Important Questions

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Class 11 History Important Questions Chapter 12 India, Nations in the Northwest of the Indian Subcontinent and China Important Questions and Answers.

Maharashtra State Board 11th History Important Questions Chapter 12 India, Nations in the Northwest of the Indian Subcontinent and China

1A. Choose the correct alternative and write the complete sentences.

Question 1.
___________ a port city is mentioned in the ‘Old Testament’.
(a) Ophir
(b) Lothal
(c) Meluhha
(d) Bet Dwaraka
Answer:
(a) Ophir

Question 2.
___________ trained by sailors to reach the coast safely were called ‘Dishakak’.
(a) Sparrows
(b) Crows
(c) Kingfishers
(d) Pigeons
Answer:
(b) Crows

Question 3.
___________ is identified with Babylon.
(a) Nangarhar
(b) Gandhara
(c) Kandahar
(d) Baveru
Answer:
(d) Baveru

1B. Find the incorrect pair from set B and write the correct ones.

Question 1.

Set ‘A’	Set ‘B’
(a) Geographia	Strabo
(b) Naturalis Historia	Yavana
(c) Geographia	Claudius Ptolemy
(d) Indica	Arrian

Answer:
(b) Naturalis Historia – Pliny the Elder

Question 2.

Set ‘A’	Set ‘B’
(a) Purushspur	Peshawar
(b) Ancient Kapisha	Begram
(c) Bhokardan	Bhogvardhan
(d) Theravada	Kansu

Answer:
(d) Theravada – Hinayana

1C. Find the odd one out.

Question 1.
Spread of Indian culture:
(a) Afghanistan
(b) China
(c) Rome
(d) Japan
Answer:
(c) Rome

Question 2.
Indian trade with distant lands:
(a) Kathasaritsagara
(b) Bhokarda
(c) Deepvamsa
(d) Mahavamsa
Answer:
(b) Bhokarda

Question 3.
Greek Literature:
(a) Geographia
(b) Naturalis Historia
(c) Indica
(d) Periplus of Erythrean Sea
Answer:
(d) Periplus of Erythrean Sea

Question 4.
Trading centers in Jalana district:
(a) Paithan
(b) Ter
(c) Gandhara
(d) Bhokardan
Answer:
(c) Gandhara

2. Write the names of historical places, persons, and events.

Question 1.
Port city is mentioned in the ‘Old Testament’ (Bible).
Answer:
Ophir

Question 2.
The Latin name of Periplus of the Erythrean Sea.
Answer:
Periplus Maris Erythraei

Question 3.
Greek mathematician geographer, author of Geographia.
Answer:
Claudius Ptolemy

Question 4.
Famous statues of Buddha away from Kabul.
Answer:
Bamiyan statues

Question 5.
The route that links Asia and Europe.
Answer:
Silk Route

Question 6.
First Buddhist temple built in China
Answer:
White Horse Temple

Question 7.
Caves are located on the ancient Silk Route.
Answer:
Mogao Caves

Question 8.
The grandson of Genghis Khan had a great interest in Buddhism.
Answer:
Kubalai

3. Complete the concept maps.

Question 1.

Answer:

Question 2.

Answer:

4. State your opinion.

Question 1.
The spread of Buddhism in China introduced a new trend in Chinese art.
Answer:

• Many of the Buddhism monks who arrived in China hailed from central Asia.
• Their presence in China inspired the making of images of Gautama Buddha and Bodhisattvas.
• This art style that originated in the Xinjiang province is known as ‘Serendian Art Style’ (Seres meaning China + India)

5. Answer the following questions in detail.

Question 1.
Write a note on India’s relations with Afghanistan during Emperor Ashoka’s period.
Answer:

• Emperor Ashoka’s period 13th edict is the names of Greek kings, who were his contemporaries.
• People in their kingdoms were following the path of morality as outlined in his message of Dhammavijaya. Among these kingdoms was the kingdom of Kamboja in Afghanistan.
• The Ashokan edict at Kandahar is in Greek language and the script used for it is Aramaic.
• This inscription shows that Afghanistan was an integral part of Ashoka’s empire.
• Ashoka had sent ‘Thera Mahyantika’ (Majjhantika) to Kashmir and Afghanistan and ‘Thera Maharakkhita’ to the Greek (Yona) kingdoms, for spreading the teachings of Gautama Buddha.

Question 2.
Write in detail about Kushana Period.
Answer:

• In the Kushana period, Buddhism reached China by this trade route. Some of the coins of emperor Kanishka carry the image of Gautama Buddha. It also has a legend that reads, ‘Boddo’.
• This is the oldest representation of Gautama Buddha in an image form on a coin.
• The Chinese monks like Fa-Hien, Yuan Chwang, who travelled through India have described the Buddhist viharas and stupas in India.
• There are numerous remains of viharas and stupas in Afghanistan.
• Among them, a place called ‘Shahji-ki-Dheri’ near Peshawar in Pakistan was excavated.
• The importance of the stupa discovered at this place is underlined by the fact that it was built during Kanishka’s period.

6. Answers the following questions with the help of given points.

Question 1.
Write about the relations between India and Rome.
(a) Literature (Source of Information)
(b) Trade relations
Answer:
(a) Literature (Source of Information):

• A Sailor’s handbook of his sea travels is known as ‘Periplus of Erythrean Sea’ (Latin name: Periplus Maris Erythraei).
• The ancient cities like Bharuch, Sopara, Kalyan, etc., are mentioned in this periplus.
• There are other texts ‘Geographia’ written by the Greek mathematician-geographer Claudius Ptolemy, Tndica’

(b) Trade relations:

• The Indo-Roman trade had begun to grow. The silk route and the ports on the south and west coasts of India played a vital role in this trade.
• The records of the Greek historians mention a group of merchants, who paid a visit to the court of the Roman Emperor Augustus.
• The coin hoards found in Tamil Nadu had Roman gold coins in them, but they were valued for their gold.
• Nero, the Roman emperor had paid one million gold coins for a single chalice of emerald of Indian made.
• Pliny the elder had expressed concern about that the drain of gold from Rome into India.
• Strabo tells us that animals such as snakes, hunting dogs, tigers, elephants, birds like parrots and peacocks, things like hides and horns of rhinoceros, expensive textiles, pearls, ivory, and spices, etc. from India were in great demand.
• Apart from the Roman gold coins, many other things like lead, zinc, corals, wines, olive oil were the Roman imports coming to India.
• Cities like Paithan, Ter, Kolhapur, Bhokardan in the Jalana district were important trading centers.

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Class 11 History Important Questions Chapter 10 Changing Times Important Questions and Answers.

Maharashtra State Board 11th History Important Questions Chapter 10 Changing Times

1A. Choose the correct alternative and write complete sentences.

Question 1.
The Shakas divided the state into various _____________
(a) provinces
(b) districts
(c) villages
(d) towns
Answer:
(a) Provinces

Question 2.
_____________ was an important king of the Kushana Empire.
(a) Chandragupta II
(b) Kanishka
(c) Harsha
(d) Gondophernes
Answer:
(b) Kanishka

Question 3.
Chandragupta I added the title _____________ to his name.
(a) Maharaja
(b) Lokaraja
(c) Samrat
(d) Maharajadhiraja
Answer:
(d) Maharajadhiraja

Question 4.
_____________ was the founder of the Vardhan dynasty.
(a) Harsha
(b) Pulakeshin I
(c) Pushyabhuti
(d) Samudragupta
Answer:
(c) Pushyabhuti

Question 5.
The history of Kashmir can be found in Rajatarangini of _____________
(a) Kalhana
(b) Harsha
(c) Ghatothkach
(d) Kalidasa
Answer:
(a) Kalhana

Question 6.
The use of _____________ script is seen on the Shaka coins.
(a) Brahmi
(b) Sanskrit
(c) Pali
(d) Kharoshthi
Answer:
(d) Kharoshthi

Question 7.
The Periplus of Erythrean Sea is written in the _____________ language.
(a) Latin
(b) Greek
(c) English
(d) Pali
Answer:
(b) Greek

Question 8.
Kanishka had organized the fourth Buddhist Council in the Vihara at Kundalvan in _____________
(a) Shigupta
(b) Kashmir
(c) Pallavas
(d) Gondophernes
Answer:
(b) Kashmir

1B. Find the incorrect pair from set B and write the correct ones.

Question 1.

Set ‘A’	Set ‘B’
(a) Bactria	Greeks
(b) Central Asia	Shakas
(c) Kashmir	Karkotakas
(d) South India	Vardhan’s

Answer:
(d) North India – Vardhan’s

Question 2.

Set ‘A’	Set ‘B’
(a) Dhanvantari	Physician
(b) Kshapanak	Astrologer
(c) Amarsinha	Lexicographer
(d) Sanku	Magician

Answer:
(d) Sanku – Architect

Question 3.

Set ‘A’	Set ‘B’
(a) Chitrapatta	Printed silk
(b) Dukul	Silk
(c) Pulakbandh	Coloured cotton
(d) Pushpapatta	Muslin

Answer:
(d) Pushpapatta – Floral designs

1C. Find the odd one out.

Question 1.
Dhanvantari Kshapanak, Sanku, Chitrapatta
Answer:
Chitrapatta

Question 2.
Lokaraja, Maharaja, Maharajadhiraja, Vikramaditya
Answer:
Lokaraja

Question 3.
Shakuntalam, Pulakbandh, Pushpapatta, Amshuka
Answer:
Shakuntalam

Question 4.
Nigam, Shreni, Vishaya, Gana
Answer:
Vishaya

Question 5.
Dharnikot, Bhokardan, Amaravati, Nagarjunikonda
Answer:
Bhokardan

Question 6.
Saraswati, Vishnu, Surya, Kushana
Answer:
Kushana

2A. Write the names of historical places, persons, and events.

Question 1.
First Shaka king in India
Answer:
Moga

Question 2.
Sarvarajochchheta
Answer:
Samudragupta

Question 3.
Founder of Karkotaka dynasty
Answer:
Durlabhavardhan

Question 4.
Symbol of Goddess Athena
Answer:
Owl

Question 5.
Chinese traveller during Harsha’s reign
Answer:
Yuan Chwang

2B. Choose the correct reason and complete the sentence.

Question 1.
The Gupta period is considered as the classical age of Indian history because of _____________
(a) political stability
(b) help from foreign powers
(c) centralized Administration
(d) development in Art and Architecture
Answer:
(a) political stability

Question 2.
The Gupta kings changed the economic structure of agricultural system because, _____________
(a) many foreign communities came and settled in India
(b) their preference was on giving the land to local farmers for tilling
(c) king was appointed as Viceroy who looked after the provincial administration
(d) the human figure was the central theme of the sculptures in the Gupta period
Answer:
(b) their preference was on giving the land to local farmers for tilling

3. Complete the concept maps.

Question 1.

Answer:

Question 2.

Answer:

Question 3.

Answer:

4. Write short notes.

Question 1.
Vardhan Empire
Answer:

• The declining power of the Guptas saw the rise of dynasties such as Vardhans, Maukharis Maitrakas, etc.
• The founder of the Vardhan Empire was Pushyabhuti.
• He was followed by his son, Prabhakarvardhan who made the Vardhan dynasty powerful.
• He took up the title of ‘Parambhattarak Maharajadhiraj’.
• The most prominent ruler of this dynasty was Harshavardhan.
• His empire extended from Nepal to Narmada and Saurashtra to Bengal.
• ‘Harshacharita’ written by Banabhatta, a court poet, and also travel accounts of Yuan Chwang give information about this period.
• Universities of Nalanda and Vallabhi became great centers of learning. Harshavardhan’s empire was the last powerful empire in ancient India.

Question 2.
Kushana Empire
Answer:

• After winning over the small kingdoms, Kushanas followed the system of Shakas and established their Satrapi’s there.
• A military officer called ‘Satrapa (Kshatrapa) was appointed on the satrapies.
• The King was the chief of all the Satraps and adopted the titles like ‘Rajadhiraj’, ‘Maharaj’ etc.
• The concept of the divinity of the King is seen for the first time in the inscriptions on the Kushana coins.
• They called themselves ‘Devputra’(Son of God).

5. Explain the following statements with reasons.

Question 1.
During the Gupta period, India’s sea trade began to increase on a large scale.
Answer:

• Indian goods were sent up to the Red Sea and from there via. Egypt to Rome.
• From India, animals such as tiger, lion, and monkey, birds such as parrot and peacock, wool, silk, muslin, cotton cloth, ivory, pearls, spices, sandalwood, medicinal herbs, diamonds, precious stones, and other luxury terms were exported, whereas, from other countries goods such as lead, copper, glass, silver, gold, wines were imported.
• Due to this trade, the flow of gold coins was constantly coming in India and hence India became prosperous.

6. State your opinion.

Question 1.
Some Bactrian coins resemble Greek coins.
Answer:

• Some Bactrian coins resemble Greek coins in terms of their shape and weight.
• On some of these coins, the image of the owl is seen.
• Owl is the symbol of Goddess Athena. Athena was the main deity of Athens.
• Indo-Greek coins are found in Bactria.
• The Greek legends are written on the obverse side and the legends are written in Prakrit.
• Kharoshthi script on the reverse side.

Question 2.
India became prosperous.
Answer:

• In contemporary India, agriculture and animal husbandry were the main sources of livelihood.
• Along with it various industries and trade developed during this period.
• India’s contact with the foreigners proved to be beneficial for this.
• During this period also merchant and artisans guilds (shrenis) were in existence.
• During this period, India’s sea trade began to increase on a large scale.
• Indian goods were sent up to the Red Sea and from there via Egypt to Rome.
• From India, animals such as tiger, lion, and monkey; birds such as parrot and peacock; wool, silk, muslin, cotton cloth, ivory, pearls, spices, sandalwood, medicinal herbs, diamonds, precious stones, and other luxury items were exported and from other countries goods such as lead, copper, glass, silver, gold, wines, etc. were imported.
• Due to this trade, the flow of gold coins was constantly coming in India and hence India became prosperous.

7. Answers the questions in detail.

Question 1.
Write a note on the Kushanas in detail.
Answer:

• Kujula Khadphises declared himself as the king of Bactria and with this the Kushana rule was established up to Kabul, Kashmir.
• The Chinese records, Greek and Roman literature provide information about this. The Kushanas’ are referred to as ‘Tukhar’ or ‘Tushar’.
• The Kushanas followed the system of Shakas and established their Satrapi’s there. A military officer called ‘Satrapa (Kshatrapa) was appointed. The king was the chief of all the Satrapi’s.
• The kings adopted titles like ‘Rajadhiraj’, ‘Maharaj’ etc.
• The concept of the divinity of the kings is seen for the first time in the inscription on the Kushana coins.
• They called themselves ‘Devputra’ (Son of God).
• Kanishka obtained the status of an emperor. His empire extended from Kabul to Pataliputra and from Kashmir to Malwa.
• He established two capitals, one at Purushpur (Peshawar) and the other at Mathura.
• The fourth Buddhist council was organized by Kanishka at Kundalvam in Kashmir.
• The Kushanas had adopted Indian cultures which is obvious from the name of the last Kushana king “Vasudeva’.

Question 2.
Discuss trade from 2nd C.B.C.E to 4th C.C.E.
Answer:

• The period from 2nd C.B.C.E to 4th century C.E was the period of arrival of the central Asian tribes and the kingdoms that they established.
• Various industries and trade developed during this period. India’s contact with the foreigners proved to be beneficial for this.
• India’s sea trade began to increase on a large scale. Indian goods were sent up to the Red Sea and from there via Egypt to Rome.
• The items of export were animals such as tigers, lions, and monkeys, birds such as parrots and peacocks, wool, silk, muslin, cotton cloth ivory, pearls, spices, and other luxury items.
• The items of import were lead, copper, glass, silver, gold, wines, etc.
• Due to this trade, the flow of gold coins was constantly coming in India and hence India became prosperous.

8. Answers the following questions with the help of given points.

Question 1.
Discuss coinage, art, and iconography between 2nd B.C.E and 4th C.E.
(a) Coinage
(b) Art
(c) Iconography
Answer:
(a) Coinage:

• The flow of gold coins was constantly coming in India.
• The portraits of kings and images of deities were inscribed on the gold coins of the Bactrian Greeks.
• There was a great impact of the Greek and Roman coins on the coins of Shaka and Kushana rulers.
• The Kharoshthi script is seen on the Shaka coins. The coins indicate the mixed impact of Greek, Indian and Persian cultures.
• The Kushana kings depicted Indian cities on coins.
• The image of Shiva has been found on gold and copper coins.
• Kushana coins are found in the border regions of India and China.
• The legends on the Kushana coins found in Central Asia are in the Prakrit language in the Kharoshthi script.

(b) Art:

• The Gandhara region had become a melting pot of Indian, Greek, Roman, Persian, and Shaka cultures.
• A new style of art developed in the cities of Pushkalavati, Taxila, Purushpur, etc. It is known as ‘Gandhara style’.
• The theme was Indian but the style was Greek.
• The Mahayana sect of Buddhism gave an impetus to this style of art.

(c) Iconography:

• In the icons of the Gandhara style, there was more emphasis on physical beauty.
• During the same time, Mathura and Varanasi’s styles of art developed.
• The images of Gautama Buddha were completely Indian in nature.
• Mathura was an important center of Indian art of sculpture.
• Portrait sculpture is the feature of the Mathura Style of art.
• The statues of Kushan kings, Vima Takshama, and Kanishka are examples of portrait sculptures.
• Similarly, images of Saraswati, Vishnu, Surya, Shiva, and Kartikeya saw the innovation in sculptural art.

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Class 11 History Important Questions Chapter 9 Post Mauryan India Important Questions and Answers.

Maharashtra State Board 11th History Important Questions Chapter 9 Post Mauryan India

1A. Choose the correct alternative and write complete sentences.

Question 1.
___________ established a second capital at Vidisha.
(a) Chandragupta Maurya
(b) Bimbisara
(c) Pushyamitra Shunga
(d) Hala
Answer:
(c) Pushyamitra Sunga

Question 2.
The ___________ mention the ‘Andhras’ or ‘Andhrabhrutyas’.
(a) Puranas
(b) Upanishadas
(c) Vedas
(d) Jain Tools
Answer:
(a) Puranas

Question 3.
___________ was the smallest unit of administration.
(a) Kingdom
(b) State
(c) Grama(village)
(d) District
Answer:
(c) Grama

Question 4.
___________ wrote Brihatkatha.
(a) Hala
(b) Gunadhya
(c) Patanjali
(d) Panini
Answer:
(b) Gunadhya

Question 5.
Gatha Saptashati reflects the social life in ___________ of the Satavahana period.
(a) Maharashtra
(b) Tamilnadu
(c) Uttar Pradesh
(d) Bihar
Answer:
(a) Maharashtra

Question 6.
___________ wrote the ‘Mahabhashya’ based on Panini’s Ashtadhyayi’
(a) Gunadhya
(b) Patanjali
(c) Banabhatta
(d) Kalidasa
Answer:
(b) Patanjali

Question 7.
___________ was the head of trade guilds.
(a) Shreshthi
(b) Sarthavaha
(c) Malakara
(d) Dasaka
Answer:
(a) Shreshthi

1B. Find the incorrect pair from set B and write the correct ones.

Question 1.

Set ‘A’	Set ‘B’
(a) Pushymitra shunga	Shisunaga dynasty
(b) Chandragupta Mauryan	Mauryan dynasty
(c) Gautamiputra Satakarni	Satavahana dynasty
(d) Mahapadma Nanda	Nanda dynasty

Answer:
(a) Pushyamitra Shunga – Shunga dynasty

Question 2.

Set ‘A’	Set ‘B’
(a) Pratishthan	Paithan
(b) Tagar	Ter
(c) Nasik	Nashik
(d) Karhatak	Viharas

Answer:
(d) Karhatak – Karhad

Question 3.

Set ‘A’	Set ‘B’
(a) Lekhanika	Scribes
(b) Vaidya	Traders of perfumes
(c) Halakiya	Cultivators
(d) Suvarnakar	Goldsmith

Answer:
(b) Vaidya – Physicians

1C. Find the odd one out.

Question 1.
Shri Satakarni Yajna Satakarni, Hala, Pushyamitra Shunga
Answer:
Pushyamitra Shunga

Question 2.
Vardhaki, Halakiya, Malakara, Lohavanija
Answer:
Halakiya

Question 3.
Amatya, Naigam, Dasaka, Sarthavaha
Answer:
Dasaka

Question 4.
Malakara, Lekhanika, Vaidya, Halakiya
Answer:
Malakara

Question 5.
Pratishthan, Tagar, Nasik, Sarthavaha
Answer:
Sarthavaha

2A. Write the names of historical places, persons, and events.

Question 1.
Greek king defeated by Pushyamitra Shunga
Answer:
King Demetrius

Question 2.
Ashtadhyayi
Answer:
Panini

Question 3.
Last king of the Shunga dynasty
Answer:
Devbhuti

Question 4.
Mountain pass on the ancient trade route in Maharashtra
Answer:
Naneghat

Question 5.
Head of trade guilds
Answer:
Shreshthi

Question 6.
Blacksmith
Answer:
Lohavanija

Question 7.
Chief of caravan merchant
Answer:
Sarthavaha

Question 8.
Traders of perfumes
Answer:
Gandhika

Question 9.
Goldsmith
Answer:
Suvarnakar

Question 10.
Physicians
Answer:
Vaidya

2B. Choose the correct reason and complete the sentence.

Question 1.
The Satavahana rule declined due to ___________
(a) weak rulers
(b) the constant struggle between Sakas and Satavahanas
(c) economic decline
(d) social decline
Answer:
(b) the constant struggle between Sakas and Satavahanas

Question 2.
Grama was an integral part of the ___________
(a) central machinery
(b) middle machinery
(c) outdoor machinery
(d) absolute machinery
Answer:
(a) central machinery

Question 3.
Many Satavahana inscriptions are found in ___________
(a) South Maharashtra
(b) Northwest Maharashtra
(c) North Maharashtra
(d) Central Maharashtra
Answer:
(c) North Maharashtra

Question 4.
___________ reflects the social life in Maharashtra of Satavahana period.
(a) Lohavanija
(b) Dasaka
(c) Halakiya
(d) Gatha Saptashati
Answer:
(d) Gatha Saptashati

3. Complete the concept maps.

Question 1.

Answer:

Question 2.

Answer:

Question 3.

Answer:

Question 4.

Answer:

4. Write short notes.

Question 1.
Guilds or Shrenis
Answer:

• Many industries and trade flourished under the Satavahas.
• Various shrenis (Guilds) emerged during this period.
• The trade and industries were controlled with the help of these shrenis.
• The shrenis also provided loans.

5. Explain the following statements with reasons.

Question 1.
Foreigners like Greek, Pallavas, and Kushanas were absorbed in the social structure.
Answer:

• The invasion of foreigners like Greek, Pallavas, Shakas, and Kushanas took place during the Satavahana period.
• But these foreigners were soon absorbed in the social structure.
• This means that contemporary society was flexible enough to accommodate foreigners.
• The political invasions brought about social, economic, and cultural changes.

Question 2.
The influence of Persian and Greek sculptural styles of the Mauryan period decreased during the Shunga and Satavahana period.
Answer:

• A new native Indian style of architecture developed or emerged in this period.
• For e.g., the four gateways (Toranas) of the Sanchi Stupa No. 1 built during this period are excellent examples of this style.
• Many incidents from the life of Gautama Buddha are carved on these gateways.
• A number of rock-cut caves (Viharas and Chaityas) at Bhaje, Nashik, Karle, etc. belong to the Satavahana period.
• Especially the Chaitya at Karle, its magnificent facade entrance and sculptures are the finest examples of the sculptural art of this period.

6. State your opinion.

Question 1.
Before Gautamiputra Satakarni some of the Satavahana kings were not capable.
Answer:

• Taking advantage of the situation, the Shaka Satrapas established their rule in the western regions of India.
• Gautamiputra Satakarni, the Satavahana king conquered the Shakas.
• The Satavahana dynasty regained its strength with this victory.
• Thus, before Gautamiputra Satakarni some of the Satavahana kings were not capable.

Question 2.
The Shungas contribution to the field of art is important.
Answer:

• The Shunga’s contributed to art in a big way.
• The stupas at Sanchi and Bharhut, Garuda pillar at Besnagar are excellent examples of art during this period.
• The sculptural art in the Shunga period widened its horizons and depicted the life of common people on a large scale.
• Thus, the Shungas’ contribution to the field of art is important.

7. Answers the questions in detail.

Question 1.
Write a detailed note on the Shunga Empire.
Answer:

• The Shunga Empire was founded by Pushyamitra Shunga.
• The Shunga Empire extended from Magadha in the east to Sialkot (Punjab) in the west as well as the Himalayas in the North to Vidarbha in the south.
• Pushyamitra established a second capital at Vidisha although Pataliputra was the main capital. Pushyamitra was valiant and ambitious.
• He strengthened his rule in the provinces of Kosala, Vatsa, Avanti, etc.
• Later he conquered the lost provinces of the Magadha empire up to Sialkot.
• The Greek king Demetrius was repelled by Pushyamitra.
• After establishing his rule over North India and some parts of South India he performed the Ashwamedha sacrifice twice.
• Sanskrit was encouraged. Many texts were reviewed. The Manusmriti was composed during this period.
• Along with literature, art was encouraged for e.g., the Sanchi and Bharhut stupas and the Garuda pillar at Besnagar are excellent examples of art during this period.
• Sculptural art widened its horizons and districted the life of common people on a large scale.

Question 2.
Give an account of the rise of the Satavahana Empire.
Answer:

• After the disintegration of the Mauryan Empire, many new powers arose. Among them, the Satavahanas are mentioned as the earliest ruling dynasty in Maharashtra.
• The Satavahanas ruled over a vast region of Maharashtra, Andhra, and Karnataka.
• Paithan in Maharashtra was the capital of the Satavahanas. The mention of Puranas the Andhras or ‘Andhrabhrutyas’ Probably these terms refer to the Satavahanas.
• Simuka was the first Satavahana king to be mentioned in the Naneghat inscription.
• The most important king of this dynasty was Shri Satakarni, Hala, Gautamiputra Satakarni and Yajna Satakarni.
• Gautamiputra Satakarni conquered the Shakas and also Central India and the entire regions of Dakshinapatha.
• He also established his dominance over the Republic states in Central India and Rajasthan.
• Gautamiputra proved his strength by gaining victory over Nahapana.
• The Satavahana rule became weak due to the constant struggle between Shakas and Satavahanas.

8. Explain the concept with examples.

Question 1.
Metronomic
Answer:
The Satavahana kings used Metronomics i.e., using the names of their mothers as prefixes for e.g., Gautamiputra Satakarni. Vasishthiputra Pulumavi etc.

Question 2.
Shakapahlavyavannisudan
Answer:
Gautamiputra Satakarni is mentioned as ‘Shakapahlavyavarnnisudan’ i.e. the destroyer of Shakas, Pallavas, and Greeks in the Nashik inscription of his mother Gautami Balashri.

Question 3.
Satavahanakulayashahpratishthapankar
Answer:
Gauthamiputra Satakarni has been referred to as ‘Satavahanakulayashahpratishapankar’ in the Nashik inscription of his mother Gauthami Balashri.

Question 4.
Trisamudratoyapitavahana
Answer:
Gautamiputra Satakarni has been mentioned as ‘Trisamudratoyapitavahana’ i.e., One whose horses drank the water of the three seas. Such a type of mentioning indicates that many kings in the southern region must have accepted feudatory status and ruled under the suzerainty of Gautamiputra Satakarni.

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Class 11 History Important Questions Chapter 11 Kingdoms in South India Important Questions and Answers.

Maharashtra State Board 11th History Important Questions Chapter 11 Kingdoms in South India

1A. Choose the correct alternative and write the complete sentences.

Question 1.

_____________ literature is one of the main sources of history of south India.
(a) Sangam
(b) Mahabharata
(c) Ramayana
(d) Indica
Answer:
(a) Sangam

Question 2.
_____________ language is spoken in Baluchistan.
(a) Tamil
(b) Brauhi
(c) Hindi
(d) Urdu
Answer:
(b) Brauhi

Question 3.
The first Chola king was _____________
(a) Raya Raja
(b) Rajendra Chola
(c) Karikala
(d) Rajendra II
Answer:
(c) Karikala

Question 4.
_____________ was the founder of the Vakataka dynasty.
(a) Vindhyashakti
(b) Pravarasena I
(c) Rudrasena
(d) Pravarasena II
Answer:
(a) Vindhyashakti

Question 5.
The founder of the Chalukyas is _____________
(a) Pulakeshin I
(b) Pulakeshin II
(c) Vikramaditya
(d) Jaising
Answer:
(d) Jaising

Question 6.
The capital of the Pallavas was _____________
(a) Chennai
(b) Kanchi
(c) Mahabalipuram
(d) Chingalpet
Answer:
(b) Kanchi

Question 7.
_____________ was a capable king of the Rashtrakuta dynasty.
(a) Dantidurga
(b) Krishna I
(c) Amoghvarsha
(d) Krishna II
Answer:
(c) Amoghvarsha

Question 8.
_____________ called themselves as ‘Tagarapuradhishwar’.
(a) Chalukyas
(b) Cheras
(c) Cholas
(d) Shilaharas
Answer:
(d) Shilaharas

Question 9.
The capital of Shilaharas of North Konkan was _____________
(a) Sthanak (Thane)
(b) Goa
(c) Kolhapur
(d) Panhala
Answer:
(a) Sthanak (Thane)

Question 10.
_____________ was the founder of the Gond dynasty.
(a) Ballal Singh
(b) Kol Bheel
(c) Rani Durgavati
(d) Nilkanth Shah
Answer:
(b) Kol Bheel

Question 11.
The Yadava king Shankardev was killed by _____________
(a) Malik Kafur
(b) Allaudin Khilji
(c) Mohd. Ghori
(d) Mohd. Gazni
Answer:
(a) Malik Kafur

1B. Find the incorrect pair from set B and write the correct ones.

Question 1.

Set ‘A’	Set ‘B’
(a) Cholas	Tanjavur
(b) Cheras	Kerala
(c) Pandyas	Pudukottai
(d) Vakatakas	Kanchi

Answer:
(d) Vakatakas – Malwa

Question 2.

Set ‘A’	Set ‘B’
(a) Tiruchirappalli	Tamil Nadu
(b) Kurnool	Andhra Pradesh
(c) Nandirandhan	Nagpur district
(d) Sthanak	Washim district

Answer:
(d) Sthanak – Thane

1C. Find the odd one out.

Question 1.
Ancient King’s in South India:
(a) Chola
(b) Pandya
(c) Maurya
(d) Chera
Answer:
(c) Maurya

Question 2.
Examples of Dravida Style:
(a) Kailasnath temple
(b) Elephanta caves
(c) Vaikuntha Perumal temples
(d) Brihadeshwara temples
Answer:
(b) Elephanta caves

Question 3.
Texts composed in South India:
(a) Setubandha
(b) Ratnamalika
(c) Kavirajmarg
(d) Mattavilasa
Answer:
(d) Mattavilasa

Question 4.
Languages in the Dravidian group:
(a) Tamil
(b) Kannada
(c) Malayalam
(d) Marwari
Answer:
(d) Marwari

2A. Write the names of historical places, persons, and events.

Question 1.
Province of Thanjavur and Tiruchirappalli
Answer:
Cholamandala

Question 2.
The ancient name of Kolhapur
Answer:
Kuntala

Question 3.
Composition of Pravarasena II in Maharashtri Prakrit
Answer:
Setu bandha

Question 4.
The passion of art during the Chalukya period
Answer:
Kirtivarman

Question 5.
Sanskrit play written by Mahendravarman
Answer:
Mattavilasa

Question 6.
The famous temple at Ellora built during the time of Krishna I
Answer:
KailasaTemple

Question 7.
Texts composed by Amoghvarsh
Answer:
Ratnamalika and Kavirajmarg

Question 8.
Temple at Ambarnath
Answer:
Rameshwar Mahadev

Question 9.
Temple at Khidrapur
Answer:
Koppeshwar Mahadev

Question 10.
Gond Queen who fought against Akbar
Answer:
Queen Durgavati

Question 11.
Text composed by Sarvasena
Answer:
Harivijaya

Question 12.
Two styles of temple architecture in South India
Answer:
Dravida and Vesara

2B. Choose the correct reason and complete the sentence.

Question 1.
The Indian culture between north India and south India become diverse because of _____________
(a) cultural Exchange
(b) economic Unification
(c) political Unification
(d) the conflict between North and South India
Answer:
(a) cultural Exchange

Question 2.
The Rashtrakuta dynasty declined because of _____________
(a) attacks of Pallavas and Satavahanas.
(b) attacks of Parmars and Chalukyas of Kalyani
(c) attacks of Pallavas and Chalukyas and Satavahanas
(d) attacks of Cholas and Valatakas
Answer:
(b) attacks of Parmars and Chalukyas of Kalyani

3. Observe the map on page 78 of your textbook and answer the following questions, based on it.

Question 1.
Name the two famous caves in Maharashtra.
Answer:
Ajanta and Ellora

Question 2.
Name the temples of Vesara style during the Chalukya rule.
Answer:
Aihole, Badami and Pattadakala

Question 3.
Name the two temples created during the Pallava period.
Answer:
Kanchi and Mahabalipuram

Question 4.
What was the capital of the Pandyas?
Answer:
Madurai

Question 5.
What is the name of the dynasty that ruled over present-day Kerala?
Answer:
Chera

4. Complete the concept maps.

Question 1.

Answer:

Question 2.

Answer:

Question 3.

Answer:

5. Write short notes.

Question 1.
Trade-in south India.
Answer:

• In the kingdom of Cholas, Pandyas, Cheras, Vakatakas, Chalukyas, Rashtrakutas, etc., many professions requiring specialized skills were practiced.
• Ivory was obtained from the Malayagiri jungle.
• The Cholamandalam provinces were well known for excellent quality textiles.
• Plain and coloured cotton cloth, as well as silk cloth, was produced in this province.
• The Chera kingdom produced fine cloth which was one of the important commodities in the Indo-Roman trade, Marco Polo has mentioned it in his travel accounts.
• Cities like Paithan, Tagar (Ter), Nashik, etc. flourished because of it.
• The goods produced in rural areas were brought for sale in the cities.

6. Explain the following statement with reasons.

Question 1.
The Sangham literature is the most ancient in the family tradition.
Answer:

• The tradition of writing poetry and grammar was prevalent in south India from ancient times.
• The Sangham literature is the most ancient literature available.
• This literature is one of the main sources of the political history of south India.

7. State your opinion.

Question 1.
Two styles of architecture are seen in South India.
Answer:

• Two styles of architecture ‘Dravida’ and ‘Vesara’ developed in South India.
• The Dravida style emerged and developed in the regions from the Krishna river to Kanyakumari.
• The important feature of Dravida architecture was identified by the construction of Shikhara.
• In this type, the stories reduce in size as the Shikhara rises. Examples of this style can be seen in the Kailasnath and
• Vaikuntha Perumal temples at Kanchi, Brihadeshwara temple at Tanjore.
• The Chalukyas built temples at places like Aihole, Badami, and Pattadakal.
• During the Rashtrakuta period, the world-famous ‘Kailasa’ temple was created.

Question 2.
The period during the rule of the kingdom in south India was important from the point of view of Sanskrit literature.
Answer:

• Kalidasa composed the ‘Meghdoot’ at Ramtek in Vidarbha.
• During the Vakataka rule, Compositions in the Prakrit language were created. Pravarsena II.
• The Vakataka king wrote the well-known composition named ‘Setubandha’. ‘Harivijaya’ was composed by Sarvasena, the founder of the Vatsagulma branch of Vakatakas.

8. Answer the following questions in detail.

Question 1.
Write about trade in South India.
Answer:

• Many professions requiring specialized skills were practiced.
• Ivory was obtained from the Malayagiri jungle. The Cholamandalam provinces were famous for excellent quality textiles.
• Plain and coloured cotton cloth, as well as silk clothes, were produced in this province.
• In the Chera kingdom, the fine cloth was produced. It was one of the important commodities in the Indo-Roman trade.
• The trade and industries in South India flourished during this period.
• The goods produced in rural areas were brought for sale.
• Shreni in South India played an important role in trade and the social system.

Question 2.
Write a note on Literature.
Answer:

• The ‘Sangham literature’ is supposed to be most ancient in the Tamil tradition.
• This literature is one of the main sources of the political history of South India.
• This period is important from the point of view of Sanskrit literature.
• Kalidasa composed the ‘Meghdoot’ at Ramtek in Vidarbha.
• During the Vakataka rule, compositions in Prakrit were created.
• Pravarsena II wrote ‘Setubandha’. ‘Harivijaya’ was composed by Sarvasena, the founder of the Vatsagulm branch of Vakatakas.

9. Answer the following questions with the help of given points.

Question 1.
The important Kingdom in south India.
(a) Cholas
(b) Cheras
(c) Pandyas
Answer:
(a) Cholas: The Cholas established their kingdom in the first century C.E. The Chola dynasty originated in Thanjavur and Tiruchirappalli (Tamil Naidu). This province was known as ‘Cholamandala’ (Coromandel) Karikala was the first Chola king who brought together eleven small kingdoms and build a strong army. He defeated the Chera and Pandya king and established Tamil dominance.

(b) Cheras: The Cheras ruled over Kerala. They are mentioned as ‘Kedalaputra’ (Keralaputra or sons of Kerala) in contemporary literature.

(c) Pandyas: The Pandyas had established their rule from Pudukkottai to Kanyakumari.

10. Explain the concept.

Question 1.
Mandalam
Answer:
The kingdoms of South India especially Cholas were divided into many provinces. These provinces were known as ‘Mandalam’. A member of the royal family was the chief of the Mandalam.

Question 2.
Gonds
Answer:
The Gond dynasty was established at Chanda (Chandrapur) during the Yadava period. Kol Bheel was the founder of this dynasty. He brought the people of the Gond tribe together and encouraged them to rebel against the Naga dynasty. He established the capital at Sirpur. In the later period, Khandkya Ballal Singh built a fort at Ballarpur and shifted the capital from Sirpur to Ballarpur. The temple at Achaleshwar was constructed during his period.

Question 3.
Yadavas
Answer:
Yadava dynasty is one of the important dynasties of medieval Maharashtra. Bhillam V (1185-93 C.E.) is the important king of the Yadava dynasty. He expanded the kingdom by defeating the Kalachuris. He established his capital at Devgiri and got himself coronated. In the later period, Singhan was an important ruler of this dynasty. He defeated the Hoysalas, Shilaharas and expanded the rule of Yadavas.

Question 4.
Rashtrakutas
Answer:
Dantidurga was the first powerful king of the Rashtrakuta dynasty. The rule of Rashtrakutas was spread from the Vindhyan ranges to Kanyakumari in the south. After Dantidurga, his uncle Krishna I became the king. He uprooted Chalukya’s rule. The famous Kailas temple at Ellora is ascribed to Krishna I. The succeeding Rashtrakuta rulers became influential in North India as well.

Question 5.
Shilaharas of North Konkan
Answer:
Kapardi established the north Kokan branch of Shilaharas. Rulers of this branch were initially the feudatories of the Rashtrakutas. Their capital was at Sthanak (Thane). Aparajita was another important king of this branch. He ruled for around thirty-five years. Chittaranjan followed Aparajita as King. His brothers fought for their claim to the throne.

Question 6.
Pallavas
Answer:
From the 6th century C.E. to the 9th century C.E., the Pallavas were known as the most powerful rulers in South India. Historians vary in their views regarding the origin of the Pallavas. Some copperplates of the Pallavas are found. There is a mention of Sinhavarman and Shivaskandavarman Pallava who ruled over the regions of the eastern coast. Kanchi was the capital of the Pallavas. We get detailed information about the Pallava dynasty beginning from the reign of Simhavishnu. He conquered the province of Cholas and extended his rule from Krishna to Kaveri. After Simhavishnu, his son Mahendravarman ascended the throne. He was a great scholar. He wrote the Sanskrit play ‘Mattavilasa’. He wrote books on subjects like music, dance, sculpture, painting, etc.

Question 7.
Chalukyas
Answer:
During the rule of Harshavardhan in North India, the Chalukya dynasty ruled in the south for approximately 200 years. Jaising was the founder of this dynasty. At the beginning of the 6th century C.E. he established his capital at Vatapi (Badami). His grandson Pulakeshin I was the first important king of the Chalukyas. He built the fort of Badami. He performed the Ashwamedha sacrifice and took up the title of ‘Maharaja’. He also took titles like ‘Prithvivallabha’ and ‘Satyashraya’.

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Class 11 Geography Important Questions Chapter 7 Indian Ocean – Relief and Strategic Importance Important Questions and Answers.

Maharashtra State Board 11th Geography Important Questions Chapter 7 Indian Ocean – Relief and Strategic Importance

Complete the chain.

Question 1.

A	B	C
(1) Continental shelf	(1) Archipelagos formed by coral atolls	(1) Very wide on the western side of India
(2) Mid-Oceanic Ridges	(2) Portion of continent submerged underwater	(2) Ashmore
(3) Oceanic Plateaus	(3) Submerged mountain ranges that separate deep portions of the ocean floor	(3) the Ninety East Ridge
(4) Islands	(4) Deep flat areas on the ocean bottom	(4) Chagos

Answer:

A	B	C
(1) Continental shelf	(1) Portion of continents submerged underwater	(1) Very wide on the western side of India
(2) Mid-Oceanic Ridges	(2) Submerged mountain ranges that separate deep portions of the ocean floor	(2) Ninety East Ridge
(3) Oceanic Plateaus	(3) Deep flat areas on the ocean bottom	(3) Chagos
(4) Islands	(4) Archipelagos formed by coral atolls	(4) Ashmore

Complete the table.

Question 1.
The Indian Ocean bordered by

Sr. No	Direction	Continents / Oceans
(1)	West	—–
(2)	North and East	—–
(3)	East	—–
(4)	South	—–

Answer:

Sr. No	Direction	Continents / Oceans
(1)	West	Africa
(2)	North and East	Asia
(3)	East	Australia
(4)	South	Southern Ocean

Question 2.
Bottom Relief of the Indian Ocean

Sr. No	Features	Comprise of
(1)	Continental Shelf	—–
(2)	Mid-oceanic Ridges	—–
(3)	Ocean Basins	—–
(4)	Oceanic Deeps	—–
(5)	Islands	—–

Answer:

Sr. No	Features	Comprise of
(1)	Continental Shelf	Gulf, seas, bays and straits
(2)	Mid-oceanic Ridges	Submerged mountain ranges and plateaus
(3)	Ocean Basins	Terminal destinations for the sediments brought from the continents and from the oceanic part itself.
(4)	Oceanic Deeps	Deep, narrow and steeply sloping depressions found on the ocean floor
(5)	Islands	Coral atolls and volcanic islands

Question 3.
Islands of Indian Ocean

Sr. No	Islands of Indian Ocean:
(1)	Islands in the Arabian Sea	———
(2)	Islands of Bay of Bengal	———
(3)	Islands along Australian Coast	———

Answer:

Sr. No	Islands of Indian Ocean:
(1)	Islands in the Arabian Sea	Madagascar, Comoros, Bassas de India, Europa Island, Reunion, Maldives, Chagos, Mauritius, Seychelles, Island of Socotra, Lakshadweep, Bundle Island, Kish, Hendorabi, Lavan, Siri, etc.
(2)	Islands of Bay of Bengal	Sri Lanka, Andaman and Nicobar, Sumatra Island
(3)	Islands along Australian Coast	Ashmore, Christmas and Cocos (or Keeling) Island.

Choose the correct option by identifying the correct correlation in the sentences.

Question 1.
Most of the trenches of the Indian Ocean are located towards its ………………… boundary.
(a) northern
(b) southern
(c) eastern
(d) western
Answer:
(c) eastern

Question 2.
The Bundle Island is located near the coast of …………………….
(a) Sri Lanka
(b) Pakistan
(c) Bangladesh
(d) Myanmar
Answer:
(b) Pakistan

Question 3.
To the east of …………………. lie the islands like Reunion, Mauritius, Seychelles, Socotra.
(a) Madagascar
(b) Australia
(c) Indonesia
(d) Sri Lanka
Answer:
(a) Madagascar

Question 4.
Diego Garcia is an atoll which was first discovered by the Europeans and named by the ……………………
(a) Portuguese
(b) French
(c) Dutch
(d) Germans
Answer:
(a) Portuguese

Question 5.
The salinity of the oceans is generally …………………. around the Somali Peninsula and closer to the Saudi Arabian Coast.
(a) high
(b) low
(c) moderate
(d) very high
Answer:
(a) high

Question 6.
The South Equatorial current flows from / in the ……………………
(a) west to east
(b) east to west
(c) clockwise direction
(d) anticlockwise direction
Answer:
(b) east to west

Identify the correct correlation.

A : Assertion
R : Reasoning

Question 1.
A – There is a complete blockage of the Indian Ocean towards its north.
R – Unlike the Pacific Ocean and the Atlantic Ocean the Indian Ocean does not extend northwards to the Arctic Ocean.
(a) Only A is correct.
(b) Only R is correct.
(c) Both A and R are correct and R is the correct explanation of A.
(d) Both A and R are correct but R is not the correct explanation of A.
Answer:
(c) Both A and R are correct and R is the correct explanation of A.

Question 2.
A – It is believed by most of the geologists that Madagascar was a part of African Continent in the geological past.
R – It has undergone two separations such as first separation from Africa and later from the Indo-Australian Plate.
(a) Only A is correct.
(b) Only R is correct.
(c) Both A and R are correct and R is the correct explanation of A.
(d) Both A and R are correct but R is not the correct explanation of A.
Answer:
(c) Both A and R are correct and R is the correct explanation of A.

Question 3.
A – In the case of Bay of Bengal, the Peninsular rivers lead to the lowering of salinity in this area.
R – The salinity is less during the period of South West Monsoon.
(a) Only A is correct.
(b) Only R is correct.
(c) Both A and R are correct and R is the correct explanation of A.
(d) Both A and R are correct but R is not the correct explanation of A.
Answer:
(d) Both A and R are correct but R is not the correct explanation of A.

Question 4.
A – The Indian market has emerged as one of the largest importers of South East Asian goods.
R – The recently concluded Free Trade Agreements with countries like Thailand and Singapore are set to contribute to this trend.
(a) Only A is correct.
(b) Only R is correct.
(c) Both A and R are correct and R is the correct explanation of A.
(d) Both A and R are correct but R is not the correct explanation of A.
Answer:
(d) Both A and R are correct but R is not the correct explanation of A.

Identify the incorrect factor.

Question 1.
The islands in Bay of Bengal are-
(a) Andaman and Nicobar
(b) Sri Lanka
(c) Sumatra
(d) Madagascar
Answer:
(d) Madagascar

Question 2.
The islands in the Arabian Sea are-
(a) Sumatra
(b) Mauritius
(c) Seychelles
(d) Chagos
Answer:
(a) Sumatra

Question 3.
The islands along the Australian coast are-
(a) Maldives
(b) Ashmore
(c) Christmas
(d) Cocos
Answer:
(a) Maldives

Question 4.
Islands in the Arabian Sea along the Persian Gulf-
(a) Kish
(b) Siri
(c) Lavan
(d) Bundle
Answer:
(d) Bundle

Question 5.
Ocean basins in the Indian Ocean are-
(a) Andaman basin
(b) Somali basin
(c) Oman basin
(d) Mauritius basin
Answer:
(a) Andaman basin

Question 6.
The Ocean currents in southern part of the Indian Ocean are-
(a) South equatorial current
(b) West wind drift
(c) Northeast current
(d) Mozambique-Agulhas currents
Answer:
(c) Northeast current

Question 7.
Islands to the east of Madagascar island are-
(a) Mauritius
(b) Lavan
(c) Reunion
(d) Seychelles
Answer:
(b) Lavan

Question 8.
The islands in the Arabian Sea are-
(a) Comoros
(b) Bassas de India
(c) Europa island
(d) Sri Lanka
Answer:
(d) Sri Lanka

Question 9.
The busiest straits in the Indian Ocean are-
(a) Hormuz
(b) Malacca
(c) Bab-el-Mandeb
(d) Palk
Answer:
(d) Palk

Give geographical reasons.

Question 1.
Monsoon climate has developed in the Indian sub-continent.
Answer:
Monsoon climate has developed in the Indian sub-continent because-

1. The Indian Ocean spreads between Africa in the west, Asia in the north and east, Australia in the east and Southern Ocean in the south.
2. The Indian Ocean does not extend northwards to the Arctic Ocean like the Atlantic Ocean and the Pacific Ocean.
3. This has resulted in complete blockage of the Indian Ocean towards its north.
4. This peculiar arrangement of the ocean and the continental portion contributes a lot to the development of the monsoon climate of the Indian sub-continent.
5. During summer solstice, sun shines vertically on tropic of cancer, so there is summer season over the Indian sub-continent.
6. Due to continuous heating, low pressure area is created, moisture laden south west monsoon winds give rainfall on the Indian sub-continent, that is rainy season.
7. During winter solstice, due to slanting sunrays, the temperature goes down, that is winter season.
8. Thus, there is monsoon climate with three distinctive seasons.

Question 2.
The study of temperature of the ocean is essential.
Answer:
The study of temperature of the ocean is essential because-

1. The temperature of the ocean provides information on the global climate system.
2. It is also important for the study of marine ecosystems.
3. The temperature of the ocean water is responsible for the movement in the oceanic water.
4. Rising temperatures cause coral bleaching and loss of breeding grounds for marine fishes and mammals.
5. The study of temperature of the ocean can help in establishing marine protected areas and forming precautionary limits to prevent overfishing, protecting ocean ecosystems and shield humans from the effects of ocean warming.

Answer the following question by using the given map.

Question 1.
Name the plateau in South Indian Ocean.
Answer:
Kerguelen Plateau

Question 2.
Name the ocean basin in North Arabian Sea.
Answer:
Oman Basin

Question 3.
Name the ocean current near the equator in the Indian Ocean.
Answer:
Counter Equator Current

Question 4.
Name the ocean current in Western Indian Ocean.
Answer:
Agulhas Current

Question 5.
Name the ocean current in Eastern Indian Ocean.
Answer:
Australian Current

Write short notes on.

Question 1.
Challenges in the Indian Ocean
Answer:

1. India occupies a central and strategic location in the Indian Ocean.
2. Keeping the Indian Ocean as a Zone of Peace free from superpower rivalry is a major challenge in the Indian Ocean.
3. Most of the conflicts since the end of the Cold War have taken place in or around the Indian Ocean region. As a result, almost all the world’s major powers have deployed substantial military forces in the Indian Ocean region.
4. Expanding markets and larger import flows imply vulnerability at sea. Hence, the incidence of piracy, armed robbery and maritime terrorism are on the rise and has placed a premium on the complexity of Sea lane defence.

Question 2.
Islands in Indian Ocean
Answer:

1. There are 39 islands in the Indian Ocean. Most of them are away from the coastline. They are deep sea islands.
2. The islands of the Indian Ocean are a varied collection, including many smallest territories and some large islands like Sri Lanka, Australia and Madagascar.

The islands in the Indian Ocean are grouped into-

1. Islands of Arabian sea
2. Islands along Bay of Bengal
3. Islands along the Australian coast

Islands in Indian Ocean-

1. Islands of the Arabian Sea can be sub grouped such as islands close to the African coast and islands along the Lakshadweep – Chagos Ridge.
2. The largest island close to the African coast is Madagascar island. It is separated from Africa, and later from the Indo-Australian plate. It is one of the seismologically active provinces.
3. There are many islands between the eastern coast of Africa and Madagascar island, such as Comoros, Europa and Bassas de India, etc. To the east of Madagascar are Mauritius, Reunion and Seychelles, etc.
4. The group of islands along Lakshadweep-Chagos Ridge are Maldives, Chagos and Lakshadweep.
5. Apart from these islands, other islands are the Bundle island near the coast of Pakistan and Siri, Lavan, Kish, Hendorabi, etc., along the Persian Gulf part of Iran.
6. The islands in Bay of Bengal are associated with the converging plate boundary. These islands are the peaks of submerged mountains. The islands of Bay of Bengal are Sri Lanka, Andaman and Nicobar group, and chain of islands along the western coast of Sumatra island of Indonesia.
7. Most of these islands are volcanic islands. Sri Lanka is the largest island of this group.
8. There are very few islands along the coastline of Australia such as Cacos, Christmas, Ashmore, etc.

Answer in detail.

Question 1.
Describe the continental shelf of the Indian Ocean.
Answer:

1. The continental shelf is the portion of continents submerged under oceanic water.
2. It is normally occupied by different gulfs, seas, bays and straits.
3. There is a wide range of variation in the continental shelves of the Indian Ocean.
4. There are quite extensive shelves along the Indian coasts.
5. The eastern coast of Africa and Madagascar record relatively narrow width of continental shelves, and along the Indonesian coast, it is very narrow (160 km).
6. The continental shelves are very wide in the west of India whereas these are narrow along the eastern coast.
7. Continental shelves are veneered with deposits brought down by terrestrial agents of erosion.
8. Some of the sedimentary deposits are received from over thousand years.
9. As they remain deposited for a long time, sedimentary rocks are formed.
10. Some of them are a potential source of fossil fuel.

Question 2.
Describe the Mid-Oceanic Ridges of the Indian Ocean.
Answer:

1. Mid-oceanic ridges are submerged mountain ranges that separate deep portion of the sea (Ocean) floor.
2. The Indian Ocean has a Mid Ocean ridge called as a Mid Indian Oceanic Ridge.
3. It originates from the Gulf of Eden near the Peninsula of Somalia.
4. It further extends toward the south and on the eastern side of Madagascar, it divides into two branches.
5. One branch diverts towards southwest and extends up to Prince Edward Island. It is known as Southwest Indian Ocean Ridge.
6. The second branch extends south eastwards up to Amsterdam and St. Paul Island. It is known as Mid Indian Ocean Ridge.
7. Mid Indian Oceanic Ridge has many parallel ridges. This ridge is not continuous due to many fracture Zones in it. e.g. Owen Fracture Zone. Amsterdam Fracture Zone, etc.

Question 3.
Explain in detail the importance of Indian Ocean to India.
Answer:
India has the control and strategic location in the Indian Ocean. Therefore, India’s economic and national interests are linked with the Indian Ocean.

From economic point of view, India’s trade with neighbouring countries is dependent on the Indian Ocean. Indian Ocean provides major sea route connecting Middle East, Africa and East Asia with Europe and America. India’s import of mineral oil mainly comes from Gulf countries.

The sand on the beaches along the Arabian Sea is rich in valuable minerals like uranium. India has offshore deposits of mineral oil at Bombay High in the Arabian Sea. Abyssal plains of the Indian Ocean have deposit of polymetallic nodules. These nodules are source of nickel, copper, manganese and cobalt.

India has developed very good trade relations with countries of east due to its location along the Arabian Sea. Trade volumes with ASEAN countries are increasing every year. The Indian market has emerged as one of the largest importers of South East Asian goods. India also has Free Trade Agreements with Singapore and Thailand.

The northern area of the Indian Ocean is the area of great significance in economic and strategic terms. With expansion of India’s export and import, India is forecasted to become one of the three fastest growing economics in the world.

Due to heavy trade, through Indian Ocean, the incidences of piracy, armed robbery and maritime terrorism are on the rise and therefore, defence work in the Indian Ocean have increased.

To keep the Indian Ocean as a zone of peace, free from superpower rivalry and increasing cooperation among littoral countries in the region has always been India’s foreign policy goal. For example, Indian Ocean Rim Association for Regional Cooperation, Ganga-Mekong Cooperation, etc.

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Class 11 History Important Questions Chapter 8 India During Mauryan Period Important Questions and Answers.

Maharashtra State Board 11th History Important Questions Chapter 8 India During Mauryan Period

1A. Choose the correct alternative and write complete sentences.

Question 1.
There existed ___________ Mahajanapadas in ancient India.
(a) Fourteen
(b) Fifteen
(c) Sixteen
(d) Seventeen
Answer:
(c) Sixteen

Question 2.
The empire of ___________ became strong during the struggle of four Mahajanapadas.
(a) Kasi
(b) Kosala
(c) Avanti
(d) Magadha
Answer:
(d) Magadha

Question 3.
The kingdom of Magadha acquired the form of an ___________
(a) Empire
(b) State
(c) Country
(d) District
Answer:
(a) Empire

Question 4.
The concept of ___________ occurs in the ancient literature on Indian polity.
(a) Raja
(b) Maharaja
(c) Chakravarti
(d) Maharajadhiraj
Answer:
(c) Chakravarti

Question 5.
___________ was the first Chakravarti Emperor.
(a) Chandragupta Maurya
(b) Bimbisara
(c) Mahapadma
(d) Bindusara
Answer:
(a) Chandragupta Maurya

Question 6.
In the 6th century BCE, the ___________ dynasty ruled over Magadha.
(a) Maurya
(b) Gupta
(c) Haryanka
(d) Sunga
Answer:
(c) Haryanka

Question 7.
The Haryanka dynasty is mentioned in the ___________
(a) Mahabharata
(b) Ramayana
(c) Upanishads
(d) Sangam literature
Answer:
(a) Mahabharata

Question 8.
___________ was the first well-known king of the Haryanka dynasty.
(a) Mahapadma
(b) Bimbisara
(c) Ajatashatru
(d) Chandragupta Maurya
Answer:
(b) Bimbisara

Question 9.
Pataligrama came to be known as ___________
(a) Pataliputra
(b) Magadha
(c) Kasi
(d) Kosala
Answer:
(a) Pataliputra

Question 10.
___________ was the founder of the Nanda dynasty.
(a) Shishunaga
(b) Ashoka
(c) Ajatashatru
(d) Mahapadma
Answer:
(d) Mahapadma

Question 11.
___________ was the last king of the Mauryan dynasty.
(a) Asoka
(b) Pushyamitra
(c) Brihadratha
(d) Dhanananda
Answer:
(c) Brihadratha

Question 12.
The great drama in Sanskrit literature Swapnavasavadatta was written by ___________
(a) Kautilya
(b) Bharat
(c) Kalidasa
(d) Bhasa
Answer:
(d) Bhasa

1B. Find the incorrect pair from set B and write the correct ones.

Question 1.

Set ‘A’	Set ‘B’
(a) In the text of Mahavamsa, Chandragupta is referred as	The Emperor of Jambudvipa
(b) Ashoka called himself as	Devanampiya Piyadasi
(c) Centre of Higher education	Taxila
(d) Tax paid by the people in the form of Physical Labour	Bhag

Answer:
(d) Tax paid by the people in the form of Physical Labour – Vishti

Question 2.

Set ‘A’	Set ‘B’
(a) Antiochus II Theos	Syria
(b) Ptolemy II Philadelphus	Egypt
(c) Antigonus Gonatus	Macedonia
(d) Magas	(Epirus) Cyrene

Answer:
(d) Magas – Cyrene

1C. Find the odd one out.

Question 1.
Famous texts of Jain literature
(a) Dashavaikalika
(b) Tipitaka
(c) Upasakadashanga
(d) Acharanga Sutra
Answer:
(b) Tipitaka

Question 2.
Prakrit languages
(a) Pali
(b) Ardhamagadhi
(c) Shaurseni
(d) Sanskrit
Answer:
(d) Sanskrit

Question 3.
Bimbisara relations with royal houses
(a) Kosala
(b) Lichchhavi
(d) Madra
(c) Patali
Answer:
(c) Patali

Question 4.
Contemporary kings from the western world
(a) Maurya
(b) Ptolemy II Philadelphus
(c) Antigonus Gonatus
(d) Alexander of Epirus
Answer:
(a) Maurya

2A. Write the names of historical places, persons, and events.

Question 1.
First Buddhist Council
Answer:
Rajagriha

Question 2.
Revenue Minister in the Arthashastra
Answer:
Samaharta

Question 3.
The technique of mirror polish of the stone during the Mauryan period
Answer:
Mauryan polish

Question 4.
National Emblem of India
Answer:
Ashokan pillar

2B. Choose the correct reason and complete the sentence.

Question 1.
Rise of Magadha –
(a) Fertile and rich land
(b) Strong fort
(c) King’s position
(d) Political stability
Answer:
(a) Fertile and rich land

Question 2.
Ashoka’s Victory at Kalinga proved a turning point in the history as well as the life of Ashoka.
Reasons ___________
(a) Ambition of Ashoka
(b) Influence of Buddhism
(c) Great loss of human life
(d) Weak rules of Kalinga
Answer:
(c) Great loss of human life

2C. Write the correct chronological order.

Question 1.
(a) Maurya dynasty
(b) Nanda dynasty
(c) Haryanka dynasty
(d) Shishunaga dynasty
Answer:
(a) Haryanka dynasty
(b) Shishunaga dynasty
(c) Nanda dynasty
(d) Maurya dynasty

Question 2.
(a) Magas of Cyrene and Alexander of Epirus
(b) Ptolemy II, Philadelphus of Egypt
(c) Antigonus Gonatus of Macedonia
(d) Antiochus II, Theos of Syria.
Answer:
(a) Antiochus II, Theos of Syria.
(b) Ptolemy II, Philadelphus of Egypt
(c) Antigonus Gonatus of Macedonia
(d) Magas of Cyrene and Alexander of Epirus

3. Observe the map/picture on page 58 of your textbook and answer the questions based on it.

Question 1.
Name some locations of Ashoka’s pillar.
Answer:
Locations of Ashoka’s pillars is Mansehra, Taxila, Kalsi, Toshali, Maski, Kupaga, etc.

Question 2.
Name some locations of Ashoka’s stone inscriptions.
Answer:
The location of Ashoka’s stone inscriptions is Topra, Meerut, Nigliva, Rummindei, Lauruja Nandangarh, etc.

Question 3.
Name the mountain mentioned in a map.
Answer:
The mountain mentioned on the map is Hindukush Mountains.

4. Complete the concept maps.

Question 1.

Answer:

Question 2.

Answer:

Question 3.

Answer:

5. Write short notes.

Question 1.
Mauryan Polish
Answer:

• During the Mauryan period, it appears that the artists had acquired the skill of cutting and carving the stone.
• In both, the skill of specific expressions of art and the technique of mirror polish of the stone are seen.
• This is known as ‘Mauryan Polish’.

Question 2.
Chakravarti
Answer:

• The concept of ‘Chakravarti’ occurs in the literature of ancient Indian polity.
• The sovereign ruler whose chariot could roll in all four directions without any obstruction was known as Chakravarti.
• It was expected that his rule should be ethical and for the welfare of the state.
• During his tenure, the wheel of ‘Ruta’ remains intact.
• His rule is on an extended territory. Chandragupta Maurya was the first Chakravarti Emperor.

6. Explain the following Statements with reasons.

Question 1.
Magadha emerged as a powerful kingdom in the 6th century B.C.E.
Answer:

• Magadha was an important kingdom among the mahajanapadas that existed in ancient India.
• Fertile and rich land, perennial rivers, excellent facilities of navigation, availability of commercial markets, etc., were the reasons for the rise of Magadha as an empire.
• In the 6th century BCE, the Haryanka dynasty ruled over Magadha.
• Thus, Magadha emerged as a powerful kingdom in the 6th century B.C.E.

Question 2.
Bimbisara established matrimonial relations with many royal houses.
Answer:

• Bimbisara started building the foundation of the Magadha Empire.
• He attacked the neighbouring kingdom of Anga and conquered it.
• This victory increased the power of Magadha.
• Bimbisara established matrimonial relations with many royal houses such as Kosala, Lichchhavi, Videh, Madra to support his expansionist policy.
• At the foot of the fort of Girivraja, he established the new capital of Rajgriha.

Question 3.
Ashoka erected many pillars.
Answer:

• The destruction caused by the Kalinga war brought about a great change in the mind of Ashoka.
• Great loss of human life diverted Ashoka’s mind towards the non-violent, peaceful Buddhist religion.
• So, Ashoka erected many pillars to spread the religious ideals propagated by him.

7. State your opinion.

Question 1.
Literature of the Mauryan period reflects the thought process of the people.
Answer:

• Literature of the Mauryan period not only reflects the thought process of the people but also the political, social, economic, and religious conditions of the period.
• During the Mauryan period along with literature in the Sanskrit language, Pali and Ardhamagadhi were also used.
• Jain and Buddhist Literature were created in the Prakrit language. The Prakrit language includes Pali, Ardhamagadhi, Shaurseni, Maharashtri, etc.
• Panini’s Ashtadhyayi, Bhasa’s Swapnavasavadattam, Kautilya’s Arthashastra were some of the important works of this period.
• Along with Sanskrit literature, many texts were written in the Prakrit language. The orders of Asoka inscribed on rocks and pillars are in Prakrit.
• The famous Buddhist ‘Tipitakas’ were edited during this period. Abhidhammapitaka was composed after the 3rd Buddhist council.
• Jam literature too flourished during this period for e.g., texts like ‘Dashavaikalika’, Upasakadashanga Bhagvati Sutra were composed during this period.

Question 2.
The Mauryan period has multiple dimensions.
Answer:

• The Mauryan period obtained historical significance due to its multiple dimensions.
• After the death of Ashoka, the centralized administration grew weak and the empire disintegrated into small kingdoms.
• There was development in almost all aspects of human life.
• Thus, The Mauryan period has multiple dimensions.

8. Answers the following questions in detail.

Question 1.
Write in detail on the Rise of Magadha.
Answer:

• Magadha was an important kingdom among the Mahajanapadas Fertile land, perennial rivers, excellent facilities of navigation availability of commercial markets, etc were the reasons for the rise of Magadha as an empire.
• The Haryanka dynasty ruled over Magadha in the 6th century BCE. Bimbisara was the first well-known king.
• His father Mahapadma established the first capital at Magadha.
• Bimbisara laid the foundation of the Magadha empire. Bimbisara made Rajagriha, the new capital.
• Ajatashatru, son of Bimbisara became the next king and adopted the expansionist policy of his father, Bimbisara.
• He expanded the Magadha kingdom up to the foot of the Vindhya ranges. Ajatashatru built a small fort on the bank of Ganga at acquired Pataligrama which later on became a center of trade for local commodities.
• Pataliputra became the capital of the Mauryan Empire.
  Political stability as well as other factors were responsible for the strengthening of Magadha as an Empire.
• The political ambitions of the rulers combined with wealth and prospering trade were the reasons for the development of Magadha’s rule and the establishment of a huge empire.

Question 2.
Write a note on Ashoka’s effort to spread Buddhism.
Answer:

• Ashoka adopted his ancestor’s policy of Digvijaya and expansion of the kingdom.
• He attacked Kalinga and conquered it.
• Ashoka’s victory proved to be a turning point in history as well as in the life of Ashoka. There was a great loss of human life.
• The destruction caused due to the Kalinga war brought about a great change in the mind of Ashoka.
• He adopted a non-violent peaceful attitude. The desire of Digvijaya was replaced by Dhammavijaya.
• For the implementation of Dhammavijaya, he introduced new policies, for example, the appointment of ‘Dharmamahamatras’ ban on intoxicating drinks, guiding principles regarding code of conduct, etc.
• He also sent monks to various countries for the spread of Buddhism.

Question 3.
Write a note on the expansion of the Mauryan Empire in Maharashtra.
Answer:

• The expansion of the Mauryan Empire in Maharashtra took place from 321 BCE to 181 BCE.
• The Maurya’s must-have entered Sopara from Gujarat. Sopara and Chaul were prosperous trade centers and learning centers of Buddhism.
• Bhagvanlal Indraji excavated the Stupa at Sopara which is known as ‘Baruda Rajacha kot’.
• In this excavation, the fragments of the rock edict of Ashoka were found.
• It is the 8th rock edict among the 14 edicts of Ashoka.
• The 9th rock edict was found in the Bhuigaon village.

9. Answers the following questions with the help of given points.

Question 1.
Explain the role of the following:
(a) Trade
(b) Literature
(c) Art and Architecture
(d) Social life
Answer:
(a) Trade:

• Due to a well-organized taxation system, there was an increase in revenue. Various kinds of taxes were levied, for e.g., ‘Bali’ was a tax to be given in the scale of land under cultivation, ‘Bhag’ was a share from the tax on production.
• Agricultural land and the tax acquired from agricultural production were the basic foundation of the administrative system.
• Industries gained momentum during this period for e.g., cloth industry, metallurgy, carpentry, etc.
• The prosperous agriculture and flourishing industries led to a flourishing internal and foreign trade.
• There was import and export trade and for the protection of the trading community, the government had appointed officers like Chorarajjuka and Seemaswami.

(b) Literature:

• During the Mauryan period, along with literature in Sanskrit, the use of Pali and Ardhamagadhi literature in the Prakrit language is also seen.
• For the spread of Jainism and Buddhism literature was created in the Prakrit language.
• The world-famous work of Panini’s Ashtadhyayi was composed in this period.
• Bhasa one of the greatest dramatists of Sanskrit literature flourished during this period. The most important work of this period is texts Kautilya’s Arthashastra
• The orders of Ashoka are inscribed on the rocks and pillars in the Prakrit language.
• The famous texts of Buddhist literature Tipitakas were edited during this period. Jain texts like Dashavaikalika, Upasakadashanga Acharanga Sutra Bhagvati Sutra, etc., were composed during this period.

(c) Art and Architecture:

• Mauryan art is the beginning of ancient Indian architecture and sculptural art.
• It appears that the artists had acquired the skill of cutting and carving the stone.
• The technique of mirror polish of stone known as ‘Mauryan Polish’ was acquired during this period.
• During this period stone statues of Yaksha and Yakshi were found, for e.g., the statue of Chauri bearer of Didarganj.
• The pillars erected by Emperor Ashoka and the sculpture on them are excellent examples of Mauryan sculpture, the beginning of rock-cut caves.

(d) Social life:

• Megasthenes mentions the seven classes of Indian society based on their professions.
• Life was prosperous and happy.
• The class of entertainers is mentioned. Chariot and horse racing wrestling as well as dance and singing competition were the popular means of entertainment.
• The system of education during the Vedic period continued Cities of Taxila, Kashi, Ayodhya, etc became great centers of higher education and art.
• Female education suffered but Kautilya’s Arthashastra mentions that women were given certain rights.
• Women had complete control over Stridhana. The Mauryan period had multiple dimensions.

Question 2.
Write about the following:
(a) Nanda Dynasty
(b) Mauryan Empire
Answer:
(a) Nanda Dynasty:

• The Nanda dynasty is mentioned in the Puranas. The Meghan empire established by Ajatashatru was further expanded by Mahapadma Nanda.
• According to some scholars, the Nanda rule had spread up to Nanded in the South, whereas some scholars think that it was extended up to Mysore.
• On this basis, it can be said that Mahapadma Nanda was the first great emperor of India. Dhana Nanda was the last ruler of the Nanda dynasty.
• During his period, the state treasury was enormously rich. His military was also very huge. It consisted of 2,00,000 infantry, 60,000 cavalry, 6000 elephants and 2000 chariots.

(b) Mauryan Empire:

• Mauryan Empire was the first well-organized and strongly controlled empire in the history of India.
• Religious texts and other literature, inscriptions, coins, sculptures, etc. are the sources that help us to clearly understand the political, social, economic, and religious conditions of this period.
• The Mauryan empire had spread on a large region of the Indian sub-continent and was controlled by a central power.
• The Mauryan rule brought about the consolidation of the political system.

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Class 11 Geography Important Questions Chapter 9 Disaster Management Important Questions and Answers.

Maharashtra State Board 11th Geography Important Questions Chapter 9 Disaster Management

Complete the chain.

Question 1.

Type of disaster	Name of Disaster	Place
(1) Tectonic	(1) Flood	(1) Malin
(2) Geological	(2) Plague	(2) Kerala
(3) Metrological	(3) Tsunami	(3) Surat
(4) Biological	(4) Mudslide	(4) Indonesia

Answer:

Type of disaster	Name of Disaster	Place
(1) Tectonic	(1) Tsunami	(1) Indonesia
(2) Geological	(2) Mudslide	(2) Malin
(3) Metrological	(3) Flood	(3) Kerala
(4) Biological	(4) Plague	(4) Surat

Question 2.

Measures	Pre-disaster/ Post-disaster	Structural or Non-Structural
(1) Public awareness	(1) Post-disaster	(1) Structural
(2) Preparedness of hospital	(2) Post-disaster	(2) Non-structural
(3) Providing food and shelter to people	(3) Pre-disaster	(3) Structural
(4) Construction of river embankments	(4) Post-disaster	(4) Non-structural

Answer:

Measures	Pre-disaster/ Post-disaster	Structural or Non-Structural
(1) Public awareness	(1) Pre-disaster	(1) Non-structural
(2) Preparedness of hospital	(2) Pre-disaster	(2) Structural
(3) Providing food and shelter to people	(3) Post-disaster	(3) Non-structural
(4) Construction of river embankments	(4) Pre-disaster	(4) Structural

Question 3.

Measures	Pre-disaster/ Post-disaster	Structural or Non-Structural
(1) Community level disaster planning	(1) Post-disaster	(1) Structural
(2) Providing financial support	(2) Post-disaster	(2) Structural
(3) Rebuilding of roads and bridges	(3) Pre-disaster	(3) Non-structural
(4) Providing houses to affected people	(4) Pre-disaster	(4) Non-structural

Answer:

Measures	Pre-disaster/ Post-disaster	Structural or Non-Structural
(1) Community level disaster planning	(1) Pre-disaster	(1) Non-structural
(2) Providing financial support	(2) Post-disaster	(2) Non-structural
(3) Rebuilding of roads and bridges	(3) Post-disaster	(3) Structural
(4) Providing houses to affected people	(4) Post-disaster	(4) Structural

Choose the correct option by identifying the correct correlation in the sentences.

Question 1.
Loss of homes, permanent changes in the position of river channel and adverse effects on tourism in an affected area due to an earthquake etc., are ……………..
(a) tertiary effects of a disaster
(b) quaternary effects of a disaster, me
(c) primary effects of a disaster
(d) secondary effects of a disaster
Answer:
(a) tertiary effects of a disaster

Question 2.
Bhopal gas tragedy of 1984 was a ……………….
(a) Geological disaster
(b) Biological disaster
(c) Anthropogenic disaster
(d) Tectonic disaster
Answer:
(c) Anthropogenic disaster

Question 3.
People living in ………………….. areas are more likely to be affected by Tsunamis.
(a) mountainous
(b) coastal
(c) plateau
(d) plain
Answer:
(b) coastal

Question 4.
The geographical conditions and circumstances of people or region that make them susceptible to a disaster is known as ………………..
(a) ability
(b) society
(c) vulnerability
(d) capacity
Answer:
(c) vulnerability

Question 5.
…………………. is the process of preparing in advance, to face disasters in future.
(a) Pre-disaster planning
(b) Strengthening
(c) Recovery
(d) Rehabilitation
Answer:
(a) Pre-disaster planning

Question 6.
The last phase of disaster management is ………………..
(a) recovery
(b) disaster preparedness
(c) rehabilitation
(d) mitigation
Answer:
(c) rehabilitation

Question 7.
The measure taken to bring life back to normal in affected areas is ………………
(a) recovery
(b) disaster preparedness
(c) rehabilitation
(d) mitigation
Answer:
(c) rehabilitation

Question 8.
Any measure taken to minimize the impact of a disaster before it occurs is ………………..
(a) recovery
(b) disaster preparedness
(c) rehabilitation
(d) mitigation
Answer:
(d) mitigation

Question 9.
Action taken to reduce or avoid disasters and their effects is ………………..
(a) recovery
(b) disaster preparedness
(c) rehabilitation
(d) mitigation
Answer:
(b) disaster preparedness

Question 10.
The Indonesian Tsunami of 2004 is …………………
(a) meteorological disaster
(b) biological disaster
(c) geological disaster
(d) tectonic disaster
Answer:
(d) tectonic disaster

Question 11.
The Malin mudslide of 2014 is …………………
(a) meteorological disaster
(b) biological disaster
(c) geological disaster
(d) tectonic disaster
Answer:
(c) geological disaster

Question 12.
The floods of Kerala of 2018 is ……………………
(a) meteorological disaster
(b) biological disaster
(c) geological disaster
(d) tectonic disaster
Answer:
(a) meteorological disaster

Question 13.
The Surat plague of 1992 is ………………….
(a) meteorological disaster
(b) biological disaster
(c) geological disaster
(d) tectonic disaster
Answer:
(b) biological disaster

Identify the correct correlation.

A : Assertion
R : Reasoning

Question 1.
A – Disasters can be natural or man-made.
R – Disasters may affect human population.
(a) Only A is correct.
(b) Only R is correct.
(c) Both A and R are correct and R is the correct explanation of A.
(d) Both A and R are correct but R is not the correct explanation of A.
Answer:
(d) Both A and R are correct but R is not the correct explanation of A.

Question 2.
A – Generally man-made disasters can be prevented.
R – Man-made disasters happen due to mistakes or carelessness by human,
(a) Only A is correct.
(b) Only R is correct.
(c) Both A and R are correct and R is the correct explanation of A.
(d) Both A and R are correct but R is not the correct explanation of A.
Answer:
(c) Both A and R are correct and R is the correct explanation of A.

Question 3.
A – Disaster is more of an anthropocentric concept.
R – A hazard is a result of natural process.
(a) Only A is correct.
(b) Only R is correct.
(c) Both A and R are correct and R is the correct explanation of A.
(d) Both A and R are correct but R is not the correct explanation of A.
Answer:
(d) Both A and R are correct but R is not the correct explanation of A.

Question 4.
A – Events like earthquake, volcanic eruption, tsunamis etc., cannot be prevented but their effects can be reduced.
R – Events like earthquake, cyclones, tsunami etc can now be forecasted and people can be evacuated.
(a) Only A is correct.
(b) Only R is correct.
(c) Both A and R are correct and R is the correct explanation of A.
(d) Both A and R are correct but R is not the correct explanation of A.
Answer:
(c) Both A and R are correct and R is the correct explanation of A.

Question 5.
A – Recovery and rehabilitation are included in post disaster management.
R – Evacuation, search and rescue are included in pre-disaster management.
(a) Only A is correct.
(b) Only R is correct.
(c) Both A and R are correct and R is the correct explanation of A.
(d) Both A and R are correct but R is not the correct explanation of A.
Answer:
(a) Only A is correct.

Question 6.
A – Structural measures include any physical construction to reduce or avoid possible impacts of hazard.
R – Non- structural measures include the use of technology, practice to reduce disaster risks and impacts.
(a) Only A is correct.
(b) Only R is correct.
(c) Both A and R are correct and R is the correct explanation of A.
(d) Both A and R are correct but R is not the correct explanation of A.
Answer:
(a) Only A is correct.

Question 7.
A – Remote sensing is very effective in mapping disaster prone area.
R – Remote sensing satellite monitor the path of cyclone.
(a) Only A is correct.
(b) Only R is correct.
(c) Both A and R are correct and R is the correct explanation of A.
(d) Both A and R are correct but R is not the correct explanation of A.
Answer:
(c) Both A and R are correct and R is the correct explanation of A.

Question 8.
A – Epidemics is an example of meteorological type of disaster.
R – Corona pandemic is an example of biological type of disaster.
(a) Only A is correct.
(b) Only R is correct.
(c) Both A and R are correct and R is the correct explanation of A.
(d) Both A and R are correct but R is not the correct explanation of A.
Answer:
(b) Only R is correct.

Question 9.
A – The Malin mudslide of Maharashtra in 2014 is geological type of disaster.
R – Tsunami is tectonic type of disaster.
(a) Only A is correct.
(b) Only R is correct.
(c) Both A and R are correct and R is the correct explanation of A.
(d) Both A and R are correct but R is not the correct explanation of A.
Answer:
(d) Both A and R are correct but R is not the correct explanation of A.

Question 10.
A – The last phase of disaster management is rehabilitation.
R – The first stage of disaster management is mitigation.
(a) Only A is correct.
(b) Only R is correct.
(c) Both A and R are correct and R is the correct explanation of A.
(d) Both A and R are correct but R is not the correct explanation of A.
Answer:
(a) Only A is correct.

Identify the incorrect factor.

Question 1.
Tectonic disasters are-
(a) Tsunami
(b) Earthquake
(c) Volcanic eruptions
(d) Flood
Answer:
(d) Flood

Question 2.
Geological disasters are-
(a) Mudslides
(b) Cyclone
(c) Landslides
(d) Avalanches
Answer:
(b) Cyclone

Question 3.
Meteorological disasters are-
(a) Cyclone
(b) Heat wave
(c) Flood
(d) Cholera
Answer:
(d) Cholera

Question 4.
Biological disasters are-
(a) Storm
(b) Dengue
(c) Flu
(d) Cholera
Answer:
(a) Storm

Question 5.
Anthropogenic or Man-made disasters are-
(a) Industrial accidents
(b) Avalanches
(c) Nuclear accidents
(d) Transportation accidents
Answer:
(b) Avalanches

Question 6.
Effects of disaster are-
(a) Primary effects
(b) Secondary effects
(c) Quaternary effects
(d) Tertiary effects
Answer:
(c) Quaternary effects

Question 7.
Disaster response include-
(a) Preparedness of hospitals
(b) Providing food and shelter
(c) Providing financial support
(d) Restoring normal conditions
Answer:
(a) Preparedness of hospitals

Question 8.
Recovery includes-
(a) Cleaning of debris
(b) Giving financial assistance
(c) Rebuilding of roads and bridges
(d) Public awareness
Answer:
(d) Public awareness

Question 9.
Mitigation includes-
(a) Community level disaster planning
(b) Preparedness of hospitals
(c) Information campaign
(d) Providing housing
Answer:
(d) Providing housing

Question 10.
Disaster preparedness include-
(a) Cleaning of debris
(b) Preparing plans for households
(c) Strengthening the weak structures
(d) Awareness campaigns
Answer:
(a) Cleaning of debris

Give geographical reasons.

Question 1.
People living in certain areas are exposed to particular disasters.
Answer:

1. People in the coastal areas of India are more likely to be affected by a cyclone than those in the interior.
2. People living in seismically active areas are prone to earthquakes, volcanic eruption, tsunami, etc.
3. People living in geologically weak areas are prone to landslide, mudslides, avalanches, etc.
4. The social, economic and political conditions may make people more likely to be affected by disasters in the same region.
5. Example, the poor, the old people and the children can easily become victims of disasters.
6. Densely populated areas are more likely to be affected than sparsely populated areas.

Question 2.
Disaster management seeks to reduce risk to damages or losses.
Answer:

1. Many disasters like earthquakes, tsunamis, volcanic eruption, etc., cannot be prevented but their effect can be reduced due to disaster management.
2. Disaster management focuses on the hazard that causes the disaster and attempts to minimize the adverse impact of the same on communities.
3. Now forecast of disasters like cyclone, flooding can be forecasted and people can be evacuated from vulnerable areas.
4. It involves co-ordination from governments, local self-governments, police, military and para¬military forces, NGOs, doctors, scientists, planners, volunteers and groups or communities.

Question 3.
Effects of many disasters can be reduced these days.
Answer:

1. Disasters like gas leakage and rail accidents can be prevented.
2. Disasters like volcanic eruption, tsunamis, earthquakes, etc., cannot be prevented but their effect can be reduced.
3. Cyclones and floods can now be forecasted and people can be evacuated from vulnerable areas.
4. Due to awareness created about disasters, steps can be taken to reduce its effects, evaluate the damage caused by the disasters, provide relief, food and medical aid in affected areas.

Differentiate between.

Question 1.
Structural Measures and Non-structural Measures.
Answer:

Structural Measures	Non-structural Measures
(i) They include any physical construction to reduce or avoid possible impacts of hazards.	(i) They do not include physical construction.
(ii) It is achieved by the application of engineering or technology.	(ii) It includes mainly the use of knowledge, practice or agreement to reduce disaster risks and impacts. It is achieved through policies and laws, public awareness, training and education.

Question 2.
Hazards and Disasters.
Answer:

Hazards	Disasters
(i) Hazards are phenomena that pose a threat to people, structural or economic assets.	(i) A hazard becomes disaster when it affects human population, settlement and their activities.
(ii) High rainfall is a hazard.	(ii) When high rainfall causes floods, it is a disaster.
(iii) Hazard is defined as a potentially damaging physical event, social and economic disruption or environmental widespread human, material or environmental	(iii) A disaster is a serious disruption of the functioning degradation of a society, causing or threatening to cause losses which render the affected community unable to cope using its own resources.
(iv) Hazard is result of natural process.	(iv) Disaster is an anthropocentric concept.

Write short notes on.

Question 1.
Remote Sensing
Answer:

1. Remote sensing is a very effective tool in mapping disaster prone areas particularly flood- affected areas.
2. Micro-wave data can provide information on flood-inundated areas.
3. Remote sensing satellites monitor the path of cyclone and it can provide ample time with warning for evacuation and preparedness in advance.
4. The data obtained from meteorological satellites is used for cyclone-tracking, intensity and land-fall predictions and forecasting of extreme weather events.
5. The data obtained from earth observation satellites is used for monitoring disaster events and assessing the damages.
6. The communication satellites help to establish communication in remote and inaccessible areas.
7. The Navigation satellites are used for providing location-based services.

Question 2.
Disaster Response
Answer:

1. ‘Disaster Response’ is the way the community responds to the disaster.
2. It is a post-disaster process but it reflects the preparedness of the community.
3. It includes the immediate period after the disaster strikes.
4. It is concerned with providing food and shelter to the disaster victims, restoring normal conditions and providing financial support.
5. Under this stage, initiatives are taken to ensure that the needs and provisions of victims are met and suffering is minimised.
6. The main focus in this phase is making people safe till further measures are taken.

Question 3.
Capacity to Cope
Answer:

1. The ability of people, organisation and systems, using available skills and resources to face and manage disasters is known as their capacity to cope.
2. Vulnerability is reduced if the capacity to cope with the disaster is high.
3. The capacity to cope has improved over the years. Example, the cyclone in 1999 had caused 10,000 deaths while cyclone in 2019 had caused only 89 deaths.

Question 4.
Tasks in Disaster Management
Answer:
Disaster Management is a multi-disciplinary task which includes the following tasks:

1. Preparedness.
2. Monitoring, early warning and mitigation.
3. Evacuation, search and rescue.
4. Providing relief in terms of medical help, basic needs such as food, clothes and shelter.
5. Reconstruction and Rehabilitation.

Draw a neat and labelled diagram for

Disaster Management Cycle
Answer:

Answer in Detail

Question 1.
What is meant by Disaster Preparedness?
Answer:

1. Disaster preparedness involves measures taken to prepare for and reduce effect of disasters.
2. This includes carrying out awareness campaigns, strengthening the weak structures, preparing plans for households and community level, etc.
3. Example, if a building catches fire, its residents should know how to escape. For this to occur, they should be trained beforehand.
4. People living in the flood-prone areas should be prepared with items such as medicine, food, water, etc.
5. It is the action taken to reduce or avoid disasters and their effects.
6. It should be included in development policy and planning at regional, national and international levels.
7. It is a continuous process.

Question 2.
Explain what is meant by mitigation and how is it implemented?
Answer:

1. Mitigation means any measure taken to minimize the impact of a disaster before it occurs. In other words, it is an action taken against the potential disasters.
2. It is carried out for those disasters which cannot be prevented.
3. Mitigation is helpful to the people because it creates safer communities and reduces loss of life and property of people.
4. Remote sensing satellites can forecast floods or cyclones so people know about their timings. People can be evacuated from vulnerable areas. Example, when cyclone Fani occurred in India, mitigation efforts helped to reduce loss of life and property.
5. Thus, mitigation helps to reduce the financial impact of disaster on Government agencies.

Some mitigation measures can be as per the following:

1. Community level disaster planning.
2. Public awareness and information campaigns.
3. Preparedness of hospitals.
4. Construction of houses away from hazardous areas.
5. Mitigation efforts can be categorized as structural and non-structural mitigations.
6. Structural mitigation efforts include construction of river embankments or strengthening of existing building.
7. Non-structural mitigation efforts include area training in disaster management, regulating land-use, public education, etc.

Question 3.
Explain what is disaster management and how is it carried?
Answer:

1. After every disaster there is a great loss to life and property of people, therefore disaster management is necessary.
2. Some disasters like earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, tsunamis etc., cannot be prevented but their effects can be reduced by disaster management.
3. Disaster management focuses on hazard that causes the disaster and attempts are made to minimize the adverse effects on communities in the following ways:
4. With the help of remote sensing now we can forecast disasters like cyclone, earthquakes or volcanoes and disaster management can be done.
5. The disaster management includes creating awareness about disaster, taking steps to reduce its effects, providing relief, food and medical aid in affected areas and evaluating the damage caused by the disaster.
6. It is a joint effort of government, local self-government, police, doctors, military, and paramilitary forces, scientists, planners, NGOs, volunteers, and communities. Their perfect co-ordination is necessary.

Disaster management is a multi-disciplinary task which includes the following tasks:

1. Preparedness.
2. Monitoring, early warning and mitigation.
3. Evacuation, search and rescue.
4. Providing relief in terms of medical help, basic needs such as food, clothes and shelter.
5. Reconstruction and Rehabilitation

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Class 11 History Important Questions Chapter 7 India and Iran (Persia) Important Questions and Answers.

Maharashtra State Board 11th History Important Questions Chapter 7 India and Iran (Persia)

1A. Choose the correct alternative and write the complete sentences.

Question 1.
The Ashoka edicts are written in ____________ script.
(a) Sinhala
(b) Aramaic
(c) Kharoshthi
(d) Modi
Answer:
(b) Aramaic

Question 2.
The capital of the empire of Elam was ____________
(a) Athens
(b) Pars
(c) Eretria
(d) Susa
Answer:
(d) Susa

Question 3.
The Iranian empire was established by ____________ of the Achaemenid dynasty.
(a) Cyrus the Great
(b) Alexander the Great
(c) Daryush I
(d) Xerxes
Answer:
(a) Cyrus the Great of Scylax

Question 4.
____________ is the Latin name of Iran.
(a) Pars
(b) Ariana
(c) Susa
(d) Persepolis
Answer:
(b) Ariana

Question 5.
The logbook of the journey of Scylax is known as ____________
(a) Periplus of the Erythrean sea
(b) Periplus of the Mediterranean Sea
(c) Periplus of Scylax
(d) Periplus of the Dead sea
Answer:
(c) Periplus of Scylax

Question 6.
The Mahabharata mentions King ____________ as the king of ‘Naga people’.
(a) Porus
(b) Ambhi
(c) Chandragupta Maurya
(d) Takshaka
Answer:
(d) Takshaka

Question 7.
The gold coins issued by Daryush-I were known as ____________
(a) Darik
(b) Siglos
(c) Tarik
(d) Stater
Answer:
(a) Darik

Question 8.
____________ became the king of Macedonia.
(a) Daryush-I
(b) Xerxes
(c) Cyrus the Great
(d) Alexander
Answer:
(d) Alexander

1B. Find the incorrect pair from set B and write the correct ones.

Question 1.

Set ‘A’	Set ‘B’
(a) Anabasis	To spur into action
(b) Talent	A natural skill or ability
(c) Darik	Gold coins
(d) Sigloi	Silver coins

Answer:
(b) Talent – Unit of weight

Question 2.

Set ‘A’	Set ‘B’
(a) Sisikottas	Shashi Gupta
(b) River Vitasta	Jhelum
(c) Behistun	World Cultural Heritage
(d) Daryush-I	Pasargadae

Answer:
(d) Emperor Cyrus II – Pasargade

Question 3.

Set ‘A’	Set ‘B’
(a) Anatolia	Asia Minor
(b) Eretria	Egypt
(c) Kabul basin	Gandhara
(d) Scythian	Saka

Answer:
(b) Eretria – Greece

1C. Find the odd one out.

Question 1.
Daryush-I, Xerxes, Cyrus-II, Alexander.
Answer:
Alexander

Question 2.
Herodotus, Arrian, Scylax, Pliny
Answer:
Pliny

Question 3.
Susa, Pasargade, Persepolis, Alexandros
Answer:
Alexandros

Question 4.
Alexandras, Ariane, Alexin, Alexander
Answer:
Ariane

Question 5.
Herodotus, Arrian, Curtis, Justin
Answer:
Herodotus

Question 6.
Mathematics, Machinery, Music, Medicine
Answer:
Machinery

2A. Write the names of historical places, persons, and events.

Question 1.
The Greek name of Iran
Answer:
Ariane

Question 2.
Successor of Daryush-I
Answer:
Xerxes

Question 3.
Author of Anabasis of Alexander
Answer:
Arrian

Question 4.
The first historian to collect information and put it in a chronological order
Answer:
Herodotus

Question 5.
Greek sailor from Ionia
Answer:
Scylax of Karyanda

Question 6.
Sanskrit term for the Greeks
Answer:
Yavana

Question 7.
Highway linking the regions from Bihar to Afghanistan
Answer:
Grand Trunk Road

Question 8.
Greek settlement
Answer:
Nysa

Question 9.
The route beginning from Susa and reaching the Mediterranean Sea.
Answer:
Royal Road

Question 10.
The battle between Daryush I and Athens was fought on the grounds of Marathon near Athens
Answer:
Battle of Marathon

2B. Choose the correct reason and complete the sentence.

Question 1.
Alexander was influenced by Porus because ____________
(a) Porus was handsome
(b) Porus was stronger than Alexander
(c) of Porus great valour
(d) Porus surrendered easily
Answer:
(c) of Porus great valour

Question 2.
Taxila was the capital of ____________
(a) Greece
(b) Gandhara mahajanapada
(c) Egyptus
(d) Jhelum
Answer:
(b) Gandhara Mahajanapada

Question 3.
Emperor Cyrus II had begun to build a new capital at ____________
(a) Islamabad
(b) Dhaka
(c) Pasargade
(d) Mahajanapada
Answer:
(c) Pasargadae

Question 4.
Taxila is situated on the Grand Trunk Road, ____________ away from Islamabad, the capital of Pakistan.
(a) 20 kilometres
(b) 35 kilometres
(c) 40 kilometres
(d) 30 kilometres
Answer:
(d) 30 kilometers

2C. Write the correct chronological order.

Question 1.
(a) There was a fierce battle between Alexander and Porus.
(b) Alexander appointed satrapies before starting on the return journey.
(c) Alexander died at Babylon in 325 B.C.E.
(d) Alexander conquered Kabul and Sindh.
Answer:
(a) Alexander conquered Kabul and Sindh.
(b) There was a fierce battle between Alexander and Porus
(c) Alexander appointed satrapies before starting on the return journey.
(d) Alexander died at Babylon in 325 B.C.E.

Question 2.
(a) Cambyses II
(b) Daryush I
(c) Cyrus II
(d) Xerxes
Answer:
(a) Daryush I
(b) Cambyses II
(c) Cyrus II
(d) Xerxes

3. Complete the concept maps.

Question 1.

Answer:

Question 2.

Answer:

Question 3.

Answer:

Question 4.

Answer:

4. Write short notes.

Question 1.
Coins of Daryush – I
Answer:

• Daryush-I issued coins with his own portrait on it. The gold coins issued by him were known as ‘Darik’ and silver coins were known as ‘siglos’.
• A portrait of Daryush-I holding a bow and arrow can be seen on these coins.
• One ‘Darik’ was equivalent to 12 ‘sigloi’ in value.

Question 2.
Cyrus-II
Answer:

• The Iranian empire was established by Cyrus – II (also known as Cyrus the Great) of the Achaemenid dynasty.
• He was from the tribe of Tars’. The region where the tribe dwelt was known by the tribe’s name ‘Pars’.
• The main city of the region was also known by the same name.
• Emperor Cyrus – II had begun to build a new capital at ‘Pasargade’. However, it did not get completed in his lifetime.

Question 3.
Daryush-I
Answer:

• Daryush – I succeeded Cambyses – II. He reinforced the fortification walls of Susa.
• He also built a massive palace and hypostyle (many columned) halls known as ‘Apadana’.
• Daryush also built the city of Persepolis in a style similar to Susa.
• He also built a palace and apadana in Persepolis also.

5. Explain the following statements with reasons.

Question 1.
Herodotus has described the Indian soldiers in the Achaemenid army.
Answer:

• According to Herodotus, Xerxes’ army had soldiers from Gandhara, Sindh, and Punjab when he invaded Greece in 480 B.C.E.
• The soldiers from Gandhara were equipped with bows made of cane and spears with short shafts.
• They also had horses and chariots drawn by horses. The Indian soldiers from Sindh and Punjab used cotton clothes and used bows and arrows made of cane. They were expert archers.

6. State your opinion.

Question 1.
Alexander was impressed by the valour of Porus.
Answer:

• Alexander conquered almost all kingdoms in Kabul, Sindh, and Punjab. However, not all Indian Kings surrendered to Alexander easily.
• Many fought with great valour. One of them was King Porus. On the bank of Jhelum, Alexander and King Porus confronted each other and there was a fierce battle between them.
• Porus was defeated but Alexander and his army were greatly influenced by his valour. The Greeks were influenced by the use of elephants in warfare.
• To penetrate the file of elephants was a great challenge for them.
• The Greek historians have unanimously praised the skill of Porus in warfare and also his courage.

7. Answers the following questions in detail.

Question 1.
Write in detail about Herodotus, the first historian.
Answer:

• Herodotus was born in 484 B.C.E. in Halicarnassus, a Greek city-state.
• He began to write with the intention of tracing the history and causes of the battles between Greek city-states and the
• Achaemenid Empire during 500-449 B.C.E.
• The book he wrote was named ‘Historia’ (The Histories).
• Herodotus was the first historian who collected information-seeking answers to a particular question and then put it in chronological order.
• He did not bring in notions like God, human destiny, etc.
• Putting historical events in a chronological sequence became an essential theme of history writing.
• This theme proved to be fundamental in the development. Therefore, Herodotus is said to be the father of historiography.

Question 2.
Importance of Taxila as a center for learning.
Answer:

• Taxila was the capital of Gandhara Mahajanapadas.
• Some information about Taxila can be gathered from the writings of Greek historians.
• There were several learned individuals (Acharyas) staying in Taxila.
• Many students from various regions of the Indian subcontinent were attracted to Taxila because of the fame of the acharyas.
• It had assumed the magnitude of a natural university.
• An individual acharya had to decide the nature of his method of teaching, the subjects to be taught by him, or the nature of the syllabi.
• There was no formal system of examinations.
• Among the subjects taught at Taxila included Rigveda, Yajurveda, Samaveda, ancillary branches of the Vedas. Ancient Traditions and Ethics, Philosophy, Mathematics, Music, Medicine, Puran Texts, History, Weaponry, Poetry, etc.
• Acharya Chanakya is believed to have taken Chandragupta Maurya to Taxila for education.
• Chandragupta established a regional capital at Taxila.
• Among the subjects taught at Taxila included Rigveda, Yajurveda, Samaveda, ancillary branches of the Vedas. Ancient Traditions and Ethics, Philosophy, Mathematics, Music, Medicine, Puran Texts, History, Weaponry, Poetry, etc.
• Acharya Chanakya is believed to have taken Chandragupta Maurya to Taxila for education.
• Chanakya himself hailed from Taxila.
• During the reign of Ashoka, Maurya Taxila became an important center for learning Buddhist tradition.
• Then Taxila had become a center for learning.

8. Answer the following with the help of the given points.

Question 1.
Write a note on the contribution of the following in establishing the Iranian empire.
(a) Cyrus – II
(b) Cambyses – II
(c) Daryush – I
(d) Xerxes.
Answer:
(a) Cyrus – II (Cyrus the Great): Cyrus – II belonged to the tribe of ‘Pars’. He had begun to build a new capital at ‘Pasargade’. However, it did not get completed in his lifetime. Cyrus – II conquered Lydia, a Greek state to the north of the Mediterranean Sea around the mid of the 6th C.B. C. E. As a result, the Ionian Greek city-states.

(b) Cambyses – II: Cambyses – II was the son of Cyrus – II. He moved back to Susa and re¬established his capital there. Cambyses -II had conquered Egypt.

(c) Daryush – I: He succeeded Cambyses – II reinforced the fortification walls of Susa. He also v built a massive palace and a hypostyle (many columned) halls known as ‘Apadana’. Daryush – I also built the city of ‘Persepolis’ in a style similar to Susa. He also built a palace and apadana in Persepolis also. During the rule of Daryush -I all Ionian city-states got together and rebelled against the Achaemenid rule.

(d) Xerxes: Xerxes, the successor of Daryush -1 tried once again to invade Greece. However, he was also defeated. Thereafter the conflict between the Achaemenids and the Greeks continued over a prolonged time.

Question 2.
The conflict between the Iranian Empire and Greece.
(a) Cyrus – II
(b) Arrian
Answer:
(a) Cyrus – II:

• Cyrus II conquered Lydia, a Greek state to the north of the Mediterranean Sea, around the mid of 6th-century B.C.E.
• As a result, the Ionian Greek city-states under the Lydian rule inevitably became part of the Achaemenid empire.
• The Greeks in Ionia had migrated to Anatolia, that is, the Asian part of Turkey. It is also known as ‘Asia Minor’.
• During the reign of Daryush I all Ionian city-states got together and rebelled against the Achaemenid rule.
• The rebellion was subdued completely after a struggle of five years by the Achaemenid army.
• The effects of this unsuccessful rebellion are important for understanding the interrelationship between Greece and Persia in the ensuing period.

(b) Arrian:

• Arrian was a Greek historian of the 1st-century C.E.
• He wrote a book called ‘Anabasis of Alexander. He has referred to the correspondence between Daryush III, the last Achaemenid emperor, and Alexander.
• Daryush had written to Alexander about the release of his mother, wife, and children.
• Alexander responded by reminding Daryush of the sorrow inflicted on the Greeks by the earlier invasions of the Achaemenid emperors.
• Alexander wrote that he had arrived in Russia by crossing the ocean, with the intention of punishing the aggressive Persians.

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Class 11 History Important Questions Chapter 6 Second Urbanisation in India Important Questions and Answers.

Maharashtra State Board 11th History Important Questions Chapter 6 Second Urbanisation in India

1A. Choose the correct alternative and write complete sentences.

Question 1.
___________ is identified with Nadura in Buldhana district.
(a) Potana
(b) Vidarbha
(c) Bhoja
(d) Dandaka
Answer:
(a) Potana

Question 2.
___________ was the son of Rishabhnath, the first Jain Tirthankara.
(a) Mahavir
(b) Bahubali
(c) Gautama Buddha
(d) Andhakraja
Answer:
(b) Bahubali

Question 3.
The Jataka story known as ___________ Jataka gives us the list of kings who ruled the State of Videha.
(a) Assaka
(b) Chulla Kalinga
(c) Nimi
(d) Mahaparinibbansutta
Answer:
(c) Nimi

Question 4.
The city of ___________ was the capital of Anga.
(a) Varanasi
(b) Shravasti
(c) Rajagriha
(d) Champa
Answer:
(d) Champa

Question 5.
___________ was the 24th Tirthankara.
(a) Vardhaman Mahavir
(b) Parshavanath
(c) Rishabha
(d) Bahubali
Answer:
(a) Vardhaman Mahavir

Question 6.
___________ was known as Tathagatha or Shakyamuni.
(a) Vardhaman Mahavir
(b) Gautam Buddha
(c) Andhakraja
(d) Emperor Ashoka
Answer:
(b) Gautama Buddha

Question 7.
___________ was the capital of Asmaka.
(a) Potali
(b) Varanasi
(c) Vaishali
(d) Mathura
Answer:
(a) Potali

Question 8.
The city of Champa was the capital of ___________
(a) Kasi
(b) Anga
(c) Kosala
(d) Magadha
Answer:
(b) Anga

1B. Find the incorrect pair from set B and write the correct ones.

Question 1.

Set ‘A’	Set ‘B’
(a) Jataka story giving a list of kings who ruled Videha	Nimi Jataka
(b) Jataka story giving the name of the king who ruled Kasi	Assaka Jataka
(c) Jataka story describing the battle between king Assaka and the Kalinga king	Chulla Kalinga Jataka
(d) Buddhist text that mentions that the king of Kasi had defeated Kosala	Mahaparinibbansutta

Answer:
Buddhist text that mentions that the king of Kasi had defeated Kosala – Mahavagga

Question 2.

Set ‘A’	Set ‘B’
(a) Anga	Champa
(b) Magadha	Viratnagar
(c) Vrujji/Vajji	Vaishali
(d) Malla/Malava	Kushinara/Kushinagara

Answer:
Magadha – Girivraja/Rajgriha

Question 3.

Set ‘A’	Set ‘B’
(a) Kuru	Indraprastha/Indrapattan
(b) Uttar Panchala	Ahichchhatra
(c) Dakshina Panchala	Taxila
(d) Matsya	Viratnagar

Answer:
Dakshina Panchala – Kampilya

1C. Find the odd one out.

Question 1.
Buddha, Tathagatha, Shakyamuni, Vardhamana Mahavira
Answer:
Vardhamana Mahavira

Question 2.
Nimi Jataka, Assaka Jataka, Chulla Kalinga Jataka, Mahavagga
Answer:
Mahavagga

Question 3.
Swarajya, Bhaujya, Vairajya, Rajasuya
Answer:
Rajasuya

Question 4.
Aspasioi, Assakenoi, Astakenoi, Andhakraja.
Answer:
Andhakraja

Question 5.
Vidarbha, Paudanya, Bhoja, Dandaka.
Answer:
Paudanya

Question 6.
Purohita, Senani, Rajya, Amatya.
Answer:
Rajya

Question 7.
Svaarajya, Bhaujya, Vairajya, Gramani.
Answer:
Gramani

Question 8.
Ashvamedha, Maharajya, Saamrajya, Parmeshthya.
Answer:
Ashvamedha

2A. Write the names of historical places, persons, and events.

Question 1.
Term mentioned in Panini’s Ashtadhyayi meaning Avanti and Ashmak.
Answer:
Avantyashmak

Question 2.
Region on the bank of the Godavari
Answer:
Andhakratta

Question 3.
Capital of Kosala
Answer:
Shravasti

Question 4.
Statue of Bahubali in the Hassan district of Karnataka
Answer:
Shravanabelagola

Question 5.
Disciple of Gautama Buddha
Answer:
King Prasenjit

Question 6.
The play was written by Bhasa
Answer:
Swapnavasavadatta

Question 7.
Contemporary of Gautama Buddha
Answer:
Bimbisara

Question 8.
Capital of Gandhara
Answer:
Taxila

Question 9.
Chief of a guild of artisans
Answer:
Jyeshthaka

Question 10.
Founder of Buddhism
Answer:
Gautam Buddha

2B. Choose the correct reason and complete the sentence.

Question 1.
The core principle of Vardhamana Mahavir’s philosophy is ___________
(a) Vedanta
(b) Mimamsa
(c) Charavaka
(d) Pluralism (Anekantavada)
Answer:
(d) Pluralism (Anekantavada)

Question 2.
Kamboja mahajanapada is mentioned in the ancient literature along with ___________
(a) Kosala
(b) Magadha
(c) Anga
(d) Gandhara
Answer:
(d) Gandhara

Question 3.
It seems that the king of Assaka was known as ‘Andhakraja’ during ___________
(a) Gautama Buddha’s times
(b) Vardhaman Mahavir’s times
(c) Second Urbanisation
(d) Mahajanpada
Answer:
(a) Gautama Buddha’s times

3. Observe the map on page 39 of your textbook and answer the following questions based on it.

Question 1.
Name the sixteen Mahajanapadas shown on the map.
Answer:
The sixteen Mahajanapadas shown on the map are Kamboja, Ghnadhara, Kuru, Surasena, Pachala, Kosala, Malla, Vrujji, Anga, Magadha, Kasi, Vatsa, Chedi, Avanti, Shoorasena, and Ashmaka.

Question 2.
Name the islands in the Bay of Bengal.
Answer:
The islands in the Bay of Bengal are Andaman and Nicobar Islands.

Question 3.
Name the ocean found at the tip of India.
Answer:
The Ocean found at the tip of India is the Indian Ocean.

Question 4.
Name the sea at the west of India.
Answer:
The Sea at the west of India is the Arabian Sea.

Question 5.
Name the modern city shown on a map.
Answer:
The modern city shown on the map is Delhi.

4. Complete the concept maps.

Question 1.

Answer:

Question 2.

Answer:

Question 3.

Answer:

5. Explain the following concepts.

Question 1.
Guilds (Shrenis)
Answer:

• Along with agriculture and animal husbandry, trade and systematic management, and organisation of the trade are also essential factors for the prosperity of a state.
• The guilds of the merchants and the artisans played a great role in the growth of the mahajanapadas into wealthy states.
• These guilds had their own way of organisation and functioning.
• Guilds had their own, strict rules. Hence, they had a stringent structure.
• This stringent structure is perceived as one of the main reasons for the rise of the caste system.

6. State your opinion.

Question 1.
The Charavaka/Lokayat school denies the existence of ‘God’.
Answer:

• One of the ancient Indian schools of thought was the Charavaka or the Lokayat school of thought.
• This school denies the existence of God.
• It opposes the authority of Vedas (Vedapramanya) and the notions of the existence of God and life after death.
• It also discarded all rituals arising out of this kind of belief system.
• It is the only materialistic school of philosophy that was developed in ancient India.

Question 2.
The names occurring in the Buddhist texts are accepted as more reliable.
Answer:

• The names of sixteen Mahajanpadas are found in the Jaina and Buddhist literature and also in the Pur ana texts.
• Buddhist texts were written in a period, which was closer to the period of the Mahajanpadas.
• Hence, the names occurring in the Buddhist texts are accepted as more reliable.

Question 3.
The name Assaka in Pali is equivalent to Sanskrit Ashmaka.
Answer:

• It seems that the king of Assaka was known as ‘Andhakraja’ during Gautama Buddha’s times.
• The region on the bank of the Godavari was known as ‘Andhakratta’.
• Sage Bavari, a contemporary of Gautama Buddha, had his ashram in this region, but originally he was from the state of Kosala.
• According to ‘Suttanipata’, a Buddhist text, he came from Shrvasti, the capital of Kosala to Assaka.
• It was situated on the Godavari and in the region of ‘Dakshinapatha’.
• This evidence confirms that the name Assaka in Pali is equivalent to Sanskrit Ashmaka.

7. Answers the following questions in detail.

Question 1.
Explain the Eight Fold Path (Ashtangika Marga) of Gautama Buddha.
Answer:
Gautama Buddha explained the Eight Fold Path by including:

• Samyak Drishti (To understand and accept that nothing happens against the rules of nature)
• Samyak Sankalp (Right determination)
• Samyak Vacha (Right speech)
• Samyak Karmanta (Right behaviour)
• Samyak Ajiva (Livelihood by right means)
• Samyak Vyayam (Conscious avoidance of offensive things)
• Samyak Smriti (watchfulness and memory of right things)
• Samyak Samadhi (Establishing the mind firmly in equanimity; a state beyond pleasure and sorrow)

Question 2.
Discuss in detail the functioning of guilds or shrenis.
Answer:

• The guilds of the merchants and the artisans played a great role in the growth of Mahajanapadas into wealthy states.
• The guilds had their own way of organisation and functioning.
• Guilds had their own strict rules. Hence, they had a stringent structure.
• This stringent structure is perceived as one of the main reasons for the rise of the caste system.
• The paid outsiders who worked in the guilds were known as ‘Karmakara’ and unpaid workers as ‘Dasa’.
• During the Mauryan period, the king’s control of the transactions of guilds was very important.
• Structurally the shrenis had a great potential of channeling the central power.
• The functioning of the guilds was controlled by the state. Detailed records were kept of the production by the guilds.
• Each guild had its own rules based on its traditions. The state did not interfere in the functioning of the guilds.
• The chief of a guild of artisans was known as ‘Jyesthaka’ or ‘Jyetthaka’.
• The chief of a guild of merchants was known as ‘Shreshthi’ or ‘Setthi’.

8. Answers the following questions with the help of given points.

Question 1.
The Contemporary cities of Mahajanapadas, with the help of:
(a) Kasi
(b) Kosala
(c) Anga
(d) Magadha
(e) Vrujji/Vajji
(f) Malla
(g) Chedi
Answer:
(a) Kasi: This Mahajanapada was a powerful one at the beginning of the Mahajanapada period. Varanasi was its capital. The kings of Kasi were ambitious. According to the jataka stories they aspired for the highest position among all contemporary kings (Sabbarajunam aggaraja).

(b) Kosala: Ancient Kosala encompassed the regions of Uttar Pradesh in India and Lumbini in Nepal. Sharavasti was its capital city. King Prasenjit (Pasenadi) was a disciple of the Gautama Buddha. Kosala was destroyed and annexed permanently to Magadha by King Ajatashatru.

(c) Anga: The city of Champa was the capital of Anga. It was the center of the marine trade. It was permanently annexed to Magadha by King Bimbisara.

(d) Magadha: Magadha had its first capital in the city of Girivraja, also known as Rajagriha. Girivraja was surrounded by five hills making it formidable for the enemies. King Bimbisara was a contemporary of Gautama Buddha. The policy of territorial annexation of other kingdoms was started during the reign of Kind Bimbisara.

(e) Vrujji/Vajji: This was a confederation of eight clans, known as ‘Maha Aththkula’. It included clans like Videha, Lichchhavi, Vajji, Shakya, Dnyatruk, etc. The ‘Ekapanna Jataka’ mentions that Vaishali, the capital of this Mahajanapada was fortified with three surrounding walls. It had three entrance gates and bastions.

(f) Malla: The city of Kushinara or Kushinagara (Kasia) in the Gorakhpur district was the capital of this Mahajanapada. Gautama Buddha attained Mahaparinirvana in this city. A copper plate inscription (5th century C.E.) was found at the ‘Parinirvana Stupa’ in this city. It read, “Parinirvana chaitye tamrapattaiti”. By the 3rd century B.C.E. the Malla Mahajanapada was merged into the Maurya Empire.

(g) Chedi: This Mahajanapada had occupied Bundelkhand and the region around it. The city of Shuktimati or Sotthivati was its capital. It is supposed to have been situated near ‘Banda’ in Uttar Pradesh.

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Class 11 Geography Important Questions Chapter 6 Ocean Resources Important Questions and Answers.

Maharashtra State Board 11th Geography Important Questions Chapter 6 Ocean Resources

Complete the chain.

Question 1.

A	B	C
(1) Continental Shelf	(1) Mariana Trench	(1) Methane Hydrate
(2) Continental Slope	(2) Mumbai High	(2) Coral Island
(3) Oceanic Ridges and Plateau	(3) Krishna-Godavari Basin	(3) Deepest Part
(4) Oceanic Trenches	(4) Aldabra	(4) Oil and Gas

Answer:

A	B	C
(1) Continental Shelf	(1) Mumbai High	(1) Oil and Gas
(2) Continental Slope	(2) Krishna-Godavari Basin	(2) Methane Hydrate
(3) Oceanic Ridges and Plateau	(3) Aldabra	(3) Coral Island
(4) Oceanic Trenches	(4) Mariana Trench	(4) Deepest Part

Choose the correct option by identifying the correct correlation in the sentences.

Question 1.
The phenomenon of tides releases ………………..
(a) large amounts of energy
(b) large amounts of sediments
(c) large amounts of forces
(d) large amounts of resources
Answer:
(a) large amounts of energy

Question 2.
Desalination process ………………..
(a) is the removal of oil from sea water
(b) is the removal of petroleum from sea water
(c) is the removal of salt from sea water
(d) is the removal of seaweeds from sea water
Answer:
(c) is the removal of salt from sea water

Question 3.
The gradient of slope of continental slope region can be ………………….
(a) around 2° to 5°
(b) between 12° to 15°
(c) around 2° to 4°
(d) between 2° to 5°
Answer:
(d) between 2° to 5°

Question 4.
The oceanic trenches generally occur along plate boundaries and are associated with …………………
(a) active volcanoes and strong earthquakes
(b) folds and fault
(c) sedimentation
(d) deep sea movements
Answer:
(a) active volcanoes and strong earthquakes

Question 5.
Limestones are formed extensively in the tropical oceans of the world as a result of ………………….
(a) volcanic heat
(b) precipitate material by corals and plants
(c) sediments brought by the rivers
(d) evaporation of sea water
Answer:
(b) precipitate material by corals and plants

Question 6.
On tropical coasts, ………………….. vegetation is found abundantly.
(a) evergreen
(b) mangrove
(c) deciduous
(d) coniferous
Answer:
(b) mangrove

Question 7.
The ……………….. Ocean route is the most important and busiest ocean route in the world.
(a) Atlantic
(b) Pacific
(c) Indian
(d) Arctic
Answer:
(a) Atlantic

Question 8.
The deposition of sediments is limited in ………………….
(a) Continental shelf
(b) Continental slope
(c) Abyssal plains
(d) Oceanic deeps
Answer:
(b) Continental slope

Question 9.
The submerged ……………….. on the ocean floor are called oceanic ridges.
(a) mountains
(b) Islands
(c) deeps
(d) plateaus
Answer:
(a) mountains

Question 10.
The ………………… are isolated habitats that have evolved slowly over millions of years to support communities.
(a) ridges
(b) mountains
(c) plateaus
(d) seamounts
Answer:
(d) seamounts

Identify the correct correlation.

A : Assertion
R : Reasoning

Question 1.
A – The oceanic trenches are the deepest parts of the oceans.
R – These trenches can be thousands of metres deep.
(a) Only A is correct.
(b) Only R is correct.
(c) Both A and R are correct and R is the correct explanation of A.
(d) Both A and R are correct but R is not the correct explanation of A.
Answer:
(c) Both A and R are correct and R is the correct explanation of A.

Identify the incorrect factor.

Question 1.
Continental Islands in India are-
(a) Minicoy
(b) Seven Islands of Bombay
(c) Amindivi
(d) Andaman
Answer:
(d) Andaman

Question 2.
The relief of ocean floor contain-
(a) depression
(b) continental shelf
(c) abyssal plain
(d) ocean trench
Answer:
(a) depression

Question 3.
The biotic resources on ocean floor are-
(a) plankton
(b) seaweeds
(c) minerals
(d) fish
Answer:
(c) minerals

Question 4.
The abiotic resources on ocean floor are-
(a) limestone
(b) mollusc
(c) gypsum
(d) mineral oils
Answer:
(b) mollusc

Question 5.
The biotic resources on ocean floor are-
(a) whale
(b) corals
(c) sodium chloride
(d) seahorse
Answer:
(c) sodium chloride

Question 6.
Abiotic resources on ocean floor are-
(a) shrimp
(b) potassium
(c) sodium chloride
(d) natural gas
Answer:
(a) shrimp

Question 7.
Marine pollution occurs due to-
(a) industrial effluents
(b) disposal of solid waste
(c) leakage of oil from oil exporting ships
(d) burning of waste
Answer:
(d) burning of waste

Question 8.
The richest Ashing grounds in the world are-
(a) Dogger bank
(b) Konkan coast
(c) Grand bank
(d) Georges bank
Answer:
(b) Konkan coast

Give geographical reasons.

Question 1.
The very existence of marine life is threatened.
Answer:
The very existence of marine life is threatened because-

1. Due to human activities, the ocean is polluted on a large scale.
2. The leakages of oil from oil transporting ships, oil extraction from coastal areas, disposal of solid waste containing radioactive matter, atomic tests etc., are causing large scale pollution of oceanic waters.
3. The effluents brought by river discharges, the disposal of waste from coastal cities, the waste from industries and many other similar factors are polluting the oceanic waters.

Question 2.
The seas and oceans are the most convenient natural medium of transport.
Answer:
The seas and oceans are the most convenient natural media of transport because-

1. Sea or ocean transport is used for both passengers and goods transport.
2. The most important aspect of sea and ocean transport is that it is the cheapest mode of transport than any other modes of transport.
3. The heavy goods, machinery, vehicles etc., can be carried by ocean transport conveniently and at cheaper rate.
4. The transport of goods and passengers between the countries is not possible by rail and road transport, air transport has limitations; therefore, sea or ocean transport is useful and convenient for international trade.
5. For example, Suez Canal connects the Mediterranean Sea to the Indian Ocean via. the Red Sea, making it the shortest maritime route to Asia from Europe.

Question 3.
Ocean tourism is becoming popular.
Answer:
Ocean tourism is becoming popular because-

1. Ocean tourism is developed along the coastal areas of seas and oceans.
2. Generally, water sports activities such as scuba diving, surfing, water skiing, etc., are developed along the coastline. For example, sport activities along the coast of Goa.
3. There is a beautiful scenery along the coastline due to greenery of trees.
4. Along the coast we find huge water bodies of seas and oceans, clean air and coolness due to nearness to water. Therefore, many resorts, hotels, marina, etc., are developed and coastal areas have become popular for tourism.
5. The cruise tourism is also increasing.

Differentiate between.

Question 1.
Continental Shelf and Continental Slope.
Answer:

Continental Shelf	Continental Slope
(i) The portion of the continents that is submerged under water and borders the coastal areas is known as a continental shelf.	(i) After the extent of continental shelf is over, there is a sharp drop in the ocean floor. This is called continental slope.
(ii) They are broad, shallow and gently-sloping plains covered by water.	(ii) The slope is steep and stretches over limited area.
(iii) The depth of the continental shelf from the sea level is about 180 to 200 m.	(iii) The depth of the continental slope is from 200 m to 4000 m from the sea level.
(iv) Sunlight reaches up to the bottom of the continental shelf and hence fishing is done on a large scale in this region.	(iv) Sunlight does not reach the bottom of the continental slope and moreover due to the steep slope fishing cannot be done in this region.
(v) The continental shelves contain the world’s largest reservoirs of natural oil and gas. Besides oil and gas, minerals are also found here. Diamonds, chromite, ilmenite, magnetite, platinum, gold and phosphorite deposits are also found here. Sand, gravel aggregates and industrial silica sand are the most important of hard minerals now extracted in the near offshore zone.	(v) Methane hydrate, a compound of water and methane, is present on the continental slopes. On the slope, we find many traces of submarine landslide activity, ocean canyons and huge avalanche fans.

Question 2.
Oceanic Deeps and Oceanic Trenches.
Answer:

Oceanic Deeps	Oceanic Trenches
(i) At places, deep, narrow and steeply sloping depressions are found on the ocean floor. The shallow depressions are called deeps.	(i) At places, deep, narrow and steeply sloping depressions are found on the ocean floor. The deeper depressions are called ocean trenches.
(ii) Active volcanoes and earthquakes are not seen in oceanic deeps.	(ii) Trenches are formed at convergent plate boundaries. Active volcanoes and earthquakes generally occur along the plate boundaries of oceanic trenches.
(iii) The Romanche Trench in the Atlantic Ocean close to the equator.	(iii) The Mariana Trench in the Pacific Ocean is 11 kms deep.

Answer the following question by using the given map.

Question 1.
In which ocean are the Madagascar islands located?
Answer:
Madagascar islands are located in the Indian Ocean.

Question 2.
Mention the location of Georges Bank.
Answer:
Georges Bank is located along the north eastern coastline of U.S.A.

Question 3.
Where is the Congo Canyon located?
Answer:
The Congo Canyon is located along the western coastline of South Africa.

Question 4.
Name the group of islands located in the Pacific Ocean.
Answer:
The Hawaiian Islands are located in the Pacific Ocean.

Question 5.
Name the deepest trench in the Indian ocean.
Answer:
The deepest trench in the Indian Ocean is the Java Trench.

Write short notes on.

Question 1.
Causes of climate change
Answer:
The portion of the continents that are submerged under water and borders the coastal areas is known as a continental shelf.

They are broad, shallow and gently-sloping plains covered by water.

The continental shelf does not extend into the ocean uniformly. Near some coasts, it is narrow while in some parts it may extend for hundreds of kilometres. For example, they are almost absent or very narrow along the coasts of Chile, Sumatra etc., while the Siberian coast near the Arctic Ocean is around 1500 km in width.

Generally, its depth from the sea level is about 180 m to 200 m.

As the sunlight reaches this part of the ocean bed, it is rich in plankton. These millions of microscopic organisms found in sea water are an important food for fish. Millions of fishes thrive here. The shelf has some of the richest fishing grounds in the world, such as the Grand Banks and Georges Bank in North America.

The continental shelves contain the world’s largest reservoirs of natural oil and gas. For example, the Mumbai High in Arabian sea. Besides oil and gas, minerals are also found here.

Diamonds, chromite, ilmenite, magnetite, platinum, gold and phosphorite deposits are common. Sand, gravel aggregates and industrial silica sand are the most important of hard minerals now extracted in the near offshore zone.

Question 2.
Desalination
Answer:

1. Sea water contains lot of salt, so it is not useful for drinking or irrigation purpose. Therefore, it is necessary to convert the sea water into fresh water.
2. Desalination is the process of removal of salt from sea water and converting sea water into fresh water.
3. Desalination is done by heating water or freezing water or by electrical processes.
4. The desalination process is very expensive, therefore it is used where there is acute shortage of water.
5. The Minjur Desalination Plant is the largest in India, located at Kattupalli village, a northern suburb of Chennai on the coast of the Bay of Bengal that supplies water to the city of Chennai.
6. These desalination plants are more used in developing countries since the cost for processing is high. Desalination plants are located in Saudi Arabia, Oman, Cyprus, Algeria, Spain and UAE.
7. Desalination plants have adverse effect on the coastal environment. Small sea organisms like plankton and baby fish may be killed. Their food chain is disturbed.
8. It is still used in some countries to get fresh water.

Draw a neat and labelled diagram of the ocean floor.

Answer:

Answer in detail.

Question 1.
Explain uses of the oceans for other purposes.
Answer:
Following are the other uses of oceans:
For energy:

1. Tidal Energy : The phenomenon of tides releases large amounts of energy. Thus, tidal energy can be used to generate electricity.
2. Thermal energy : The temperature differences of sea water help in generating the energy. The surface water of the tropical region may have 25°C to 30°C of temperature while the deep-sea water may have less than 5°C. This gradient of temperature is used to run a generator to produce electricity.

For drinking water : Due to high salt content in sea water, it is not suitable for drinking or for irrigation directly. But sea water can be converted into fresh water.

Trade and transport : Maritime transport is the transport of people or cargo by water. Transportation by water is cheaper than any other modes of transport. The seas and oceans are the most convenient natural medium for transport. For example, Suez Canal connects the Mediterranean Sea to the Indian Ocean via. the Red Sea, making it the shortest maritime route to Asia from Europe.

Tourism : Ocean tourism comes in many forms like cruises, scuba-diving, fishing, beach tourism, etc. Such activities are increasingly becoming popular. In many areas, massive new tourist developments have been built which include resorts and marinas. These activities, in turn, affect the ocean habitats and environment.

Question 2.
Explain the biotic resources on the ocean floor.
Answer:

1. The biotic resources on the ocean floor bottom include plants and animals.
2. The oceans provide a habitat to thousands of species of marine plants and animals which are food for many organisms.
3. There are many marine animals like fish, crab, molluscs tortoise, prawns, etc.
4. There are many plant varieties such as seaweeds, mangroves, medicinal plants and many more marine plants.
5. Many sea animals provide oil, leather, cattle feed, glue and some other products. Seaweeds are also used as a food. Seaweeds added in fertilizers and skin care ointments, etc.
6. Mangrove forests provide wood for fuel, furniture and various products useful for man. Mangroves provide food and shelter to marine life.
7. There are also micro-organisms which produce organic material, they are called plankton. Plankton is one of the favourite fish foods. The marine life depends upon plankton.
8. Coral reefs are major part of ocean ecosystem. Tourism develops in the areas where corals are found. For example, Great Barrier Reef in Australia attracts tourists from all around the world.

Thus, biotic resources on the ocean floor are valuable.

Question 3.
Explain the importance of abiotic resources on ocean floor.
Answer:

1. There are many abiotic resources on the ocean floor and most of them are not exploited yet.
2. The most common resources are sodium chloride, gypsum, limestone, etc. Sodium chloride is a common salt.
3. Gypsum deposits are collected from ocean floor. Gypsum is used in making Plaster of Paris.
4. The material which precipitates from the body of corals results in the formation of limestone. The metamorphic form of limestone is a marble.
5. A large number of metallic and non-metallic minerals are found on the ocean floor. These are rich deposits of copper, manganese, zinc, cobalt, platinum, etc.
6. The most important mineral related to our day-to-day life is extracted from the seafloor, that is mineral oil and natural gas. For example, Bombay High – is an oil mining area in the Arabian Sea.
7. When we obtain non-biotic resources from the ocean floor, it may cause a disturbance in ecological balance. The drilling machines may disturb marine organisms. Therefore, care should be taken to maintain the ecological balance of the ocean environment.