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Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Class 6 Science Solutions Chapter 14 Light and the Formation of Shadows Notes, Textbook Exercise Important Questions and Answers.

Maharashtra State Board Class 6 Science Solutions Chapter 14 Light and the Formation of Shadows

Class 6 Science Chapter 14 Light and the Formation of Shadows Textbook Questions and Answers

1. Choose an appropriate word and fill in the blanks.

Question a.
A ……………. is a natural source of light.
Answer:
star

Question b.
A ………….. is an artificial source of light.
Answer:
candle

Question c.
When light passes through a prism, it gets separated into ………….. colours.
Answer:
seven

Question d.
The image obtained in the pinhole camera is …………. .
Answer:
inverted

Question e.
A shadow is formed when an …………… object comes in the way of light.
Answer:
opaque

Question f.
When a ………….. object comes in the way of light, light passes …………… it. options : seven, star, through, transparent, opaque, colors, shape, erect, inverted, luminous, candle.
Answer:
transparent, through

2. Write whether the following objects are luminous or non-luminous.

Question a.

Answer:

Object	Luminous /Non-luminous
A book	Non-luminous
A burning candle	Luminous
A wax cloth	Non-luminous
A pencil	Non-luminous
A pen	Non-luminous
A light bulb	Luminous
A tyre	Non-luminous
A torch	Luminous
Stars	Luminous
The planets	Non-luminous
A satellite	Non-luminous
The Moon	Non-luminous

3. Match the following.

Question a.

Natural sources of light	Man-made sources of light
The Sun	Tubelight
Stars in the night sky	Light bulb
Fireflies	Torch
Anglerfish	Burning candle
Honey mushroom	Oil lamps

Answer:

Transparent	Opaque	Translucent
Piece of glass Water	White plastic Tea kettle Note book Cloth Wooden cupboard	Tinted glass Oil paper Sheet of notebook Wax paper

4. Write the answers to the following.

Question a.
What things are necessary for the formation of a shadow?
Answer:
Things necessary for the formation of a shadow are:

1. A source of light
2. An object
3. A surface or screen on which the shadow is formed

Question b.
When can an object be seen?
Answer:
We can see an object when reflected rays reach our eyes.

Question c.
What is a shadow?
Answer:

1. If an opaque object comes in the way of a light source, light does not pass through it.
2. As a result the light does not reach a wall or any other surface on the other side of the object.
3. That part remains dark. This dark part is called the shadow of the object.

Project:

Question 1.
Prepare a Newton’s disc.

Question 2.
Find out how to save electricity with the help of the sunlight we receive during the day.

Question 3.
Read a biography of Sir C. V. Raman and find out about the discoveries he made.

Class 6 Science Chapter 14 Light and the Formation of Shadows Important Questions and Answers

Fill in the blanks.

Question 1.
The ……………. is the main natural source of light.
Answer:
Sun

Question 2.
The light emitted by an electric torch is more …………….. than that obtained from a candle.
Answer:
intense

Question 3.
The left and right sides of the original object appear to be …………….. in the mirror.
Answer:
exchanged

Question 4.
The image is as far behind the mirror as the object is in ……………… of it.
Answer:
front

Question 5.
The …………….. of the image is the same as that of the object.
Answer:
height

Question 6.
The materials through which light passes is said to be …………… .
Answer:
transparent

Question 7.
The materials through which light does not pass is said to be ………….. .
Answer:
opaque

Question 8.
The materials through which light passes partially is said to be ………….. .
Answer:
translucent

Question 9.
If an ………….. object comes in the way of a light source, light does not pass it.
Answer:
opaque, through

Question 10.
The shadow of an object formed due to sunlight is ………….. in the mornings and evenings and ……………. in the afternoon.
Answer:
long, short

Question 11.
The shadow of an object is formed only when ………….. does not pass through the object.
Answer:
light

Question 12.
Stars are ………….. .
Answer:
luminous

Question 13.
Planets, satellites are ………….. .
Answer:
non-luminous

Question 14.
The largest sundial is at ………….., New Delhi.
Answer:
Jantar Mantar

Question 15.
………….. is celebrated as National Science Day.
Answer:
28th February

Question 16.
Light travels in a straight line. This is called ………….. .
Answer:
linear propagation of light

Question 17.
The image formed on the diaphragm of the pinhole camera is ………….. .
Answer:
inverted

Question 18.
The kind of shadow an object forms depends upon the ………….. between the ………….., the object and the ………….. or the ………….. on which the shadow is formed.
Answer:
relative distance, source of light, surface, screen

State whether following statements are True or False.

Question 1.
Light travels in a straight line.
Answer:
True

Question 2.
Stars are luminous.
Answer:
True

Question 3.
Image in a pinhole camera is inverted.
Answer:
True

Question 4.
In the afternoon, shadows are long.
Answer:
False

Question 5.
Fireflies are a natural source of light.
Answer:
True

Question 6.
We see the candle clearly when we bend the tube.
Answer:
False

Question 7.
We can see our image clearly in running water.
Answer:
False

Question 8.
Tracing paper is transparent.
Answer:
False

Question 9.
The light obtained from an electric torch is more intense than that obtained from a candle.
Answer:
True

Question 10.
28tn February is celebrated as “National Science day” since 1987 in India.
Answer:
True

Question 11.
Classify the following into natural and man-made/artificial sources of light. (tubelight, light bulb, torch, burning candle, the sun, fireflies, anglerfish, honey mushroom, stars in the night sky, oil lamps, lanterns)
Answer:

Natural sources of light	Man-made sources of light
The Sun Stars in the night sky Fireflies Anglerfish Honey mushroom	Tubelight Light bulb Torch Burning candle Oil lamps Lanterns

Question 12.
Identify the transparent, opaque and translucent objects from among the following. (piece of glass, wax paper, tinted glass, oil paper, white plastic, a tea kettle, a notebook, cloth, water, a wooden cupboard, sheet of notebook.)
Answer:

Transparent	Opaque	Translucent
Piece of glass Water	White plastic Tea kettle Notebook Cloth Wooden cupboard	Tinted glass Oil-paper Sheet of notebook Wax paper

Question 13.
Classify the following into the type of images they form: Clear image, faint image, no image. (still clear water, cemented wall, wooden surface, new steel dish, flower, glossy granite cladding of a wall, mirror, butter paper).
Answer:

Clear Image	Faint Image	No Image
Still clear water, New steel dish, Glossy granite cladding of a wall, Mirror	Butter paper	Wooden surface Flower Cemented wall

Question 14.
Relate images formed with the surfaces.
Answer:

1. The clear images are formed on plane surfaces.
2. Faint or no images are formed on rough surfaces.

Answer in one sentence.

Question 1.
What are luminous objects?
Answer:
The objects which emit light i.e. which themselves are a source of light, are called luminous objects.

Question 2.
What determines the intensity of light?
Answer:
The intensity of light is determined by the extent to which the objects emit light.

Question 3.
What are non-luminous objects?
Answer:
The objects that are not sources of light themselves are called as non-luminous objects.

Question 4.
What are artificial sources of light?
Answer:
Man-made objects which emit light are artificial sources of light.

Question 5.
What are natural sources of light?
Answer:
Natural substances, materials which emit light are called natural sources of light.

Question 6.
What is linear propagation of light?
Answer:
Property of light travelling in a straight line is linear propagation of light.

Question 7.
What is reflection of light?
Answer:
The rays of light falling on an object from a source of light are thrown back from the substance of that object. This is reflection of light.

Question 8.
How do we see objects around us?
Answer:
The rays of light falling on an object from a source of light are thrown back from the surface of that object. This is called reflection of light. We see the object when the reflected rays reach our eyes.

Question 9.
What is moonlight?
Answer:
Sunlight reflected from the surface of the moon reaching us, in which we see the moon is called the moonlight.

Question 10.
What type of image is formed in the mirror?
Answer:
The image formed in the mirror is ‘laterally inverted’ i.e. right side appears as left side and left side appears as right side.

Question 11.
What change do you see in the image if you decrease or increase your distance from the mirror?
Answer:
When the distance between object and mirror is increased the size of image decreases where as, when the distance is decreased the image size increases.

Question 12.
What difference do you find in the height of the image in the mirror and yourself?
Answer:
The size of the image in the mirror is the same as that of the object.

Question 13.
What is the image on the diaphragm of the pinhole camera?
Answer:
An inverted or an upside down image of the candle is seen on the diaphragm of the pinhole camera.

Question 14.
What do you mean by transparent object?
Answer:
The objects / materials through which light passes are said to be transparent.

Question 15.
What do you mean by opaque materials?
Answer:
The materials through which light does not pass are said to be opaque.

Question 16.
What do you mean by translucent materials?
Answer:
The materials through which light passes partially are said to be translucent.

Question 17.
How is the shadow in the morning, afternoon and evening?
Answer:
The shadows are long in the mornings and evenings and short in the afternoon.

Question 18.
What is shade of a tree?
Answer:
The shade of a tree is its shadow.

Question 19.
How many colours is sunlight made up of?
Answer:
Sunlight is made up of seven colours.

Give reasons for the following.

Question 1.
When we see in the mirror, we see our image in the mirror.
Answer:
When we see our face in the mirror, the light reflected from our face falls on the mirror and gets reflected back again. Hence, we see our image in the mirror.

Question 2.
Opaque materials cast shadow.
Answer:
An opaque material does not allow light to pass. Hence, it casts a shadow.

Question 3.
Transparent and translucent object do not cast a shadow.
Answer:
Translucent objects cast a faint shadow whereas transparent objects do not cast a shadow at all because they allow light to pass through them.

Use your brain power!

Question 1.
Why is the image on the diaphragm of the pinhole camera inverted?
Answer:
1. The pinhole camera works on the principle of light travelling in a straight line.
2. The rays of light from the candle flame go in all directions.
3. We consider only two rays that pass through the hole and fall on the screen.

4. The rays intersect at the pinhole.
5. Since the rays cross over at that point, the top of the object appears at the bottom of the image and the bottom of the image appears at the top. Thus, we see an inverted image of the candle.

Question 2.
How will you light up a dark room using reflected light?
Answer:
Focusing on the wall with torch light. Mirrors or reflectors can be used to get light from outside.

Question 3.
Try to start the TV by operating the remote control from behind it.
Answer:
T.V will not start.

Question 4.
In which step is the flame of the candle seenclearly? Why?

Answer:
In step 1 the flame of the candle is seen clearly because light travels in straight line.

Can you tell?

Question 1.
Can we see anything in total darkness?
Answer:
No, we cannot see anything in total darkness.

Question 2.
What helps us to see the objects around us?
Answer:
Reflected light helps us to see objects around us.

Question 3.
What does the light in each one of the pictures originate form?
Answer:

1. Bulb
2. Firefly
3. Candle
4. Sun

Question 4.
Name the natural sources of light.
Answer:
Sun, Fireflies

Question 5.
In which objects do we see our reflection?
Answer:
All objects reflect light rays, but the best reflectors of light are mirrors, still water in a lake, new steel dish i.e. smooth shiny surfaces.

Question 6.
What difference do you notice on looking through the windows in the picture? What causes the difference? The picture shows transperant, opaque, translucent window panes. Spot them.

Answer:

1. Through the first window we can see a clear picture of things outside.
2. Second window gives a faint image.
3. Through the third window, we can’t see anything
4. The difference in the image is due to the material of the window panes.
5. The first window pane is transparent.
6. The second window pane is translucent.
7. The third window pane is opaque.

Answer the following questions in brief.

Question 1.
List factors on which shadow depends.
Answer:
Shadow depends on relative distance between the source of light, the object and the surface on which the shadow is formed.

Question 2.
How we can see that light travels in straight line.
Answer:

1. In the morning or in the afternoon, rays of light enter a slit in a door, window or a small hole in the roof.
2. As these rays of light from the slit or the hole move towards the floor, the dust particles in their way are clearly seen.
3. Due to these particles, the path of light becomes visible to us.
4. Thus we can see that their path is along straight lines.

Question 3.
What is the difference between an object and its reflection? What causes the difference?
Answer:

1. Object and its reflection result in formation of images.
2. Reflections taking place from highly polished metals, mirrors, still water etc, form clear images.
3. Reflections taking place from wooden surface, flower, book form dull, blurred images.
4. The difference in reflections is caused by the surface of the object.
5. Regular reflections have smooth, polished surfaces, hence, image is clear.
6. Diffused reflections have hard, rough surfaces, hence, image is dull.

Question 4.
List characteristics of images in a plane mirror.
Answer:

1. The left and right sides of the original object appear to be exchanged in the mirror image.
2. The image is as far behind the mirror as the object is in front of it.
3. The size of the image is the same as that of the object.

Question 8.
State the characteristics of image formed by a pinhole camera.
Answer:
Characteristics of an image formed by a pinhole camera are as follows:

1. It is inverted/upside down.
2. It can be obtained on a screen – real image.

Try this.

Question 1.
Make your friend stand in between the torch and the wall. What happens?
Answer:
Friend’s Shadow forms on the wall.

Question 2.
Place a glass filled with water on a sheet of paper in the window so it receives direct sunlight. What is seen on the paper?
Answer:
We see rainbow colours on the paper.

Question 3.
Can we do the same in a dark room with the help of a prism and a torch? What do we learn from this?
Answer:
yes, we can. Light gets seperated into seven colour. From this we learn that white light contains seven colours.

Question 4.
If you dip the wire loop in the soap water and then blow it, soap bubbles are formed. Are the beautiful colours of the rainbow seen in these bubbles?
Answer:
Yes, splitting of white light into different colours takes place.

Question 5.
What do you see on holding a CD in the sun?
Answer:
CD reflects rainbow colours, and interesting : patterns.

Question 6.
Raise your right hand. In mirror which hand of the mirror image is raised?
Answer:
Left hand of the mirror image is raised.

Question 7.
Is there any difference between your height and height of the mirror image?
Answer:
The height remains the same.

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Class 7 Science Solutions Chapter 12 The Muscular System and Digestive System in Human Beings Notes, Textbook Exercise Important Questions and Answers.

Maharashtra State Board Class 7 Science Solutions Chapter 12 The Muscular System and Digestive System in Human Beings

Class 7 Science Chapter 12 The Muscular System and Digestive System in Human Beings Textbook Questions and Answers

1. Fill in the blanks with the right word from the brackets:

Question a.
The process of digestion starts from the ………….. (stomach, mouth).
Answer:
mouth

Question b.
Eyelids have …………… muscles. (voluntary, involuntary)
Answer:
involuntary

Question c.
……………. is not a function of muscular system. (production of blood cell, performing movement)
Answer:
Production of blood cells

Question d.
Muscles of the heart are …………….. . (ordinary muscles, cardiac muscles)
Answer:
cardiac muscles

Question e.
Pushing forward the food that has been chewed is the function of the …………… . (stomach, oesophagus)
Answer:
Oesophagus.

2. Find a match for me.

Question a.

Column ‘A’	Column B’
1. Cardiac muscle	a. Always functions in pairs
2. Are brought about by muscle	b. We never feel tired
3. Pepsin	c. Uncontrolled and painful contraction of muscles
4. Cramps	d. Chewing movement of the jaw
5. Skeletal muscles	e. Enzymes of the gastric juice

3. Who is telling a lie?

Question a.

Organ	Statement
1. Tongue	a. My taste buds can tell only a sweet taste.
2. Liver	b. I am the largest gland in the body.
3. Large intestine	c. I am 7.5 metre long.
4. Appendix	d. Digestion is impossible without me
5. Lung	e. I play an important role in excretion.

Answer:

1. Lie. My taste buds can tell all tastes – sweet sour, bitter.
2. Truth.
3. Lie. It is 1.5 metre long.
4. Truth.
5. Lung → Lie. It plays important role in breathing.

4. Give reasons.

Question 1.
Food becomes acidic in the stomach.
Answer:

1. The gastric glands of stomach secrete gastric juice.
2. Food that has entered stomach is churned.
3. Three components of gastric juice namely hydrochloric acid, pepsin and mucus are mixed with food here and the food becomes acidic.

Question 2.
Cardiac muscles are said to be involuntary muscles.
Answer:

1. Cardiac muscles are found in the heart.
2. These muscles bring about the contraction and relaxation (beating) of the heart.
3. Their movement is involuntary.
4. Cardiac muscles cause our heart to relax and contract continuously at a rate of about 70 times per minute. They do not depend upon our will.
5. Beating is carried out in their own fixed manner.

So cardiac muscles are said to be involuntary muscles.

Question 3.
Intoxicating substances should not be consumed.
Answer:

1. Physical health is important for our organ system to function properly.
2. But harmful habits like smoking, chewing of tobacco, drinking alcohol affect our health adversely.
3. If we consume any tobacco products, the mouth, pharynx, alimentary canal, and other organs of the digestive system cannot function properly.
4. It causes problems like vomiting, nausea, and headache.
5. Tobacco particles stick to teeth, gums, and skin of the mouth cavity and slowly cause injury to those parts resulting in their dysfunction.
6. This causes swelling of the gums and pain when moving the jaws.
7. The pharynx and intestine become inflamed it progress into cancer leading to death.

Question 4.
Your muscles should be strong and efficient.
Answer:
Muscles are bundles of fibres that can contract and relax as required.

1. The action of muscles is necessary for all kinds of movements from the small movements of eyelid to those that demand great strength when chopping wood with an axe.
2. We use muscles for various movements like talking laughing, walking, jumping, throwing etc.
3. Therefore our muscles should be strong and efficient to do our day today work well and smooth functioning of life processes.

5. Answer the following. 

Question a.
How many types of muscles are there? Which are those types?
Answer:
Muscles are bundles of fibres that can contract and relax as required. There are three types of muscles.

• Skeletal muscles.
• Heart or cardiac muscles.
• Smooth muscles.

1. Skeletal muscles: (a) Skeletal muscles work with bones, the two ends of each of these muscles are attached to two different bones. (b) They are responsible for holding the bones of the skeleton together and giving shape to our body, (c) Skeletal muscles permits movement of t the body and maintain the posture of the body. (d) Skeletal muscle is voluntary e.g. muscles in our arms and legs are voluntary muscles, their action depends upon our will. That’s why they are called voluntary muscles.

2. Heart or cardiac muscles: (a) Heart or cardiac muscles bring about the contraction and relaxation (beating) of the heart. (b) Their movement is involuntary, (c) Cardiac muscles cause our heart to relax and contract continuously at a rate of about 70 times per minute, (d) Cardiac muscle is found in heart.

3. Smooth muscles: (a) These muscles are present in the internal organs other than the heart, e.g. muscles of the stomach, intestine, blood vessels, uterus etc. (b)Their movements are involuntary and slow, (c) They are not according to our will. (d) Various vital functions of our body such as digestion, respiration and movement of food material of which we remain quite unaware, are carried out by these special muscles.

Question b.
What causes the problem of acidity? What is its effect on the body?
Answer:

1. Stress is the main cause of acidity.
2. Hectic lifestyle and stress can lead to unhealthy or irregular meals, not good for digestion process, and this may cause acidity.
3. Other reasons are eating spicy food, drinking too much alcohol, missing meals, an empty stomach may lead to acidity.
4. Acidity leads to stomach upset, burning sensation in chest and stomach, constriction of blood vessels, weight gain, obesity, cardiovascular damage.

Question c.
Name the different types of teeth. What is the function of each type?
Answer:
There are four types of teeth, namely incisors, canines, pre-molars, and molars.
Each tooth is covered by a hard substance called enamel. Enamel is made up of calcium salt.
The process of digestion begins with the function of the teeth in the mouth.
1. Incisors: (a) These come in first 6-months of age. Incisors are the eight teeth in the front and centre four on top and four on bottom, (b) They are sharp and blade like for cutting food. e.g. for biting an apple, (c) We use them to take first bite of food.

2. Canines: (a) These are strong and pointed, sharpest of all for tearing food. e.g. to tear off a piece of tough meat, (b) They play important role in digestion of food, (c) They appear between 11 and 20 months of age.

3. Pre-molar: Pre molar share features of both canines and molars. (a) You can use them for grinding and chewing food. So that it becomes semi-liquid helping to gulp down the throat easily, (b) They are situated at each side of your mouth in deep settings, (c) They appear at the age of 10 years.

4. Molar: (a) These are broad and flat on top for crushing and grinding food. e.g. to grind up nutmeats. (b) Two teeth above and two teeth below, they appear at the age 11-13 years. (c) Molars are more prone to germ attack because of their remote location in our mouth.
So we should keep them clean.

6. Sketch and label a diagram of the digestive system and describe it in your own words.

Question a.
Sketch and label a diagram of the digestive system and describe it in your own words.
Answer:

1. Conversion of food into a soluble form and its absorption into the blood is called digestion.
2. The digestive system consists of the alimentary canal and digestive glands.
3. The total length of alimentary canal is about 9 metres.
4. Its main parts are the mouth, pharynx, oesophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum and anus.
5. The salivary glands, liver, pancreas are the digestive glands connected to the alimentary canal.
6. Different organs of the digestive system perform the function of digestion.
7. There are different stages in the process of digestion of food.
8. The process of digestion begins with the function of the teeth in the mouth, food is chewed into small pieces.
9. There are four types of teeth, incisors, canines, pre-molars and molars.
10. Saliva in the mouth contains enzymes, ptyalin, or amylase. It converts starch into maltose.

a. Oesophagus:

1. It is a tube leading from the pharynx to the stomach,
2. It pushes the food towards the stomach.

b. Stomach:

1. The large sac like part of the alimentary canal is called the stomach.
2. Food that has entered is churned.
3. The gastric glands of stomach secrete gastric juice which contain hydrochloric acid, pepsin and mucus.
4. They mix with food and food becomes acidic.
5. Mainly proteins are digested in stomach.
6. Due to the churning and actions of gastric juice, food become a semi-solid slurry which is pushed into the small intestine.

c. Small intestine: (6m long)

1. Bile secreted by liver mixes with food in small intestine,
2. Most of the digestion and absorption of food takes place here.

d. Large intestine: (1.5m long) only water is absorbed in the large intestine. Undigested remain is thrown out of the body through the anus.

Project:

Question 1.
Make charts about maintaining good health.

Question 2.
Design a power point presentation about the digestive system and present it in the class.

Class 7 Science Chapter 12 The Muscular System and Digestive System in Human Beings Important Questions and Answers

Choose and write the correct word.

Question 1.
The structure that connects bones to the muscles is the ………………….. .
(a) ligament
(b) tendon
(c) fascicle
(d) skin
Answer:
(b) tendon

Question 2.
………………….. is not performed by muscles.
(a) Motion
(b) Excretion
(c) Maintenance of posture
(d) Heat production
Answer:
(d) Heat production

Question 3.
Approximately ………………….. skeletal muscles are there in the human body.
(a) 1000
(b) 600
(c) 100
(d) 60
Answer:
(b) 600

Question 4.
Most of the fat digestion occurs in ………………….. .
(a) rectum
(b) stomach
(c) small intestine
(d) large intestine
Answer:
(c) small intestine

Question 5.
Protein digestion is accomplished in ………………….. .
(a) stomach
(b) ileum
(c) rectum
(d) duodenum
Answer:
(b) ileum

Question 6.
The main function of the muscular system is ………………….. .
(a) excretion
(b) digestion
(c)movement
(d) contraction
Answer:
(c)movement

Question 7.
The largest muscle of our body is in the ………………….. .
(a) arm
(b) face
(c) thigh
(d) None
Answer:
(c) thigh

State whether True or False. Correct the false statement and rewrite:

Question 1.
Saliva is mixed with food in the mouth.
Answer:
True.

Question 2.
Gastric juice makes food alkaline.
Answer:
False. Gastric juice makes food acidic.

Question 3.
Pancreas is the largest gland in the body.
Answer:
False. Liver is the largest gland in the body.

Question 4.
Food becomes acidic in stomach.
Answer:
True

Question 5.
Cardiac muscles are said to be voluntary muscles.
Answer:
False. Cardiac muscles are involuntary.

Question 6.
Muscles contribute 60% of the weight of a healthy adult human body.
Answer:
False. Muscles contribute almost 40% of the weight of a healthy adult human body.

Question 7.
There are about 30 muscles in the human face.
Answer:
True

Question 8.
Muscles in our arms and legs have involuntary muscles.
Answer:
False. Muscles in our arm and legs are voluntary muscles.

Question 9.
Functions of organs like stomach, intestine, heart are carried out by voluntary muscles.
Answer:
False. Functions of these organs are carried out by involuntary muscles.

Question 10.
Smooth muscles are involuntary muscles.
Answer:
True.

Question 11.
The digestive function of the liver is to produce bile.
Answer:
True.

Question 12.
The muscular tissue has the ability to contract or shorten.
Answer:
True.

Find a match for me.

Question 1.

Column A’	Column B’
1. Salivary gland	a. Making food acidic
2. Liver	b. Regulation of sugar level
3. Pancreas	c. Digestion of carbohydrates
4. Stomach	d. Digestion of protein, fats, carbohydrate

Answer:

Column A’	Column B’
1. Salivary gland	c. Digestion of carbohydrates
2. Liver	d. Digestion of protein, fats, carbohydrate
3. Pancreas	b. Regulation of sugar level
4. Stomach	a. Making food acidic

Question 2.

Column ‘A’	Column B’
1. Saliva	a. Gastric juice
2. Juice in mouth	b. Bile
3. Juice produced by stomach	c. Ptyalin
4. Juice stored by gall bladder	d. Lubricates food

Answer:

Column ‘A’	Column B’
1. Saliva	d. Lubricates food
2. Juice in mouth	c. Ptyalin
3. Juice produced by stomach	a. Gastric juice
4. Juice stored by gall bladder	b. Bile

Question 4.

Column ‘A’	Column B’
1. Cardiac muscle	a. Inside of organs like stomach
2. Skeletal muscle	b. Found in heart
3. Smooth muscle	c. Attached to bones

Answer:

Column ‘A’	Column B’
1. Cardiac muscle	b. Found in heart
2. Skeletal muscle	c. Attached to bones
3. Smooth muscle	a. Inside of organs like stomach

Find the odd man out:

Question 1.
Stomach, esophagus, liver, small intestine, rectum
Answer:
Liver which is a gland and others are parts of digestive tract.

Question 2.
Saliva, bile, pancreatic juice, gastric juice chyme
Answer:
Chyme, it is a liquid food others are digestive juices.

Name the following:

Question 1.
Gastric juices in stomach
Answer:
Hydrochloric acid, Pepsin, Mucus.

Question 2.
Juices secreted by liver
Answer:
Bile.

Question 3.
Pancreatic juices.
Answer:
Trypsin, Lipase, Amylase.

Question 4.
Salivary gland secretion.
Answer:
Saliva

Question 5.
Enzyme present in saliva.
Answer:
Ptyalin or Amylase.

Question 6.
Types of muscles.
Answer:
Skeletal, Cardiac and Smooth muscles.

Question 7.
Study of muscles.
Answer:
Myology

Give scientific reason:

Question 1.
Skeletal muscles give shape to our body.
Answer:

1. Skeletal muscles are voluntary muscles. The two ends of each of these muscles are attached to two different bones.
2. Muscles of the arms and legs are skeletal muscles.
3. They are responsible for holding the bones of the skeleton together and giving shape to our body.

Question 2.
The process of digestion begins in the mouth.
Answer:

1. The process of digestion begins with the function of the teeth.
2. There are 4 types of teeth – incisors, canines, pre-molar, and molar.
3. They are responsible for grinding the food.
4. Saliva present in the mouth mixes with the food and makes it soft.
5. An enzyme present in saliva called ptyalin amylase converts starch into maltose. Thus, the process of digestion begins in the mouth.

Question 3.
Metabolic processes are impossible without enzymes.
Answer:

1. Enzymes are substances secreted’ in the body of an organism which bring about specific chemical reactions.
2. Enzymes are specific type of proteins. They are most active at normal body temperature.
3. Digestion enzymes of the digestive system bring about changes in the food material.
4. Food is digested with the help of enzymes and converted into more soluble and simple form.

Write short notes on:

Question 1.
Voluntary muscles
Answer:

1. Working with our hands, walking, eating are functions that depend upon our will.
2. Muscles used in these actions are called voluntary muscles, e.g. skeletal muscles are voluntary muscles.

Question 2.
Involuntary muscles
Answer:

1. Various processes like breathing, blood circulation, digestion are vital function, essential for life.
2. They do not depend upon our will.
3. The muscles of organs which carry out these involuntary functions are called involuntary muscles.
4. Functions of organs like the stomach, intestine, heart are carried out in their own fixed manner by involuntary muscles, e.g. cardiac muscle present in heart, smooth muscles in lining of stomach, small intestine, blood vessel, uterus.

Question 3.
Muscle and its types
Answer:
There are three types of muscles in body

1. Skeletal Muscles
2. Cardiac Muscles
3. Smooth Muscles

Question 4.
Digestive glands
Answer:
The salivary glands, liver and pancreas are the digestive glands connected to the alimentary canal.
1. Salivary glands: (a) Saliva is produced in the salivary glands in the mouth cavity, located in front of the ears, below the tongue, (b) It is carried to the mouth via ducts, (c) It is mixed with food during the process of chewing.

2. Saliva: contains an enzyme called Ptyalin or salivary amylase. Ptyalin convdrtfe starch into a sugar called maltose.

3. Liver: (a) The liver is the largest gland in the body, (b) Main function is storage of glucose, (c) The digestive juice secreted by the liver is bile, (d) Bile is carried into small intestine, it mixes with food and helps in digestion of fats.

4. Pancreas: The pancreas secretes the pancreatic juice that contains various enzymes

• Trypsin → converts proteins into amino acids.
• Lipase → converts fats into fatty acids, glycerol
• Amylase → converts complex carbohydrate into simple sugar

Question 5.
Enzymes
Answer:
Enzymes are substances secreted in the body an organism which bring about specific chemical reactions.

1. Metabolic processes are impossible without enzymes.
2. Digestive exzymes of the digestive system bring about changes in the find material.
3. They break down the food into simple form.
4. They are a type of protein.
5. Saliva contain pytalin which converts starch into maltose.
   • Trypsin: Convert proteins into amino acids.
   • Lipase: Convert fats into fatty acid.
   • Amylase: Converts complex carbohydrates into simple sugar.

Question 6.
Draw the structure of the different layers of the tooth.
Answer:

Differentiate between:

Question 1.
Voluntary and Involuntary muscles.
Answer:

Voluntary muscle	Involuntary muscle
1. Voluntary muscle means you can control it consciously.	1. Involuntary muscles are controlled by your subconscious. You have no control over them.
2. Skeletal muscles are voluntary muscles.	2. Cardiac muscles and smooth muscles are involuntary muscles.
3. Muscles in our arms and legs are voluntary muscles.	3. Muscles in heart, stomach, blood vessel, intestine are involuntary muscles.

Question 2.
Skeletal muscle and Cardiac muscle.
Answer:

Skeletal muscle	Cardiac muscle
1. Skeletal muscles are voluntary muscles.	1. Cardiac muscles are involuntary muscles.
2. Muscles in our arms and legs are voluntary muscles.	2. Muscles in heart, stomach, blood vessel, intestine are involuntary muscles.
3. They hold bones of the skeleton together and gives shapes to our body.	3. They bring about contraction and relaxation of heart.

Answer the following:

Question 1.
What is meant by organ system?
Answer:

1. There are different structural organizational levels in living organism.
2. Cells → tissues → organ → organ system → organism
3. Different organs together form one organ system.

Question 2.
How are the bones in our body joined to each other?
Answer:
Skeleted muscles join two bones with the help of tendons.

Can you tell?

Answer the following questions:

Question 1.
What is the mutual relationship between muscles and bones?
Answer:

1. Muscles are firmly attached to bones by means of tendons.
2. When muscles contract there is movement at the joint and there is pull on tendon which in turn pull on the bones to which they are attached.

Question 2.
Are the muscles of the different organs in our body identical?
Answer:
No, muscles of the different organs are not identical, some are voluntary, some are involuntary.

Question 3.
How do muscles perform their functions?
Answer:

1. Muscles in our body always work in groups.
2. When some muscles contract other muscles of the same group relax.
3. This is how muscles help in proper performance of the various functions of own body.

Answer the following questions:

Question 1.
Which parts of our body are made up only of muscles?
Answer:
Tongue, heart, stomach, liver, pancreas, intestines are made up of only muscles.

Question 2.
What would happen if the cardiac muscles do not move?
Answer:

1. Cardiac muscles cause our heart to relax and contract continuously at a rate of about 70 times per minute.
2. These muscles bring about the contraction and relaxation (beating) of the heart.
3. If the cardiac muscles do not move, heart will stop beating, and will not pump blood to other parts of the body and person will die.

Question 3.
Food enters the stomach and the stomach muscles do not move.
Answer:

1. Smooth muscles are present in the lining of stomach.
2. Their movement is responsible for churning of food.
3. If the muscles do not move, food will not be digested.

Question 4.
During digestion does all the food that we have eaten get converted into useful nutritive substances?
Answer:

1. During digestion not all the food is converted into useful nutritive substance, only whatever nutrients we obtain by digestion of food gets absorbed into the blood in small intestine.
2. Undigested remains of the food enters the large intestine and thrown out of the body through the anus.

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Class 8 English Solutions Chapter 1.4 Revathi’s Musical Plants Notes, Textbook Exercise Important Questions and Answers.

Maharashtra State Board Class 8 English Solutions Chapter 1.4 Revathi’s Musical Plants

Class 8 English Chapter 1.4 Revathi’s Musical Plants Textbook Questions and Answers

Warming Up

1. Discuss in groups and share your answers with the class:

Question 1.
Can you name the famous musician in Emperor Akbar’s court, who could perform miracles, when he sang different Ragas?
Answer:
Tansen

Question 2.
What miracles could he perform with his music?
Answer:
It is said that Tansen could create rain and fire just through his music. If he sang the Raga Deepak, the area around ; him would catch fire. If he sang Megha ; Malhar, it would begin to rain. If he sang an evening raga during daytime, the sunlight i would diminish and it would look like it j was dusk already.

Question 3.
What impact does music have on ! human beings?
Answer:
Music can make human beings happy, sad, nostalgic, mournful, etc. It can soothe them when they are stressed. It can also convey a lot of emotions like love, anger, etc. that may not be conveyed easily through words.

Question 4.
Do you think that music can have an impact on animals, birds and even | plants?
Answer:
Yes, definitely. It has already been proved by Jagdish Chandra Bose that plants respond to music. It is said that cows give more milk if they listen to good music. Our folklore is full of instances of snakes swaying to the music played by snake charmers.

2. Affirmative and Negative sentences:

Read the sentences below and spot the difference in their framing:
1. (a) I could not complete the work.
(b) I failed to complete the work.

2. (a) There is no sense in what you say.
(b) There is hardly any sense in what you say.

3. (a) He said he wouldn’t go.
(b) He refused to go.

You will observe that sentences marked (a) and (b) convey the same meaning. But in all sentences marked (a) there are negative words (no, not, wouldn’t) whereas the ones marked (b) do not have them.
Negative words are those that convey a negative meaning.
For example: never, no, neither, nor, not, cannot, don’t, isn’t, nothing etc.
If a sentence contains Negative words, it is called a Negative Sentence.
If a sentence does not contain any Negative word, it is called Affirmative sentence.

Note: While interchanging Negative and Affirmative sentence, the meaning and tense must not change.
You must use Negative words in the sentence, while transforming from Affirmative to Negative.
You may use words like hardly I fail to I refuse / reject / avoid / prohibit / without / ban etc., while changing Negative sentences to Affirmative.

Say whether the following sentences are Affirmative or Negative ones:

Question 1.
We must avoid hurting others.
Answer:
Affirmative

Question 2.
She didn’t offer me any help.
Answer:
Negative

Question 3.
Never give up hope.
Answer:
Negative

Question 4.
You must keep away from bad company.
Answer:
Affirmative

Question 5.
There is nothing in the bag.
Answer:
Negative

Question 6.
Entry is prohibited, without permission.
Answer:
Affirmative

1. Read the story and complete the following:

Question a.
At first, Revathi’s plants did not look normal and healthy because of _______.
Answer:
they had pale green leaves and their growth was stunted due to insufficient sunlight.

Question b.
When Revathi played her favourite raga, the plants began to move because _____.
Answer:
they liked the music she was playing.

Question c.
Revathi’s grief knew no bounds because _________.
Answer:
she could not find her pot of balsam plants.

Question d.
Revathi was confident of proving her ownership of her pot of plants because________.
Answer:
she knew that her plants loved music and would respond to her favorite raga. They would bend their stems towards her, proving that they were hers.

Question e.
Revathi won the prize for the ‘Best Plant’ because of ______.
Answer:
her plants were the best looking and the healthiest.

2. Answer in your own words:

Question a.
What did Revathi discover about her balsam plants?
Answer:
Revathi discovered that her balsam plants were not only taller and healthier than the other balsam plants, but they had started flowering earlier too. The flowers were big and brightly coloured, and one of the plants had an unusual kind of flower. She also discovered that while the plants liked her favourite tune, they did not like the tune with a quick rhythm.

Question b.
Why did Revathi decide to keep her new knowledge ‘a secret’?
Answer:
Revathi decided to keep her new knowledge a secret perhaps because she felt that it was something only between her and her beloved plants, whom she considered her friends. or perhaps she felt that nobody would believe her if she mentioned that her plants were music lovers.

Question c.
How did the plants respond when Revathi played her favourite tune?
Answer:
When Revathi played her favourite tune on her violin, the plants all bent their stems towards her even though there was no breeze.

Question d.
How did the plants react to the fast rhythmic music?
Answer:
When Revathi played a tune with a quick rhythm, the plants turned away from her as though they did not like what she was playing.

Question e.
How did Revathi prove to the organisers of the competition that the plants truly belonged to her?
Answer:
When Revathi played her favourite tune, the plants bent their stems towards her as though they wanted to touch her in their happiness. This convinced the organisers that the plants were hers.

Question f.
What helped Revathi to claim her plants her belief in magic or the belief in her convictions? Explain your choice.
Answer:
Her belief in her convictions helped Revathi to claim her plants. She was sure that her plants were music lovers and would respond to her favourite raga as they had done before. There was no magic involved. It was a fact.

3. A. An ord chain consists of words of a certain category that begin with the letter, that the previous word has ended with.
Complete the word chain adding Four Nouns from the text.
Music → courtyard → ………
Answer:
music → courtyard → days → surprise → evening → grief.

3. B. Add the appropriate Prefix to make the following words opposite in meaning.

1. continue
2. possible
3. certain
4. definite
5. believe
6. important
7. place
8. known
9. regular

Answer:

1. Discontinue
2. Impossible
3. Uncertain
4. Indefinite
5. Disbelieve
6. Unimportant
7. Displace/Misplace
8. Unknown
9. Irregular

3. C. Use the following expressions to make sentences of your own:

Question 1.
make up one’s mind
Answer:
make up one’s mind – One should think carefully before one makes up one’s mind about anything important.

Question 2.
struck as odd
Answer:
struck as odd: My friend’s continuous laughter on seeing her marks struck me as odd.

Question 3.
knew no bounds
Answer:
knew no bounds: My joy knew no bounds when I saw the little puppy on my bed.

Question 4.
flash across one’s mind
Answer:
Flash across one’s mind: When Sonam saw the tears in Dia’s eyes, it flashed across her mind that there was some problem.

Question 5.
to surmise
Answer:
to surmise: When the teacher saw Naomi crying, she surmised that she had failed ¡n the test.

Question 6.
not to deter
Answer:
not to deter: The loss of a leg did not deter Sudha Chandran from dancing.

4. Imagine there is a ‘Best Plant’ Competition in the locality /colony where you live. Frame a Notice about the same, in the form of an attracti’e poster.
Cover the following points.

Name of the organisation.
Name of the Contest.
Day, Date, Venue.
Who can participate.
Prizes.
Contact details for further enquiry.
Answer:

5. Types of sentences:

Study the following sentences.
Set (A)
Revathi was a student of music.
The flowers were big and brightly coloured; indeed.
They were requested to believe her.
All the above sentences are statements or assertions, and called Assertie or Declarative sentences.

Set (B)
Wasn’t Revathi a student of music?
How can we doubt her?
Do plants have ears?
The above sentences in Set (B) are Questions. They are called Interrogatie sentences.

Set (C)
Please believe me.
Let us rutch the fun.
Sit straight.
Excuse me.
In Set (C) the sentences are either requests, appeals, commands, suggestions etc. Such sentences are called Imperative Sentences.

Set (D)
How big and bright the flowers were!
What a surprise!
Ah, what beautiful music that is!
Set (D) has sentences that express strong feelings. They are called Exclamatory Sentences

State the kinds of the following sentences:

• How happily she played the violin!
• They all bent towards her.
• Don’t play that quick tune.
• She kept the knowledge a secret.
• How can plants enjoy music?
• How proudly did Revathi carry home her prize!
  What could have token my plants?
• The organisers were not convinced.

6. Make the following Negative using the negative words given:

Question 1.
There were a few potted plants in the courtyard. (not many)
Answer:
There were not many potted plants in the courtyard.

Question 2.
They looked healthier than the other plants. (not as healthy as)
Answer:
The other plants did not look as healthy as these plants.

Question 3.
She refused to share her secret. (would not)
Answer:
She would not share her secret.

Question 4.
She went around asking everyone about her plants. (No one / did not)
Answer:
She did not omit anyone when she went around asking about her plants.

7. Make the following Affirmutie using the words given:

Question 1.
There was no breeze. (hardly)
Answer:
There was hardly any breeze.

Question 2.
Their ridicule did not deter her. (failed to)
Answer:
Their ridicule failed to deter her.

Question 3.
Her mother knew nothing about it. (denied)
Answer:
Her mother denied knowing anything about it.

Question 4.
She did not give up. (refuse to)
Answer:
She refused to give up.

8. Imagine that Revathi’s father is abroad on business and she wishes to convey the news of her prize-winning plants. Draft un email for the above subject.
Answer:

Hi Dad,
How are you? How is your trip? Have you done a lot of sightseeing the past weekend? Please don’t forget to send some pics. I wish we could all have been in Paris with you.

I have some excellent news for you. Do you know those potted balsam plants in the corner of our courtyard? Well, I took one pot and gave it a lot of love and care. And guess what! It won the first prize in the ‘Best Plant’ contest in our colony!
But more important than that, Dad, is the fact that I have discovered that my plants love music, especially my favourite raga, Mohanam. They bend towards me when

I play that raga on my violin, and move I away when I play some music with a quick rhythm. No, it is not my imagination; I proved it to the organisers of the contest, and they have praised me for my discovery.I They will certainly talk to you about it when you come back.
Dad, I want to prove my discovery to you too. Please come back soon. Rest everything is fine. Lots of hugs and kisses from all of us.

Revathi.

Class 8 English Chapter 1.4 Revathi’s Musical Plants Additional Important Questions and Answers

Simple Factual Activity:
Fill in the blanks:

Question 1.
The instrument Revathi played was the _____.
Answer:
violin

Question 2.
Revathi’s favourite raga was ______.
Answer:
Mohanam

Question 3.
One day, she saw that there was a pot of ______ plants near the wall.
Answer:
balsam

Question 4.
Revathi decided to participate in the ______ contest to be held in her colony.
Answer:
Best Plant

Question 5.
Use the expression ‘to surmise’ to make a sentence of your own :
Answer:
When the teacher saw Naomi crying, she surmised that she had failed the test.

Pick out the conjunctions in the following sentences:

Question 1.
Her mother said she knew nothing either about the pot or the plants.
Answer:
either…or

Question 2.
The flowers were big and brightly coloured and one of the plants had an unusual kind of flower.
Answer:
and, and.

Complete the table and write who said the given words and to whom:
Answer:

The Words	Who said	To whom
(1) Do plants have ears?	The organisers	Revathi
(2) I know my plants.	Revathi	The organisers

Give reasons:

Question 1.
What shock did Revathi receive on prize distribution day?
Answer:
On prize distribution day, Revathi saw her lost pot of plants on a bench, with the name of a distant neighbour of hers as the competitor. She got a shock when she saw this.

Question 2.
Explain how Revathi planned to convince the organisers that the plants were hers.
Answer:
Revathi knew that her plants were music lovers. She planned to play : the violin and show the organizers how her plants responded to her music and bent their stems towards her. This would convince them that the plants were hers.

Question 3.
The organisers refused to believe that Revathi’s plants were music lovers.
Answer:
The organisers said that plants did not have ears like ours to listen to music. They had never heard of plants enjoying music. Hence, they refused to believe that Revathi’s plants were music lovers.

Punctuate the sentence:

they asked her do plants have ears like ours to enjoy your music
Answer:
They asked her, “Do plants have ears like ours to enjoy your music?”

Underline the nouns in the following sentence :

There was her pot of plants on a bench, with the name of a distant neighbour written on a small piece of cardboard and placed in the soil.
Answer:
There was her pot of plants on a bench, with the name of a distant neighbour written on a small piece of cardboard and placed in the soil.

Personal Response:

Question 1.
What would have been your reaction if you had been in Revathi’s place, and seen someone else’s name on your pot of plants? What would you have done?
Answer:
I would have been furious. I would have gone up to the person whose name was on my plants and shouted at her and tried to make her admit her theft. I would also have complained loudly to the organisers, hoping to shame her into admitting her guilt.

Rewrite the following sentences in the correct order of occurrence in the passage:

1. The organisers were stunned.
2. The neighbour accepted that she had stolen Revathi’s plants.
3. Revathi started playing her favourite raga.
4. Everyone applauded Revathi.

Answer:

1. Revathi started playing her favourite raga.
2. The organisers were stunned.
3. Everyone applauded Revathi.
4. The neighbour accepted that she had stolen Revathi’s plants.

Complex Factual Activities :

Give reasons :

Question 1.
No one suspected that the neighbour had stolen the plants.
Answer:
The neighbour was a regular participant In the competition. Hence, no one suspected that she had stolen the plants.

Question 2.
What is the happy end?
Answer:
In the end, the neighbour admitted j that she had stolen the plants, and that the plants were actually Revathi’s. The plants got the first prize. Everyone applauded Revathi’s discovery. Thus, the end of the story is a happy one.

Activities based on Vocabulary :

Write the noun forms of the following words :

• dejected
• favourite
• applauded
• submitted

Answer:

• dejection
• favour/ favouritism
• applause
• submission

Write the adjective forms of the following words:

• argument
• forgot
• responding
• proudly

Answer:

• argumentative
• forgettable/forgetful
• responsive
• proud

Activities based on Contextual Grammar:

Underline the adverbs in the following sentence:

She felt very dejected but was determined to win her plants back.
Answer:
She felt very dejected but was I determined to win her plants back.

Underline the conjunctions in the following sentence :

The authorities decided that Revathi’s plants deserved the first prize as they were the best-looking and healthy.
Answer:
The authorities decided that Revathi’s plants deserved the first prize as they were the best-looking and healthy.

Personal Response:

What helped Revathi to claim her plants-her belief in magic or her belief in her convictions? Explain your choice.
Answer:
Her belief in her convictions helped Revathi to claim her plants. She was sure that her plants were music lovers and would respond to her favourite raga as they had done before. There was no magic involved. It was a fact.

Grammar

Say whether the following sentences are Assertive, Interrogative, Imperative or Exclamatory:

Question 1.
How happily she played the violin!
Answer:
Exclamatory

Question 2.
They all bent towards her.
Answer:
Assertive

Question 3.
Don’t play that quick tune.
Answer:
Imperative

Question 4.
She kept the knowledge a secret.
Answer:
Assertive

Question 5.
How can plants enjoy music?
Answer:
Interrogative

Question 6.
How proudly did Revathi carry home her prize!
Answer:
Exclamatory

Question 7.
Who could have taken my plants?
Answer:
Interrogative

Question 8.
The organisers were not convinced.
Answer:
Assertive

Do as directed:

Question 1.
Prepare a word register of about 4 words from the lesson for ‘music’.
Answer:
Music – rhythm, tune, violin, raga

Question 2.
Use the phrase ‘pulled up’ in your own sentence :
Answer:
The watchman was pulled up for sleeping when he was on duty.

Question 3.
Spot the error and correct the sentence :That evening, all her friends was going to the prize distribution ceremony.
Answer:
That evening, all her friends were going to the prize distribution ceremony.

Question 4.
Find out four hidden words from the given word : (Each word should have at least 3 letters.) displayed
Answer:
displayed: display, play, plea, leap

Question 5.
Make a pair of sentences to show the difference between two meanings of the following word (homographs) : stem
Answer:
(i) The stem of a plant holds it up to sunlight
(ii) “All your health problems stem from poor eating habits,” said the doctor to Roshan.

Question 6.
Underline the adverbs in the following sentence :
They were slowly moving their stems, bending slightly towards her.
Answer:
They were slowly moving their stems, bending slightly towards her.

Question 7.
Pick out the prepositions in the following sentence :
She had been busy inside the house and had not been to the courtyard.
Answer:
She had been busy inside the house and had not been to the courtyard.

Question 8.
Rewrite using the verb form of the underlined word :
She kept her knowledge a secret.
Answer:
She kept what she knew a secret.

Question 9.
Rewrite using the word ‘normally’ in the sentence:
Plants need light for normal growth.
Answer:
Plants need light to grow normally.

Question 10.
She saw all her plants turn away from her as though they did not like what she was playing.
(Rewrite as an affirmative sentence.)
Answer:
She saw all her plants turn away from her as though they disliked what she was playing.

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Class 6 Science Solutions Chapter 6 Substances in Daily Use Notes, Textbook Exercise Important Questions and Answers.

Maharashtra State Board Class 6 Science Solutions Chapter 6 Substances in Daily Use

Class 6 Science Chapter 6 Substances in Daily Use Textbook Questions and Answers

1. Fill in the blanks using proper works:

Question a.
Rubber made by vulcanization is a …………… material.
Answer:
hard

Question b.
Man-made materials are made by …………… natural materials.
Answer:
processing

Question c.
…………… thread was developed simultaneously in New York and London.
Answer:
Nylon

Question d.
Rayon is also known as …………… .
Answer:
synthetic silk

2. Answer the following questions. 

Question a.
Why did the need for man-made materials arise?
Answer:
The need for man-made materials arose due to the following reasons:

1. To meet the needs of an increasing population.
2. Human nature to try to make life more comfortable.
3. They can be made available in plenty at a low cost.
4. The reserve of natural substances is decreasing.

c

Question b.
Which are the natural materials obtained from plants and animals?
Answer:
Leather, jute, wool, cotton, silk are the natural substances obtained from plants and animals.

Question c.
What is vulcanization?
Answer:

1. Vulcanization is the process in which rubber is heated with sulphur for three to four hours.
2. Sulphur is mixed to give hardness to rubber.
3. The proportion of sulphur depends on the purpose for which the rubber is to be used.

Question d.
Which natural materials are used to obtain fibres?
Answer:
Cotton, wood pulp and various hydrocarbons obtained from mineral oils are used to obtain fibres.

3. What are we used for?

Question a.
What are we used for?
Answer:

1. Soil: It supports plant life and hence indirectly supports all living things. It is used for making clay pot, utensils, bricks etc.
2. Wood: It is used in paper industry. It is also used to make furniture.
3. Nylon: It is used to manufacture clothes, fishing nets, ropes, etc.
4. Paper. It is used in our textbooks, note books, currency notes, etc.
5. Rubber: It is used in the manufacture of erasers, tyres, rubber toys, rubber bands, etc.

4. How is paper manufactured? Write in your own words.

Question a.
How is paper manufactured? Write in your own words.
Answer:
Coniferous trees like pine trees are used to make paper.

1. The bark of the logs of these trees is first removed and the wood is broken into small pieces.
2. The mixture of these pieces with some chemicals is kept soaked for a long time to form pulp.
3. On completion of chemical process, fibrous substances from wood pulp are separated and some dyes are added.
4. The pulp is then passed through rollers, dried to form paper and finally wound on reels.

5. Give scientific reasons.

Question a.
We must use cotton clothes during summer.
Answer:

1. During summer we sweat more due to high temperature.
2. Cotton clothes absorb sweat.
3. Synthetic clothes are water repellent. They do not absorb sweat and we feel uncomfortable. Hence we must use cotton clothes in summer.

Question b.
We must observe economy in the use of materials.
Answer:

1. Due to excessive use of natural substances by human beings to fulfil their needs; they are getting depleted at a faster rate.
2. At the same time, it takes a very long time for these substances to get naturally formed again.
3. Hence, we must observe economy in the use of materials so that they are available for the future generation also.

Question c.
Saving paper is the need of the hour.
Answer:

1. Saving paper means saving trees as wood is used as the raw material to manufacture paper.
2. Trees are natural habitat for many Living things.
3. Trees help in increasing rainfall and water availability. Hence, saving paper helps in saving trees which in turn maintains balance in nature.

Question d.
Man-made materials have more demand.
Answer:

1. Man-made substances are waterproof, lightweight and easy for transportation.
   Substances in Daily Use
2. They are easier to use and can be made available in plenty at a low cost.
   Hence, there is more demand for man-made materials.

Question e.
Humus is a natural material.
Answer:

1. Humus is obtained from plant and animal wastes.
2. Micro-organisms act on these wastes and convert them into humus.
3. Hence, humus is a natural material.

6. Find out.

Question 1.
How is lac obtained from nature?
Answer:

1. Lac is a resinous substance secreted from the glands present in the skin of female lac insect.
2. Lac insects live on the Palash trees. In India lac is mainly produced in the states of Rajasthan and Bihar.

Question 2.
How are pearls obtained?
Answer:

1. Pearls are formed when a foreign particle such as a grain of sand or a small particle of rock accidentally enters the space between the mantle and shell of an oyster’s body.
2. Oysters cannot reject the particle, and as a defence mechanism its produces a shining coating called nacre on the particle layer by layer.
3. As the shiny layers get added, a pearl is formed.
4. Cultured pearls are artificially formed by inserting a bead in oyster shell and allowed to coat it with nacre over several years.

Activity:

Question 1.
Visit a rubber, paper or textile industry in your area and collect information about it.

Question 2.
Collect various samples of paper and note their uses.

Question 3.
Use blank pages from old note-books and make a new one.

Class 6 Science Chapter 6 Substances in Daily Use Important Questions and Answers

Fill in the blanks using proper works.

Question 1.
Natural rubber is obtained from …………… of trees.
Answer:
latex

Question 2.
Changes where the original constituent substances cannot be obtained again from the new substances are called …………… changes.
Answer:
irreversible

Question 3.
A paper factory in Maharashtra is situated at …………… .
Answer:
Ballarpur

Question 4.
Glass can be made from …………… and …………… .
Answer:
sand, calcium

Question 5.
Botanical name of rubber plant is …………… .
Answer:
Hevea brasiliensis

Question 6.
…………… obtained from mineral oils are used to make polymer chains.
Answer:
Hydrocarbons

Question 7.
The maximum production of rubber in India is in …………… .
Answer:
Kerala

Question 8.
…………… invented the process of vulcanisation.
Answer:
Charles Goodyear

Match the columns:

Question 1.

Column ‘A’	Column ‘B’
1. Jute	a. Animal origin
2. Air	b. Plant origin
3. Leather	c. Man-made
4. Cement	d. Abiotic

Answer:

Column ‘A’	Column ‘B’
1. Jute	b. Plant origin
2. Air	d. Abiotic
3. Leather	a. Animal origin
4. Cement	c. Man-made

State whether the following statements are ‘true’ or ‘false’.

Question 1.
We can find plastic in nature.
Answer:
False

Question 2.
Soap is a man-made substance.
Answer:
True

Question 3.
We should reuse available resources.
Answer:
True

Question 4.
Nylon clothes are good summer wear.
Answer:
False

Question 5.
Glass is a man-made substance.
Answer:
True

Question 6.
In irreversible changes original substances can be obtained again.
Answer:
False

Question 7.
Rayon is made up of cotton and wood pulp.
Answer:
True

Give two examples of each of the following:

Question 1.
Natural fibres
Answer:
cotton, silk

Question 2.
Synthetic fibres
Answer:
terylene, rayon

Question 3.
Biotic natural substances
Answer:
wool, jute

Question 4.
Abiotic natural substances
Answer:
air, water

Question 5.
Man-made substances.
Answer:
paper, glass

Classify the following substances in the table given below.
(iron, wood, brick, paper, terylene, stone, jute, air, silk, utensils, plastic, rayon, water, wool, dacron, lac, nylon, pearl)
Answer:

Natural Substances	Man-made Substances               Natural Fibres		Synthetic Fibres
iron, wood, stone, water, lac, pearl	brick, paper, utensils, plastic	jute, silk, wool	terylene, rayon, dacron, nylon

Define:

Question 1.
Natural substances.
Answer:
Substances available in nature are called natural substances.

Question 2.
Man-made substances.
Answer:
Man-made substances are new substances produced by processing naturally available resources.

Question 3.
Biotic substances.
Answer:
Natural substances obtained from living things are called biotic substances.

Question 4.
Abiotic substances.
Answer:
Natural substances that are not obtained from living things are called abiotic substances.

Question 5.
Plant-originated substance.
Answer:
A substance obtained from a plant is called a plant-originated substance.

Question 6.
Animal-originated substance.
Answer:
A substances obtained from an animal is called an animal-originated substance.

Question 7.
Hydrocarbons.
Answer:
Substances obtained from mineral oil are called hydrocarbons.

Answer the following in one or two sentences.

Question 1.
Why was Rayon named so?
Answer:
The threads of Rayon have shine and strength. They appeared to be shining bright like the sun’s rays. Hence, they were named ‘Rayon.

Question 2.
How are TV sets, refrigerators, etc. packed? Why?
Answer:
To pack TV sets, refrigerators, etc. big cartons and thermocol are used. These man-made substances are water resistant, light weight and easy for transportation.

Question 3.
Give the properties and uses of nylon.
Answer:
Nylon threads have a shine and are strong, transparent and water resistant. They are used to manufacture clothes, fishing nets, ropes, etc.

Question 4.
What is latex?
Answer:
Latex is a milky white natural substance produced in the stems of rubber trees.

Question 5.
Name the basic material used to obtain paper.
Answer:
Wood is the basic material used in the manufacture of paper.

Question 6.
What kind of paper is used for currency notes manufacturing?
Answer:
Flax fibre is used in the manufacture of currency notes.

Question 7.
Where was the process of making paper invented?
Answer:
The process of making paper was invented in China.

Answer in brief:

Question 1.
What are the advantages of synthetic fibre?
Answer:
Advantages of synthetic fibre are:

1. These fibres can be manufactured on a large scale.
2. They cost less.
3. They are strong and durable.
4. They can be used for a long time.
5. They are water repellent. They dyy easily.
6. They are light weight and comfortable to wear.
7. Clothes made from these threads are wrinkle free and scratch free.

Question 2.
Give the shortcomings of synthetic fibre.
Answer:

1. They are water repellent. Hence, they do not absorb sweat from the skin.
2. Continuous use of these clothes keeps the skin moist which may cause skin diseases.
3. Synthetic clothes are uncomfortable to wear especially in summer.
4. They catch fire easily.
5. If they catch fire, they stick to the skin and cause skin injuries.
6. These fibres are not decomposed by micro-organisms.

Question 3.
Write a short note on natural rubber.
Answer:

1. Rubber is a natural substance obtained by collecting the latex of certain trees.
2. The botanical name of this tree is ‘Hevea brasiliensis’
3. In India, the maximum production of rubber is in Kerala.

Question 4.
What are dacron, terylene and terene?
Answer:

1. Dacron, terelyne and terene are synthetic fibres prepared from hydrocarbons.
2. Various hydrocarbons obtained from mineral oil are used to make polymer chains.
3. A solution of such polymer is pressed through a strainer with fine holes.
4. The fibre formed after cooling are long and unbroken threads.
5. These threads have been named as dacron, terylene and terene.

Give scientific reasons:

Question 1.
Natural substances are depleting.
Answer:

1. Due to increase in population there is an increase in demand. To meet this demand, natural substances are used to a greater extent.
2. Due to human nature to make his life more comfortable, he learnt to use natural resources and also began to process them to make new substances. Hence natural substances are depleting at an alarming rate.

Can you tell?

Question 1.
Difference between leather, jute, wool, cotton and soil, water, metals.
Answer:

1. Leather, jute, wool are biotic natural substances.
2. Soil, water, metals are abiotic natural substances.

Question 2.
How are leather and wool different from jute and cotton?
Answer:
Leather and wool are obtained from animals while jute and cotton are obtained from plants.

Question 3.
Do you find plastic, nylon, brass or cement in nature?
Answer:
No, they are all man-made materials.

Question 4.
Can red chillies become green chillies again?
Answer:
No, the change from green chillies to red chillies is irreversible.

Question 5.
From which substances in nature can we get threads or fibre?
Answer:
Cotton plant, jute, silkworm.

Question 6.
What are clothes made from?
Answer:
Clothes are made from yarn obtained from fibre.

Classify the following substances according to their uses:
sand, soap, wool, window glass, bamboo, cotton, bricks, silk, leafy vegetables, cement, fruits, water, sugar.
Answer:

• For construction: Sand, window glass, bamboo, bricks, cement.
• As food: Leafy vegetables, fruits, water, sugar.
• At home: Soap for cleaning.
• For clothes: Wool, cotton, silk.

Make a list of objects, each of which can be made from several substances.
Answer:

Objects	Substances
Table	Wood, glass, plastic.
Toys	Wood, plastic, clay.
Utensils	Aluminium, wood, glass, ceramic, plastic.

Use your brain power!

Question 1.
Complete the table below, showing how substance of daily use are classified.

Answer:

1. Natural
2. Biotic
3. Cement
4. Animal Origin
5. Cotton

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Class 6 History Solutions Chapter 5 Religious Trends in Ancient India Notes, Textbook Exercise Important Questions and Answers.

Maharashtra Board Class 6 History Solutions Chapter 5 Religious Trends in Ancient India

Class 6 History Chapter 5 Religious Trends in Ancient India Textbook Questions and Answers

1. Fill in the blanks:

Question 1.
The principle of ______ is very important in Jainism.
(a) justice
(b) casteism
(c) non-violence
Answer:
(c) non-violence

Question 2.
An extraordinary feature of Gautam Buddha’s personality is his ______ for all living beings.
(a) compassion
(b) satisfaction
(c) anger
Answer:
(a) compassion

2. Answer in short:

Question 1.
What were the teachings of Vardhaman Mahavir?
Answer:
Vardhaman Mahavir taught the people that the greatness of man does not depend on his vama, but on his excellent conduct.

Question 2.
Which famous quotes of Gautam Buddha have you read here? What value does it uphold?
Answer:

• One of the famous quotes of Gautam Buddha is that ‘Even the little quail can chirp freely in her nest’, this quote depicts the values of freedom and equality of his preaching.
• Gautam Buddha preached that like men, women too had the right to their own upliftment.

Question 3.
What virtues are emphasized in Judaism?
Answer:
Judaism emphasizes justice, truth, peace, love, compassion, humility, charity, ethical speech and self-respect.

Question 4.
What are the teachings of Christianity?
Answer:

• According to the teachings of Christianity, we are all brothers and sisters.
• We should love everyone even our enemies.
• We should forgive those who err or go wrong.

Question 5.
What are the teachings of Islam?
Answer:

• The teachings of Islam is that Allah is eternal, absolute, all powerful and merciful.
• The purpose of human existence is to worship Allah.
• The Quran Sharif provides guidance as to how man should behave in life.

Question 6.
What is at the core of Parsee thinking?
Answer:
At the core of Parsee thinking are three main principles of conduct, namely, good thoughts, good words and good deeds.

3. Write notes on:

Question 1.
Aryasatya
Answer:
There are four truths at the root of all human affairs. They are called noble truths or Aryasatyas.

• Dukha (suffering): There is suffering in the world.
• The cause of suffering: There is a cause of suffering
• Dukkha – nivaran: It is possible to end suffering.
• Pratipad: Pratipad means the ‘way’ that leads to the end of suffering.

Question 2.
Panchasheel
Answer:
Gautam Buddha asked people to follow five rules called Panchasheel.

• Stay away from killing animals.
• Stay away from stealing.
• Stay away from unethical conduct.
• Stay away from telling lies.
• Stay away from intoxicants.

4. Put the following in the proper place in the chart of the Five Great Vows and the Three Jewels.

• Ahimsa
• Samyak Darshan
• Satya
• Asteya
• Samyak Jnan
• Aparigraha
• Samyak Charitra
• Brahmacharya

Answer:

Five Great Vows	Three Jewels
(1) Ahimsa	(1) Samyak Darshan
(2) Satya	(2) Samyak Jnan
(3) Asteya	(3) Samyak Charitra
(4) Aparigraha
(5) Brahmacharya

5. Give reasons:

Question 1.
Why was the name ‘Jina’ given to Vardhaman Mahavir?
Answer:
Vardhaman Mahavir was called Jina or the Conqueror because the joy derived from physical comforts and the discomforts felt due to undesired things had no impact whatsoever on him.

Question 2.
Why did Gautam Buddha came to be called the Buddha?
Answer:
Gautam Buddha has attained knowledge of human life in its entirety. That is why he came to be known as the ‘Buddha’.

Activity:

• Collect the information about and the pictures of various festivals.
• Visit the prayer houses of different religions and describe the precincts in the classroom.

Class 6 History Chapter 5 Religious Trends in Ancient India Additional Important Questions and Answers

Complete the sentence by choosing the correct option:

Question 1.
Towards the end of the Vedic period, the minute details of yajna rites acquired ________ importance.
(a) undue
(b) least
(c) much needed
Answer:
(a) undue

Question 2.
A person’s social position was decided by the ______ into which he was born rather than by his achievements.
(a) ashrama
(b) varna
(c) Kula
Answer:
(b) varna

Question 3.
Jainism is one of the ancient _______ in India.
(a) topic
(b) religions
(c) civilization
Answer:
(b) religions

Question 4.
Vardhaman Mahavir is the _______ Tirthankar in the jain religious tradition.
(a) 24th
(b) 25th
(c) 26th
Answer:
(a) 24th

Question 5.
The principle of is very important in Jainism.
(a) justice
(b) casteism
(c) non-violence
Answer:
(c) non-violence

Question 6.
Vardhaman Mahavir was born in ________, a part of Vaishali.
(a) Kundagram
(b) Gaya
(c) Nepal
Answer:
(a) Kundagram

Question 7.
Vardhaman Mahavir left his house and all comforts for the attainment of ______.
(a) non-violence
(b) knowledge
(c) God
Answer:
(b) knowledge

Question 8.
He attained enlightenment after twelve and a half years of rigorous _______.
(a) tapa
(b) exercise
(c) good health
Answer:
(a) tapa

Question 9.
Vardhaman is said to be _______ because he had the resilience, the courage to conquer all passions.
(a) victorious
(b) saint
(c) Mahavir
Answer:
(c) Mahavir

Question 10.
The _______ held by the Tirthankar to preach to people was known as ‘samavasaran’.
(a) procession
(b) meeting
(c) assembly
Answer:
(c) assembly

Question 11.
Among the teachings of Mahavir, Anekantavada is considered to be very _____ in the quest for truth.
(a) honest
(b) important
(c) nice
Answer:
(b) important

Question 12.
In the Vedic tradition, the doors of knowledge had slowly been closed to ________.
(a) women
(b) men
(c) children
Answer:
(a) women

Question 13.
Gautam Buddha was the founder of ________.
(a) Christianity
(b) Buddhism
(c) Zoroastrianism
Answer:
(b) Buddhism

Question 14.
Gautam Buddha delivered his first sermon at _______ near Varanasi.
(a) Harappa
(b) Sarnath
(c) Lumbini
Answer:
(b) Sarnath

Question 15.
Pratipad means the ‘way’ that leads to the end of ________.
(a) suffering
(b) life
(c) preach
Answer:
(a) suffering

Question 16.
Gautam Buddha created a sangha of bhikkhus to ______ his religion.
(a) stretch
(b) reach
(c) preach
Answer:
(c) preach

Question 17.
People of all varnas and castes could _________ Buddhisms.
(a) reject
(b) embrace
(c) obey
Answer:
(b) embrace

Question 18.
An extraordinary feature of Gautam Buddha’s personality is his _______ for all living beings.
(a) compassion
(b) satisfaction
(c) anger
Answer:
(a) compassion

Question 19.
The tolerance preached by Gautam Buddha is a _____ principle not only for the Indian society but for all mankind even today.
(a) strict
(b) guiding
(c) aggressive
Answer:
(b) guiding

Question 20.
In the ancient period, new religious trends and thoughts went on ______ in India.
(a) emerging
(b) submerging
(c) revolting
Answer:
(a) emerging

Question 21.
Religions like Judaism, Christianity, Islam and Zoroastrianism also took ______ in the Indian society.
(a) stem
(b) branches
(c) root
Answer:
(c) root

Question 22.
A Jewish prayer house is known as ________.
(a) Temple
(b) Church
(c) Synagogue
Answer:
(c) Synagogue

Question 23.
_______ is a religion founded by Jesus Christ.
(a) Hinduism
(b) Christianity
(c) Judaism
Answer:
(b) Christianity

Question 24.
According to the teachings of Christianity there is only ______ God.
(a) three
(b) two
(c) one
Answer:
(c) one

Question 25.
The ________ is the holy book of Christianity.
(a) Geeta
(b) Bible
(c) Avesta
Answer:
(b) Bible

Question 26.
A Christian prayer house is known as ______.
(a) Synagogue
(b) Agyari
(c) Church
Answer:
(c) Church

Question 27.
The Quran Sharif provides guidance as to how a man should ______ in life.
(a) behave
(b) sing
(c) evolve
Answer:
(a) behave

Question 28.
Since ancient times there have been ______ relations between India and Arabia.
(a) friendly
(b) trade
(c) unfriendly
Answer:
(b) trade

Question 29.
The prayer house of ________ is known as a mosque or masjid.
(a) Christians
(b) Muslim
(c) Parsees
Answer:
(b) Muslim

Question 30.
The sacred text of the Parsee or Zoroastrians is the _______.
(a) Bible
(b) Quran
(c) Avesta
Answer:
(c) Avesta

Question 31.
The ______ came to India from the Pars or Fars province of Iran.
(a) Parsees
(b) Muslims
(c) Hindus
Answer:
(a) Parsees

Question 32.
Zarathushtra or Zoroaster was the _______ of the Parsees.
(a) priest
(b) founder
(c) follower
Answer:

Question 33.
_______ is the name of the Zoroastrian God.
(a) Allah
(b) Ahur Mazda
(c) Ram
Answer:
(b) Ahur Mazda

Question 34.
The elements of fire and water are very important in the _______ religion.
(a) Zoroastrian
(b) Judaism
(c) Hinduism
Answer:
(a) Zoroastrian

Question 35.
The sacred fire burns in the temples which is known as _______.
(a) Church
(b) Mosque
(c) Agyaris
Answer:
(c) Agyaris

Match the following:

Question 1.

Column A	Column B
(1) Vardhaman Mahavir	(a) Buddhism
(2) Gautam Buddha	(b) Synagogue
(3) Jesus Christ	(c) Jainism
(4) Zoroastrianism	(d) Quran Sharif
(5) Judaism	(e) Christianity
(6) Islam	(f) Agyari

Answer:
1 – c
2 – a
3 – e
4 – f
5 – b
6 – d

Answer the following in one sentence:

Question 1.
How was a person’s social position decided?
Answer:
In the latter vedic period, a person’s social position was decided by the vama into which he was bom rather than by his achievements.

Question 2.
What led to the establishment of new religions?
Answer:
Many people realized that every person is free to find ways of his own upliftment and this led to the establishment of new religions.

Question 3.
Where was Vardhaman Mahavir born?
Answer:
Vardhaman Mahavir was born in Kundagram, a part of Vaishali in the state of Bihar.

Question 4.
After how long did Vardhaman Mahavir attain enlightenment?
Answer:
Vardhaman Mahavir attained enlightenment after twelve and a half years of rigorous tapa.

Question 5.
What did Jainism lay stress on?
Answer:
Jainism laid great stress on good conduct.

Question 6.
How do we know that equality was practised in Jainism?
Answer:
The assembly held by the Tirthankar to preach to people (samavasaran) was based on equality. People of all varnas had entry to it, hence we know that equality was practised in Jainism.

Question 7.
What is Aparigraha?
Answer:
Man tends to accumulate property due to greed. Aparigraha means not hoarding or accumulating anything in this way.

Question 8.
State the quotes of Vardhaman Mahavir that lay emphasis on his teachings.
Answer:
‘Love all living things’, ‘Have mercy and compassion’, and ‘Live and let live’ are quotes that lay emphasis on his teachings.

Question 9.
Where was Gautam Buddha bom?
Answer:
Gautam Buddha was bom at Lumbini in Nepal.

Question 10.
Give the names of Gautam Buddha’s parents.
Answer:
Gautam Buddha’s father’s name was Shuddhodana and mother’s name was Mayadevi.

Question 11.
When did Gautam Buddha recieve enlightenment?
Answer:
On Vaishakha Purnima, when Gautam Buddha was sitting in deep meditation under a pipal tree at Uruvela, near the city of Gaya in Bihar, he attained ‘Bodhi’ – enlightenment or the highest knowledge.

Question 12.
Where did Gautam Buddha deliver his first sermon?
Answer:
Gautam Buddha delivered his first sermon at Samath near Vamasi.

Question 13.
In which language did Gautam Buddha preach?
Answer:
Gautam Buddha preached in the people’s language, Pali.

Question 14.
What does Pratipad mean?
Answer:
Pratipad means the ‘way’ that leads to the end of suffering.

Question 15.
What was extraordinary about Gautam Buddha’s personality?
Answer:
Compassion for all living beings was an extra ordinary feature of his personality.

Question 16.
Which religions took root in Indian society?
Answer:
Religions like Judaism, Christianity, Islam and Zoroastrianism took root in the Indian society.

Question 17.
What is a Jewish prayer house called?
Answer:
A Jewish prayer house is called a synagogue.

Question 18.
Who founded Christianity?
Answer:
Christianity is a religion founded by Jesus Christ.

Question 19.
What is the sacred book of the Christians called?
Answer:
The sacred book of the Christians is called ‘the Bible’.

Question 20.
What is the prayer house of the Christians called?
Answer:
The prayer house of the Christians is called ‘a Church’.

Question 21.
What is the holy book of Islam called?
Answer:
The holy book of Islam is called the Quran Sharif.

Question 22.
What is the prayer house of Islam called?
Answer:
The prayer house of Islam is known as a mosque or masjid.

Question 23.
What is the sacred text of Parsees called?
Answer:
The sacred text of the Parsees is the ‘Avesta’.

Question 24.
Why are the Zoroastrians called Parsees?
Answer:
The Zoroatrians came to India from the Pars or Fars province of Iran, therefore they are called as Parsees.

Question 25.
What is the name of the Zoroastrian God?
Answer:
The Zoroastrian god is called the ‘Ahur Mazda’.

Question 26.
What is the prayer house of the Zoroastrians called?
Answer:
The prayer house of the Zoroastrians is called the Agyari.

Answer in short:

Question 1.
State the principle of Tri-ratnas as taught by Vardhaman Mahavir.
Answer:
Tri-ratnas are the three jewels or the three principles taught by Vardhaman Mahavir.

• Samyak Darshan or Right faith.
• Samyak Jnati or Right knowledge.
• Samyak Charitra or Right conduct.

Question 2.
What is sangha?
Answer:

• Gautam Buddha created a sangha of Bhikkhus and Bhikkhunis to preach his religion.
• These followers where those who gave up their domestic life and entered the sangha.
• They travelled on foot like the Buddha to preach Dhamma to the people.

Question 3.
How did Gautam Buddha explain the concept of equality?
Answer:

• Gautam Buddha announced the freedom based on vama.
• He refused the discrimination based on vama.
• No one is greater or smaller by birth, says Buddha.
• He stressed that greatness depended on one’s behaviour or conduct.

Question 4.
Who came to spread Christianity to India?
Answer:

• St. Thomas, one of the twelve disciples of Christ, came to Kerala in the first century of the Christian era.
• He established a church at Pallayur in Trichur district in 52 CE.

Give reasons:

Question 1.
Why is Vardhaman said to be Mahavir?
Answer:
Vardhaman is said to be ‘Mahavir’ because he had the resilience, the courage to conquer all passions.

Question 2.
Why did Mahavir preach in Ardhamagadhi?
Answer:
Mahavir spoke in Ardhamagadhi, a people’s language, to make it easy for the people to understand his preachings.

Question 3.
Why is Buddha’s teachings termed as dhamma-chakka-pavattan?
Answer:
Buddha delivered his first sermon at Sarnath near Varanasi. His teaching in the first sermon are termed dhamma. He set in motion the wheel of dhamma in this sermon. Therefore this event is called dhamma – chakra.

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Class 7 Science Solutions Chapter 8 Static Electricity Notes, Textbook Exercise Important Questions and Answers.

Maharashtra State Board Class 7 Science Solutions Chapter 8 Static Electricity

Class 7 Science Chapter 8 Static Electricity Textbook Questions and Answers

1. Choose the correct option and fill in the blanks.
(always repulsion, always attraction, displacement of negative charge, displacement of positive charge, atom, molecule, steel, copper, plastic, inflated balloon, charged object, gold)

Question a.
There is ………….. between like charges.
Answer:
always repulsion

Question b.
…………. is responsible for generation of electric charge in an object.
Answer:
displacement of negative charge

Question c.
A lightning conductor is made of a ……………… strip.
Answer:
copper

Question d.
……………… does not get electrically charged easily by rubbing.
Answer:
Steel

Question e.
There is …………………. when opposite electric charges come near each other.
Answer:
always attraction

Question f.
A ……………… canbe detected with an electroscope.
Answer:
charged object

2. Explain why it is not safe to go out with an umbrella when there is heavy raine lightning or thunder.

Question a.
Explain why it is not safe to go out with an umbrella when there is heavy raine lightning or thunder.
Answer:
Large amount of charges get built up in the clouds in rainy and stormy weather.

1. Sometimes these charges are transferred to the earth in the form of a bolt of lightning.
2. Wire of umbrella is made up of metal and cloth is made up of synthetic material.
3. If lightning strikes, then umbrella catches it and there are chances of fire and it would be dangerous.
4. So it is not safe to go out with an umbrella when there is heavy rain.

3. Answer in your own words.

Question a.
How will you protect yourself from lightning?
Answer:

1. To protect from the lightning, we have to put lightning conductor on high rise buildings,
2. we should not stand under a tree in rainy and stormy weather.
3. We should not go out with an umbrella in heavy rain, lightning or thunder.

Question b.
How are charges generated?
Answer:

1. Friction causes a charge to develop, because on rubbing, some negative particles are transferred from one substance to the other and the later develops a negative charge.
2. The substance from which particles are removed lose negative charge and hence, it develops a positive charge.

Question c.
In the lightning conductor, what provision is made for spreading the electricity into the ground?
Answer:

1. The lightning conductor, consists of a long i copper strip with one end forked. This end is ‘ at the highest part of the building.
2. The other end of the strip is connected to a plate of cast iron.
3. A pit is dug in the ground, coal and salt are filled into the pit and the iron plate is placed upright in the pit.
4. There is also a provision for pouring water into it.
5. This helps to spread the electric charge quickly into the ground.

Question d.
Why do farmers stick an iron staff into the ground while working in the field in rainy conditions?
Answer:

1. Large amount of charges get built up in the clouds in rainy and stormy weather.
2. Sometimes these charges are transferred to the earth in the form of a bolt of lightning.
3. Due to iron staff, the charges will be conducted to the earth through iron metal and spread quickly into the ground.
4. This way farmers are saved from lighting strike.

Question e.
Why is lightning not seen every day during the rainy season?
Answer:

1. When air and clouds rub against each other in the sky the upper part of some clouds becomes positively charged and the lower side become negatively charged.
2. When this negative charge at the bottom of the cloud becomes much larger than the charge on the ground, it starts flowing towards the ground in stages, but this doesn’t happen every day. So lightning is not seen every day during the rainy season.

4. What are the characteristics of a static electric charge?

Question a.
What are the characteristics of a static electric charge?
Answer:
Following are the characteristics of a static electric charge.

1. The electric charge generated by friction is called frictional electricity. This charge is produced only at the place of friction, hence it is called static electricity.
2. It remains on the object for a short duration.
3. The charges of static electricity are absorbed in moist air.
4. An electrically charged object attracts another object which has no electric charge.
5. Like charges repel each other.
6. Unlike charges attract each other.
7. Repulsion is the sure test of the existence of a static charge.

5. What is the damage caused by lightning? How will you ereate awareness to prevent it?

Question a.
What is the damage caused by lightning? How will you ereate awareness to prevent it?
Answer:
Due to lightning great damage can occur.

1. It may cause fire.
2. Person on whom lightning strikes may die also.
3. It causes more temperature than sun.

Awareness to prevent it:

1. Guide the people to install lightning conductor on tall buildings.
2. Do not stand on open ground, below a tree, or on a high location during the thunder storms.
3. Do not use plugged in electrical appliances.
4. Do not stand near an electric pole, telephone pole or a tower.
5. Stay in pucca house made of brick and cement.
6. Stand on only wood, a plastic sheet or sack of jute.

Project:

Question a.
Make an electroscope yourself by using a thin aluminium foil and check which substances become electrically charged.

Class 7 Science Chapter 8 Static Electricity Important Questions and Answers

1. Choose the correct option and fill in the blanks.
(always repulsion, always attraction, displacement of negative charge, displacement of positive charge, atom, molecule, steel, copper, plastic, inflated balloon, charged object, gold)

Question 1.
named the electric charges as positive charge and negative charge.
Answer:
Benjamin Franklin

Question 2.
Each atom contains a stationary charge and moving charges.
Answer:
positive, negative

Question 3.
Each atom is electrically
Answer:
neutral

Question 4.
Amber is called in the Greek language.
Answer:
electron

Question 5.
The charges of electricity are absorbed in moist air.
Answer:
static

Question 6.
Electrically charged objects uncharged objects.
Answer:
attract

Question 7.
is used as a test for identifying an electrically charged object.
Answer:
Repulsion

Question 8.
The property of amber to attract things was named electricity by in 1646 AD.
Answer:
Thomas Brown

Question 9.
The electric charge generated by stays only as long as the charged object is near to it.
Answer:
induction

Question 10.
A simple device is used to detect the electric charge on an object.
Answer:
gold leaf electroscope

Question 11.
Lightning is a form of
Answer:
electric charge

Question 12.
The gas protects us from the harmful ultra violet rays coming from the sun.
Answer:
ozone

Question 13.
The is a device used for protection from a lightning strike.
Answer:
lightning conductor

Question 14.
Due to the energy of the lightning, the oxygen in the air is converted into
Answer:
ozone

2. Match the columns:

Question a.

Column ‘A’	Column ‘B’
1. Like charges	a. gold leaf electroscope
2. Unlike charges	b. lightning conductor
3. Copper strip	c. attraction
4. Gold leaves.	d. repulsion

Answer:

Column ‘A’	Column ‘B’
1. Like charges	d. repulsion
2. Unlike charges	c. attraction
3. Copper strip	b. lightning conductor
4. Gold leaves.	a. gold leaf electroscope

Say whether true or false, correct and rewrite the false statement:

Question 1.
Charges cannot be transferred from one body to another.
Answer:
False. Charges can be transferred from one body to another

Question 2.
The word ‘electricity.’ came from the word ‘Elektron’.
Answer:
True

Question 3.
When an inflated balloon is rubbed on silk, it develops a charge.
Answer:
True

Question 4.
An ebonite rod rubbed on woollen cloth develops a positive charge.
Answer:
False. An ebonite rod rubbed on woollen cloth develops a negative charge

Question 5.
A glass rod rubbed on woollen cloth develops a negative charge.
Answer:
False. A glass rod rubbed on woollen cloth develops a positive charge

Question 6.
If the leaves of the electroscope spread only a little, the charge on them is less.
Answer:
True

Question 7.
An atom may have either a positive or a negative charge.
Answer:
False. An atom does not have any charge

Question 8.
When two substances are rubbed on each other, like charges are developed on each.
Answer:
False. When two substances are rubbed on each other unlike charges are developed on each

Question 9.
High rise buildings have lightning conductors.
Answer:
True

Question 10.
It is dangerous to stand under a tree in rainy and stormy weather.
Answer:
True

Give scientific reasons:

Question 1.
Ordinarily, an atom does not have any charge.
Answer:

1. Every atom contains smaller particles with either positive or negative charge.
2. As the number of positively and negatively charged particles in an atom is equal, they neutralize each other.
3. As a result the atom has no charge.

Question 2.
Charge cannot be developed on a copper rod.
Answer:
Charge cannot be developed on a copper rod because only certain pairs of substances give rise to electric charge, on rubbing.

Question 3.
High rise buildings have lightning conductors.
Answer:

1. High rise buildings are prone to lightning strikes during the monsoon.
2. When lightning strikes, a tremendous electric charge is transferred to the earth, which may damage the tall buildings.
3. To prevent this, high rise buildings have a forked metal rod, called a lightning conductor fitted on the top of the building.
4. The lower end of this rod is buried inside the earth.
5. If lightening strikes, the electric charge passes through this conductor and goes in to the earth. In this way the building is saved from damage.

Question 4.
It is dangerous to stand under a tree in rainy and stormy weather.
Answer:

1. Large amount of charges get built up in the clouds in rainy and storming weather.
2. Sometimes these charges are transferred to the earth in the form of a bolt of lightning.
3. Generally lightning strikes tall buildings and trees. If lightning strikes a tree then either the tree may fall or it may catch fire.
4. In both cases this would be dangerous for anyone standing under the tree, hence it is dangerous to stand under a tree in rainy and stormy weather.

Question 5.
Repulsion is a test used for identifying an electrically charged object.
Answer:

1. When a charged object is brought near a neutral object, it gets attracted when two oppositely charged objects are brought close, they get attracted. Therefore, attraction is not a test.
2. But when two like charges are brought close only then repulsion takes place.
3. Therefore, repulsion is the sure test for identifying an electrically charged object.

Question 6.
Mustard seeds when shaken vigorously in a glass bottle stick to the sides of the bottle.
Answer:
When seeds are shaken they get electrically charged and therefore they stick to the neutral walls of the glass.

Answer the following:

Question 1.
Why is the charge developed due to friction called static electric charge?
Answer:
The charge developed due to friction is called 1 static electric charge because the charge remains still on the object.

Question 2.
Why does the charge developed by induction disappear quickly?
Answer:
The charge developed by induction disappears quickly because it is very weak.

Question 3.
Why do the leaves of a gold leaf electroscope fly apart when a charged body touches its disc?
Answer:
The leaves of a gold leaf electroscope fly apart when a charged body touches its disc because like charges develop on both the leaves and hence they repel each other.

Draw a neat labelled diagram of Gold leaf electroscope and describe it.

Answer:

1. This is a simple device to detect the electric charge on object.
2. It consists of a copper rod which has a metal disc at the upper end and two thin gold leaves at the other.
3. The rod is placed in a bottle so that the disc is above the bottle.
4. When an uncharged object is taken near the disc, the leaves remain closed.
5. When a charged object is taken near the disc, both the leaves are charged by the same electric charge, and repel each other.
6. When we touch the disc with our hand, the leaves collapse because the charge in the leaves goes into the earth through our body, and the leaves get discharged.

Use your brainpower:

Question 1.
Do all the objects get charged by rubbing?
Answer:
No. Only certain pairs of substances get charged on rubbing.

Question 2.
Why does a charged balloon stick to a wall?
Answer:
A charged balloon stick to a wall because there is always attraction between a charged object and an uncharged object.

Question 3.
Can we use leaves of some other metal instead of gold, in the electroscope? Which properties must that metal have?
Answer:
We can use other metals than gold in gold leaf electroscope.

1. Only thing is that metal should be malleable and good conductor of electricity.
2. But the best is gold only because we can make extremely thin leaves of gold so even very small charge also can be detected.

Question 4.
What kind of damage is caused by a lightning strike?
Answer:
Due to lightning strike, great damage can occur. It may cause forest fire and burn down things. Person on whom lightning strikes may die. It causes more temperature than sun.

Question 5.
What measures will you take to prevent the damage caused by lightning?
Answer:
Following measures can be taken to prevent the damage caused by lightning:

1. Always put lightning conductor on tall buildings.
2. Do not stand on open ground, below a tree or near the electric or telephone pole during rain/ thunder storms.
3. Do not lean on wired fences.
4. Do not use plugged in electrical appliances.
5. Do not swim during thunder storms.
6. Stay in a pucca house with lightning conductor fitted on it.

Question 6.
Why is the upper end of the lighting conductor pointed?
Answer:

1. The pointed end makes it possible to increase the electric field near the point. The electric field set up at pointed end is high.
2. If the discharge of cloud occurs it would be easily passed through the lightening conductor to the ground and damage to the building is averted.

Question 7.
Why is coal and salt added to the pit in the ground?
Answer:
Coal and salt is filled in the pit and also there is a provision for pouring water into it. This helps to spread electric charge quickly into ground and prevent damage.

Observe the given diagram and answer the questions given.

Question a.
Name the phenomenon happening in the diagram and define it
Answer:
Phenomenon happening is static electricity.
When certain objects are rubbed against each other, they produce an electric charge on their surface at the place of friction. This is due to electrons which remain for a short time. This is called static electricity.

Question b.
What do you observe in “b” and “c” part of the diagram?
Answer:
In ‘b’, we observe attraction between the charged balloon and the uncharged aluminium ball. In ‘c’, we observe that the charge has been transferred to the aluminium ball and due to the same (like) charge, repulsion is observed.

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Class 6 Science Solutions Chapter 10 Force and Types of Force Notes, Textbook Exercise Important Questions and Answers.

Maharashtra State Board Class 6 Science Solutions Chapter 10 Force and Types of Force

Class 6 Science Chapter 10 Force and Types of Force Textbook Questions and Answers

1. Choose the term and fill in the blanks:

Question a.
……….. has to be applied to change the ……….. of a ……….. object.
(moving, direction, force)
Answer:
force, direction, moving

Question b.
When an elephant drags a wooden log over the land, the forces that are applied on the log are …………., ………. and …………. .
(muscular force, mechanical force, gravitational force, frictional force)
Answer:
muscular force, gravitationalforce, frictionalforce.

Question c.
A ball was set rolling on a large table. If its …….. has to be changed, a ……….. will have to be applied on it.
(force, motion, gravitation)
Answer:
motion, force

Question d.
The force of friction always acts ……….. the motion.
(along, against)
Answer:
against

2. Match the following:

Question a.

Column ‘A’	Column ‘B’
1. An ox pulling a cart	a. Magnetic force
2. Lifting heavy iron object with a crane	b. Electrostatic force
3. Weighing with a spring balance	c. Muscular force
4. Applying brakes to a bicycle.	d. Gravitational force
5. Picking up pieces of paper with a plastic scale.	e. Frictional force

Answer:

Column ‘A’	Column ‘B’
1. An ox pulling a cart	c. Muscular force
2. Lifting heavy iron object with a crane	a. Magnetic force
3. Weighing with a spring balance	d. Gravitational force
4. Applying brakes to a bicycle.	e. Frictional force
5. Picking up pieces of paper with a plastic scale.	b. Electrostatic force

3. One or more forces are acting in the following examples. Name them.

Question a.
An object falling from a tall building …………. .
Answer:
Gravitational force

Question b.
An aeroplane flying in the sky. …………. .
Answer:
Mechanical force

Question c.
Sqeezing sugarcane juice with a squeezer. …………. .
Answer:
Muscular or mechanical force

Question d.
Winnowing foodgrain …………. .
Answer:
Muscular force, gravitational force

4. Explain in your own words giving one example each.
Muscular force, gravitational force, mechanical force, electrostatic force, the force of friction and magnetic force.

Question a.
Muscular force:
Answer:
The force applied with the help of muscles is called muscular force.
e.g. When a bullock pulls the load of a cart with sugarcane, he uses the force of his muscles that is muscular force.

Question b.
Gravitational force:
Answer:
The force applied by the earth to pull the objects towards itself is called gravitational force.
e.g. When a fruit falls from a tree, it is the gravitational force of the earth that pulls the fruit.

Question c.
Mechanical force:
Answer:
The force applied by means of a machine is called mechanical force. Some machines run by muscular force while some use electricity or fuel.
e.g.Washing machine, electric pump uses electricity to work.

Question d.
Electrostatic force:
Answer:
Static electricity is produced on materials like rubber, plastic and ebonite due to friction. The force exerted by such electrically charged materials is called electrostatic force, e.g. When a plastic comb is rubbed against the dry hair, comb develops electrostatic charge.

Question e.
The force of friction:
Answer:
When two surfaces rub against each other, a force of friction is produced. This force always acts against direction of motion, e.g. A ball rolling over a flat surface stops at certain distance due to friction between the ball and the surface.

Question f.
Magnetic force:
Answer:
The force exerted by a magnet is called magnetic force.
e.g. In a pin holder, the magnet attracts the pins.

5. Why?

Question a
Machines are oiled from time to time.
Answer:
To reduce the friction between the parts of machines, they are oiled. This will help efficient working of machines.

Question b.
An object thrown upwards comes down after reaching a point.
Answer:
An object is pulled by the gravitational force of the earth. Hence an object thrown upwards comes down after reaching at certain point.

Question c.
Powder is sprinkled on a carrom board.
Answer:
When powder is sprinkled on a carrom board, friction between the coin and the board decreases so that the coin can be pocketed easily.

Question d.
The ramp at a railway station has a rough surface.
Answer:
The rough surface of the ramp increases the friction between feet and the surface. This helps us to walk on the ramp without skidding or falling.

6. In what way are we different? 

Question a.
Muscular force and Mechanical force
Answer:

Muscular force		Mechanical force
1. The force applied with the help of muscles is called muscular force. e.g. A boy kicking a football.		1. The force applied by means of machine is called mechanical force. e.g. An electric pump works on electricity.
2. It is created by our muscles.		2. It is created by electricity or fuel or muscular force

Question b.
A force of friction and Gravitational force
Answer:

Force of friction		Gravitational force
1. When two surfaces rub against each other, the force of friction comes into force.		1. The force applied by the earth to pull an object towards itself, is called a gravitational force.
2. It comes to act between two surfaces.		2. It exists between two objects or an object and the earth.

7. Write answers to the following questions in your own words. 

Question a.
What are the things that can be done by applying force?
Answer:
By applying force:

1. we can set an object in motion.
2. we can stop a moving object.
3. we can change the speed or direction or both of a moving object.
4. we can change the shape of an object.

Question b.
What is meant by weight?
Answer:

1. The gravitational force acting on an object is called its weight.
2. Greater force must be applied to lift a greater weight.

Question c.
Which machines run on muscular force?
Answer:
The machines that run on muscular force are:

1. Bicycle
2. Hand cart
3. Boat
4. Cycle rickshaw
5. Stretching of a spring
6. Ball pen
7. Vegetable chopper
8. Sharpener
9. Pulley
10. Fruit peeler

8. Solve the following crossword puzzle.

Question a.
Solve the following crossword puzzle.

Down:
1. ………. force is applied to push a scooter that has failed.
2. ………. force can be used to pick up scattered pins.

Across:
3. A ………. pulls iron nails towards itself.
4. ……….. force is used when farm is ploughed with a tractor.
5. It is due to the force of ………… that raindrops fall to the ground.
Answer:

Activity:

Question 1.

Collect more information about the various forces that are used in our day-to-day life.

Question 2.
Make a list of such actions where many forces are applied simultaneously.

Class 6 Science Chapter 10 Force and Types of Force Important Questions and Answers

Choose the term and fill in the blanks:

Question 1.
When powder is sprinkled on a carrom board, friction ……….. .
(increases, decreases)
Answer:
decreases

Question 2.
Electrostatic force is due to …………. .
(gravitation, friction)
Answer:
friction

Question 3.
Fruits fall on the ground due to ………… force.
(mechanical, gravitational)
Answer:
gravitational

Question 4.
Friction between two rough surfaces is …………. than between two smooth surfaces.
(greater, lesser)
Answer:
greater

Question 5.
The sound created by a stone dropped in a bucket of water from 100 cm height is ………… than that dropped from 20 cm height.
(milder, louder)
Answer:
louder

Question 6.
A scooter has stopped in the middle of the road as the petrol tank has become empty. So Raju has to use …………. force to take it to petrol pump.
(mechanical, muscular)
Answer:
muscular

One or more forces are acting in the following examples. Name them.

Question 1.
Srikant is playing basketball
Answer:
Muscular force

Question 2.
Raju rubs a peacock feather between pages of his notebook
Answer:
Electrostatic force

Question 3.
When you rub the palm of your hands, you feel the heat on the palms
Answer:
Frictional force

Question 4.
A blacksmith uses a hammer to beat the hot piece of iron
Answer:
Muscular force

Question 5.
A cricketer hits the ball, but it stops just before the boundary line
Answer:
Frictional force

Question 6.
We can walk on the road without falling down.
Answer:
Frictional force

Give scientific reasons:

Question 1.
Magnet is used to lift heavy iron bar.
Answer:
A magnet attracts the iron bar. As a result it is easier to lift the heavy iron bar using magnetic force.

Question 2.
An inflated balloon when rubbed against a silk cloth, pulls the hair on our skin.
Answer:
When an inflated balloon is rubbed against a silk cloth, it develops electrostatic force due to friction. This force pulls the hair on our skin.

Question 3.
We are likely to slip when we walk on a oily or wet floor.
Answer:
Wet or oily floor reduces the friction between our feet and surface. Hence we are likely to slip on wet or oily floor.

Distinguish between:

Question 1.
Force of friction and Electrostatic force
Answer:

Force of friction	Electrostatic force
1. It exists between any two surfaces in contact.	1. It develops where certain objects are rubbed  against certain material.
2. No electric charge is developed, sometimes heat is developed. e.g. A brake is applied on a bicycle.	2. Electric charge is developed. e.g. Thermocol rubbed against silk cloth.

Answer the following:

Question 1.
Why do planets revolve round the sun in definite orbits?
Answer:

1. The gravitational force operates between the sun and the planets in the solar system.
2. Hence, they revolve round the sun in definite orbits.

Question 2.
Which forces are acting upon an aeroplane taking off into the sky?
Answer:
Aeroplane uses mechanical force, Pilot exerts muscular force. Frictional force between aeroplane and air, gravitational force due to weight of an aeroplane.

Question 3.
What happens to the iron nail when the magnet is taken away from it?
Answer:

1. As we take the magnet away from the iron nail, it does not attract the iron nail as magnetic force decreases.
2. Magnet is unable to exert force if the nail is not placed in the range of the magnetic field.

Question 4.
When brakes are applied while riding a bicycle, it stops after running a distance. Why?
Answer:

1. When brakes are applied while riding a bicycle, frictional force comes to act between the tyres of the bicycle and the surface.
2. This force opposes the tendency of the bicycle to stop.
3. Hence, the bicycle has to overcome this force before it stops.

Can you tell?

Question 1.
What happens when you hold the two ends of a spring and pull them apart?
Answer:
Its shape changes due to the force exerted by pull.

Question 2.
What happens when a blacksmith hammers a red hot piece of iron?
Answer:
Shape of iron piece changes.

Observe and discuss:

Observe the figures given and name the force needed for the motion.

Question 1.
Boat with boatman.

Answer:
Muscular force

Question 2.
Bullock cart.

Answer:
Muscular force

Question 3.
A tractor.

Answer:
Mechanical force

Question 4.
Sewing machine.

Answer:
Mechanical force

Question 5.
Fruit falling from tree.

Answer:
Gravitational force

Question 6.
A man carrying heavy sac.

Answer:
Gravitational force

Question 7.
A pin holder.

Answer:
Magnetic force

Question 8.
A ramp.

Answer:
Gravitational force

Question 9.
Carrom board.

Answer:
Frictional force

Question 10.
Mixer grinder.

Answer:
Mechanical force

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Class 10 Marathi Solutions Kumarbharti Chapter 2 बोलतो मराठी… Notes, Textbook Exercise Important Questions and Answers.

Maharashtra State Board Class 10 Marathi Kumarbharti Chapter 2 बोलतो मराठी…

Marathi Kumarbharti Std 10 Digest Chapter 2 बोलतो मराठी… Textbook Questions and Answers

प्रश्न, पुढील उताश वाचा आणि दिलेल्या सूचनांनुसार ती करा:

कृती १: (आकलन)

प्रश्न 1.
आकृत्या पूर्ण करा :
(i)

उत्तर :

(ii)

उत्तर :

(iii)

उत्तर :

प्रश्न 2.
विनोद करणाऱ्या नव्याने पुढील वाक्याचा लावलेला अर्थ लिय :
तुम्हांला मी उत्तप्या बनवू का?
उत्तर :
मी तुमचे उत्तायामप्ये गपांतर वर का?

प्रश्न 3.
क्यों वो वाक्यातून विपरीत अर्य व्यक्त होतो. त्यामागील कारण तिहा.
उत्तर :
मराठी शब्दाचा व अर्थ बाजूला साशन त्या शब्दाला असलेला परभाषेतला अर्थ घेऊन वाक्ये तयार केली जातात, त्यामुळे विपरीत अर्थ व्यसा होतो.

उतारा क्र.१ : (पाठापुस्तक पृष्ठ क्र. २)

परवा वर्तमानपत्रात एक विनोद आता सेना.
बायको : “तुम्हांला, मी उत्तप्पा बनयू का?”
नवा : “नको. मी माणूसब टीक आहे. आली मोठी जादूगार !”

आता इथे विनोद निमांग झाला आहे. कारण ‘बनवणे हे क्रियापद निशे शोभणारे नाही. ते हल्ली हिंदी भाषेतून आपल्या स्वयंपाकपरा नको शार्क पुसतं आहे. मराठीत पोळया लारपे, भानी कोहगीत टाकणे, कडी करपे, पान संपणे, कुकर लायगे अशा वेगवेगळ्या क्रियांसाठी वेगवेगळे शब्दप्रयोग आहेत; पण हल्ती सगळे पदार्थ करत ‘बनवते’ जातात. मादीन ‘बनये’ म्हणजे ‘फायगे’ असा अर्थ खरं तर स्व आहे, त्यामुळे माणसायं माझ्ट आणि पुन्हा माकडाचा माणूस बनवणारा जादूगार, विनोद करणाऱ्या नवऱ्याला आठवला, तर आश्चर्य नाही.

मराठी रंगाचे शब्दप्रयोग ही आपल्या भाषेची श्रीमंती आहे. माठीत मारणे हे एक क्रियापद घेतले, ता ते किती वेगवेगळ्या प्रकारे वापरले जाते. हे लक्षात घेण्याजोगी आहे. जसे, गप्पा मारणे, उड्या मारगे, पापा मारणे, दिनकी मारणे, शिट्टी मारणे, पाकीट मारणे, वेवणावर ताव मारणे, (पोहताना) हातपाय मारणे. माझ्या मारपे इत्यादी, ‘मारणे’ भणजे मार देणे’ हा अचं यात कोठेही आलेला नाही. हीच तर भाषेची गंमत असते.

सन्दप्रयोगाप्रमाणे भावना हीदेखील भाषेनी खास शैली असते. ‘यस्ता खाणे ‘मचे वास्ता हा साक्षापदार्थ नाही. हे माहीत आहे ना? तसेच कंतम्नान घालणे’ समाचार युदाणाविषयीच्या यातायामप्ये असतो. कंठस्नान पाणगे महावे गयाखातून ‘अंघोळ थालगे’, असा शब्दशः अ. नाही, ‘घांदयाला यांदा सावणे’ (सहकार्य करणे) आणि ‘खांदा देणे’ (प्रेताला खांदा देणे) यांतला फरकही लक्षात घ्यायला कदा, एकाऐवजी दुसरे क्रियापद वापरले, तर अर्थाचा अर्थ होईल. अशी अनेक उदाहरणे देता येतील. त्यासाठी शब्दकोश वापरम्पाची सकप कापला की, ‘अक्कलवान’ म्हणजे शार; पण ‘अकलेचा कांदा’ म्हणजे ‘अतिशहाणा’ हे माहीत नसेल, तर कोण आपले खो कौतुक करतोय की फिरकी घेतोय, हेच आपल्याला कळणार नाही.

क्रियापद बापाताना त्यापूर्वी नामाला कोमता प्रत्यप लावायचा असतो, हे नीट माहीत नाले तरीदेखील अर्थाचा गोंधळ होतो. उदा., अंगाला लावणे आणि अंगावर घेणे, शिला हसगे (तिची नेष्टा करणे या अर्थी) आणि तिच्याशी हसणे (सहजपणे हमाणे) गांन प्रत्यय महत्त्वाचा आहे. हल्ली सार्वजनिक समारंभांमध्ये आगि वाहिन्यांवर प्रत्ययांची जागा अनेकदा कुकलेली असते. उदा., “तुझी मदत करणे’ याऐवजी ‘तुला मदत करणे’ हवे. “न्यांचे पन्यवाद’ पाऐवजी त्यांना पन्यवाद” असे म्हणायला हवे.

पायेमध्ये अनेक शब्द सतत पेत असतात, कारण तो नदीसारखी प्रणाली असते. आपणही संगणकासंबंधी अनेक नवे इंग्रजी शब्द मातत्याने आत्मसात केले आहेत. मराठीने आजवर संस्कृत, फारसी, अरबी, कन्नड़, इंग्रजी अशा अनेक भाषांमपले शब्द आपले मानले आहेत. ‘टेबल’ हा शब्द आता आपल्याला पाका वाटत नाही; पण गरज असताना इतर भाषांमपले शब्द आणि नेही जैं केली’ म्हणण्यातून काय नवीन अर्थ करतो? लाऐवजी ‘मी अभ्यास केला’ मम चोय नाही का?

नोंद : प्रस्तुत पुस्तकातील स पहिष्णा कृति-स्वाध्याय आहे. लामुळे या पाठातील स्वाध्यायात संपूर्ण वारा दिलेला आहे. यापुढे | मात्र प्रत्येक पाठातील स्वाध्यापांत संपूर्ण मारा न देता सान्याचे सुरवातीचे काही शब्द व शेवटचे काही शब्द दिलेले आहेत. विद्याभ्यांनी पाठयपुस्तकातून पूर्ण उतारा वाचावा.

मीक्षेत १३० ते १५० शब्दांचा उतारा दिला जाईल. इये विवाथ्यांच्या सोयीसाठी थोडा मोठा सारा दिलेला आहे. कारण त्यामुळे अधिक कृती देता येणे शक्य झाले आहे.

कृती २ : (आवलन)

प्रश्न 1.
उताऱ्याच्या आधाने पुढील चोवटी पूर्ण करा :

उत्तर :

प्रश्न 2.
हल्ली आढळून पेणाऱ्या आपल्या लोकांच्या दोन चुकीच्या भाषिक सक्यो सांगा.
उत्तर :

• वेगवेगळ्या कृतांसाठी वेगवेगळे शब्द वापरात असताना, स्या कोंसाठी केवळ एकच शब्द बोलला जातो.
• गरज नसताना अन्य भाषांतील शब्दांचा वापर केला जातो.

कृती ३ : (व्याकरण)

प्रश्न 1.
वेगवेगळ्या अर्थछटा व्यक्त करण्यासाठी चापाले नागारे तुम्हांला माहीत असलेले क्रियापद सोदाहरण लिहा. (फमा ४ अर्थछटा)
उत्तर :

• महापालिकेने एकान दिवसात तीनशे बेकायदेशीर यांपकामे पाडलि.
• छपरावर वाळत घातलेले पापड कानळ्यांनी खालि पाडले.
• चक्कीवरून दळण आणताना गोपू पीच पाहत पाहतच घरी आला.
• विरोधी पक्षाच्या उमेदवाराने मंत्र्याला प्रचंड बहुमानाने पाडले.

प्रश्न 2.
‘वाटणे’ हे क्रियापद नापल नेगवेगळ्या अर्थाची दोन वाक्ये तपार कता.
उत्तर :

• मी केलेल्या त्या नुकीनी मला साल वाटली. (बाटणे : भावना जापत्य)
• पास झाल्याबद्दल रश्मीचे पेढे वारले. (वाटणे : देण्याची कृती)

कृती ४ : (स्वयत/ अभिव्यक्ती)

प्रश्न 1.
भाषा सतत बदलत असले, याची कारणमीमांसा दया.
उत्तर :
एखाच्या परिस्तात राहणाव्या लोगांचा एक समाज बनतो. त्यांची पापा एकच असते. विख्यातले शब्द, वाश्य पढवण्याचे नियम हे ती भाषा बोलणाऱ्या सगळयांना ठाऊक असतात. मात्र, प्रत्येक पिढीमध्ये त्या त्या ठिकागाच्या भाषेमध्ये यूक्ष्मपणे बदला सेन जसजसा लोकांचा विकास होतो, तसतशी त्यांची भाषामुपा विकसित होत जाते. आधुनिक काळात अनेक गमार एकमेकांच्या अबळ नांदतात. एकमेकांत मिसळतात. या मेगवेगळ्या समाजांचा प्रभाव एकमेकांच्या भाषेवर पडतो. प्रांक भाषा अशी बदलत राहते. म्हणून कोणतीही भाषा कपीही स्थिर नलो. तीन सातवाने बदल होत राहतो. काळ बदलतो, तशी लोकांची जगण्याची रीन बदलते.

त्यामुळे भाषेतले शब्द बदलतात. जुने शब्द लोप पावतात, जवान शब्दांची भर पडते. अन्य भाषांमपीत शब्द-संकल्पना स्थानिक भाषेत सामावले जातात, स्थानिक भाषेतील शब्द-संकल्पना अन्य भाषांमध्ये शिरतात. अशा प्रकारे प्रत्येक भाषा प्रत्येक क्षणी बदलत असते.

प्रश्न 2.
स्वत:च्या भाषेवर प्रभुत्व मिळवणे म्हणजे स्वा:च्या भाषेचा सन्मान करणे होय’, हे विधान समजावून सांगा.
उत्तर :
स्वत:च्या भाषेवा सन्मान आपण कसा करणार? सर्वात प्रथम म्हणजे मी माझी स्वाःची भाषा उत्तम रितीने आत्यपान कौन. माझे सन विचार, भावना माझ्या भाषेत कसोशीने व्यक्त करम्पाना प्रयत्न कनीन, माझी भाषा उत्तम येण्यासाठी मी माझ्या भाषेतील वर्तमानपत्रे, नियतकालिके पांचे नियमित वाचन करीन. माझ्या पायेतीत अनमोलन साहित्याचा आस्वाद घेत रडीन, भाषा चांगल्या रितीने आत्मपान करण्यासाठी शब्दकोश, व्युत्पत्ती कोश यांसारख्या पोशांचा वेळोवेळी मनापासून उपयोग करीत. यामुळे माझे माझ्या भाषेवरील प्रमुख वाडेल. अशा प्रकारे स्वत:च्या भाषेवरीत प्रभुत्व बाहरणे म्हणजे त्या भाषेचा सन्मान करणे होय.

Marathi Kumarbharti Class 10 Textbook Solutions Chapter 2 बोलतो मराठी… Additional Important Questions and Answers

प्रश्न. पुढील उतारा वाचा आणि दिलेल्या मूचनांनुसार कृती करा :

कृती १ : (आकलन)

प्रश्न 1.
आकृत्या पूर्ण करा:

उत्तर :

प्रश्न 2.

उत्तर :

प्रश्न 3.
पाठाच्या आधारे पुढील चौकी पूर्ण करा :

उत्तर :

कृती २ : (आकलन)

प्रश्न 1.
कंसातील योग्य शब्द योजून रिकाम्या चौकटी भरा :
(कलेवर, सूतकताई, पुण्यात, मोरांबा)

उत्तर :

प्रश्न 2.
लेखिकांच्या मते, भाषेवरील प्रेमासाठी पुढील कृती केल्या पाहिजेत :
(i) …….. (ii) ……… (iii) ………. (iv) ……….
उत्तर :
(i) भाषेतली शक्तिस्थळे जाणून घेतली पाहिजेत.
(ii) भाषेचा योग्य सन्मान राखायला हवा.
(iii) भाषेशी जिव्हाळ्याचे नाते राखायला हवे.
(iv) भाषेचे ज्ञानही मिळवायला हवे.

कृती ३ : (व्याकरण)

प्रश्न 1.
‘सम + आरंभ = समारंभ’ या प्रकारातील संधीची आणखी दोन उदाहरणे लिहा.
उत्तर :
(i) अन् + आदर = अनादर
(ii) सत् + आचार = सदाचार

प्रश्न 2.
‘शब्दरूपे’ या प्रकारच्या समासाची दोन उदाहरणे विग्रहासह लिहा.
उत्तर :
(i) शालागृह : शाळेचे गृह, षष्ठी तत्पुरुष.
(ii) विद्यार्थिदशा : विदयार्थ्याची दशा, षष्ठी तत्पुरुष.

कृती ४ : (स्वमत / अभिव्यक्ती)

प्रश्न 1.
लेखिकांनी मराठी भाषेचा केलेला सन्मान तुमच्या शब्दांत लिहा.
उत्तर :
लेखिकांनी मराठी भाषेला श्रीमंत म्हटले आहे. होय, माझी मराठी श्रीमंत आहे. मला या गोष्टीचा प्रचंड अभिमान वाटतो.

माझ्या भाषेकडे बारकाईने पाहा. विविध ढंगांचे शब्दप्रयोग ही माझ्या भाषेची खासियत आहे. अनेकदा एकच शब्द अनेकानेक अर्थछटा प्रकट करतो. ‘चालणे’ हे साधे क्रियापद बघा. प्रत्यक्ष पायांनी चालणे या अर्थाशिवाय आणखी अनेक अर्थछटा ‘चालणे’ या क्रियापदादवारे व्यक्त करता येतात. उदाहरणार्थ, लुट्लट्र चालणे, लबाडी चालणे, नोटा-नाणी चालणे, एखादे तत्त्व चालणे, एखादया रितीनुसार चालणे, घड्याळ चालणे वगैरे वगैरे. अशी किती वाक्ये सांगू? वाक्प्रचार हा माझ्या भाषेचा खास गोडवा आहे. माझ्या भाषेने अनेक भाषांमधील शब्द स्वत:च्या हृदयात सामावून घेतले आहेत. म्हणून माझी भाषा अधिकाधिक श्रीमंत होत चालली आहे.

प्रश्न 2.
मराठी भाषेबद्दलच्या तुमच्या भावना स्पष्ट करा.
उत्तर :
आपण सर्वजण सतत एकमेकांना काहीतरी सांगण्याचा प्रयत्न करतो. म्हणजे आपले मनच आपण इतरांसमोर प्रकट करीत असतो. याचा अर्थ, कोणतीही भाषा म्हणजे ती बोलणाऱ्या माणसांचे मन असते.

आपले समृद्ध जीवन आपल्या भाषेत व्यक्त होते तेव्हा ती भाषा समृद्ध होते. पण हे असे केव्हा होईल? तर जेव्हा माझे मन मी पूर्णांशाने, अगदी बारीक-सारीक तपशिलांसह माझ्या भाषेत व्यक्त करू शकेन तेव्हाच. अशा प्रकारे मन व्यक्त करण्याचे सामर्थ्य माझ्या भाषेत नक्कीच आहे. माझ्या भाषेत खास मराठी वळणाचे शब्दप्रयोग आहेत. वाक्प्रचार ही तर माझ्या मराठीची खासियत आहे. अनेकदा एकच शब्द अनेक अर्थछटा सहज प्रकट करू शकतो. माझ्या भाषेत अनेक भाषांमधील शब्द सामावले गेले आहेत. त्यामुळे मी माझे सर्व भाव खुलवून मांडू शकतो. सूक्ष्मपणे मांडू शकतो. इतकी श्रीमंत भाषा ही माझी भाषा आहे, हे माझे भाग्यच आहे.

प्रश्न 3.
‘तुम्ही शहाणे आहात,’ या वाक्यातील ‘शहाणे’ या शब्दाच्या अर्थछटा लिहा.
उत्तर :
‘तुम्ही शहाणे आहात,’ असे अनेकदा म्हटले जाते. त्या वेळी ऐकणाऱ्याच्या समजूतदारपणावर, त्याच्या विवेकावर बोलणाऱ्याचा विश्वास असतो. आई आपल्या मुलांना हे उद्गार ऐकवते, तेव्हा तिच्या मनात आपल्या मुलांबद्दल अशीच खात्री असते.

मात्र प्रत्येक वेळेला ‘तुम्ही शहाणे आहात,’ या वाक्याचा असा सरळ, प्रांजळ व निष्कपट अर्थ असतोच, असे नाही. काही व्यक्ती मुळातच लबाड असतात. चूक लपवण्यासाठी बुद्धीचा दुरुपयोग करतात. कधी कधी तर काही माणसांना खरोखरच साधी, सोपी गोष्टही कळत नाही. कितीही समजावून सांगितले, तरी त्यांना ते समजतच नाही. मग त्यांना ‘तुम्ही शहाणे आहात,’ असे ऐकवावे लागते. येथे ‘शहाणे’ हा शब्द वापरलेला असला तरी आपण मनातल्या मनात ‘तुम्ही मूर्ख आहात,’ असेच म्हणत असतो.

प्रश्न 4.
गरज नसताना इतर भाषांमधील शब्द वापरून बोलू नये,’ या लेखिकेच्या मताबाबत तुमचे मत सोदाहरण लिहा.
उत्तर :
परभाषेतून आपल्या भाषेत अनेक नवीन शब्द आले आहेत, ते केव्हाच मराठी झाले आहेत. ते मराठी शब्द नाहीत, अशी कोणाला शंकाही येणार नाही.

मात्र काही वेळा परभाषेतील शब्द अकारण वापरले जातात. आणि तेसुद्धा आपल्या भाषेत त्यासाठी अत्यंत सार्थ, समर्पक शब्द असताना! अलीकडे “ती पिवळीवाली दया,” “तो पांढरावाला पट्टा दाखवा’ अशी वाक्ये सर्रास ऐकू येतात. वास्तविक पाहता ‘पिवळी बॅग’ आणि ‘पिवळीवाली बॅग’ यांत कोणता फरक आहे? ‘पिवळी बॅग’ या शब्दप्रयोगातून आधीपासूनच योग्य अर्थ व्यक्त होत असताना ‘पिवळीवाली’ हा नवीन शब्दप्रयोग का करावा? मराठीत आपण असे बोलतच नाही. मराठीत ‘वाला’ हा प्रत्यय फक्त नामाला जोडला जातो. “पिवळी’ हे विशेषण आहे. मराठीत विशेषणाला किंवा सर्वनामाला ‘वाला’ हा प्रत्यय जोडण्याची प्रथाच नाही. शिवाय त्या नवीन शब्दप्रयोगाने अर्थामध्ये कोणतीही भर पडत नाही. म्हणून गरज नसताना परभाषेतील शब्द वापरून बोलू नये, हे लेखिकांचे मत योग्यच आहे.

व्याकरण व भाषाभ्यास

कृतिपत्रिकेतील प्रश्न ४ (अ) आणि (आ) यांसाठी…

अ. व्याकरण घटकांवर आधारित कृती:

समास

समासात कमीत कमी दोन शब्द असतात. हे दोन शब्द एकत्र करून जो जोडशब्द तयार होतो, त्यास सामासिक शब्द म्हणतात. या सामासिक शब्दाची फोड करून दाखवणाऱ्या पद्धतीला विग्रह म्हणतात.
उदा., शब्द + शब्द = सामासिक शब्द – विग्रह
(१) प्रति + दिन = प्रतिदिन – प्रत्येक दिवशी
(२) विदया + आलय = विदयालय – विदयेचे आलय (घर) .
(३) राम + लक्ष्मण = रामलक्ष्मण – राम आणि लक्ष्मण
(४) नील + कंठ = नीलकंठ – निळा आहे ज्याचा कंठ तो (शंकर)

समासाचे प्रकार :
1. समासातील शब्दांना ‘पद’ म्हणतात.
पहिला शब्द → पहिले पद.
दुसरा शब्द → दुसरे पद. समासातील कोणते पद महत्त्वाचे किंवा प्रधान आणि कमी महत्त्वाचे किंवा गौण आहे, यावरून समासाचे चार प्रकार पडतात. [प्रधान पद +/गौण पद -]

समासाचे चार मुख्य प्रकार होतात :

[या इयत्तेत आपल्याला अव्ययीभाव, तत्पुरुष (विभक्ती व द्विगू) आणि द्वंद्व हे समास शिकायचे आहेत.]

(१) अव्ययीभाव समास :

• ज्या समासातील पहिले पद प्रधान असते व सामासिक – शब्द क्रियाविशेषण अव्ययाचे कार्य करतो, त्यास अव्ययीभाव समास म्हणतात.

उदा., आजन्म, दररोज, बिनचूक, यथाशक्ती, बेशिस्त, दारोदार, प्रतिदिन इत्यादी.

(२) तत्पुरुष समास :
(१) विभक्ती तत्पुरुष :
ज्या समासातील दुसरे पद प्रधान असून, ज्या सामासिक शब्दांमधील विभक्ती प्रत्यय गाळलेले असतात, त्यास विभक्ती तत्पुरुष समास म्हणतात.
उदा., तोंडपाठ (तोंडाने पाठ), क्रीडांगण (क्रीडेसाठी अंगण), विदयालय (विदयेचे आलय), घरकाम (घरातील काम) इत्यादी.

(२) द्विगू समास :
ज्या समासातील दुसरे पद प्रधान असून, पहिले पद संख्याविशेषण असते, त्यास द्विगू समास म्हणतात. उदा., त्रिभुवन, चौकोन, पंचपाळे, दशदिशा, नवरात्र इत्यादी.

(३) वंद्व समास :
ज्या समासातील दोन्ही पदे प्रधान असतात, त्यास द्वंद्व समास म्हणतात.
उदा., आईवडील, खरेखोटे, केरकचरा इत्यादी.
द्वंद्व समासाचे प्रकार :
(१) इतरेतर द्वंद्व : ज्या सामासिक शब्दाचा विग्रह करताना ‘आणि’, ‘व’ या उभयान्वयी अव्ययांचा उपयोग करतात, त्यास इतरेतर द्वंद्व समास म्हणतात. उदा., आईवडील (आई आणि वडील); रामलक्ष्मण (राम आणि लक्ष्मण)

(२) वैकल्पिक वंद्व : ज्या सामासिक शब्दाचा विग्रह करताना ‘किंवा’, ‘अथवा’ या उभयान्वयी अव्ययांचा वापर केला जातो, त्यास वैकल्पिक वंद्व समास म्हणतात. (यात बहुधा परस्परविरोधी पदे असतात.) उदा., खरेखोटे (खरे किंवा खोटे), सुखदुःख (सुख किंवा दुःख) इत्यादी.

(३) समाहार वंद्व : ज्या सामासिक शब्दात अनेक गोष्टींचा समावेश असतो व ज्याचा विग्रह करताना ‘वगैरे, इतर’ या शब्दांचा वापर केला जातो, त्यास समाहार दवंदव समास म्हणतात. उदा., गप्पागोष्टी (गप्पा, गोष्टी वगैरे), मीठभाकर (मीठ, भाकर व इतर पदार्थ) इत्यादी.

१. समास :
पुढील सामासिक शब्दांचा विग्रह करा :
प्रश्न 1.
आजन्म
उत्तर:
आजन्म – जन्मापासून

प्रश्न 2.
मोरपीस
उत्तर :
मोरपीस – मोराचे पीस

प्रश्न 3.
त्रिभुवन
उत्तर :
त्रिभुवन – तीन भुवनांचा समूह

प्रश्न 4.
खरेखोटे
उत्तर :
खरेखोटे – खरे किंवा खोटे

प्रश्न 5.
विटीदांडू .
उत्तर :
विटीदांडू – विटी आणि दांडू

प्रश्न 6.
गुरेवासरे.
उत्तर :
गुरेवासरे – गुरे, वासरे वगैरे.

२. शब्दसिद्धी :

प्रश्न 1.
‘अति’ हा उपसर्ग लागलेले चार उपसर्गघटित शब्द लिहा.
उत्तर :

• अतिशहाणा
• अतिसुंदर
• अतिआनंद (अत्यानंद)
• अतिआवश्यक (अत्यावश्यक).

प्रश्न 2.
‘वान’ हा प्रत्यय लागलेले चार प्रत्ययघटित शब्द लिहा.
उत्तर :

• गुणवान
• धनवान
• गाडीवान
• अक्कलवान.

प्रश्न 3.
सामान्यरूप :
पुढील शब्दांतील सामान्यरूपे ओळखा :
(i) भाषेची
उत्तर :
भाषे

(ii) घरात (मार्च ‘१९)
उत्तर :
घरा

(iii) विनोदाने
उत्तर :
विनोदा

(iv) महोत्सवाला
उत्तर :
महोत्सवा

(v) जिभेला (मार्च ‘१९).
उत्तर :
जिभे.

प्रश्न 4.
वाक्प्रचार :
वाक्प्रचार व अर्थ यांच्या जोड्या लावा :

उत्तर :
(i) खांदयाला खांदा लावणे – सहकार्य करणे.
(ii) कंठस्नान घालणे – ठार मारणे.
(iii) माश्या मारणे – निरुदयोगी असणे.
(iv) खस्ता खाणे – खूप कष्ट उपसणे.

आ. भाषिक घटकांवर आधारित कृती

१. शब्दसंपत्ती :

प्रश्न 1.
समानार्थी शब्द लिहा :
(i) कंठ
उत्तर :
कंठ = गळा

(ii) मयूर
उत्तर :
मयूर = मोर

(iii) नदी
उत्तर :
नदी = सरिता

(iv) पाऊस.
उत्तर :
पाऊस = पर्जन्य.

प्रश्न 2.

उत्तर :

प्रश्न 3.
पुढे दिलेल्या अनेकवचनी नामांचे एकवचनी रूप लिहून त्यांचा वापर करून प्रत्येकी एक वाक्य तयार करा :
(i) रस्ते
उत्तर :
रस्ते – रस्ता.
वाक्य : डोंगरावरचा रस्ता वळणदार आहे.

(ii) वेळा
उत्तर :
वेळा – वेळ.
वाक्य : परीक्षेची वेळ जवळ आली.

(iii) भिंती
उत्तर :
भिंती – भिंत.
वाक्य : रंग लावलेली भिंत छान दिसते.

(iv) विहिरी
उत्तर :
विहिरी – विहीर.
वाक्य : आमची विहीर खूप खोल आहे.

(v) घड्याळे
उत्तर :
घड्याळे – घड्याळ.
वाक्य : बाबांनी मला नवीन घड्याळ आणले.

(vi) माणसे.
उत्तर :
माणसे – माणूस.
वाक्य : पावसात एकही माणूस घराबाहेर पडला नाही.

प्रश्न 4.
गटात न बसणारा शब्द ओळखून चौकट पूर्ण करा :
(i) ऐट, डौल, रूबाब, चैन.
उत्तर :
चैन

(ii) कपाळ, हस्त, ललाट, भाल.
उत्तर :
हस्त

(iii) विनोद, नवल, आश्चर्य, विस्मय.
उत्तर :
विनोद

(iv) संपत्ती, संपदा, कांता, दौलत.
उत्तर :
कांता

(v) प्रख्यात, प्रज्ञा, नामांकित, प्रसिद्ध.
उत्तर :
प्रज्ञा

प्रश्न 5.
पुढील शब्दसमूहाबद्दल एक शब्द लिहा :
(i) पसरवलेली खोटी बातमी
उत्तर :
अफवा

(ii) ज्याला मरण नाही असा
उत्तर :
अमर

(iii) समाजाची सेवा करणारा
उत्तर :
समाजसेवक

(iv) संपादन करणारा
उत्तर :
संपादक

प्रश्न 6.
पुढील शब्दांतील अक्षरांपासून चार अर्थपूर्ण शब्द लिहा :

उत्तर :

प्रश्न 7.
लेखननियम :
अचूक शब्द ओळखा :
(i) भाशातज्ञ/भाषातज्ञ/भाषातज्ज्ञ/भाशातज्ज्ञ.
उत्तर :
भाषातज्ज्ञ

(ii) साहित्यिक/साहीत्यिक/साहित्यीक/साहीत्यीक. उत्तरे :
उत्तर :
साहित्यिक.

प्रश्न 8.
विरामचिन्हे :
पुढील विरामचिन्हे ओळखा :

उत्तर :

प्रश्न 9.
पारिभाषिक शब्द :
पुढील इंग्रजी पारिभाषिक शब्दांना मराठी प्रतिशब्द लिहा :
(i) Event
उत्तर :
घटना

(ii) Drama
उत्तर :
नाटक

(iii) Yard
उत्तर :
आवार

(iv) Mobile
उत्तर :
भ्रमणध्वनी

प्रश्न 10.
अकारविल्हे/भाषिक खेळ :
पुढील शब्द अकारविल्हेनुसार लिहा :
(i) भाषा → मराठी → क्रियापद → भाव.
उत्तर :
क्रियापद → भाव → भाषा → मराठी.

(ii) गणित → भूगोल → भाषा → इतिहास (मार्च ‘१९).
उत्तर :
इतिहास → गणित → भाषा → भूगोल.

बोलतो मराठी… शब्दार्थ

• व्युत्पत्ती – शब्दाचे मूळ शोधण्याचे शास्त्र.

बोलतो मराठी… वाक्प्रचार व त्यांचे अर्थ

• पाकीट मारणे : पैशाचे पाकीट शिताफीने चोरणे.
• ताव मारणे : भरपूर खाणे.
• माश्या मारणे : रिकामटेकडेपणाने वेळ घालवणे.
• खस्ता खाणे : खूप कष्ट करणे.
• कंठस्नान घालणे : गळा कापून ठार मारणे.
• खांदयाला खांदा लावणे : सहकार्य करणे.
• खांदा देणे : प्रेत वाहून नेण्यात सहभागी होणे.
• अकलेचा कांदा असणे : अतिशहाणा असणे.
• एखाद्याला हसणे : एखादयाची थट्टा करण्याच्या हेतूने हसणे.

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Class 7 English Solutions Chapter 4.2 Unke Munke Timpetoo Notes, Textbook Exercise Important Questions and Answers.

Maharashtra State Board Class 7 English Solutions Chapter 4.2 Unke Munke Timpetoo

Class 7 English Chapter 4.2 Unke Munke Timpetoo Textbook Questions and Answers

1. Make adjectives from the following.

Question a.
harm
Answer:
harmful / harmless

Question b.
fear
Answer:
fearless/fearful/fearsome

Question c.
question
Answer:
questionable

Question d.
continue
Answer:
continuous

Question e.
thought
Answer:
thoughtful/ thoughtless

Question f.
courage
Answer:
courageous

Question g.
believe
Answer:
believable

Question h.
wish
Answer:
wishful

2. Choose the correct alternative.

Question a.
Rohan desperately wished for ………….. .
i. a pair of shoes
ii. a warm pullover
iii. a good friend
iv. a table-tennis set
Answer:
iv. a table-tennis set

Question b.
Rohan and Muk entered the garden at midnight ……………. .
i. to frighten Mrs. Groover
ii. to chant around the banyan tree
iii. to steal some fruits
iv. to look for a table-tennis set
Answer:
ii. to chant around the banyan tree

Question c.
Rohan had finished ……………… rounds of the tree before Mrs. Groover discovered him.
i. seventeen
ii. six
iii. eleven
iv. twelve
Answer:
iii. eleven

Question d.
The table-tennis set was gifted by
i. Mrs. Groover
ii. Rohan’s parents
iii. Muk
iv. Timpetoo
Answer:
i. Mrs. Groover

Question e.
The Principal turned out to be a very …………… lady.
i. poor and simple
ii. proud and rich
iii. kind and understanding
iv. sad and lonely
Answer:
kind and understanding

3. The story has a very heart-warming and touching end. Now try to change the end of the story to make it sound.

Question 1.
(i) very funny
(ii) full of horror and mystery.
Answer:
Mrs. Groover continued to look at me with a strange look in her eyes which frightened me. I asked her whether she believed in ‘Unke, Munke, Timpetoo’. She suddenly gave out a shriek and started moving towards me with hands outstretched. I was so scared that my feet did not move nor any words came out from my mouth. She had a savage look on her face. I felt that there was something more to Mrs. Groover, no wonder she was staying alone with an evil looking dog. Somehow. I managed to run away from Mrs. Groover. The next day I came to know that Mrs. Groover never stayed in that house.

Mrs. Groover continued to look at me with a strange look in her eyes. It looked as if she was judging me. I asked her, whether she believed in ‘Unke, Munke, Timpetoo’. She said, she did but she was trying to control her laughter. I wondered what had happened to her. She laughed till tears started rolling down her cheeks. She then took me into her house and played some music as I sat listening. The singer used the same chant ‘Unke Munke Timpetoo’. Hearing the chart, I too started laughing and both of us had a hearty laugh and we started humming the song along with the words ‘Unke Munke Timpetoo’, which actually meant nothing.

4. ‘Unke, Munke, Timpetoo.

I wish, my wish is coming true.’
Try to compose two other funny magical chants that have rhyming lines.

5. Language study.

Question a.
Prefix and suffix : A letter or group of letters added to the front of a word to change Its meaning and make a new word is called a prefix.
Examples:

1. un + tie → untie
2. non + stop → non-stop
3. dis + like → dislike
4. super + man → superman
5. inter + national → international

Answer:
Prefix (before the root word)
e.g.

1. un + tie = untie
2. non + stop = nonstop
3. dis + like = dislike
4. super + man = superman
5. inter + national = international

Question b.
Find at least 5 words with prefixes and identify the prefix in each word. A letter or group of letters added at the end of a word to make another word is called a suffix.
Examples:

1. teach + er → teacher
2. act + or → actor
3. child + hood → childhood
4. friend + ship →b friendship
5. king + dom → kIngdom
6. use + ful → useful
7. frequent + ly → frequently
8. act + ion → action
9. star + ry → starry

Answer:
Suffix (after the root word)
e.g.

1. teach + er = teacher
2. act + or = actor
3. child + hood = childhood
4. friend + ship = friendship
5. king + dom = kingdom
6. use + ful = useful
7. frequent + ly = frequently
8. act + ion = action
9. star + ry = starry

Question c.
Find 5 examples of words with the following suffixes from the lessons you have studied so far, or from other sources:

1. -ship
2. -less
3. -ness
4. -ly
5. -ful
6. -able

Answer:
suffixes:

1. hard + ship = hardship
2. home + less = homeless
3. happy + ly = happily
4. clever + ness = cleverness
5. soft + ly = softly
6. reason + able = reasonable

Class 7 English Chapter 4.2 Unke Munke Timpetoo Additional Important Questions and Answers

1. Answer the following questions.

Question 1.
Find the sentences in which the author and his friend claim that they do not believe in magic. What do their actions show?
Answer:
The sentences which claim that the author and his friends do not believe in magic are:

1. I don’t say I believe in it but my cousin said it works.
2. And there is no harm in trying.
3. Why seventeen times and why at midnight?
4. I thought it was all nonsense.

Their actions show, that though they say that they do not believe in the chanting and magic, yet they decided to try it out, convincing themselves that it did not matter just to try.

Question 2.
(i) If you hear about something that fulfils your wishes, would you try it?
(ii) Do you think that the author is brave?
Answer:
(i) Yes, If I hear about something that fulfils my wishes, I would surely try it while trying to convince myself that there is no harm in trying.
(ii) Yes, I think the author is brave because he dared to go out at midnight to chant around the banyan tree to get his wish fulfilled knowing very well that the banyan tree belonged to his Ex-Principal who was very strict.

Question 3.
How do we know that Muk was frightened?
Answer:
We know that Muk was frightened because as soon as he heard Mrs. Groover’s voice saying that she would let her ferocious dog loose on them, he started climbing up the tree.

Question 4.
What opinion do you form of Mrs. Groover from the way she treats the boys?
Answer:
According to me, Mrs. Groover is an able administrator and disciplinarian outside but from the inside, she seems to be a kind-hearted, sensitive and understanding person. She did not jump to conclusions. She patiently listened to the boys and allowed Rohan to complete the seventeen rounds around the banyan tree to fulfill his wish.

Question 5.
Did the author really rejoice over his shoes and pullover?
Answer:
No, the author did not really rejoice over his shoes and pullover. He pretended to be happy so as not to hurt the feelings of his parents.

Reading Skills, Vocabulary and Grammar.

Simple Factual Questions:
Question 1.
Complete the following sentences.

1. Mrs. Groover’s garden had …………… .
2. Rinkoo Lai of class X was …………… .
3. “Come on, let us go and wish for my …………… .
4. There was a banyan tree, its aerial roots swaying in the …………… .

Answer:

1. a banyan tree
2. a bully
3. table tennis set
4. gentle breeze of the night.

Complex Factual Questions.

Question 1.
Who was Muk?
Answer:
Muk was Rohan’s best firend.

Question 2.
Who was Mrs. Groover?
Answer:
Mrs. Groover was the Ex-Principal of the school Rohan studies in.

Question 3.
Where was the banyan tree located?
Answer:
The banyan tree was located in Mrs. Groover’s garden which was in Rohan’s neighborhood.

Question 4.
How did Rohan and Muk enter Mrs. Groover’s house?
Answer:
Roshan and Muk entered Mrs. Groover’s house by climbing the wall and jumping down.

Vocabulary.

Question 1.
Pick out a compound word from the extract.
Answer:
neighborhood

Question 2.
Pick out two words so as to get its opposite after adding a prefix. Write both words.
Answer:

1. true × untrue
2. done × undone
3. harm × unharm

Question 3.
Give noun forms of:

1. mocking
2. true
3. suppose
4. enter
5. silent

Answer:

1. mockery
2. Truth
3. Supposition
4. entry/ entrance
5. silence

Question 4.
Pick out four adverbs from the passage.
Answer:

1. thoughtfully
2. badly
3. along
4. carefully

Question 5.
Express differently – ten minutes to twelve
Answer:
Eleven fifty.

Grammar.

Question 1.
I could not think of anything else. (Add a question tag)
Answer:
I could not think of anything else, could I?

Question 2.
One look from her piercing, pale, green eyes was enough to silence bullies. (Pick out the adjectives)
Answer:
one, piercing, pale, green.

Personal Response:

Question 1.
Do you believe in magic? Why?
Answer:
No, I do not believe in magic. I do not believe in magic because it is not proven by science.

Read the following passage and do the activities.

Simple Factual Questions:

Question 1.
Say whether true or false.

1. A ferocious dog ran after Rohan and Muk.
2. Mrs. Groover allowed Rohan to finish his rounds.
3. Mrs. Groover bend down to unleash, the dog.
4. Muk bodly faced the situation when the dog barked.

Answer:

1. False
2. True
3. True
4. False.

Question 2.
List the qualities of Mrs. Groover

Mrs. Groovers qualities
(i) …………………	(ii) …………………	(iii) …………………	(iv) …………………

Answer:

1. able administrator
2. empathetic
3. compassionate
4. loving and caring

Complex Factual Questions.

Question 1.
Why did Mrs. Groover threaten to unleash the dog?
Answer:
The barking of the dog awakened Mrs. Groover at night and in the darkness. She did not know who was there in the garden. Hence she asked who was there or else threatened to unleash the dog.

Question 2.
What was Rohan’s fear?
Answer:
Rohan’s fear was that Mrs. Groover might not believe him.

Vocabulary.

Give one word for the following.

1. Stop continuous progress
2. Say something indistinctly and quietly
3. feel or show great joy
4. set free

Answer:

1. interrupt
2. mumble
3. rejoice
4. unleash

Grammar.

Question 1.
State the tense in the following sentences.

1. I told her everything
2. I will explain if you let me.
3. I had never received such a big parcel.

Answer:

1. simple past tense
2. Simple future tense
3. Past perfect.

Question 2.
Form nouns.

1. ferocious
2. believe
3. open
4. softly

Answer:

1. ferocity
2. belief
3. opening
4. softness

Personal Response.

Question 1.
“and while leaving, would you mind using the front gate?” why do you think Mrs. Groover said that?
Answer:
Mrs. Groover being compassionate, understood the young boy’s heart. She knew that they had jumped into her compound. At midnight, as she wanted them to be safe, she was actually suggesting that they use the front gate.

Question 2.
“I swore that I would never return.” who said this and why.
Answer:
This was said by Rohan out of fear and frustration having gone through an unexpected turn of event in the middle of the night.

Question 3.
What is referred to as the ‘great moment’?
Answer:
To a little boy, opening gifts that he receives is a great moment. As it was Rohan’s birthday, he refers to unwrapping of the gifts he received.

Question 4.
Who had send the big parcel?
Answer:
The big parcel was from Unke, Munke, Timpetoo.

Read the following passage and do the activities.

Simple Factual Questions:

Question 1.
A few qualities have been listed below. Write suitable qualities under their names.

1. disciplinarian
2. friendly
3. committed
4. supportive
5. good runner
6. caring
7. loving
8. compassionate
9. eager
10. gratitude
11. nervous

Answer:

Mrs. Groover	Rohan	Muk
disciplinarian	good runner	friendly
caring	eager	committed
compassionate	gratitude	supportive
	nervous	loving

Question 2.
Complete the following.

1. I removed the colorful gift wrapping and found
2. I wondered if Mrs. Groover was responsible
3. She smiled and she looked so different,

Answer:

1. a table tennis set
2. for the surprise
3. almost human

Complex Factual Questions.

Question 1.
Why did Rohan whisper “wow!”?
Answer:
Rohan whispered ‘wow!” because when he opened the colourful gift wrapping, he found a table tennis set which he was greatly longing for. Also he was too thriled or and surprised to . say anything else.

Vocabulary.

Question 1.
Form Noun

1. remove
2. wonder
3. perfect
4. quickly

Answer:

1. removal
2. wonderment
3. perfection
4. quickness

Question 2.
Give adverbs form of:

1. imagine
2. increase
3. open
4. scare

Answer:

1. imaginatively
2. increasingly
3. openly
4. scarily

Grammar.

Question 1.
Muk and I went to see Mrs. Groover quite often. Not only because she made the best tea and cookies. We went because we liked her. (Rewrite using not only… but also)
Answer:
Muk and I went to see Mrs. Groover quite often not only because she made the best tea and cookies but also because we liked her.

Question 2.
I removed the strings impatiently. (Pick out the adverb from the given sentence)
Answer:
impatiently

Personal Response.

Question 1.
Do you think Mrs. Groover was responsible for the surprise? Why?
Answer:
Little Rohan longed to get a table tennies set as gift for his birthday and decided to run around a banyan tree in Mrs. Groover’s garden chanting “Unke Munke Timpetoo” seventeen times at 12 midnight. Understanding the child’s mind and seeing him take so much trouble, she decided to make him happy by gifting a fabulous table tennis set, through not brand new.

Question 2.
Why did Rohan and Muk visit Mrs. Groover often?
Answer:
After the initial nervousness and hesitation, Rohan found out that Mrs. Groover also believed in Unke, Munke, Timpetoo. They saw the soft human side of their Ex. Principal and started loving her. She too welcomed them with good tea and cookies. Hence they visited her often.

Question 3.
Did the surprise gift really come from Unke, Munke, Timpetoo? In your opinion, who must have sent the gift?
Answer:
No, the surprise gift did not come from Unke, Munke, Timpetoo. I am sure the surprise gift was sent by Mrs. Groover.

Question 4.
What is ‘Unke, Munke, Timpetoo’ – a charm or an act of friendliness?
Answer:
‘Unke, Munke, Timpetoo’ is an act of friendliness. We must remember that an act of friendliness is an act of godliness. It keeps alive the humanity in us which is very necessary to make this world a happy one.

Language Study.

Question 1.
Affixes: An affix is a letter or series of letters added to the root (main) word that can change its meaning. Affixes can take the form of a prefix or a suffix.
Answer:
(a) Examples of prefixes:

• trans + port = transport
• tri + angle = triangle
• uni + lateral = unilateral
• anti + biotic = antibiotic
• en + courage = encourage
• fore + head = forehead
• dis + appear = disappear
• extra + ordinary = extraordinary
• mid + way = midway
• hyper + active = hyperactive
• micro + scope = microscope
• post + pone = postpone
• ex + President = ex-President
• thermo + meter = thermometer
• super + star = superstar

(b) Some more suffixes:

• fashion + able = fashionable
• play + ful = playful
• slow + ly = slowly
• meaning + less = meaningless
• close + ness = closeness
• mad + ly = madly
• effort + less = effortless
• colour + less = colourless
• sad + ness = sadness
• owner + ship = ownership
• love + able = lovable
• beauty + ful = beautiful
• workman + ship = workmanship
• port + able = portable
• help + ful = helpful
• month + ly = monthly
• quick + ly = quickly

(Add more to this list…)

Do as directed:

Question 1.
Why seventeen times and why at midnight? (Identify the kind of sentence)
Answer:
Interrogative sentence

Question 2.
Don’t ask me. (Add a question tag)
Answer:
Don’t ask me, will you?

Question 3.
Forget it. (Add a question tag)
Answer:
Forget it, won’t you? / will you?

Question 4.
The aerial roots were swaying in the breeze. (Separate the Subject and Predicate)
Answer:
Subject – The aerial roots
Predicate – were swaying in the breeze.

Question 5.
Muk was climbing the tree. (Identify whether theverbisTransitiveor Intransitive)
Answer:
was climbing – Transitive verb.

Question 6.
Add one of these prefixes to the words below: (un-, re-, dis-)

1. Mother will ………….. (wrap) the gift.
2. My dad had to ………….. (connect) the light.
3. Jane had to ………….. (do) her homework.
4. Mohan ………….. (likes) eating leafy vegetables.
5. The knot on the rope is hard to ………….. (tie).

Answer:

1. unwrap
2. disconnect
3. redo
4. dislikes
5. untie

Question 7.
Write a single word with the prefix ‘un-‘ or ‘dis-‘ to complete each sentence.

1. My brother always ………….. (does not agree) with me.
2. The answer to your question is ………….. (not known).
3. My mother told me not to be ………….. (not honest).
4. I thought I had seen him but he seems to have ………….. (not appear).
5. I was ………….. (not happy) at being scolded.

Answer:

1. disagrees
2. unknown
3. dishonest
4. disappeared
5. unhappy

Question 8.
Put the words in the brackets in the appropriate form. (Use a prefix or a suffix)

1. He is acting in a very ………….. way. (child)
2. She looked ………….. She started to cry. (happy)
3. The team that he supported was able to win the ………….. (champion)
4. There were only a ………….. of people at the match, (hand)
5. I think you should ………….. your decision. (consider)
6. He wants to be a ………….. when he grows up. (politics)

Answer:

1. childish
2. unhappy
3. championship
4. handful
5. reconsider
6. politician

Question 9.
Make adjectives from the following:

1. nonsense
2. secret
3. knowledge
4. poet
5. city
6. village
7. humanity

Answer:

1. nonsensical
2. secretive
3. knowledgeable
4. poetical
5. urban
6. rural
7. humane

Unke Munke Timpetoo Summary in English

This story ‘Unke Munke Timpetoo’ revolves round a young boy Rohan, whose birthday. Rohan’s birthday was soon approaching. He wished to have a table tennis set, which he knew his parents would not be able to afford. He tells his wish to his best friend Muk, who tells him that if he really wished for the set, then he would have to go seventeen times around a banyan tree, at midnight chanting ‘Unke Munke Timpetoo’. At first he was scared but decides to try his luck around the only banyan tree which belonged to his Ex-Principal Mrs. Groover.

A day before his birthday he, along with his friend goes to the banyan tree. Rohan nearly completes his round when Mrs. Groover comes out and Rohan explains to her what he was doing and why. The next day along with his birthday gifts, he gets the gift he wished for. Only it was not brand new. He did not mind it at all. He wonders who could have sent him the table tennis set. He decides to ask Mrs. Groover but does not have the courage. He then asked if she believed in the chant ‘Unke Munke Timpetoo’ to which she said yes. Rohan, Muk and Mrs. Groover became the best of friends.

Introduction:

This story ‘Unke Munke Timpetoo’ is written by Sigrun Srivastava. She is an Indian author of German origin. She has written over 25 books for children of all ages.

Glossary

1. fantastic (adj) – fanciful, extraordinary
2. bully (n) – a person who is cruel to others especially those who are weaker or have less power
3. aerial (adj) – positioned high up in the air
4. ferocious (adj) – fierce
5. fabulous (adj) – marvelous, wonderful
6. vanish (v) – to become invisible, disappear
7. stutter (v) – to stammer

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Class 7 Science Solutions Chapter 15 Materials We Use Notes, Textbook Exercise Important Questions and Answers.

Maharashtra State Board Class 7 Science Solutions Chapter 15 Materials We Use

Class 7 Science Chapter 15 Materials We Use Textbook Questions and Answers

1. Fill appropriate terms in the blanks:
(white cement, soap, detergent, wearing of bones, tooth decay, hard, soft, portiand, fatty acid)

Question a.
The substance that helps water to remove dirt from the surface of material is called …………… .
Answer:
soap

Question b.
Fluoride is used in toothpaste to prevent …………… .
Answer:
tooth decay

Question c.
Soap is a salt of …………… and sodium hydroxide.
Answer:
fatty acid

Question d.
Synthetic detergents can be used in …………… water as well.
Answer:
hard

Question e.
For construction purposes …………… Cement is the most commonly used cement.
Answer:
white cement

2. Write answers to the following questions. 

Question a.
How does the use of a detergent help to clean soiled clothes?
Answer:

1. A molecule of a detergent holds on to a water molecule at one end and an oil molecule at the other.
2. As a result the molecules of oil mix with the water.
3. This is how detergent acts on our soiled clothes. So detergent removes any oil or dirt sticking on to our clothes.
4. Due to the property of holding on to both oil and water, soap water spreads easily on many types of surfaces.
5. This property of spreading on a surface is called surface activity.
6. Detergents are surface active.
7. One effect of surface activity is lather formation.

Question b.
How will you check with the help of soap powder whether water is hard?
Answer:

1. In the hard water, (of a well or a tube-well), soap does not give lather but forms a scum.
2. As a result, soap loses its cleansing property. So with help of soap we will come to know that it is a hard water.

Question c.
What are the important ingredients of a tooth paste and what is the function of each?
Answer:

1. The important ingredients of a toothpaste are calcium carbonate and calcium hydrogen phosphate.
2. They remove the dirt on teeth. These ingredients also polish the teeth.
3. A certain proportion of fluoride in the tooth paste helps prevent tooth decay.
4. It is essential for the enamel covering of teeth.

Question d.
What are the ingredients of cement?
Answer:

1. Cement is a dry, greenish grey powder with fine particles.
2. It is made from silica (sand), alumina (aluminium oxide), lime, iron oxide and magnesia (magnesium oxide).

Question e.
What will happen if cement is not used in making concrete?
Answer:

1. In making concrete strong, the ingredients cement, water, sand and gravel should usually be mixed in the ratio of 1 : 2 : 3 : 0.5 to achieve maximum strength.
2. If enough cement is not used then the concrete will eventually fall apart, as cement is used as a binding agent.

Question f.
Make a list of detergents, that you use. Answer: There are two types of detergents that we use, (a) Natural (b) Man-made detergents.

1. Natural detergents are soap nut (ritha) soap pod (shikekai).
2. Man-made detergents are soap, hard soaps, soft soaps.
3. Synthetic detergents have taken the place of soap.
   • Detergents are commonly available as powders or concentrated solution.
   • Detergents are for laundry, washing clothes and cleaning dishes.
4. Alkaline detergents used for hard surface cleaning.

Question g.
What should be expected from a detergent for delicate garments?
Answer:

1. Detergents should not be strong, they may spoil the texture, colour of delicate garments.
2. Now a days many detergents are available especially for woollen, delicate clothes.
3. They should not contain bleach, phosphorous which will harm delicate clothes.

Question h.
What is meant by surface activity? Name three chemicals responsible for the surface activity of various detergents.
Answer:

1. Due to the property of holding on to both oil and water, soap water spreads easily on many types of surfaces.
2. The property of a substance of spreading on a surface is called surface activity and the substance is called surfactant.
3. Detergents are surface active.
4. They increase the spreading and wetting ability of water by reducing its surface tension.
5. Chemicals responsible for the surface activity of various detergents is phenol, Aprotinin.

3. What are the similarities and differences between:

Question a.
Natural detergents and Man-made detergents
Answer:

Natural detergents	Man-made detergents
1. Soap nut (ritha) and soap pod (shikekai) are the natural detergents.	1. Soap is man-made detergent soft soap and hard soap.
2. Natural detergents do not have harmful effect on human skin or on silk or woollen clothes.	2. Soap has effect on skin and cloth because it has chemicals in it.
3. Soap nut, soap pod contain a chemical saponin.	3. Soap has acid in it, soap is sodium and potassium salt of fatty acids.
4. It is naturally available.	4. It is man made using chemicals and oil.

Question b.
Soap and Synthetic detergents
Answer:

Soap	Synthetic detergents
1. Soap is man-made detergent, it is in use since ancient times.	1. Synthetic detergent have taken the place of soap.
2. Soap loses its cleansing property in hard water it does not give lather.	2. Synthetic detergent can be used in hard water also.
3. Soap was prepared by using animal fat and wood ash.	3. Synthetic detergent are obtained by subjecting fats, kerosene to various chemical processes.
4. Variety of soaps are available, soft soap for bathing, hard soap for washing, cleaning.	4. Variety of synthetic detergents are available – Ariel, Surf Excel, etc.

Question c.
Bath soap and Soap for washing clothes
Answer:

Bath soap	Soap for washing clothes
1. Soft soap is used for bathing.	1. Hard soap is used for washing clothes.
2. Soft soap is potassium salt is fatty acids.	2. Hard soap is sodium salt of fatty acid.
3. Soft soap dissolves more easily readily in water.	3. Hard soap do not dissolve easily in water.
4. Now a days many perfumes, moisturizes are mixed to make it more attractive and useful.	4. In this type of soap now a days germicides, anti foaming agents are mixed to make it more useful.

Question d.
Modern cement and Ancient cement
Answer:

Modem cement	Ancient cement
1. Cement manufactured from 60% lime, silica 25% and alumina 5%. the rest is iron oxide and gypsum.	1. Romans used to make aqueous cement by mixing volcanic ash in moistened lime. It was very durable.
2. It is the most commonly used cement for Construction work.	2. It is Roman cement volcanic ash prevent cracks from spreading.
3. It is called Portland Cement.	3. It is called Aqueous Cement.

4. Explain why –

Question a.
Soap cannot be used in hard water.
Answer:

1. In the hard water of a well or a tube well, soap does not give lather but forms a scum.
2. As a result soap loses its cleansing property. So soap cannot be used in hard water.

Question b.
Oil does not mix in water. However, oil and water become homogenous if a sufficient quantity of detergent is added.
Answer:

1. A molecule of a detergent holds on to a water molecule at one end and an oil molecule at the other.
2. As a result the molecules of oil mix with the water, and we will see that the water and oil have become homogenous and the colour of the mixture appears milky.

Question c.
Synthetic detergents are superior to soap.
Answer:

1. Soap is a man-made detergent which has been in use since ancient times.
2. It was prepared by using animal fat and wood ash. In hard water, soap does not give lather, it loses its cleansing property.
3. So we can not use soap in hard water. Now synthetic detergents have taken the place of soap.
4. They can be used in hard water as well
5. Synthetic detergents have many more advanced properties like they are added with perfumes, conditioner for fabric, etc.

Question d.
Often coloured spots are formed on clothes during washing.
Answer:

1. Curry stains stick fast to the criss-crossing threads of the material of our clothes.
2. Curry contains turmeric a natural indicator which turns red in a basic solution.
3. Soaps are sodium salts of fatty acids and are basic in nature.
4. While washing the clothes, turmeric reacts with soap solution and turns red forming red spots on the clothes.
5. But the spots disappear after washing the clothes with plenty of water.

Question e.
Tobacco masheri should not be used for cleaning teeth.
Answer:

1. Masheri is the smokeless form of tobacco. It is tobacco, containing teeth cleaning powder
2. It contains tobacco leaves.
3. Tobacco contains toxic and Carcinogenic chemicals which can cause cancer, oral cancer, mouth and throat cancer, gum disease, tooth decay.
4. Its use can cause abnormal delivery in pregnant women.

Project:

Question 1.
Visit a cement factory. See how cement is prepared and discuss the process.

Question 2.
Write a conversation based on cement houses, mud-houses and wattle-and-daub houses.

Class 7 Science Chapter 15 Materials We Use Important Questions and Answers

Fill in the blanks:

Question 1.
The principal ingredients of a toothpaste are ………………. and ………………. which remove the dirt on the teeth.
Answer:
Calcium carbonate, calcium hydrogen phosphate

Question 2.
………………. in the toothpaste helps prevent tooth decay.
Answer:
Fluoride

Question 3.
The property of a substance of spreading on a surface is called ………………. .
Answer:
surface activity

Question 4.
………………. and ………………. are the natural detergent in common use.
Answer:
Soap nut, Soap pod

Question 5.
Soap nut and soap pod contain a chemical named ………………. .
Answer:
Saponin

Question 6.
………………. is a man-made detergent.
Answer:
Soap

Question 7.
………………. is used for washing clothes.
Answer:
Hard soap

Question 8.
………………. is used for bathing.
Answer:
Soft soap

Question 9.
Hard soap is ………………. salt of fatty acids.
Answer:
Sodium

Question 10.
Soft soap is ………………. salt of fatty acids.
Answer:
Potassium

Name the following:

Question 1.
A substance which is spread on a given surface and used for cleaning.
Answer:
Surfactant

Question 2.
A chemical contained in soap nut and pod.
Answer:
Saponin

Question 3.
An element which helps prevent tooth decay which is used in toothpastes.
Answer:
Fluoride

Question 4.
The latin word which means detergent.
Answer:
Detergere

Question 5.
A cement used for construction purpose.
Answer:
Portland cement

Question 6.
A mixture of cement, water, sand and gravel.
Answer:
Concrete

Question 7.
A natural detergent.
Answer:
Soap nut

Choose the correct option:

Question 1.
Which one of these material grows on an animal
(cotton, rubber, wood, wool)
Answer:
Wool

Question 2.
Which of these is man-made?
(oranges, apples, plastic bags, tomatoes)
Answer:
Plastic bags

Question 3.
The statue is made from marble, marble is a ………….. material.
(weak, elastic, man-made, natural)
Answer:
Natural

Question 4.
Toy Duck is made from plastic. Plastic is a ………….. material.
(natural, man-made, raw, precious)
Answer:
Man-made

Question 5.
Which of these materials is natural?
(Nylon, Rock, Plastic, Polythene)
Answer:
Rock

Question 6.
Which one of these is a natural material?
(Lemonade, Cola, Water, Ice cream)
Answer:
Water

Question 7.
The toy plane made from wood. Wood is a ………….. material.
(man-made, natural, weak)
Answer:
Natural

Question 8.
Which one of these materials is natural?
(Nylon, cotton, polythene, polyesters)
Answer:
Cotton

Match the following:

Question 1.

Column ’A’	Column ’B’
1. Fluoride	a. Man-made detergent
2. Soap nut	b. Sodium salt of fatty acid
3. Soap	c. Man-made material
4. Cotton	d. Prevents tooth decay
5. Nylon	e. Potassium salt of fatty acid.
6. Hard soap	f. Natural detergent
7. Calcium carbonate	g. Natural material
8. Soft soap	h. Main ingredients of toothpaste

Answer:

Column ’A’	Column ’B’
1. Fluoride	d. Prevents tooth decay
2. Soap nut	f. Natural detergent
3. Soap	a. Man-made detergent
4. Cotton	g. Natural material
5. Nylon	c. Man-made material
6. Hard soap	b. Sodium salt of fatty acid
7. Calcium carbonate	h. Main ingredients of toothpaste
8. Soft soap	e. Potassium salt of fatty acid.

Find out:

Answer the following questions:

Question 1.
What is the source of the fluoride in a tooth paste or tooth powder?
Answer:
A naturally occurring mineral found in tooth paste and drinking water. Sodium Fluoride (NaF) is the source of fluoride in toothpaste.

Question 2.
Note down all the information given on a tooth powder/toothpaste container or carton and discuss.
Answer:
1. The carton shows the name of the company and name of toothpaste and its contains all the ingredients present in toothpaste.

2. Licence No. of company, Regd. Trade Mark of Colgate Palmolive Co-manufactured by Colgate-Palmolive (India) Ltd. Licenced user of Trade Mark made in India. Tooth paste contains 1000 ppm max of available fluoride when packed.

3. Ingredients: Calcium carbonate, sorbitol, sodium lauryl sulphate, silica, sodium silicate flavour, sodium monoflouro phosphate, sodium bicarbonate, benzyl alcohol.

4. Direction for use: Brush thoroughly atleast twice a day.
5. Children under 6 years of age should have adult supervision and use only appropriate amount.

Question 3.
Now a days why are the roads made of concrete?
Answer:

1. Concrete is prepared by mixing cement, limestone, sand, gravel, and water. It is solid, more durable and strong.
2. There is no erosion for many years and roads are smoother. So the roads are made of concrete.

Question 4.
What causes the hardness of water?
Answer:

1. Hardness is a measure of amount of dissolved salts in water.
2. It is caused by dissolved salts like carbonates, chlorides mostly of calcium and magnesium
3. Presence of these makes washing of clothes by soap difficult.
4. Hard water is water that has high mineral content.
5. Hard water is formed when water percolates through deposits of limestone and chalk.

Can you tell?

Answer the following questions:

Question 1.
Which substances were used earlier for cleaning teeth?
Answer:
In olden times neem twigs, coal powder ash, tooth powder, salt, pomegranate rind, were used for cleaning teeth.

Question 2.
What do we use today to clean our teeth?
Answer:
Now a days we use variety of toothpastes and tooth powders to clean our teeth.

Question 3.
What do we use for cleansing our body?
Answer:
Soap, many liquid body wash are also used to clean our body.

Question 4.
What are the materials used for construction?
Answer:
Metals, wood, stone, cement, concrete, timber, bricks, metal sheet, soil, Earth, marble, aluminium, iron, steel, bamboo, glass, plastic.
Concrete: is a wet mixture of sand, gravel, cement, and water used to create building foundations, footpaths or roads.

Question 5.
Which of the houses seen in the pictures here have a strong structure? Why?

Answer:
The houses made from stone, bricks, and cement and concrete have a strong structure.

Write short notes on or Explain:

Question 1.
Natural detergent
Answer:

1. It is naturally available soap nut (ritha) and soap pod (shikekai) are the natural detergents in common use.
2. They contain a chemical named saponin.
3. Soap nut and soap pod do not have any harmful effect on human skin or on silk, woollen threads, and cloth.

Question 2.
Man-made detergents
Answer:

1. Detergent which is made by processing naturally available material, soap is a man-made detergent which has been in use since ancient times.
2. In those days soap was prepared by using animal fat and wood ash.
3. Therefore two types of soap (a) Hard Soap is used for washing clothes. It is a sodium salt of fatty acids, (b) Softsoap is used for bathing. It is a potassium salt of fatty acids.
4. It does not cause irritation of the skin.
5. But we can’t use soap in hard water because soap does not give lather but forms a scum. So, soap loses its cleansing property so now synthetic detergent have taken the place of soap.
6. Synthetic detergents are obtained by subjecting these raw materials (fats and kerosene) to a variety of chemical processes. These can be used in hard water as well.

Question 3.
Soap
Answer:
Two types of soap are:
1. Hard soap is used for washing clothes. It is a sodium salt of fatty acids.
2. (a) Softsoap is used for bathing. It is a potassium salt of fatty acids, (b) It does not cause irritation of the skin, (c) But we can’t use soap in hard water because soap does not give lather but forms a scum, (d) So, soap loses its cleansing property so now synthetic detergents have taken place of soap, (e) Synthetic detergents are obtained by subjecting these raw materials (fats and kerosene) to a variety of chemical processes, (f) These can be used in hard water as well.

Question 4.
Concrete
Answer:

1. Concrete is prepared by mixing cement, water, sand and gravel.
2. For making a strong and leak proof slab certain substances are mixed in concrete.
3. Now a days, roads are made of concrete because they are very durable, strong and smooth.

Question 5.
Surface activity
Answer:

1. Soap molecule has the property of holding on to both oil and water soap water spreads easily on many types of surfaces.
2. The property of a substance of spreading on a surface is called surface activity and the substance is said to be a surfactant.
3. Detergents are surface-active. One effect of surface activity is lather formation.

Question 6.
Explain the method of preparation of soap.
Answer:
Material required for preparation soap are 15 g sodium hydroxide, 60 ml coconut oil, 15 g salt, perfume, a glass rod, beaker, tripod, wire gauze, burner, water mould etc.
Procedure:

1. Take 60 ml of coconut oil in a beaker.
2. Dissolve 15 g sodium hydroxide in 50 ml water. Mix the sodium hydroxide solution in the oil slowly, while stirring with a glass rod.
3. Heat the mixture, and boil it for 10 – 12 minutes, stirring it all the while.
4. Take care that the mixture does not boil over while heating.
5. Dissolve 15 g salt in 200 ml water, pour this solution into the above mixture and stir.
6. The soap formed by the chemical reaction now floats on the water. After some time, it becomes thick.
7. Now separate the thick soap and add the perfume to it, shape the bar of soap using the mould.
8. In this process, fat and alkali combine to form salts of fatty acids.
9. Chemically, soap is a sodium or potassium salt 4 of fatty acids.