their choice.

Question 3.
There are special provisions in the Constitution for the protection of religious and linguistic minorities.
Answer:

• Minorities are free to protect and preserve their linguistic and cultural identities.
• They are also free to bring about the development of their own communities through education.

Write a short note on:

Question 1.
Diversity – our strength.
Answer:

• To live with different groups is to experience co-existence.
• Co-existence helps to increase the level of understanding amongst the people.
• It acquaints us with each other’s traditions, customs and ways of life.
• We learn to respect each other’s way of life.
• We even adopt certain traditions from others.
• This helps to increase the feeling of unity in the society.
• This social unity helps us to face many natural and social calamities together.

Question 2.
Regulation of society.
Answer:

• In order that society functions smoothly, some rules are required.
• In ancient times society was mostly regulated with the help of traditions.
• But in modern times, along with traditions, laws are needed.
• Law is different from traditions and customs.
• The regulation of society through laws and traditions is carried out by different organizations and institutions.
• The government bodies at the local level also play an important role in the process of regulation of society.

Maharashtra Board Class 6 Civics Solutions Chapter 1 Our Life in Society

Class 6 Civics Chapter 1 Our Life in Society Textbook Questions and Answers

1. Fill in the blanks:

Question 1.
Man felt the need for ______ for the day to day affairs of society to run smoothly.
Answer:
rules

Question 2.
_______ helps the development of people’s talents.
Answer:
Society

Question 3.
We all have some emotional and some _____ needs too.
Answer:
physical

2. Answer in one sentence:

Question 1.
What are the basic needs of man.
Answer:
Food, clothes, shelter, education and health 1 are the basic needs of man.

Question 2.
Whose company do we like?
Answer:
We like the company of our family members, relatives and friends.

Question 3.
What opportunities does society provide us with?
Answer:
Society provides the opportunities for expressing our thoughts and feelings and to develop our artistic and other talents.

3. What do you think? Answer in two or three sentences:

How is a society formed?
Answer:

• A society is formed when people come together to achieve certain common objectives.
• A society includes different groups, institutions and organisations.

Question 2.
Why is it necessary to set up a permanent system in society?
Answer:

• In order to fulfil needs like food, clothing, shelter and security, society has to create a , permanent system.
• Without a system, the day-to-day affairs of the society cannot be carried on.
• A system is essential for the continued existence of the society.

Question 3.
What makes life in society more stable and organised?
Answer:

• A Vast systen needs to be created includes factories to manufacture tools and equipment used for farming, a market for the goods produced, etc.
• The existence of many such systems makes a society stable and organised.

Question 4.
If there were no social institutions what difficulties would we have faced?
Answer:

• If there were no social institutions individual development would not have taken place at the fullest. It would be difficult to meet our physical and emotional needs.
• There would be no social stability or security.

4. What would you do in the following situations?

Question 1.
Your friend has forgotten to bring something he needs in school.
Answer:
First, I would ask him if I could help. I will offer him the things which he needs. If I don’t have it I will inform the teacher and ensure that it reaches him. After all a friend in need is a friend indeed.

Question 2.
You meet a blind or otherwise handicapped person on the way.
Answer:
I will first ask if he needs help and extend a helping hand to him. I will help him cross the road and ensure that he reaches his destination safely.

Activities:

• Meet a skilled tradesman who makes farmers’ tools. Make a list of all those who help the farmer in his work.
• Visit a nearby bank and find out the different purposes for which the bank lends money.
• Make a list of man’s basic needs and some additional needs.

Class 6 Civics Chapter 1 Our Life in Society Additional Important Questions and Answers

Fill in the blanks:

Question 1.
Variety of ______ leads to development of our skills and capabilities.
Answer:
occupations

Question 2.
Our life in society is ______.
Answer:
interdependent

Question 3.
Every person is bom with some qualities and _______.
Answer:
capabilities

Question 4.
Society helps in the development of our ________ capabilities and the power to think.
Answer:
emotional

Question 5.
A society is formed when people come together to achieve certain common ________.
Answer:
objectives

Question 6.
A ________ is essential for continued existence of the society.
Answer:
system

Question 7.
The existence of many systems makes a society _______.
Answer:
stable

Question 8.
Education and health related services and facilities allow us to live with _____.
Answer:
dignity

Question 9.
Our ________ is a part of the society.
Answer:
family

Name the following:

Question 1.
Any two physical needs of man:
Answer:
Food, clothing.

Question 2.
The people who provide companionship:
Answer:
Family members, friends.

Question 3.
Two basic needs:
Answer:
Education, health.

Question 4.
Two emotional needs of man:
Answer:
Security, appreciation.

Question 5.
Artists whose talents are developed in the society:
Answer:
Singers/ musicians.

Complete the analogy:

Question 1.
Food : Physical needs :: appreciation : __________.
Answer:
emotional need

Question 2.
Nomadic stage : No stability and security :: settled : ______.
Answer:
organised and security life way of life.

State whether the following statements are true or false giving reasons:

Question 1.
There are rules in society.
Answer:
TRUE

• Living in society, man felt the need for rules to help in the smooth functioning of day-to¬day matters.
• Rules have made our life organised and stable.

Question 2.
A society is a mob or crowd of people.
Answer:
FALSE
A society is formed when people come together to achieve certain common objectives

Answer in one sentence:

Question 1.
From which stage has man moved into a settled social life?
Answer:
Man has moved from a nomadic stage to a settled social life.

Question 2.
What was one of the main motivations for the creation of society?
Answer:
Man realised that living in a group provides him security and develops an organised way of life and this was one of the main motivation for creation of society.

Question 3.
What did rules give rise to?
Answer:
Rules gave rise to conventions, ethics, values, rules and laws.

Question 4.
Which facilities allow us to live with dignity?
Answer:
Education and health related services and facilities allow us to live with dignity.

Question 5.
In what way does society help us to develop our personality?
Answer:
Society helps in the development of our emotional capabilities and power to think. It also provides the opportunity for expressing our thoughts and feelings.

Answer in two or three sentences:

Question 1.
What would happen in the field of agriculture if there was no system to carry out various activities.
Answer:
(a) Various institutions are created to perform all functions related to agriculture which includes factories to manufacture farming tools and equipments, banks to provide loans to the farmers and a market for the agricultural products.

(b) If the above systems did not exist it would be difficult to carry out agricultural activities.

What would you do in the following situations ?

Question 1.
There is a melodious singer in your society, but he cannot nurture his talent due to lack of funds.
Answer:
I will encourage him to pursue his talent and will inform the elders in the society about his talent and request them to help j him. I can also encourage him to participate in the functions organised by the society and thereby showcase his talent.

Give reasons:

Question 1.
Our social life is interdependent.
Answer:

• A variety of industries and occupations help to fulfil our needs.
• This leads to development of our skills and capabilities.
• Our basic needs are fulfilled in society.
• We depend on each other for our emotional’ needs such as security, appreciation, praise, j support, etc.
• Thus our life in society is interdependent.

Question 2.
The variety of occupations in the society help us in fulfilling our needs.
Answer:

• A variety of industries and occupations help us to fulful our needs, for example, we need books for studying and paper for books.
• That is why occupations like manufacturing papery printing books, binding, etc. also develop.
• Thus the variety of occupations in the society. help us in fulfilling our needs.

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Class 7 Civics Solutions Chapter 6 Directive Principles of State Policy and Fundamental Duties Notes, Textbook Exercise Important Questions and Answers.

Maharashtra Board Class 7 Civics Solutions Chapter 6 Directive Principles of State Policy and Fundamental Duties

Class 7 Civics Chapter 6 Directive Principles of State Policy and Fundamental Duties Textbook Questions and Answers

1. List the restrictions on the powers of the Government.

Answer:
Restrictions upon the powers of the Government are listed below:

• State should not discriminate between and among citizens on the basis of caste, religion, race, language or gender.
• State shall not deny anybody equality before the law and equal protection of the laws.
• No person shall be deprived of his life.
• State shall not impose any religious taxes.

2. Say ‘Yes’ or ‘No’.

Question 1.
The jobs advertised in the newspaper are for men and women both.
Answer:
Yes

Question 2.
Men and women doing the same work in a factory get different wages.
Answer:
No

Question 3.
Government implements various schemes for the improvement of public health.
Answer:
Yes

Question 4.
State shall protect all monuments of historic interest and national importance.
Answer:
Yes

3. Tell why:

Question 1.
The State shall protect all monuments of historic interest and national importance.
Answer:

• It is one of important Directive Principles of State policy.
• Monuments are a part of India’s rich cultural heritage. A rich source to learn history, it is our collective responsibility to protect them.

Question 2.
A pension scheme is implemented for old people.
Answer:

• The pension scheme is the State’s way of offering public assistance to citizens who have retired from work.
• This ensures that the retired person can lead a comfortable life.
• Hence a pension scheme is implemented for old people.

Question 3.
Free and compulsory education has been made available to children in the age group 6 to 14.
Answer:

• No child should be deprived of education. So it is made available.
• Right to Liberty now also includes Right to Education and all children are entitled to get education as a Fundamental right.

4. Say right or wrong. Correct and write the wrong ones:

Question 1.
Not to let the National Flag fall down on the ground.
Answer:
Right: It is our Fundamental Duty to respect the National Flag.

Question 2.
To stand in attention while the National Anthem is playing.
Answer:
Right: It is our Fundamental Duty to respect our National Anthem.

Question 3.
To carve or paint our names on the walls of a historic place like a fort.
Answer:
Wrong: It is our Fundamental Duty to value and preserve the rich heritage of our composite culture.

Question 4.
To give lesser wages to women than to men for the same work.
Answer:
Wrong: Fundamental Rights put restrictions on the power of the government and one of the restriction states that the state should not discriminate between and among citizens on the basis of gender amongst other things.

Question 5.
To keep public places clean.
Answer:
Right: It is our Fundamental Duty to safeguard public property.

5. Write about the following:

Question 1.
The Directive Principles of the Constitution enumerated in the textbook.
Answer:
(i) The State should secure adequate means of livelihood to all citizens without any gender discrimination.

(ii) The State should secure equal pay for equal work for both men and women.

(iii) The State should secure the improvement of public health.

(iv) The State shall endeavour to protect and improve the environment and safeguard the forests and wild-life of the country.

(v) The State shall protect all monuments of historic interest and national importance.

(vi) The State shall promote with special care the educational and economic interests of the weaker sections of the people, especially the Scheduled Castes and Tribes.

(vii) The State shall offer public assistance to citizens in cases of unemployment, old age, sickness, etc.

(viii) The State shall secure a uniform civil code applicable to the entire country.

Question 2.
The provision of a Uniform Civil Code for citizens in the Directive Principles of the Indian Constitution.
Answer:
(i) The provision of a Uniform Civil Code for citizens in mentioned in the Constitution.

(ii) It aims to replace personal laws based on the customs and scriptures of the different religious communities living in India with a common set of laws, which is uniform to all the citizens of India.

Question 3.
Why is it said that the Directive Principles and Fundamental Rights are two sides of the same coin?
Answer:

(i) Directive Principles of State Policy and Fundamental Rights are two sides of the same coin.

(ii) Due to Fundamental Rights, citizens get the most needed liberty, while Directive Principles of State Policy creates an atmosphere conducive to the growth of democracy.

6. What are the ways in which citizens can conserve the environment ? Write with examples.
Answer:
There are various ways in which citizens can conserve the environment:

(i) Citizens can support the endeavour of the State to protect and improve the environment and safeguard the forests and wild-life of the country.

(ii) Citizens should collectively take responsible actions to protect and improve the natural environment we are a part of.

(iii) Citizens should put to an end cruelty towards animals and have compassion for living creatures.

Activities

• Education is our right. Form groups and discuss our duties in this respect.
• The State shall protect all monuments of historic interest and national importance. This is one of the Directive Principles. Find out the efforts made by the State about the conservation and protection of forts and make a chart.
• Gather information about the schemes implemented by the Government for children’s health.

Class 7 Civics Chapter 6 Directive Principles of State Policy and Fundamental Duties Additional Important Questions and Answers

Complete the sentence by choosing the appropriate words from the options given below:

Question 1.
Due to citizens get the most needed liberty. (Fundamental Rights, Directive Principles of State Policy, Fundamental Duties)
Answer:
Fundamental Rights

Question 2.
In order that the Indian citizens become conscious of their responsibilities ______ were included in the Constitution.
(Fundamental Rights, Fundamental Duties, Directive Principles of State Policy)
Answer:
Fundamental Duties

Question 3.
We should perform all the tasks that we have undertaken honestly always striving for ______. (excellence, progress, prosperity)
Answer:
excellence

Question 4.
Fundamental Rights restricts the power of the government to impose any ________. (laws, restrictions, religious taxes)
Answer:
religious taxes

Question 5.
Every citizen of India who is a parent or guardian should provide opportunities of education to his or her child or ward between the age of six and _______years. (eighteen, fourteen, seventeen)
Answer:
fourteen

Say ‘Yes’ or ‘No’:

Question 1.
The state should secure the improvement of public health.
Answer:
Yes

Question 2.
Public assistance is provided to citizens in cases of unemployment, old age, sickness etc.
Answer:
Yes

Name the following:

Question 1.
Put restriction on the power of the government.
Answer:
Fundamental Rights

Question 2.
Direction or guidelines in the Constitution about how to achieve the goals expressed in the Preamble of the Constitution.
Answer:
Directive Principles of the State Policy

Question 3.
Any two challenges faced by India after independence.
Answer:
Establishing order, carrying out smooth administration.

Question 4.
Any one directive which ensures that there is no gender discrimination.
Answer:
State should secure equal pay for equal work for both men and women.

Question 5.
It is our Fundamental Duty to respect these two national symbols.
Answer:
National Flag, National Anthem.

Question 6.
Any one practice we are expected to renounce according to the Fundamental Duties listed in our Constitution.
Answer:
Practices derogatory to the dignity of women.

Question 7.
It is our Fundamental Duty to develop these values.
Answer:
Scientific temper, Humanism, Spirit of inquiry and reform.

Say right or wrong with reason. Correct the write down the corrections:

Question 1.
To sacrifice our life for the sake of our motherland.
Answer:
Right: It is our Fundamental Duty .to defend the country, and to render national service when called upon to do so.

Question 2.
The State protects all monuments of historic interest and national importance.
Answer:
Right: It is one of the important Directive Principles of the State Policy.

Answer in one or two sentence:

Question 1.
Which restrictions on the power of the government by the Fundamental Rights ensure that no discrimination is practised by the State?
Answer:
Fundamental Rights restrains the State from discriminating between and among citizens on the basis of caste, religion, race, language or gender.

Question 2.
When India got independence, why was it necessary to draw up new policies?
Answer:
When India got independence the task of nation building had to be undertaken and for this new policies had to be drawn up.

Question 3.
What is included in the Directive Principles of the State Policy with respect to environment?
Answer:
It is included in the Directive Principles of the State Policy that the State shall endeavour to protect and improve the environment and safeguard the forest and wild-life of the country.

Question 4.
What is stated in the Directive Principles of State Policy with respect to weaker sections of the Society?
Answer:
It is stated in the Directive Principles of the State Policy that State shall promote with special care the educational and economic interest of the weaker sections of the people, especially the Scheduled Castes and Tribes.

Question 5.
What is the State expected to secure as per the Directive Principles of State Policy which is applicable to the entire country?
Answer:
The State is expected to secure a Uniform Civil Code applicable to the entire country according to the Directive Principles of State policy.

Question 6.
What can we do if a Directive is not implemented by the Government.
Answer:
If a Directive is not implemented by the Government, we can put pressure on the Government in various ways to make a policy in order to meet the goals.

Question 7.
When will the benefits of the various schemes of the Government not reach all the people?
Answer:
The benefits of the various schemes of the government cannot reach all the people if they do not fulfil their Fundamental Duties.

Question 8.
Why were the Fundamental Duties included in the Constitution?
Answer:
Fundamental Duties were included in the Constitution so that the Indian citizens become conscious of their responsibilities.

Question 9.
Why is it mentioned in our Fundamental Duties that we should strive towards excellence in all spheres of individual and collective activity?
Answer:
It is mentioned in our Fundamental Duties that we should strive towards excellence in all spheres of individual and collective activity so that the nation can constantly rise to higher levels of endeavour and achievement.

Answer the following in brief:

Question 1.
What are the ways in which citizens can conserve the environment?
Answer:
There are various ways in which citizens can conserve the environment:

• Citizens can support the endeavour of the State to protect and improve the environment and safeguard the forests and wild-life of the country.
• Citizens should collectively take responsible actions to protect and improve the natural environment we are a part of.
• Citizens should put to an end cruelty towards animals and have compassion for living creatures.

Question 2.
State any five Fundamental Duties of the Indian citizens.
Answer:
Fundamental Duties of the Indian citizens are as follows:

• To abide by the Constitution and respect the National Anthem.
• To cherish and follow the noble ideals which inspired our national struggle for freedom.
• To uphold and protect the sovereignty, unity and integrity of India.
• To defend the country, and to render national service when called upon to do so.
• To promote harmony and the spirit of common brotherhood transcending diversities; to renounce practices derogatory to the dignity of women.

Give reason:

Question 1.
The State shall protect all monuments of historic interest and national importance.
Answer:

• It is one of important Directive Principles of State policy.
• Monuments are a part of India’s rich cultural heritage. A rich source to learn history, it is our collective responsibility to protect them.

Question 2.
A pension scheme is implemented for old people.
Answer:

• The pension scheme is the State’s way of offering public assistance to citizens who have retired from work.
• This ensures that the retired person can lead a comfortable life.
  Hence a pension scheme is implemented for old people.

Question 3.
Free and compulsory education has been made available to children in the age group 6 to 14.
Answer:

• No child should be deprived of education. So it is made available.
• Right to Liberty now also includes Right to Education and all children are entitled to get education as a Fundamental right.

Give your own response:

Question 1.
What else do you think the Government should do for students? Make a list of your demands. How would you convince others that your demands are just?
Answer:
The list of our demands are:

• Emphasis on skill training in school.
• Choice of a wide variety of subjects based on one’s interest.
• Compulsory training in a particular Sport.
• Making a foreign language compulsory in the curriculum.
• Better facilities in schools.
• Programme of mid-day meals should be implemented in all the schools in the rural areas.
• Inspection of schools from time to time to check the quality of education imparted.
• I will convince others through dialogues and discussion and go by the will of the majority.

Question 2.
Which improvements will be possible with the following facilities offered by the Government?
Answer:

• Public toilets: Maintenance from time to time and continuous water supply.
• Clean water supply: Ensuring that water treatment to remove contaminants is done before it reaches homes and other places for consumption.
• Vaccination of children:
• Create awareness among parents about different vaccinations through different media of communication.
• Organise vaccination drives from time to time.

Can you tell?

Question 1.
There is a directive to ensure ‘equal pay for equal work’.
Which principles and ideals of the Constitution will be realised with this directive? Why does it happen that inspite of doing the same work, women are paid less than men?
Answer:
(i) Right to Equality and the assurance that State shall not discriminate among citizens will be realised with this objective.

(ii) Due to lack of awareness of rights and no strict implementation of law, we witness gender discrimination at work.

Observe the Picture and answer the questions given below:

Which of the Fundamental Duties are not being followed in the situations above?

Question 1.
A boy scribbling on a historical structure.
Answer:
The duty to value and preserve the rich heritage of our composite culture.

Question 2.
Hanging lemon, chillies
Answer:
The duty to develop the scientific temper, humanism and spirit of inquiry and reform.

Question 3.
Damaging a public bus
Answer:
The duty to safeguard public property and to abjure violence.

Question 4.
A woman emptying a garbage can on the street.
Answer:
The duty to protect and improve the natural environment.

What do you think?

Question 1.
Girls and boys between the ages 6 and 14 have got the Right to Education. All the girls and boys in this age group should be in school. Yet many girls and boys are not able to go to school because of many reasons. They have to work to help their parents earn a living for the family. Do you think that it is unfair to such children to insist that they go to school?
Answer:
No I don’t think it is unfair to such children to insist that they go to school.

(i) Practising child labour is a form of exploitation and we have the Right against Exploitation which extends constitutional protection to children.

(ii) Similarly it is the Fundamental Duty of every citizen who is a parent or guardian to provide opportunities of education to his or her child or ward between the age of six and fourteen years.

Question 2.
Which improvements will be possible with the following facilities offered by the Government?
Answer:
(i) Public toilets :

• Public toilets will eradicate open defecation and will improve the overall public health
• As the availability of toilets at close proximity to highway will ensure that people do not face inconvenience while traveling.

(ii) Clean water supply:

• Water is our basic need hence providing clean water is very important
• It will prevent the spread of water borne diseases like cholera, jaundice, etc.

(iii) Vaccination of children:

• Vaccination will improve the health of infants
• Vaccination will reduce the occurrence of diseases like polio in infants

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Class 6 Geography Solutions Chapter 3 Comparing a Globe and a Map; Field Visits Notes, Textbook Exercise Important Questions and Answers.

Maharashtra Board Class 6 Geography Solutions Chapter 3 Comparing a Globe and a Map; Field Visits

Class 6 Geography Chapter 3 Comparing a Globe and a Map; Field Visits Textbook Questions and Answers

Question 1.
What characteristics of two and three dimensional devices did you note?
Answer:
Two-dimensional objects have length and width and its product is area. Three-dimensional objects have length, width and height and its product is volume.

Question 2.
What features can be shown on a very small globe?
Answer:
On a very small globe the entire earth can be represented.

Question 3.
Which device will be suitable for understanding the concept of day and night on the earth?
Answer:
The globe is suitable for understanding the concept of day and night on the earth.

Question 4.
Which device will be useful to show your village/city?
Answer:
A map can be useful to show a village/city.

Question 5.
Which device can be easily carried from one place to another?
Answer:
A map can be easily carried from one place to another.

Activity:

Make two groups. Each group should ask the other group to find the locations of different places on the globe. You may also do this with a map.

Class 6 Geography Chapter 3 Comparing a Globe and a Map; Field Visits Textbook Questions and Answers

Study the world map, a map of India and the globe and answer the following questions:

Question 1.
Which device is flat?
Answer:
The world map and map of India are flat.

Question 2.
Which device is spherical?
Answer:
The globe is spherical.

Question 3.
Which of these devices allows you to see the entire area of the earth at the same time?
Answer:
The globe allows us to see the entire area of the earth at the same time.

Question 4.
Which device allows you to see only one side of the earth at a time?
Answer:
The map allows us to see only one side of the earth at a time.

Question 5.
Which device can be used for studying a particular region in detail?
Answer:
A map can be used for studying a particular region in detail.

Question 6.
Which device can be called a model of the earth?
Answer:
The globe can be called a model of the earth.

Class 6 Geography Chapter 3 Comparing a Globe and a Map; Field Visits Textbook Questions and Answers

Fill in the blanks with the correct option from the brackets:

Question 1.
Map is ______ dimensional whereas a globe is ______ dimensional. (one, tvo, three, four)
Answer:
two, three

Question 2.
______ is a representative model of theentire earth. (map, sphere, globe)
Answer:
Globe

Question 3.
A field visit is an important method of studying ________.(political science, geography, history)
Answer:
geography

Question 4. _______ is the largest operational globe in the world. (EARTHA, Earth, Earthia)
Answer:
EARTHA

Name the following:

Question 1.
Two objects which are two-dimensional.
Answer:
Map, land

Question 2.
Two objects which are three-dimensional.
Answer:
Globe, duster

Question 3.
Two places for students to be taken for field visit.
Answer:
Post office, mall

Question 4.
Place where EARTHA is housed.
Answer:
Yarmouth in the State of Maine in the United States of America.

Answer the following questions in detail:

Question 1.
How is a field visit an important method of studying geography?
Answer:

• A field visit helps us to understand the geographical and social conditions of a place.
• It provides an opportunity to directly interact with the local people and understand their problems.

Question 2.
Write a note on – EARTHA.
Answer:

• EARTHA is the largest operational globe in the world.
• It is housed at Yarmouth in the State of Maine in the United State of America.
• The rotation and revolution speed of this globe is maintained as per that of the earth.

Question 3.
How is a map drawn?
Answer:
Various steps to draw a map:

• A wire globe is prepared.
• A source of light is placed inside the globe.
• Thereafter projection of the wire graticule is obtained on a paper
• This projection is used to drawmaps.

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Class 6 Geography Solutions Chapter 2 Let us Use the Graticule Notes, Textbook Exercise Important Questions and Answers.

Maharashtra Board Class 6 Geography Solutions Chapter 2 Let us Use the Graticule

Class 6 Geography Chapter 2 Let us Use the Graticule Textbook Questions and Answers

A. Put a tick mark against the correct option in the space given:

Question 1.
66° 30′ North parallel means:
(i) Arctic Circle
(ii) Equator
(iii) Antarctic Circle
Answer:
Arctic Circle

Question 2.
Which parallel bisects the earth?
(i) Tropic of Cancer
(ii) Tropic of Capricorn
(iii) Equator
Answer:
Equator

Question 3.
What is the angular distance of the Arctic Circle from North Pole?
(i) 66° 30′
(ii) 90°
(iii) 23° 30
Answer:
23° 30′

Question 4.
Where do the Prime Meridian and the equator • intersect each other?
(i) Southern Ocean
(ii) Atlantic Ocean
(iii) African Continent
Answer:
African Continent

Question 5.
Up to which parallels from the equator can the j sun’s rays be perpendicular?
(i) Tropic of Cancer and Tropic of Capricorn
(ii) Arctic and Antarctic Circles
(iii) North and South Poles
Answer:
Tropic of Cancer and Tropic of Capricorn

Question 6.
What would be the latitude of a place on the South pole?
(i) 9o°S
(ii) 90°N
(iii) 0°D
Answer:
90° S

B. Read the following statements and correct the wrong ones:

Question 1.
While describing the location of a place mentioning the meridian is sufficient.
Answer:
While describing the location of a place, we need to consider one parallel and one meridian.

Question 2.
For describing the extent of a region, it is necessary to assume the latitude and longitude of the centre of the adjoining region.
Answer:
For describing the extent of a region, we need to consider two parallels and two meridians at the extreme ends of the same regions.

Question 3.
Location of a road can be described only with a map.
Answer:
Location of a road can be described with latitude and longitude of a point.

Question 4.
0° East meridian and 180° East meridian.
Answer:
0° meridian and 180° meridian.

Question 5.
The extent of a road or a river course is described with the help of the latitude of a point in the source and the longitude of a point at the end.
Answer:
The extent of a road or a river course is described with the help of the latitude and the longitude of a point in the source and also at the end.

Question 6.
8° 4′ N parallel to 37° 66° N parallel is the correct description of a location
Answer:
8° 4’ N parallel to 37° 66’ N parallel is the correct description of a location.

C. Find the locations of following cities from a world map, a map of India or a Globe and write down the latitude and longitude of each of them:

1. Mumbai
2. Guwahati
3. Srinagar
4. Bhopal
5. Chennai
6. Ottawa
7. Tokyo
8. Johannesburg
9. New York
10. London

Answer:

Place	Latitude	Longitude
Mumbai	19° 00′ N	72 48’ E
Guwahati	26° 12′ N	91 48’ E
Srinagar	34° 05′ N	74 50’ E
Bhopal	23° 18′ N	77 24’ E
Chennai	13° 06′ N	80 18’ E
ottawa	45° 27′ N	75 42’ W
Tokyo	35° 45′ N	139 45’ E
Johannesburg	26° 10′ S	28 03’ E
New York	43° 00′ N	75 00’ W
London	51° 31′ N	0 7’ W

D. Find and write down the extent of the following. (Check them on the internet/ mobile):

Question 1.
Maharashtra (State)
Answer:
Question 1. 20° 00′ N / 76° 00’E

Question 2.
Chile (A country)
Answer:
35° 00′ S / 72° 00’W

Question 3.
Australia (A continent)
Answer:
10° 30′ S to 43° 39′ S – 113° E to 153° E

Question 4.
Sri Lanka (An island)
Answer:
7° 30′ N / 80° 50′ E

Question 5.
Trans Siberian Railway of Russia (Starting point – St. Petersburg, Terminal Point-Vladivostok)
Answer:
59° 55′ N / 30° 20′ E – 43° 10′ N / 131° 53’ E

E. Draw important parallels and meridians in the figure given below and label them with appropriate angular measures. (Use the protractor.)

Answer:

F. Write the important parallels and meridians in the following table:

Answer:

Class 6 Geography Chapter 2 Let us Use the Graticule InText Questions and Answers

Make friends with the globe!

Observe the globe and answer the following questions.

Question 1.
What are the horizontal lines on the globe called?
Answer:
The horizontal lines on the globe are called latitudes.

Question 2.
List the continents and oceans through which the equator passes.
Answer:
Continents – Africa, South America, Asia Oceans – Pacific, Atlantic and Indian

Question 3.
Encircle the intersection of 0° meridian and 0° parallel on the globe.
Answer:
Students may attempt this question of their own.

Question 4.
Which ocean is spread in all the four hemispheres?
Answer:
Pacific Ocean

Question 5.
Which continent is spread in all the four hemispheres?
Answer:
The continent of Africa

Question 6.
At which two parallels do all the meridians converge?
Answer:
90°N and 90°S parallels.

State the Importance of the following:

Question 1.
Prime Meridian
Answer:
The main purpose is to fix the global standard time and co-ordinate the standard times of different countries.

Question 2.
180° Meridian
Answer:
The International Date Line is marked with reference to this meridian.

Question 3.
Great Circles
Answer:
Great Circles are used for finding the minimum distance between any two places on the surface of the earth.

Let us use the graticule:

Answer the following questions about the location and extent with the help of figure page 11 of your textbook.

Question 1.
Which latitude and longitude define the location of the capital of Brazil- Brasilia?
Answer:
13°S latitude and 48°W longitude.

Question 2.
What would be the longitudinal extent of Brazil that spreads from 5° 15′ N to 33° 45′ S latitude?
Answer:
Longitudinal extent would be 34° 47’W to 73° 59’W.

Question 3.
In which hemispheres does Brazil extend in the north-south direction?
Answer:
Brazil extends in the both northern and southern hemispheres.

Question 4.
In which hemisphere does Brazil extend in the east-west direction?
Answer:
Brazil extends in the Western Hemisphere.

Question 5.
Which parallels and meridians should be used to describe the extend of River Sao Francisco?
Answer:
River Sao Francisco has its source at 40° 04′ W/ 20° 02’S and terminal point at 37°W/10°S.

Question 6.
Describe the location of Marajo Island using the graticule.
Answer:
Using the Graticules, the location of Marajo island is 0.4°N and 51°W.

Think a little!
Question 1.
Find on the globe, the meridians opposite to the ones mentioned below:
90°E, 170°W, 30°E, 20°W
Answer:

• 90°E – 90°W
• 170°W – 10°E
• 30°E – 150°W
• 20°W – 160°E

Think a little!

Question 1.
Which important parallel passes through India?
Answer:
Tropic of Cancer (23° 30′ N)

Question 2.
Which areas do not get perpendicular rays?
Answer:
Areas to the North of Tropic of Cancer (till Jammu and Kashmir).

Question 3.
Which region receives perpendicular ray on two days in a year?
Answer:
The region to the south of Tropic of Cancer (till Kaniyakumari).

Use your brain power!

Question 1.
In what direction should an aeroplane fly in order to cover the shortest distance between Kolkata and Chicago?
Answer:
To cover the shortest distance between Kolkata and Chicago, the aeroplane should move north west via Delhi.

Class 6 Geography Chapter 2 Let us Use the Graticule Additional Important Questions and Answers

Fill in the blanks:

Question 1.
______ is known as the smallest country in the world.
Answer:
Vatican City

Question 2.
The International Date line is marked with reference to _____ meridian.
Answer:
180°

Question 3.
The Prime Meridian is known as ________.
Answer:
Greenwich Meridian

Question 4.
Global Standard Time is known as ______.
Answer:
Greenwich Mean Time

Question 5.
Variation in the intensity of sunlight leads to regional diversity in ____ and ______.
Answer:
plant, animal life

Question 6.
Different temperature zones give rise to ______ belts.
Answer:
pressure

Question 7.
The 180° meridian lies opposite to the _______.
Answer:
Prime Meridian

Question 8.
The equator as well as all pairs of opposite meridians form ______.
Answer:
Great Circles

Question 9.
Due to the ______ and _______ of sunlight, different temperature zones are formed on the earth.
Answer:
duration, intensity

Question 10.
All places between 23° 30′ north and south of equator receives _______ rays on two days in a year.
Answer:
perpendicular

Match the pairs correctly:

Question 1.

A (Latitudes)	B (Names)
(1)23°30’N	(a) Antarctic Circle
(2) 23°30′ S	(b) Tropic of Capricorn
(3)66°30’N	(c) Tropic of Cancer
(4) 66°30′ S	(d) Arctic Circle
	(e) Great Circle
	(f) Prime Meridian

Answer:
1 – c
2 – b
3 – d
4 – a

Complete the following sentence:

Question 1.
While describing the location of a place, we need to consider _______.
Answer:
only one parallel and one meridian

Question 2.
For describing the extent of a region, we need to consider _________.
Answer:
two parallels and two meridians at the extreme ends of the region

Question 3.
For describing the extent of linear features like a river or road we need to consider ______.
Answer:
the latitudes and longitude of their terminal points

Question 4.
All places between 23°30′ N and S of the ! equator receive perpendicular rays _____.
Answer:
on two days in a year

Question 5.
Depending on the seasons, daytime can be greater than 24 hours in areas between ________.
Answer:
the polar circles and the poles

Question 6.
All places between 23° 30′ N and South of equator ______ rays on two days in a year.
Answer:
receive perpendicular

Answer the following questions in one sentence:

Question 1.
What are Great Circles used for?
Answer:
Great Circles are used for finding the minimum distance between any two places on the surface of the earth.

Question 2.
Where is Vatican City located?
Answer:
Vatican City is the smallest country in the world located within Italy on the Italian peninsula.

Question 3.
Why is the Prime Meridian considered an important meridian?
Answer:
The prime meridian is an important meridian because its main purpose is to fix the global standard time and co-ordinate the standard times of different countries.

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Class 7 Science Solutions Chapter 1 The Living World: Adaptations and Classification Notes, Textbook Exercise Important Questions and Answers.

Maharashtra State Board Class 7 Science Solutions Chapter 1 The Living World: Adaptations and Classification

Class 7 Science Chapter 1 The Living World: Adaptations and Classification Textbook Questions and Answers

1. Find my match!

Question a.

Column ‘A’	Column ‘B’
1. Lotus	a. Flower and leaves attract insects
2. Aloe	b. Haustorial roots for absoption of food
3. Cuscuta	c. Adapted to live in deserts
4. Venus fly trap	d. Adapted to live in water

Answer:

Column ‘A’	Column ‘B’
1. Lotus	d. Adapted to live in water
2. Aloe	c. Adapted to live in deserts
3. Cuscuta	b. Haustorial roots for absoption of food
4. Venus fly trap	a. Flower and leaves attract insects

2. Read the paragraph and answer the following questions:

I am a penguin. I live in polar region covered by snow. My abdomen is white. My skin is thick with a layer of fat underneath. My body is spindle-shaped. My wings are small. My toes are webbed. We live in flocks.

Question a.
Why is my skin white and thick and why is there a thick layer of fat underneath?
Answer:

1. White skin colour camouflage with the snow so penguins cannot be easily spotted and they get protected from enemies.
2. Thick skin and thick layer of fat underneath gives them protection from severe cold.

Question b.
Why do we live in flocks sticking close to each other?
Answer:
Penguins live in flocks sticking close to each other because sticking close to each other reduce the relative area so there is least loss of heat and they get protection from cold.

Question c.
Which geographical region do I inhabit? Why?
Answer:

1. Penguins inhabit Antarctica region. Antarctica is surrounded by ocean. Climate is colder, drier and windier.
2. It does not have human population. This climate is suitable for penguins, so they inhabit Antarctica.

Question d.
Which adaptations should you have to enable you to live permanently in the polar region? Why?
Answer:

1. I should be a warm blooded animal. This should allow me to permanently live in polar region.
2. My body has to be covered with thick fur or scale so that loss of heat will be very less and I can survive in severe cold.

3. Who is lying?

Question a.
Cockroach – I have five legs.
Answer:
Cockroach is lying. It has six legs.

Question b.
Hen – My toes are webbed.
Answer:
Hen is lying because hen’s toes are not webbed. Duck has webbed toes.

Question c.
Cactus – My fleshy, green part is a leaf.
Answer:
Cactus is lying. It’s fleshy, green part is a stem not a leaf.

4. Read each of the following statements. Write a paragraph about adaptation with reference to each statement.

Question a.
There is extreme heat in deserts.
Answer:

1. Plant’s stem is fleshy, leaves get modified into thorns to reduce loss of water. Steam perform photosynthesis in the absence of leaves.
2. Animals have cushioned soles, hump, long legs and nostrils are protected by folds of skin. Eyelashes are long and thick.

Question b.
Grasslands are lush green.
Answer:
Insects like grasshoppers have green colour so they can be camouflaged amidst grasses.

Question c.
We hide.
Answer:
In equatorial region grasses are very tall, so to protect themselves animals like tiger, elephants and deer remain hidden in these tall grasses.

Question d.
We have long ears.
Answer:
It helps the animals to receive sounds from long distance, and they can protect themselves from predators.

5. Answer the following:

Question a.
Why is the camel called the ‘ship of the desert’?
Answer:

1. Camel lives in a desert easily due to following adaptations. It has long legs and cushioned soles which keep the body of camel above the sand and cushioned soles do not allow to sink in sand while walking.
2. The nostrils are protected by folds of skin.
3. The eyelashes are long and thick.
4. It has hump which stores fats so it helps camel to survive in desert for many days without food and water.

Due to above adaptations camel is used to carry people and transport goods from one place to another place in the desert. Therefore, camel is called the ship of the desert.

Question b.
How can the plants like cactus and acacia live in deserts with scarce water?
Answer:
The plants like cactus and acacia live in deserts with scarce water due to the following adaptations.

1. Leaves are like small needles or have been modified into thorns, as a result they lose very little water by evaporation.
2. The stem stores water and food so it is fleshy.
3. The stems are green as they perform photosynthesis in the absence of leaves.
4. Their roots penetrate deep into the soil in search of water.
5. There is a thick layer of a waxy substance on the stems.

Question c.
What is the inter-relationship between adaptations of organisms and their surroundings?
Answer:
1. Adaptations of organisms depend on the changes in the surroundings.

2. To adjust with those changes in the surroundings adaptation takes place gradually and continuously in organisms.

3. Changes that take place in the various organs and life processes of organisms, enable them to live, feed, reproduce to perpetuate themselves and to protect themselves from their enemies in specific surroundings, depending upon the habitat and its geographical conditions, are called adaptations.

Question d.
How are organisms classified?
Answer:

1. Different scientists have used different criteria and independently classified plants and animals.
2. A hierarchy is formed in the classification that starts with kingdom Animalia or kingdom Plantae, further groups and sub-groups are formed depending upon basic similarities and differences.
3. This is called the ‘hierarchy of classification’.
4. Binomial nomenclature is used to identify each organism. Accordingly, a scientific name has been assigned to each organism.
5. It consists of two parts – first part is ‘genus’ and second ‘species’.
6. All identified organisms have been assigned a binomial name as per the guidelines of the International code of Nomenclature. For e.g.

	Genus	Species
Mango	Mangifera	Indica
Human	Homo	Sapiens

Activity:

Question 1.
Find out how the gradual adaptation from primitive man to modern man must have taken place.

Class 7 Science Chapter 1 The Living World: Adaptations and Classification Important Questions and Answers

Fill in the blanks.

Question 1.
Leaves of some aquatic plants are …………. and …………. ike a ribbon.
Answer:
thin, slender

Question 2.
…………. in stems and …………. of aquatic plants are useful for floating in water.
Answer:
Air spaces, petioles

Question 3.
Leaves of desert plants are modified into …………. .
Answer:
thorns

Question 4.
The stems of desert plants are green as they perform …………. in the absence of leaves.
Answer:
photosynthesis

Question 5.
…………. roots of grasses prevent soil erosion.
Answer:
Fibrous

Question 6.
Grasses in the …………. region are very tall.
Answer:
equatorial

Question 7.
…………. are found in hilly areas as well as plains.
Answer:
Vast meadows

Question 8.
Plants need …………., …………. and …………. for growth.
Answer:
nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium

Question 9.
Dodder has …………. roots for absorbing nutrients from the host plant.
Answer:
haustorial (sucking)

Question 10.
Fungi do not have …………. so cannot perform photosynthesis.
Answer:
chlorophyll

Question 11.
Fish breathe with …………. instead of a nose.
Answer:
gills

Question 12.
Fish have …………. within the body to help them to float.
Answer:
air bladders

Question 13.
Frog and duck have …………. toes.
Answer:
webbed

Question 14.
Tigers have …………. paws.
Answer:
padded

Question 15.
Bats can fly with the help of …………. .
Answer:
patagium.

Question 16.
Desert plants are either leafless or their leaves are like …………. or modified into …………. .
Answer:
needles, thorns

Question 17.
Spring like …………. on the stems of some climbers are examples of their adaptation.
Answer:
Tendrils

Question 18.
…………. is not a sudden process, it is gradual and continuous.
Answer:
Adaptation

Question 19.
…………. proposed the theory of the survival of the fittest.
Answer:
Charles Darwin

Match the columns:

Question 1.

Column ‘A’	Column ‘B’
1. Cactus	a. Herbivorous animal
2. Pine	b. Carnivorous animal
3. Tiger	c. Snowy region plant
4. Blackbuck	d. Desert plant

Answer:

Column ‘A’	Column ‘B’
1. Cactus	d. Desert plant
2. Pine	c. Snowy region plant
3. Tiger	b. Carnivorous animal
4. Blackbuck	a. Herbivorous animal

Question 2.

Column ‘A’	Column B’
1. Dog	a. Hibiscus roso sinensis
2. Cow	b. Sorghum bicolor
3. Hibiscus	c. Bos taurus
4. Jowar	d. Canis lupus familiarise

Answer:

Column ‘A’	Column B’
1. Dog	d. Canis lupus familiarise
2. Cow	c. Bos taurus
3. Hibiscus	a. Hibiscus roso sinensis
4. Jowar	b. Sorghum bicolor

Name the following:

Question 1.
Animals which live in desert in deep burrows.
Answer:
Rats, snakes, spiders, lizards

Question 2.
Animals which have webbed feet.
Answer:
Frog, duck

Question 3.
Plants of snowy regions.
Answer:
Deodar, pine

Question 4.
Plants that eat insects.
Answer:
Drosera, venus flytrap, pitcher plant

Question 5.
World Frog Protection Day.
Answer:
29th April

Question 6.
2 parts of bionomial nomenclature.
Answer:
genus and species.

Who am I?

Question 1.
My leaves trap insects.
Answer:
Venus fly trap or pitcher plant.

Question 2.
I have waxy feathers and webbed feet.
Answer:
Duck

Question 3.
I breath through skin in water and through lungs on land.
Answer:
Frog

Question 4.
I have sucking roots through which I take nutrition from my host plant.
Answer:
Dodder (cuscuta)

Question 5.
I have silvery white body with thick long hair
Answer:
Snow animals like polar bear.

Question 6.
I have waxy broad leaves and air spaces in my stem.
Answer:
Lotus (or aquatic plants)

Question 7.
My Scientific name is Bos taurus.
Answer:
Cow

Question 8.
I discovered Binomial nomenclature.
Answer:
Carl Linnaeus

Question 9.
I have special thin folds in between my forelegs and hind legs called patagium.
Answer:
Bat

Question 10.
I am mango, my genus is?
Answer:
Mangifera

Say whether true or false, correct and rewrite the false statements:

Question 1.
Killing or harming frogs is prohibited by the Wild Life Protection Act.
Answer:
True

Question 2.
Scientific name of jowar is Bos taurus.
Answer:
False. Scientific name of jowar is Sorghum bicolor

Question 3.
Theory of natural selection was found by Charles Darwin.
Answer:
True

Question 4.
T.V. Channels like National Geographic, Wild and Discovery show about the feeding habits of animals.
Answer:
True

Question 5.
The spindle shaped body of birds maximizes the resistance of air while flying.
Answer:
False. The spindle shaped body of birds minimises the resistance of air while flying.

Question 6.
House lizard and monitor lizards have webbed toes.
Answer:
False. House lizard and monitor lizards have clawed toes.

Question 7.
Crocodiles use their muscles for creeping.
Answer:
True

Question 8.
The eyes of predatory carnivores are located on either side of the head.
Answer:
False. The eyes of predatory carnivores are located in the front of their head.

Question 9.
A frog is an amphibian.
Answer:
True

Question 10.
Diverse types of bushes and grasses are found in the grasslands.
Answer:
True.

Complete the given table:

Question 1.

Question 2.
Give one special adaptation or features of the following plant or animal to suit its habitat surrounding
Answer:

Plant/animal	Special adaptation/features
1. Fish	Stream lined body
2. Bird	Hollow bones, feathers
3. Camel	Thick skin, folds in skin near nosetrils
4. Deer	long and tapering legs with strong hooves
5. Tiger	Padded paws, sharp canine teeth
6. Duck	waxy feathers, webbed toes
7. Fungi	Root like fibers
8. Cuscuta	Leafless, yellow thread like stem with haustorial (sucking) roots
9. Venus fly trap	Trigger hair inside their traps
10. Deodar tree	Conical shape and needle shaped leaves
11. Grape vine	Tendrils for support
12. Acacia	Fleshy thick green stem with leaves turned into thorns.

Who is lying?

Question 1.
Camel has thin skin and short eyelashes.
Answer:
Camel is lying – It has thick skin and long and thick eyelashes.

Answer in one or two sentences:

Question 1.
What is called ‘hierarchy of classification’?
Answer:

1. A hierarchy is formed in the classification that starts with kingdom Animalia or Kingdom Plantae, further groups and sub-groups are formed depending upon basic similarities and differences.
2. This is called the ‘hierarchy of classification’.

Question 2.
What theories were proprosed by Charles Darwin
Answer:
The theories of Charles Darwin are Theory of natural selection and theory of survival of the fittest.

Question 3.
Explain the terms Autotrophic and Parasitic
Answer:
1. Plants which are able to produce their own food with the help of the process of photosynthesis are called autotrophic plants eg. All green plants.

2. Plants which are not able to produce their own food but depend upon other plants for their nutrition are called parasitic plants They are leafless and non green in colour eg. Dodder (cuscuta). They have haustorial (sucking) roots for absorbing nutrients from the host plant.

Give scientific reasons:

Question 1.
Leaves of some aquatic plants are thin and slender like a ribbon.
Answer:
Leaves of some aquatic plants are thin and slender like a ribbon because this shape helps them to withstand fast currents of water.

Question 2.
Some aquatic plants have air spaces in stems.
Answer:
Some aquatic plants have air spaces in stems because air spaces help the plants to float on water.

Question 3.
Desert plants have thorns.
Answer:

1. Desert plants have thorns because in deserts, due to scarcity of water these plants are either leafless or their leaves are like small needles or modified into thorns.
2. They lose very little water by evaporation due to little surface area. This helps plants to survive in desert.

Question 4.
Desert plants have green stem.
Answer:
Desert plants have green stem because green stem performs photosynthesis in the absence of leaves.

Question 5.
Desert plants have strong roots.
Answer:
Desert plants have strong roots so they can penetrate deep into the soil in search of water.

Question 6.
Deodar tree is conical in shape.
Answer:
Deodar tree grows in snowy region and conical shape of the tree doesn’t allow snow to accumulate on the tree and thus protect the tree from snow.

Question 7.
Pine tree has thick bark.
Answer:
Pine tree grows in snowy region where it is extremely cold and its thick bark helps the tree to withstand the cold.

Question 8.
Plants in forest grow tall.
Answer:
In forest region variety of trees, shrubs and herbs are found. These plants compete amongst themselves for sunlight. Hence trees grow tall to get sunlight.

Question 9.
Cuscuta has haustorial roots.
Answer:

1. Cuscuta is a parasitic plant. It is leafless and cannot prepare food on its own.
2. So to get food haustorial (sucking) roots penetrate up to the conducting vessels of the host plant to absorb water and food, the Cuscuta has haustorial roots.

Question 10.
Fungi have root-like fibers.
Answer:

1. Fungi are parasitic.
2. They do not have chlorophyll and cannot perform photosynthesis.
3. So these root-like fibers help to absorb the food from the starchy foodstuffs like bhakri and bread.

Question 11.
Pitcher plant eats insects.
Answer:

1. Pitcher plant grows in a soil where nitrogen, phosphorous and potassium are very less. But the plant needs these for the growth.
2. So to fulfill the need for nitrogen, pitcher plant consumes insects.

Question 12.
Duck and frog have webbed feet.
Answer:
When duck and frog are in water at that time the webbed feet act as oars and help them to swim in water.

Question 13.
Frogs can swim easily in water.
Answer:
Frogs have webbed toes, slippery, smooth skin and triangular head. This helps the frog to swim easily through water.

Question 14.
Tiger has sharp and pointed canine teeth.
Answer:
Tiger is a carnivorous animal. So the sharp and pointed canine teeth help the tiger to tear the prey and eat.

Question 15.
Blackbuck has eyes on either side of the head.
Answer:
Blackbuck is a herbivore animal and eyes on either side of the head gives them wide angle vision which helps to protect themselves from predators.

Question 16.
Tigers have padded paws.
Answer:
Tigers are carnivorous animals. So these padded paws enable them to silently stalk their prey and capture it easily.

Question 17.
The eyes of predatory carnivores are located in the front of their head.
Answer:
The eyes of predatory carnivores are located in the front of their head because it helps them to spot their prey from a long distance.

Question 18.
Camel can live in desert.
Answer:

1. Camel can live in desert because it has thick skin to prevent loss of water from the body. Their legs are long with flat and cushioned soles.
2. The nostrils are protected by folds of skin. The eyelashes are long and thick so these adaptations enable Camels to live in desert easily.

Question 19.
White fox has white body colour.
Answer:

1. White fox lives in snowy region which throughout the year is covered with snow.
2. White colour of fox matches with the snow so it gets camouflaged in snow and it can save itself from predators.

Question 20.
Birds can fly in the air.
Answer:

1. Birds can fly in the air because the spindle shaped body minimises the resistance of air while flying.
2. Their hollow bones, body covering of feathers and forelegs being modified into wings, their body being light in weight, all these factors make the birds adapted to fly in the air.

Can you tell?

Answer the following questions:

Question 1.
Arc the plants and animals from Kashmir and Rajasthan of the same type? Can you elaborate on any differences between the two?
Answer:
Plants and animals from Kashmir and Rajasthan are of different types.
Differences in plants:

1. Plants of Kashmir, which is a snowy region, are conical in shape due to their sloping branches.
2. This shape prevents the snow accumulation on the tree and the thick bark helps the tree to withstand the cold.
3. But the plants of Rajasthan, which is a desert region, are either leafless or their leaves are small, needle shaped or have been modified into thorns. So the loss of water can be reduced
4. The stem stores water and food so they are fleshy. The stem performs photosynthesis in the absence of leaves.

Differences in animals:

1. Animals of Kashmir have thick hair and white or silver body colour camouflaged with snow. This helps them to get protection in snowy region.
2. The animals of Rajasthan have long legs with flat and cushioned soles.
3. The nostrils are protected by folds of skin. The eyelashes are long and thick. It gives protection from sand and heat.

Question 2.
In what way are sloping branches useful to plants in a snowy region?
Answer:
In a snowy region sloping branches of a plant gives conical shape to the tree and it doesn’t allow snow to accumulate on tree inspite of heavy snowfall and thus protect the tree from severe cold and snow.

Question 3.
What is the main difference between vehicles on the road and aeroplanes?
Answer:
The two main differences between vehicles on the road and aeroplanes are:

1. aeroplanes have wings whereas vehicles on the road do not have wings.
2. The body of aeroplanes are spindle shaped and the body of vehicles on the road depends on the number of wheels they have.

Use your brain power!

Answer the following questions:

Question 1.
Why does water trickle off lotus leaves?
Answer:

1. Water trickles off lotus leaves because it is coated with waxy covering on it.
2. It is one of the adaptations of aquatic plants to survive in water without getting wet and rot or sink to the bottom.

Question 2.
Why don’t the leaves of lotus plants rotinwatei?
Answer:
leaves of these plants do not rot in water because it is covered with waxy coating on it so that they do not get wet.

Question 3.
Why are roots of lotus plants short and fibrous?
Answer: –

1. These plants grow in water so the roots do not need to go deep down in search of water. Their roots are not anchored in the soil.
2. So their roots are short and fibrous.

Question 4.
The lotus stalk has holes or air spaces?
Answer:

1. The air spaces in stems and petioles of aquatic plants are useful for making them float in water and also to prevent them from rotting
2. Hence, the lotus stalk has holes or air spaces.

Answer in detail:

Question 1.
Explain the Darwin’s theory of evolution.
Answer:
Charles Darwin, a biologist suggested two principles in his theory of evolution.

1. Theory of survival of the fittest: He said that only those organisms are likely to survive which can best adapt themselves to a changing environment. This is called the theory of survival of the fittest.
2. Theory of ‘Natural selection’: If an organism is bom with a new beneficial characteristic and is able to survive, this change is preserved in the next generation. This is called the theory of ‘natural selection’.

Diagram based questions:

Draw a neat labelled diagram of fish and answer the following questions.
Answer:

Question a.
Why do fish have a body tapering towards both its ends?
Answer:
Fish have its body tapering towards its ends, to allow them to swim with least resistance in water.

Question b.
Why do Fish have transparent eyelids.
Answer:
The transparent eyelids of fish protect the eyes from the substance in the water

Question c.
How are they able to float?
Answer:
Fish have air bladders within their body which help them to float.

Observe the diagram and answer the questions.
Answer:

Question a.
What habitat does this camel live in?
Answer:
Camel lives in desert habitats or in areas where there is scarcity of water.

Question b.
State any 2 of its body adaptations to survive in desert?
Answer:

1. Thick skin to prevent loss of water from the body
2. The eyelashes are long and thin
3. Their legs are long and flat with cushioned soles

Question c.
How does a camel protect itself from sand storms or winds carrying sand?
Answer:
Camels have nostrils protected by folds of skin and long thick eyelashes to prevent entry of fir dust and sand into its nose and eyes.

Paragraph based questions:

Compare and contrast:

Question 1.
Compare the lotus plant to the Acacia plant and Hibiscus plant.
Answer:

Lotus plant	Hibiscus plant	Acacia plant
I. Stem have air spaces in them	Stem do not have air spaces and do not store too much of water and food	Stem is fleshy and stores water and food
ii. Leaves have a waxy coating	Leaves do not have a waxy coating and have thin lamina	Leaves are not present and if present are very tiny or modified into thorns

Question 2.
What is the difference between the plants given in the pictures. Give 2 points of difference taking into consideration their adaptations with their surroundings.

Answer:

A. Cactus	B. Lotus	C. Deodar tree
i. Stem is green and fleshy	Stem is with air space	Shape of tree is conical
ii. leaves are reduced or absent and replaced by thorns	Leaves are broad and with a waxy coating	Leaves are needle shaped