Class 8

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Class 8 History Solutions Chapter 3 Effects of British Rule Notes, Textbook Exercise Important Questions and Answers.

Maharashtra State Board Class 8 History Solutions Chapter 3 Effects of British Rule

Class 8 History Chapter 3 Effects of British Rule Textbook Questions and Answers

1. Rewrite the statements by choosing the appropriate options:

Question 1.
Portuguese, ………….., French, British participated in the competition of capturing Indian market.
(a) Austrian
(b) Dutch
(c) German
(d) Swedish
Answer:
(b) Dutch

Question 2.
In 1802, Peshwa ………….. signed the Subsidiary Alliance with the British.
(a) Bajirao I
(b) Sawai Madhavrao
(c) Peshwa Nanasaheb
(d) Bajirao II
Answer:
(d) Bajirao II

Question 3.
Jamshedjee Tata started the manufacturing of steel at Tata Iron and Steel Industry established in ………….. .
(a) Mumbai
(b) Kolkata
(c) Jamshedpur
(d) Delhi
Answer:
(c) Jamshedpur

2. Explain the following concept:

Question 1.
Civil Services :
Answer:

1. There was a need of bureaucrats to strengthen the British rule in India.
2. Lord Cornwallis introduced Civil Services which became an important part of the British government.
3. The territories occupied by the British were divided into districts for administrative convenience. The district administration was headed by Collector.
4. The officers appointed through the Civil Services (ICS) were taken into administrative services.

Question 2.
Commercialisation of Agriculture :
Answer:

1. In the pre-British period, farmers used to cultivate food grains to fulfill domestic need as well as need of the village.
2. The British government gave encouragements to the cultivation of cash crops like indigo, cotton, tobacco, tea, etc.
3. The shift from cultivation of foodgrains to profit-yielding cash crops is known as Commercialisation of Agriculture.

Question 3.
Economic Policy of British :
Answer:

1. Capitalist economy prevailed in England due to the Industrial Revolution.
2. This system was brought to India to nurture the British economy.
3. It resulted in the economic gains for England but exploitation and impoverishment of India.

3. Explain the following statements with reasons:

Question 1.
Farmers in India became bankrupt.
Answer:
The British made number of changes in the existing system to increase the revenue.

1. The payment of revenue was made compulsory in cash and within the prescribed time limit.
2. Land was confiscated if the revenue was not paid in time.
3. The land revenue collection differed from place to place which resulted in the exploitation of the farmers.
4. Farmers were forced to sell their produce to the merchants and middlemen at a low price in order to pay revenue.
5. Farmers mortgaged land to pay tax and became indebted to moneylenders.

In this way, the farmers became bankrupt in India.

Question 2.
There was decline of traditional industries in India.
Answer:

1. The British government levied heavy duty on the goods exported from India to England.
2. The goods imported from England were produced in factories on a large scale and at minimum cost.
3. The duty levied on them by British was far too less.
4. So, these goods were cheap as compared to traditional goods.
5. The Indian artisans found it difficult to compete with low priced British goods.
6. Eventually, this led to closing down of traditional industries in India.

4. Complete the following table:

Question.

Answer:

Do You Know?

Work done by Chhatrapati Pratapsingh :

1. Water tank was built on back side of Yevteshwar temple and Mahadara which supplied water to Satara city.
2. He built roads and planted trees on both the sides.
3. Sanskrit, Marathi and English was taught to girls and boys in schools.
4. Printing press was set up and many books were published.
5. A book titled ‘Sabhaniti’ was printed on polity in 1827.
6. A road connecting Satara to Mahabaleshwar to Pratapgad was built by him which was further extended to Mahad.aqs

Project:

Prepare detailed information with pictures about the development by British in administration, education, transport and communication in India.

Class 8 History Chapter 3 Effects of British Rule Additional Important Questions and Answers

Rewrite the statements by choosing the appropriate options:

Question 1.
………….. was the main centre of British in western India.
(a) Surat
(b) Cochin
(c) Goa
(d) Mumbai
Answer:
(d) Mumbai

Question 2.
With the treaty of ……………. in 1782 the first Anglo-Maratha war came to an end.
(a) Wadgaon
(b) Vasai
(c) Salbai
(d) Ahmednagar
Answer:
(c) Salbai

Question 3.
In 1848, Lord Dalhousie rejected the adoption policy and annexed the state of ………… .
(a) Pune
(b) Kolhapur
(c) Sangli
(d) Satara
Answer:
(d) Satara

Question 4.
A committee was set up to create a Code of Law, under the leadership of ………… .
(a) Lord Cornwallis
(b) Lord Macaulay
(c) Lord Warren Hastings
(d) Lord Robert Clive
Answer:
(b) Lord Macaulay

Question 5.
……………. started the first textile mill in 1853 at Mumbai.
(a) Jamshedji Tata
(b) Ratan Tata
(c) Kawasjee Nanabhoy Davar
(d) Jamshedji Jeejibhoy
Answer:
(c) Kawasjee Nanabhoy Davar

Question 6.
The first jute mill was set up at in Bengal.
(a) Kolkata
(b) Rishra
(c) Hooghli
(d) Dhakka
Answer:
(b) Rishra

Question 7.
The territory under the control of the English was divided into ………… for the convenience of administration.
(a) Subhas
(b) districts
(c) Paraganas
(d) mahajanpadas
Answer:
(b) districts

Question 8.
The process of giving stress on cultivation of cash crops instead of food grains is known as …………. of agriculture.
(a) Commercialisation
(b) Liberalisation
(c) Globalisation
(d) Rotation
Answer:
(a) Commercialisation

Question 9.
…………… wrote the book ‘Sabhaniti’ in 1827.
(a) Bajirao II
(b) Rango Bapuji Gupte
(c) Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj
(d) Chhatrapati Pratapsingh
Answer:
(d) Chhatrapati Pratapsingh

Question 10.
A German thinker …………… was a devout scholar of Indian religion, language and history.
(a) Max Mueller
(b) Lord Macaulay
(c) John Stuart Elphistone
(d) William Jones
Answer:
(a) Max Mueller

Name the following:

Question 1.
He started Subsidiary Alliance.
Answer:
Lord Wellesley

Question 2.
First Governor General according to the Regulating Act.
Answer:
Lord Warren Hastings

Question 3.
He started Dual Government system in Bengal.
Answer:
Robert Clive

Question 4.
Recommended English education in India.
Answer:
Lord Macaulay

Question 5.
Loyal officer of Chhatrapati Pratapsingh.
Answer:
Rango Bapuji Gupte.

Answer the following questions in one sentence each:

Question 1.
How were the officers in administrative services appointed?
Answer:
The officers in the administrative services were appointed through competitive examination known as Indian Civil Services (ICS).

Question 2.
Which principle was introduced by the British in the administration of Justice?
Answer:
The British introduced the principle of ‘equality before law’ in the administration of justice all over British India.

Question 3.
Which factors hindered the growth of new industries in India?
Answer:
The growth of new industries in India was hindered by the lack of British support, capital and experience of management.

Question 4.
Which cash crops were encouraged by the British Government?
Answer:
The British Government gave more encouragement to cash crops like cotton, indigo, tobacco, tea, etc.

Question 5.
Where were the universities established in 1857?
Answer:
The universities were established in Mumbai, Kolkata and Madras (Chennai) in 1857.

Question 6.
What was the effect of development of modern means of transport and communication ?
Answer:
The development of modern means of transport and communication helped to improve communication between the people and strengthened their sense of unity between Indians.

Question 7.
Which values shaped the new era in the 19th century Europe?
Answer:
The new era in the 19th century Europe was shaped on the values humanitarianism, democracy, nationalism and liberalism.

Do as Directed:

1. Complete the concept map:

Question 1.

Answer:

Question 2.

Answer:

Question 3.

Answer:

Question 4.

Answer:

2. Complete the following table:

Question 1.

Answer:

3. Complete the timeline:

Question 1.

Answer:

Explain the following concept:

Question 1.
Dual Government :
Answer:
1. The British East India Company in order to consolidate rule introduced new system of governance in India known as Dual Government.
2. It was introduced by Robert Clive in Bengal in 1765 wherein the East India Company took over the revenue collection. The maintenance of law and order was the responsibility of the Nawab of Bengal.

Answer the following in 25-30 words:

Question 1.
What were the conditions laid in Subsidiary Alliance?
Answer:
Lord Wellesley signed Subsidiary Alliance with many Indian rulers in 1798.
Its conditions were :

1. Indian rulers should keep the British army in their Court.
2. They have to pay the company towards the maintenance of these forces in cash or a part of their territory of equivalent amount of revenue.
3. Without the intervention of the British, they would not have any alliance or declare war with any power.
4. They should keep the British resident in their court.

Question 2.
What were the provisions in Regulating Act of 1773?
Answer:
According to Regulating Act of 1773:

1. The Governor of Bengal was designated as the Governor General. Lord Warren Hastings became the first Governor General of India.
2. It gave the Governor General controlling powers over the Bombay and Madras Presidencies.
3. It provided a committee of four members to assist the Governor General.

Question 3.
Write about the Pitt’s India Act of 1784.
Answer:

1. The Pitt’s India Act of 1784 established a permanent Board of Control to regulate and manage administration of Company in India.
2. The Board was authorized to issue directives to the Company regarding the governance of India.

Question 4.
Write about the Judicial system introduced by the British in India.
Answer:

1. The new Judicial system was introduced in India on the basis of the Judicial system in England.
2. Accordingly, each district had a Civil and Criminal Court for the respective cases.
3. High Courts were established to reconsider the judgements delivered by the District courts.

Question 5.
What were the functions of the military?
Answer:

1. The functions of the military were to defend the Indian territories under the control of the British.
2. It was expected to acquire new territories and quell any uprising/revolt against the British India.

Question 6.
What were the defects in the British Judicial System?
Answer:
The defects in the British Judicial System were as follows :

1. There were different laws and separate courts for the Europeans.
2. It was difficult for the Common people to understand the new laws.
3. It was very expensive to fight a legal case.
4. The cases got delayed and remained pending for years.

Question 7.
What reforms were introduced in the Judicial System by the British in India?
Answer:

1. In the pre-British period, laws were different from place to place.
2. There was difference in judgement on the basis of casteism.
3. A committee was set up to create a uniform code of law under the leadership of Lord Macaulay.
4. The Indian Penal Code was enforced all over British India with British principle of Equality before Law.

Question 8.
Write about introduction of the English education system?
Answer:

1. The British were in need of Indians who had received English education in order to run the administration.
2. English education was imparted in India according to the recommendations of Lord Macaulay in 1835.
3. Indians were introduced to western thoughts, modem reforms, science and technology.
4. They realised the need to study their history, culture, religions and also realised the drawbacks.
5. The western educated Indian middle class was responsible for initiating social reforms in later period.

Explain the following statements with reasons:

Question 1.
Britishers entered into Maratha politics.
Answer:
1. Marathas had a strong hold on the areas in and around Mumbai which was prime centre of British in western India.
2. British tried to acquire nearby territories but the Marathas checked their expansion.
3. It was only after the death of Peshwa Madhavrao, that they got entry in Maratha politics. Raghunathrao in his greed for Peshwaship sought their help.
This led to the entry of the British in Maratha politics.

Question 2.
The British Parliament introduced some laws to keep control over the affairs of the company.
Answer:

1. The ‘Dual Government’ system was introduced by Robert Clive in Bengal in 1765.
2. But, sometimes, the officers of the company pocketed money.
3. As monopoly of trade was given to East India Company, many trading companies in England envied them.
4. The working system of the company was criticised in the British Parliament. So, to keep control on the affairs of the company, the British Parliament introduced some laws.

Question 3.
Salary of company officers were increased.
Answer:

1. Lord Cornwallis introduced bureaucracy in India to strengthen the British rule in India.
2. He restricted the private trade carried out by the company officers. For this reason, he increased the salary of the company officers.

Answer the following in detail:

Question 1.
Give an account of the Anglo- Maratha war.
Answer:

1. Raghunathrao in his greed for the seat of Peshwa sought help of the British which facilitated their entry into Maratha politics.
2. Three wars were fought between Marathas and the British between 1774 to 1818.
3. As the Marathas fought unitedly, the Britishers were defeated in the first Anglo- Maratha War in 1782.
4. In 1802, Bajirao II entered into Subsidiary Alliance with the British known as the Treaty of Vasai.
5. The second Anglo-Maratha War took place as some Maratha Sardars opposed this treaty.
6. Marathas were defeated in the second Anglo-Maratha War.
7. The defeat of the Marathas led to the increase in interference of the British in the Maratha state.
8. Bajirao II declared war against the British as he could not tolerate their interference.
9. He lost the war and surrendered to the British in 1818.

Question 2.
Write about the public work done by Chhatrapati Pratapsingh.
Answer:
Chhatrapati Pratapsingh did the following public work :

1. Water tank was built by him on the back side of Yevteshwar temple and Mahadara which supplied water to Satara city.
2. He built roads and planted trees on both the sides.
3. Sanskrit, Marathi and English was taught to girls and boys in schools built by him.
4. Printing press was set up and many books were published.
5. A book titled ‘Sabhaniti’ was printed on polity in 1827.
6. A road connecting Satara – Mahabaleshwar – Pratapgad was built by him. This road was further extended to Mahad.

Question 3.
Compare the Land Revenue Policy in the pre-British period and during the British period.
Answer:

Question 4.
How did the British administrative system benefit India?
Answer:
There were many benefits of British administrative system in India.

1. The British introduced railways in India.
2. Telegraph system connected major cities and military stations got connected.
3. Postal system was also introduced.
4. These improved communication generated a sense of unity among the people of India.
5. Coal, metal, sugar, cement and chemical industries also developed gradually.
6. The western educated Indians learnt the values of humanism, rationalism, democracy, nationalism and liberalism.
7. Indians felt the need to study Indian history, religion and traditions.
8. Universities were established at Kolkata, Mumbai and Madras (Chennai).
9. The newly educated Indian led the social reform movement in later period.

Question 5.
According to you, what were the two positive and two negative effects of British rule on India?
Answer:
The positive effects were :

• English education laid the foundation of future progress in India.
• Indian adopted the principles of freedom, equality and humanity.

The negative effects were :

• The British policy of ‘Divide and Rule’ deepened its roots.
• Regional languages got neglected as English got importance.

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Class 8 History Solutions Chapter 14 Formation of State of Maharashtra Notes, Textbook Exercise Important Questions and Answers.

Maharashtra State Board Class 8 History Solutions Chapter 14 Formation of State of Maharashtra

Class 8 History Chapter 14 Formation of State of Maharashtra Textbook Questions and Answers

1. Rewrite the statements by choosing the appropriate options:

Question 1.
The State of …………….. was formed on 1 May, 1960.
(a) Goa
(b) Karnataka
(c) Andhra Pradesh
(d) Maharashtra
Answer:
(d) Maharashtra

Question 2.
…………….. put forth the proposal of Samyukta Maharashtra with Mumbai in the Mumbai Municipal Corporation.
(a) G. T. Madkholkar
(b) Acharya Atre
(c) D. V. Potdar
(d) Shankarrao Dev
Answer:
(b) Acharya Atre

Question 3.
…………….. accepted the responsibility as first Chief Minister of Maharashtra.
(a) Yashwantrao Chavan
(b) Pruthviraj Chavan
(c) Shankarrao Chavan
(d) Vilasrao Deshmukh
Answer:
(a) Yashwantrao Chavan

2. Explain the following statements with reasons:

Question 1.
Samyukta Maharashtra Samiti came to be established.
Answer:

1. The demand for a state of Marathi speaking people of all regions was put forth in the Nagpur Pact in 1953.
2. There was no positive response from the Central Government for formation of Samyukta Maharashtra with Mumbai.
3. The agitation was made severe through strikes, demonstrations, rallies, etc. which were organised from time to time.
4. As the issue of the demand of Marathi speaking people started becoming complicated, discontent spread throughout the state.
5. A meeting was held under the leadership of Keshavrao Jedhe on 6 February, 1956 at Tilak Smarak Mandir in Pune and the Samyukta Maharashtra Samiti was formed.

Question 2.
The role of newspapers was important in Samyukta Maharashtra Movement.
Answer:

1. The role of newspapers was equally important in Samyukta Maharashtra Movement. They worked to awaken the people.
2. Navyug, Prabhat, Navakal, Sakai, Prabodhan, Kesari are newspapers which played important role.
3. The ‘Maratha’ newspaper by Acharya Atre had a significant role in Samyukta Maharashtra movement.
4. Balasaheb Thackeray took pen name ‘Mavla’ and drew caricatures in ‘Navyug’.
5. Lokshahir Annabhau Sathe, Shahir Amar Sheikh and Shahir D. N. Gavankar aroused public awakening on a large scale through their writings.

3. Write short notes:

Question 1.
Samyukta Maharashtra Parishad:
Answer:

1. On 12 May 1946, a resolution was passed regarding Samyukta Maharashtra in the Sahitya Sammelan at Belgaon.
2. On this background, Maharashtra Ekikaran Parishad was convened under the leadership of Shankarrao Dev at Mumbai on 28 July.
3. A resolution was passed that all Marathi speaking regions should be united in one state.
4. It should include the regions of Mumbai, Central provinces Marathwada and Gomantak.

Question 2.
Contribution of Samyukta Maharashtra Samiti:
Answer:
Samyukta Maharashtra Samiti f contributed in the following way to form Samyukta Maharashtra.
1. Samyukta Maharashtra movement spread throughout the state and reached in rural areas.
2. Common people also joined the movement spontaneously.
3. When it was clear that Mumbai will not be included in Maharashtra, Samiti held demonstrations to protest and arouse public agitation.
4. The grand success of Samyukta Maharashtra Samiti in Lok Sabha, Vidhan Sabha and Mumbai Municipal Corporation in 1957 made it clear that the voters were in favour of Samyukta Maharashtra.
5. The agitations led by Samyukta Maharashtra Samiti during the visit of Prime Minister Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru made the approach of Central Government favourable in the formation of Maharashtra state.

4. Complete the following diagram.

Question 1.

Answer:

Do you Know?

Contribution of Marathi newspapers and Shahirs: In this movement the role of newspapers was important. Prabodhan, Kesari, Sakal, Navakal, Navyug, Prabhat many such newspapers worked for awakening of the people. Acharya Atre started the ‘Maratha’ newspaper which played an important role in Samyukta Maharashtra Movement.

Balasaheb Thackeray took up the pen name ‘Mavia’ and drew caricatures to make the movement comprehensive. Lokshahir Annabhau Sathe, Shahir Amar Sheikh and Shahir D.N.Gavankar through their writings aroused public awakening on a large scale.

Project:

Collect information about the personalities who greatly contributed to the formation of Maharashtra and prepare a project based on it with the help of your teachers.

Class 8 History Chapter 14 Formation of State of Maharashtra Additional Important Questions and Answers

Rewrite the statements by choosing the appropriate options:

Question 1.
………………… organised rallies to protest against the report of JVP Committee.
(a) Sane Guruji
(b) P. K. Atre
(c) Senapati Bapat
(d) Prabodhankar Thackeray
Answer:
(c) Senapati Bapat

Question 2.
…………….. established Dar Commission for forming linguistic province.
(a) Morarji Desai
(b) Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru
(c) Dr. Rajendra Prasad
(d) Yashwantrao Chavan
Answer:
(c) Dr. Rajendra Prasad

Question 3.
According to 1953 Pact, Assembly session would be held once in a year at …………….
(a) Pune
(b) Mumbai
(c) Nagpur
(d) Aurangabad
Answer:
(c) Nagpur

Question 4.
Police used lathi charge and tear …………….. gas on the March led by
(a) Bhai Madhavrao Bagal
(b) Comrade Shripad Amrut Dange
(c) S.M. Joshi
(d) Senapati Bapat
Answer:
(d) Senapati Bapat

Question 5.
Acharya Atre started the newspaper …………….. which played an important role in Samyukta Maharashtra Movement.
(a) Navyug
(b) Prabodhan
(c) Maratha
(d) Navakal
Answer:
(c) Maratha

Name the following:

Question 1.
Demanded reconstruction of a state based on language in 1915.
Answer:
Lokmanya Tilak

Question 2.
Commission which advocated bilingual Mumbai.
Answer:
‘Commission for Reconstruction of States’

Question 3.
Samiti established at Tilak Smarak Mandir, Pune.
Answer:
Samyukta Maharashtra Samiti

Question 4.
The Act passed by the Parliament in April 1960.
Answer:
Mumbai Reorganisation Act.

Answer the following questions in one sentence:

Question 1.
What was the appeal made by Shankarrao Dev in the meeting held on Kamgar Maidan?
Answer:
Shankarrao Dev appealed to the people in the following words, “We will oppose the separation of Mumbai from Maharashtra up to our last breath.”

Question 2.
What was the suggestion given by the Commission for Reconstruction of States?
Answer:
The Commission for Reconstruction of States suggested creation of bilingual Mumbai State.

Question 3.
What was the resolution proposed by S. M. Joshi on 7 November, 1955 at the meeting of labourers?
Answer:
At the meeting of the labourers on 7 November, 1955 S. M. Joshi proposed a resolution that Samyukta Maharashtra should be created with Mumbai and Vidarbha.

Question 4.
Where was the memorial of 106 martyrs erected? What is it called?
Answer:
The memorial of 106 martyrs was erected in Mumbai near Flora Fountain. It is called ‘Flutatma Smarak.’

Question 5.
Who played an important role in establishing Samyukta Maharashtra Samiti?
Answer:
Acharya P K. Atre, Madhu Dandavate, Prabodhankar Keshav Thackeray, Y. K. Souni played important role in establishing Samyukta Maharashtra Samiti.

Question 6.
Name the lokshahirs who aroused awakening among people during Samyukta Maharashtra Movement.
Answer:
Lokshahirs Annabhau Sathe, Shahir Amar Sheikh and Shahir D. N. Gavankar aroused public awakening among the people during Samyukta Maharashtra Movement.

Do as Directed:

Complete the following diagram:

Question 1.

Answer:

Question 2.

Answer:

Complete the table:

Question 1.

Foundation year	Name of the Commission/Samiti	Name of the President
1. 28 July	……………………………………….	Shankarrao Dev
2. …………………………	Dar Commission	Justice S. R. Dar
3. 29 December, 1943	………………………………………..	Justice Fazal Ali
4. 6 February, 1956	Samyukta Maharashtra Samiti	…………………………….

Answer:

Foundation year	Name of the Commission/Samiti	Name of the President
1. 28 July	Maharashtra Ekikaran Parishad	Shankarrao Dev
2. 17 June, 1947	Dar Commission	Justice S. R. Dar
3. 29 December, 1943	Commission for Reconstruction of States	Justice Fazal Ali
4. 6 February, 1956	Samyukta Maharashtra Samiti	Comrade Shripad Amrut Dange

Write short notes:

Question 1.
Dar Commission:
Answer:

1. The President of Constituent Assembly, Dr. Rajendra Prasad established the Dar Commission on 17 June, 1947.
2. The Commission started the work under the leadership of Justice S. K. Dar to form states on linguistic basis.
3. On 10 December, 1948, the report of Dar Commission was published but the issue remained unsolved.

Question 2.
Commission for Reconstruction of States:
Answer:

1. Indian Government appointed a ‘Commission for Reconstruction of States’ on 29 December, 1953.
2. It was formed under the Chairmanship of Justice Fazal Ali.
3. In the proposal presented by the commission on 10 October, 1955, a creation of bilingual Mumbai State was advocated.

Answer the following questions in brief:

Question 1.
What started the demand for an independent state of Marathi speaking people?
Answer:

1. The demand for an independent Marathi speaking state started before independence.
2. N. C. Kelkar presented the idea that the entire Marathi speaking population should be under one dominion.
3. In 1915, Lokmanya Tilak demanded the reconstruction of a state based on language.
4. An important resolution regarding Samyukta Maharashtra was passed in the Sahitya Sammelan at Belgaon. It began the movement to form Independent state of Marathi speaking people.

Question 2.
Write information on the workers meeting held on 7 November, 1955.
Answer:

1. The struggle of Marathi speaking people for formation of Maharashtra with Mumbai had started.
2. On 7 November, 1955 a meeting of labourers was held.
3. Labour Organisation or Communists, Praja Socialists, Socialists, Peasants and Workers Party, Janasangh, etc. participated in the meeting.
4. Comrade Shripad Amrut Dange was the President of this meeting.
5. S. M. Joshi proposed a resolution to create a Samyukta Maharashtra with Mumbai and Vidarbha.

Question 3.
What were the provisions in the Nagpur Pact?
Answer:
The following provisions were made in the Nagpur Pact:

1. Samyukta Maharashtra should be formed including Western Maharashtra 8 and Vidarbha along with Marathwada.
2. Assurance was given regarding equitable financial provisions for development.
3. Ample finance will be provided for technical and vocational education.
4. Government services will be provided in accordance with the population in the region.
5. Once in a year an Assembly session will be held at Nagpur.

Question 4.
What happened on the day a grand march was taken to Vidhan Sabha?
Answer:

1. For the formation of Samyukta Maharashtra, a grand march was taken to the Vidhan Sabha led by Senapati Bapat.
2. The government declared a ban.
3. The police started lathi charge and used tear gas on the protestors who broke the ban.
4. On the same evening, Comrade Shripad Dange guided a mob of fifty thousand on Kamgar Maidan.
5. To give impetus to the Samyukta Maharashtra Movement, it was further decided to hold one day strike on 21 November, 1955.

Question 5.
Which events took place in the final stages of establishment of Maharashtra state?
Answer:
The following events took place in the final stages of establishment of Maharashtra state:

1. Due to agitation of Samyukta Maharashtra Movement, central government gave consent to the formation of two linguistic states.
2. The Congress President, Indira Gandhi also supported the Samyukta Maharashtra Movement.
3. In April 1960, the Parliament passed the Mumbai Reorganisation Act.
4. According to this act, Maharashtra State was formed on 1st May, 1960.
5. Pandit Nehru on the occasion of Labour Day made a formal announcement of the formation of Maharashtra State at a special ceremony at Raj Bhavan.
6. Yashwantrao Chavan accepted the responsibility of first Chief Minister of Maharashtra.

Explain the following statements with reasons:

Question 1.
Severe response was seen 9, throughout Maharashtra against JVP Committee report.
Answer:

1. The Congress appointed a three ministers committee on 29 December, 1948 to study the conditions of creating linguistic provinces.
2. The report suggested that Congress accepted the concept of linguistic state in principle but the time was not proper for it.
3. Due to this, severe response of the people was seen throughout Maharashtra against JVP Committee report.

Answer the following questions in detail:

Question 1.
How did the Central Government favour Maharashtra’s movement under the leadership of Samyukta Maharashtra Samiti?
Answer:

1. Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru was going to unveil statue of Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj mounted on a horse on Pratapgad on 30 November, 1957.
2. Under the leadership of Bhai Madhavrao Bagal, Samyukta Maharashtra Samiti held huge demonstrations.
3. Leaders like S. M. Joshi, N. G. Gore, Jayantrao Tilak, R K. Atre participated in the protest at Pasarni Ghat and Poladpur.
4. Pandit Nehru became aware of sentiments of the Marathi speaking people.
5. The Congress President Indira Gandhi supported the Samyukta Maharashtra Movement.
6. Finally, the Central government gave consent for formation of two states-Gujarat and Maharashtra from former Mumbai (Bombay) state

Question 2.
Observe the given picture and identify. Write about his contribution in Samyukta Maharashtra.

Answer:

1. This picture is of Acharya R K. Atre. He made important contribution to Samyukta Maharashtra Movement.
2. He played important role in formation of Samyukta Maharashtra Samiti.
3. He presented and supported the pro- united Maharashtra Movement through his newspaper ‘Maratha’.
4. He was in the forefront of the demonstrations at Pasarni Ghat and Poladpur during the visit of Prime Minister Pandit Nehru at Pratapgad.

Question 3.
What are the advantages and disadvantages of linguistic reorganisation of states?
Answer:
Advantages:

1. The feeling of unity is very strong among the people speaking common language.
2. It guarantees social security.
3. It facilitates communication between people.
4. It helps in achieving linguistic and cultural unity.

Disadvantages:

1. Linguistic reorganisation may narrow perspective of the people.
2. Excessive pride in one’s language creates hatred towards other language.
3. Learning other languages and enjoying the literature never takes places.
4. It creates hurdles in social and cultural development.

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Class 8 Civics Solutions Chapter 3 The Union Executive Notes, Textbook Exercise Important Questions and Answers.

Maharashtra State Board Class 8 Civics Solutions Chapter 3 The Union Executive

Class 8 Civics Chapter 3 The Union Executive Textbook Questions and Answers

1. Choose the correct option and rewrite the statement:

Question 1.
In India, the executive power is vested in the ………………. .
(a) President
(b) Prime Minister
(c) Speaker
Answer:
(a) President

Question 2.
The tenure of the President is of ………… years.
(a) three
(b) four
(c) five
Answer:
(c) five

Question 3.
The Council of Ministers is led by the ………………. .
(a) Party Chief
(b) Prime Minister
(c) President
Answer:
(b) Prime Minister

2. Find and write:

Question 1.
The President, the Prime Minister, the Council of Ministers are called the ……………. .
Answer:
Executive

Question 2.
During the Parliamentary session, the period around 12 noon is known as ……………… .
Answer:
Zero hour

3. write the following concepts in your own words:

Question 1.
Impeachment procedure:
Answer:

1. The responsibility of protecting the Constitution is shouldered by the President.
2. But, if any act of the President violates the Constitution, the Parliament has the authority to remove him.
3. This process known as process of Impeachment.

The procedure for impeachment is as follows:

1. Anyone House can lay the charge of violation of the Constitution.
2. The investigation of the charge is carried out by the other House.
3. If the resolution is passed by special (2/3rd) majority of both the Houses, the President can be removed from his post.

Question 2.
No-confidence motion:
Answer:

1. In the Parliamentary system of government, the Legislature tries to keep control over the Executive.
2. The Executive stays in power till it enjoys the support of the majority in Lok Sabha.
3. The members of the Lok Sabha can move a No-confidence motion by simply expressing “We do not have confidence in the government”.
4. If the motion is passed with majority support, the Council of Ministers (the Executive) has to resign.
5. Thus, this is the most effective way to keep a check on the Council of Ministers.

Question 3.
Jumbo Ministry:
Answer:

1. A huge Council of Ministers with more than necessary ministers is referred to as Jumbo Ministry.
2. There was a trend to keep large Council of Ministers in our country.
3. Later, a constitutional amendment was made to limit the size of the Council of Ministers.
4. As per this amendment, the number of ministers in the Council should not be more than 15% of the total number of members in the Lok Sabha.

4. Answer in brief:

Question 1.
Enumerate the functions of the Council of Ministers.
Answer:
The functions of the Council of Ministers are as follows:
1. The Council of Ministers takes initiative in the process of Law-making by drafting the bills/proposals.
2. It introduces and discusses the bills/ proposals in the House.
3. It introduces bills on various subjects like education, agriculture, industry, health, foreign relations, etc. in the Parliament, conducts discussions on them and tries to get them approved by the Parliament.
4. It also takes the responsibility of implementing the policies approved by the Parliament.

Question 2.
How does the Parliament keep a check on the Executive?
Answer:
The Parliament keeps a check on the Executive in the following ways:
1. The bills/proposals presented by the Council of Ministers are discussed in the Parliament.
2. These discussions and debates help the members to scrutinize the bills/ proposals and point out the shortcomings and help in a creation of healthy laws.
3. During Parliamentary sessions, the proceedings of the House begins with questions asked by the members of the House. The concerned Ministers are expected to give satisfactory answers to these questions.
4. During the Parliamentary sessions, the period around 12 noon is called as ‘Zero House’. During this period, any question of public importance can be raised and discussed.
5. The Parliament can pass a No-confidence motion on the Executive. If the motion is passed with majority support, then it has to resign.

5. Complete the concept picture. 

Question 1.

Answer:

Do it:

Find out the text of the oath taken by the President. Understand its meaning with the help of your teachers.

Do you know:

Jumbo Ministry:

1. Earlier, there was a trend to keep large Council of Ministers.
2. Such huge Councils were known as jumbo Ministry’.
3. Later, a constitutional amendment was made to limit the size of the Council of Ministers.
4. As per this amendment, the number of ministers in the council should not be more than 15% of the total number of members in the Lok Sabha.

Can you tell?

What should the members of the Parliament do to participate effectively in debates and discussions?

Understand it :
(The gist of the conversation between Rama and Vidya.)

1. The President is the nominal head and the Prime Minister is the executive head.
2. The Prime Minister meets the President regularly and informs him about the conduct of administration.
3. The President has the right to seek information about new laws and policies framed by the Parliament. from the Prime Minister.

Project:

Question 1.
If you become the Prime Minister what works will you prioritise? Create a priority-wise list and present it in class.

Question 2.
Collect pictures and information of India’s Presidents since independence.

Class 8 Civics Chapter 3 The Union Executive Additional Important Questions and Answers

Choose the correct option and rewrite the statement:

Question 1.
The ………………. bears the responsibility of protecting the Constitution and ensuring that the government runs as per the Constitution.
(a) Speaker
(b) President
(c) Vice-President
Answer:
(b) President

Question 2.
The President can be removed if the impeachment resolution is passed by ………………. majority in both the Houses of Parliament.
(a) 1/3rd
(b) 2/3rd
(c) 3/4th
Answer:
(b) 2/3rd

Question 3.
The ………………. is the Commander-in-Chief of the armed forces.
(a) Prime Minister
(b) Vice-President
(c) President
(d) Brigadier
Answer:
(c) President

Question 4.
In case a minister is not a member of the Parliament, he/she has to get elected to the Parliament within ………………. months.
(a) three
(b) six
(c) nine
(d) two
Answer:
(b) six

Question 5.
As per the amendment, the number of minister’s in the council should not be more than ………………. % of the total number of members in Lok Sabha.
(a) 10
(b) 20
(c) 15
(d) 25
Answer:
(c) 15

Question 6.
The Council of Ministers stays in power till it enjoys the support of majority in ………………. .
(a) Legislative Assembly
(b) Legislative Council
(c) Rajya Sabha
(d) Lok Sabha
Answer:
(d) Lok Sabha

Question 7.
In the absence of the President, ………………. carries out his functions.
(a) Vice-President
(b) Prime Minister
(c) Speaker of Lok Sabha
(d) Chief Election Commissioner
Answer:
(a) Vice-President

Find and write:

Question 1.
The group of Parliamentarians and members of the state legislatures who elect the President ……………… .
Answer:
Electoral college

Question 2.
One who has the right to declare emergency in case of crisis …………… .
Answer:
President

Complete the concept map:

Question 1.

Answer:

Write short notes on:

Question 1.
Vice-President:
Answer:

1. The Vice-President is elected by members of both the Houses.
2. The person contesting the election for the post of Vice-President should be a citizen of India and should have completed 35 years of age.
3. He is the ex-officio Chairman of Rajya Sabha and exercises control over the functioning of Rajya Sabha.
4. In the absence of the President, his functions are carried out by the Vice President.

Question 2.
President:
Answer:

1. The President is the Constitutional Head of India.
2. He is elected by the directly elected representatives of the Central and State legislatures.
3. The person elected to the post of the President has to take an oath while accepting the post.
4. According to the oath, the President bears the responsibility of protecting the Constitution and ensuring that the government runs as per the Constitution.
5. The President governs in accordance with the advice given by the Prime Minister and the Council of Ministers.
6. He has Legislative, Executive, Judicial, Defence and Emergency powers.

Explain the following statements with reasons:

Question 1.
The President is the nominal and constitutional Head of India.
Answer:

1. The Constitution has vested all executive powers in the President.
2. The government carries out its functions in the name of the President.
3. However, in reality, the Prime Minister and the Council of Ministers run the government.

Hence, the President is the nominal and Constitutional Head of India.

Question 2.
The Council of Ministers has to take the Parliament into confidence while framing policies.
Answer:

1. The Council of Ministers has to decide specific policies on subject like education, agriculture, industry, health, foreign affairs, etc.
2. The Ministers of respective departments have to lay their policy plans in the House and discuss them thoroughly.
3. The policies cannot be implemented without the approval of the Parliament.
4. Also, the Council of Ministers can stay in power till it enjoys the support of the Parliament.
5. Hence, it has to take the Parliament into confidence while framing policies.

Answer in brief:

Question 1.
How is the President elected?
Answer:

1. The President is not directly elected by the people of India.
2. The common people do not vote in the election of the President.
3. He is elected by the Electoral College.
4. The Electoral College includes all members/elected representatives of Parliament and the members of the State Legislatures.

Question 2.
How is the Council of Ministers formed?
Answer:

1. The party which attains majority in the Lok Sabha election, nominates its leader as the Prime Minister.
2. The Prime Minister is given an oath by the President.
3. The Prime Minister then, chooses his trustworthy and efficient colleagues from within the party to form the Council of Ministers.
4. He gives priority to his colleagues considering their administrative experience, governance skills, efficiency and technical expertise.
5. The President administers oath to all the Council of Ministers. In this way, the Council of Ministers is formed.

Question 3.
State the qualifications necessary for contesting the Presidential election.
Answer:

1. The person contesting the Presidential election should be a citizen of India.
2. He should be 35 years of age.
3. He should also fulfill other conditions mentioned by the Constitution.

Question 4.
Mention the functions of the Prime Minister.
Answer:
The functions of the Prime Minister are as follows:

1. To form the Council of Ministers, selecting trustworthy, experienced and efficient people.
2. To allocate portfolios and chair all the meetings of the Council of Ministers.
3. To lead the Council of Ministers, maintain coordination among various departments, facilitate cooperation among departments and supervise to bring about efficiency and efficacy.
4. To raise the image of the country at international level.
5. To support the people during disasters.

Question 5.
What should the MPs do to enable them to participate effectively in Lok Sabha discussions?
Answer:
For effective participation in Lok Sabha, the MPs have to practise following things:

1. They should come prepared to the Lok Sabha with deep study of the problems of their constituencies and effective solutions to the same.
2. They should thoroughly understand the functioning of the Parliament and express people’s problems in a precise manner, without wasting other’s time.
3. They should be able to criticise the shortcomings and defects in bills/policies effectively.
4. They should be well-versed with the various effective tools, granted by the Constitution, for keeping a check on the Council of Ministers.
5. They should strictly keep away from unparliamentary practices like creating chaos, shouting slogans, tearing papers, being physically aggressive or fighting, etc. as such practices are not helpful in any manner.

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Class 8 History Solutions Chapter 5 Social and Religious Reforms Notes, Textbook Exercise Important Questions and Answers.

Maharashtra State Board Class 8 History Solutions Chapter 5 Social and Religious Reforms

Class 8 History Chapter 5 Social and Religious Reforms Textbook Questions and Answers

1. Rewrite the statements by choosing the appropriate options:
(Sir Sayyad Ahmad Khan, Maharshi Dhondo Karve, Abdul Latif, Swami Vivekananda, Maharshi Vitthal Ramji Shinde)

Question 1.
………….. established the Ramkrishna Mission.
Answer:
Swami Vivekananda

Question 2.
The Anglo-Mohammedan Oriental College was established by………….. .
Answer:
Sir Sayyad Ahmad Khan

Question 3.
The Depressed Classes Mission was founded by ……………. .
Answer:
Maharshi Vitthal Ramji Shinde

2. Complete the following table:

Question 1.

Answer:

3. Explain the following statements with reasons:

Question 1.
The social and religious reform movement began in India.
Answer:

1. With the spread of English education in India, there was spread of new ideas, new thoughts, new philosophy.
2. Indians got introduced to western thoughts and culture.
3. They wanted to create a society based on principles of Humanity, Equality and Fraternity.
4. They realised that the flaws like superstitions, casteism, old customs, class system and lack of critical outlook is responsible for the backwardness of India.
5. This association was responsible for social and religious reform in India.

Question 2.
Mahatma Phule conducted a strike of Barbers.
Answer:

1. There was a custom of Keshavapan, i.e. shaving head of widows in India.
2. In order to oppose this unjust custom, Mahatma Phule conducted a strike of Barbers.

4. Write short note:

Question 1.
Ramkrishna Mission :
Answer:

1. Swami Vivekananda, a close disciple of Ramkrishna Paramhansa, founded the Ramkrishna Mission in 1897.
2. The mission carried out social work like providing help to famine-stricken people, patients and gave medical help to the poor and worked for female education.
3. It taught people service to humanity is a true religion and worked towards spiritual progress of the people.

Question 2.
Reforms for women by Savitribai Phule:
Answer:

1. Savitribai Phule, wife of Mahatma Phule, advocated women’s education along with him.
2. She supported her husband in his efforts to start first school for girls at Bhide Wada in Pune.
3. She continued her work in the field of education though she faced severe criticism from the society.
4. She put great efforts in women reform movement which resulted in putting an end to many unjust practices.

Do you know?

Renaissance in other fields/areas :

Sr. No.	Field/ Area	Changes/Progress
1.	Literature	1) Stories and novels dealt with the themes related with social reforms. Writing by women authors. 2) Newspapers and magazines became the carriers of social reform and political awakening.
2.	Art	1) Music became people-oriented. 2) Traditional Indian style of painting was combined with western techniques.
3.	Science	1) Writing of books on science emphasized scientific outlook. 2) People realised the importance of experimentation and scientific outlook for progress.

Project:

Question 1.
Organise an essay competition on the topic ‘Education of women’.

Question 2.
Collect the paragraphs of social reformers.

Class 8 History Chapter 5 Social and Religious Reforms Additional Important Questions and Answers

Rewrite the statements by choosing the appropriate options:
(Sir Sayyad Ahmad Khan, Maharshi Dhondo Karve, Abdul Latif, Swami Vivekananda, Maharshi Vitthal Ramji Shinde)

Question 1.
Through the efforts of ……….. first women’s university was set up in the 20th century.
Answer:
Maharshi Dhondo Karve

Question 2.
………….. established The Mohammedan Literary Society in Bengal.
Answer:
Abdul Latif.

Name the following :

Question 1.
He founded Hindu College at Kolkata.
Answer:
Raja Rammohan Roy

Question 2.
First president of Prarthana Samaj.
Answer:
Dr. Atmaram Pandurang Tarkhadkar

Question 3.
‘Go Back to the Vedas’ was the slogan of this Institution.
Answer:
Arya Samaj

Question 4.
He represented Hinduism at the Parliament of Religions at Chicago in 1893.
Answer:
Swami Vivekananda.

Identify the wrong pair:

Answer:
Wrong pair: Dr. Keshav Baliram
Hedgewar – Founded Hindu Mahasabha
Corrected pair: Dr. Keshav Baliram
Hedgewar – founded Rashtriya
Swayam- Sevak Sangh.

Rewrite the statements by choosing the appropriate options:

Question 1.
Raja Rammohan Roy helped Governor General ……… to pass the Sati Prohibition Act.
(a) Lord Wellesley
(b) Lord Bentinck
(c) Robert Clive
(d) Lord Cornwallis
Answer:
Lord Bentinck

Question 2.
Gopal Ganesh Agarkar gave his staunch opinion about child marriage, law of consent in his newspaper ………… .
(a) Maratha
(b) Darpan
(c) Sudharak
(d) Dnyanoday
Answer:
Sudharak

Question 3.
……….. started the Nursing Course for Women through Seva Sadan Institute.
(a) Tarabai Shinde
(b) Ramabai Ranade
(c) Savitribai Phule
(d) Pandita Ramabai
Answer:
Ramabai Ranade

Question 4.
………… continued tradition of reformation in Sikh religion.
(a) Singh Sabha
(b) Akali movement
(c) Arya Samaj
(d) Prarthana Samaj
Answer:
Akali movement

Question 5.
Lokhitwadi advocated gender equality through his writings in ………… .
(a) Sudharak
(b) Kesari
(c) Shatpatre
(d) Darpan
Answer:
(c) Shatpatre

Do as Directed:

Complete the concept map:
Question 1.

Answer:

Question 2.

Answer:

Question 3.

Answer:

2. Complete the timeline:

Answer:

Answer the following in one sentence each :

Question 1.
What message was given by Swami Vivekanand to the Indian youth?
Answer:
‘Arise, Awake and stop not till the goal is achieved’ was the message given by Swami Vivekanand to the Indian youth.

Question 2.
Write about the work of Singh Sabha.
Answer:
The Singh Sabha worked to achieve reforms, to spread education among the Sikh community and bring in modernisation among them

Question 3.
What were the principles of Prarthana Samaj?
Answer:
The opposition to idol worship, monotheism and opposition to rituals were the principles of Prarthana Samaj.

Question 4.
Which social reformers worked for the cause of widow remarriage?
Answer:
Pandit Ishwarchandra Vidyasagar, Vishnushastri Pandit and Vireshlingam Pantalu worked for the cause of widow remarriage.

Question 5.
Who started ‘Anath Balikashram’?
Answer:
Maharshi Dhondo Keshav Karve started Anath Balikashram, an orphanage for girls, to give education to all women so that they become independent.

Question 6.
Who received the Nobel Prize and in which field?
Answer:
Rabindranath Tagore received Nobel in the field of literature and C. V. Raman for Science.

Question 7.
What was The Mohammedan Anglo Oriental College later known as?
Answer:
The Mohammedan Anglo Oriental College was later known as the Aligarh Muslim University.

Write short note:

Question 1.
Prarthana Samaj :
Answer:
(1) Paramhansa Sabha was dissolved and some of its members formed Prarthana Samaj.
(2) Dr. Atmaram Pandurang was its first President.
(3) They opposed idol worship, monotheism and advocated prayers and devotional songs instead of rituals in place of worship of God.
(4) The important contribution of Prarthana Samaj in reforming the society was that it started orphanages, women’s education institutes, night schools for workers and society for Dalits.
(5) The prestige of Prarthana Samaj rose immensely due to the enrollment of young graduates from Mumbai University.
(6) Justice Ranade, Dr. R. G. Bhandarkar carried the work of Prarthana Samaj forward.

Question 2.
Sir Sayyad Ahmed Khan :
Answer:

1.  Sir Sayyad Ahmad Khan worked for the cause of Muslims.
2. He believed that the Muslims would not make progress without acquiring western education and science.
3. He founded ‘The Mohammedan Anglo Oriental College’ which later became Aligarh Muslim University.

Answer the following in 25 to 30 words:

Question 1.
Write about the contribution of Maharshi Vitthal Ramji Shinde.
Answer:

1. Maharshi Vitthal Ramji Shinde was member of Prarthana Samaj, contributed in reforming society.
2. He started the ‘Depressed Class Mission’.
3. He tried to solve problems in society through this mission.
4. He organised conference against the practice of Devdasi in Mumbai.

Question 2.
Write about the efforts taken to unite Hindu Society.
Answer:

1. Hindu Mahasabha was formed in 1915 to achieve respectful position of Hindu community and protect it.
2. Pandit Madan Mohan Malviya founded the ‘Banaras Hindu University’.
3. Dr. Keshav Baliram Hedgewar established Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh in 1925 at Nagpur to set up a disciplinary and virtuous organisation of Hindu youth.
4. Patit Pawan Temple built by V. D. Savarkar at Ratnagiri was open to all castes of Hindu religion. He also organized common dining programmes.

Question 3.
Give a brief account of the work of women social reformers for the emancipation of women.
Answer:
The women reformers contributed in the following way to improve the condition of women :

1. Savitribai Phule faced severe criticism of society but continued her work in the field of education.
2. Tarabai Shinde wrote the book ‘Stri Purush Tulana’ in which she fiercely put her views about the rights of women.
3. Pandita Ramabai founded the Sharada Sadan and took care of disabled women and children.
4. Ramabai Ranade founded the Seva Sadan Institute. She started the Nursing course for women as well as demanded the right to vote for them.

Question 4.
State the outcome of women reform movement.
Answer:

1. The women’s reforms movement resulted in putting an end to many unjust practices in the society.
2. They voiced their problems and made efforts to find solution to them.
3. The women got opportunities to prove their capabilities in different fields.
4. Women started expressing their ideas, thoughts through writing.
5. Their performance flourished in every sphere of life due to education.

Question 5.
What changes came about in the field of Science, Art and Literature during Indian Renaissance?
Answer:
The following changes were seen in the field of Science, Art and Literature during Indian Renaissance :
(A) Science :

1. C. V. Raman received the Nobel Prize in Science.
2. Many books were written on science which emphasized scientific outlook.
3. People realised the importance of experimentation and scientific outlook for progress of the country.

(B) Art :

1. Music became more popular and people-oriented.
2. A new school of painting combining traditional Indian style of painting with the western techniques emerged.

(C) Literature :

1. Rabindranath Tagore received the Nobel Prize in literature.
2. Stories and novels gave inspiration in gaining independence and expressed thoughts on social reforms.
3. Women took to writing.
4. New magazines and newspapers became sources of inspiration and political awakening.

Write short note :

Question 1.
The condition of women was miserable in the beginning of nineteenth century.
Answer:
The condition of women during the British period was very miserable in India, because :

1. They had no right to education.
2. There was no equality between men and women.
3. Women were victims of child marriage, dowry system, sati, Keshavapan, opposition to widow remarriage.

Answer the following in detail :

Question 1.
Write briefly about Indian Renaissance.
Answer:
1. The modern educated Indians realised that the unhealthy social conditions and customs like casteism, superstitions, old customs, class system and lack of critical outlook had arrested the progress of India.
2. Rise in the spread of new ideas, new thoughts, new philosophy marked the beginning of modern age.
3. It was necessary to eradicate the flaws and undesirable tendencies in order to create a new society based on principles of Humanity, Equality and Fraternity.
4. They started finding new ways for development of society and country. Educated thinkers started social awareness through writings.
5. This intellectual awakening in the contemporary society in India is called the Indian Renaissance.

Question 2.
Give a brief account of the work of social reformers for the betterment of women.
Answer:

1. Raja Rammohan Roy launched agitations against practice of Sati.
2. It led to the enactment of the Sati Prohibition Act in 1829.
3. He advocated widow remarriage and female education and opposed Purdah system.
4. Gopal Hari Deshmukh (Lokhitwadi) criticized the unjust social customs related to women and advocated equality of men and women through his writings in ‘Shatapatre’.
5. Mahatma Phule gave importance to 2 girl’s education. He started first school for i girls at Bhide Wada in Pune.
6. Through his writings Babasaheb Ambedkar exposed injustice inflicted on women.
7. Mahatma Gandhi advocated education for women.
8. Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar, Vishnushastri Pandit and Vireshlingam Pantalu strove for the recognition of the right to remarriage for the widows.
9. Gopal Ganesh Agarkar gave his staunch opinion about child marriage and j law of consent in his newspaper ‘Sudharak’.
10. Maharshi Vitthal Ramji Shinde organised a conference to oppose practice of Devdasi.
11. Maharshi Dhondo Keshav Karve founded the Anath Balikashram for orphan girls and later the first Women’s University.

Question 3.
What would have happened if social reformers had not taken initiative for women education?
Answer:
We have seen many social reformers in the last 100-150 years. They not only insisted on women education but also took efforts to make it reality.
If they had not taken efforts towards women education then:

1. Women would have still remained illiterate and would have easily fallen prey to superstitions.
2. They would have to carry burden of age old customs and traditions.
3. Illiterate women could not contribute to the development of family, society and nation.
4. Today they work hand in hand with their male counterparts because they are educated.

Question 4.
What changes have been made in the life of women due to education?
Answer:
Education has brought lot of changes in the life of women.

1. Women started taking jobs, doing business which made them financially independent.
2. They are working and competing along with men in every field.
3. Educated women freed themselves from the clutches of superstitions.
4. Educated women have become strong enough to face the injustice of society.
5. The principle of equality is put into practice because of their education.
6. As woman got educated she contributed for development of her family and country.

Question 5.
Do you still feel there is need to make efforts for women’s education? If yes, then what efforts need to be made?
Answer:

1. I feel we still need to make efforts on girls’ education because among illiterates and less educated the number of women is more.
2. The number of illiterate girls in rural and tribal areas is more.
3. It is important to explain importance of girls’ education. Reforms are still required.
4. To make people understand the benefit of girls’ education, documentaries and advertisements should be made.
5. We need to take help of modern technology to achieve it.

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Class 8 Civics Solutions Chapter 4 The Indian Judicial System Notes, Textbook Exercise Important Questions and Answers.

Maharashtra State Board Class 8 Civics Solutions Chapter 4 The Indian Judicial System

Class 8 Civics Chapter 4 The Indian Judicial System Textbook Questions and Answers

1. Choose the correct option and complete the statements:

Question 1.
Laws are made by …………………. .
(a) Legislature
(b) Council of Ministers
(c) Judiciary
(d) Executive
Answer:
(a) Legislature

Question 2.
The Chief Justice of Supreme Court is appointed by the …………………… .
(a) Prime Minister
(b) President
(c) Home Minister
(d) Law Minister
Answer:
(b) President

2. Explain the concepts:

Question 1.
Judicial Review:
Answer:

1. The Constitution is the fundamental law of the nation and to protect it is the prime responsibility of the Supreme Court.
2. The Parliament cannot pass any law that violates the Constitution.
3. Every act or policy made by the Executive should be consistent with the Constitution.
4. If any law passed by the Legislature or any act of the Executive violates any provision of the Constitution, the said law or act is declared illegal.
5. So, it is struck down by the Supreme Court.
6. This power of the Supreme Court is known as Judicial Review.

Question 2.
Public Interest Litigation (PIL):
Answer:

1. Public Interest Litigation (PIL) refers to litigations filed on issues of public importance and issues related to the welfare of the people.
2. It can be filed by individual citizens, social organisation or Non-Governmental Organisations (NGOs) on behalf of all the people.
3. Issues related to rehabilitation of people who have lost their homes/lands, protection of environment, protection of the weaker sections of society, etc. have been effectively handled through PIL.
4. PILs are effective tool which require minimum expenditure and get immediate justice.

3. Write short notes on:

Question 1.
Civil Law:
Answer:

1. It is one of the two main branches of law.
2. It deals with conflicts which affect or interfere with the rights of an individual.
3. Conflicts regarding land and property, rent agreement, divorce, etc. are included under Civil law.
4. After filing a petition in the relevant court, the court gives a decision.

Question 2.
Criminal Law:
Answer:

1. Serious crimes are dealt under Criminal law.
2. Crimes like theft, robbery, dowry, murder, etc. are included under Criminal law.
3. In these cases, the first step is to file a ‘First Information Report’ (FIR) with the police, who investigate the matter and file a petition in the court.
4. If the charges are proved, there are provisions for severe punishment.

4. Answer in brief:

Question 1.
Why are laws necessary in society?
Answer:

1. Differences in opinions, thoughts, perspectives, different cultures of people give rise to conflicts. These conflicts can be resolved impartially by the Judiciary.
2. Social justice and equality in society can be established with the help of law.
3. It also helps to bring weaker sections of the society, women, children differently-abled and transgenders into the mainstream of the society.
4. Law helps the common man to get the benefits of values of freedom, equality and democracy.
5. Law helps to protect the rights of the people.
6. It prevents emergence of repressive and authoritarian groups and individuals.
   Hence, laws are necessary in society.

Question 2.
Enumerate the functions of the Supreme Court.
Answer:
The functions of the Supreme Court are as follows:

1. As a federal court, it has the responsibility to settle disputes between the centre and the states; and states on one side and states on the other.
2. It gives orders to relevant authorities to protect the fundamental rights of the people.
3. It has the power to review decrees and orders of the lower courts and also review its own decisions.
4. It provides necessary advice to the President if he/she asks for advice to understand the legal aspects in matters of public importance.

Question 3.
Which are the provisions that preserve the independence of the judiciary?
Answer:
The Constitution has made following provisions to preserve the independence of the judiciary:

1. To avoid any political pressure, judges are appointed by the President.
2. Judges enjoy the security of tenure. They cannot be removed from the post for trivial reasons or for political motives.
3. The salaries of the judges are drawn from the Consolidated Fund of India. No discussion regarding this takes place in the Parliament.
4. Personal criticism cannot be made on judges for their acts and decisions. It is considered as contempt of court and is a punishable offence.
5. The Parliament cannot discuss the decisions of the judges.

5. Complete the table:

Question 1.

Answer:

See this example:

1. The court had asked the candidates contesting in elections to declare their property and income details and educational qualifications through or affidavit.
2. The idea behind this was to ensure that the voters will vote on the basis of accurate information about the candidates.
3. This is an attempt to make our election process more transparent.
4. It is mandatory for the contesting candidates to declare whether there are any charges filed against them,
and the nature of the charges whether civil or criminal also has to be declared.

Do it:

High Courts having jurisdiction over more than one state:

1. Mumbai High Court: Maharashtra, Goa and Union Territories of Diu Daman and Dadra-Nagar Haveli.
2. Guwahati High Court: Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Mizoram and Nagaland.
3. Kerala High Court: Kerala and Union Territory of Lakshadweep islands.
4. Kolkata High Court: West Bengal and Union Territory of Andaman and Nicobar islands.
5. Chandigarh High Court: Punjab and Haryana.

Project:

Question 1.
Organise a Moot Court’ in your school, prepare and ask questions related to Public Interest Litigations in this Moot Court.

Question 2.
Visit the nearest police station and understand the procedure of filing a First Information Report (FIR) with the help of your teacher.

Class 8 Civics Chapter 4 The Indian Judicial System Additional Important Questions and Answers

Choose the correct option and complete the statements:

Question 1.
When the common man benefits from the values of freedom, equality and justice, it leads to the widening and deepening of ……………… .
(a) values
(b) democracy
(c) Judiciary
(d) Law
Answer:
(b) democracy

Question 2.
…………. helps to protect the rights of people.
(a) Prime Minister
(b) President
(c) Judiciary
(d) Social Organisation
Answer:
(c) Judiciary

Question 3.
The …………. is the fundamental law of the nation.
(a) Parliament
(b) Judiciary
(c) Constitution
(d) President’s order
Answer:
(c) Constitution

Question 4.
If any law passed by the Legislature or any act of the Executive violates any provision of the Constitution, the said law or act can be declared illegal by the ………….
(a) Prime Minister
(b) Speaker
(c) President
(d) Supreme Court
Answer:
(d) Supreme Court

Question 5.
The …………. has the power to establish a High Court in every state of India.
(a) Supreme Court
(b) Parliament
(c) President
(d) Prime Minister
Answer:
(b) Parliament

Question 6.
Currently, there are ……………. High Courts in India.
(a) 20
(b) 29
(c) 24
(d) 22
Answer:
(c) 24

Find and write:

Question 1.
Nature of Judiciary in India:
Answer:
Integrated System

Question 2.
In the criminal cases, the first step is to file:
Answer:
First Information Report (FIR)

Question 3.
The District judges are appointed by
Answer:
The Governor

Question 4.
The High Court judges are appointed by:
Answer:
The President.

Complete the following concept map:

Question 1.

Answer:

Write short notes on:

Question 1.
Judicial Activism:
Answer:

1. The courts settle the disputes whenever they are approached for that purpose.
2. But, in the recent times, this image of the courts has undergone a change.
3. They have become increasingly active.
4. The courts are now trying to fulfill the constitutional goals of justice and equality.
5. The courts have tried to provide legal protection to the marginalised sections of society, women, tribal, workers, farmers and children.
6. Public Interest Litigations related to issues like victimisation of women, malnourishment among children, etc. have played an important role in boosting Judicial Activism

Question 2.
High Court:
Answer:

1. The Indian Constitution confers the Parliament with the power to establish a High Court in each constituent state in the Union.
2. Normally, each state has a High Court. But, in certain cases where the population and area of the states is less, one High Court has jurisdiction over more than one state.
3. For example, the Bombay High Court’s jurisdiction covers the states of Maharashtra and Goa, and the Union Territories of Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu.
4. Currently, there are 24 High Courts in India.

Question 3.
Supreme Court of India:
Answer:

1. Judiciary in India is an integrated system where Supreme Court is at the apex position.
2. The Chief Justice of India (CJI) is the head of the Supreme Court of India.
3. By convention, the seniormost judge of the Supreme Court is appointed as the Chief Justice.
4. The President appoints the Chief Justice of India and other judges of the Supreme Court.
5. The Supreme Court of India is located at New Delhi.

Explain the following statements with reasons:

Question 1.
Judiciary in India is an integrated system.
Answer:

1. India is a Union of States. The Centre and the Constituent States have a separate Legislature and Executive.
2. But there is one judicial system for the whole of India.
3. The Supreme Court is the apex court under which there are High Courts.
4. The High Courts control the district courts and below them are the lower courts. Hence, this structure makes Judiciary in India an integrated system.

Question 2.
The Constitution has made provision for independence of Judiciary.
Answer:
1. The Constitution wants Judiciary to work freely, without any kind of pressure.
2. The independence of the judiciary is maintained so as to enable the judges to fearlessly carry out the function of giving justice.
For this purpose, the Constitution has made provisions for independence of Judiciary.

Question 3.
The Indian judiciary has made a significant contribution in the development of the country.
Answer:

1. The Indian judiciary has always given importance to social values while protecting the Constitution.
2. It has exposed wrong practices like superstitions, discrimination, injustice to weaker sections, etc. and forced the legislature to pass laws against them.
3. It has protected individual freedom, the federal system and the Constitution of India.
4. Common people have a lot of respect and trust in the judicial system.

Thus, the Indian judiciary has made a significant contribution in the development of the country.

Answer in brief:

Question 1.
What are the eligibility criteria for appointment of Supreme Court judges?
Answer:
The eligibility criteria laid down by the Constitution for appointment of Supreme Court judges are as follows:

1. He/She must be a citizen of India.
2. He/She must be a legal expert.
3. He/She must have served as a High Court judge or as an experienced advocate in the High Court.

Question 2.
Mention the functions of the High Court.
Answer:
The functions of the High Court are as follows:

1. To supervise over the District and other lower courts in its jurisdiction.
2. To maintain control over the functioning of the lower courts.
3. To give orders to protect the fundamental rights of the citizens.
4. To give advice to the governor while appointing judges in the district courts.

Question 3.
Should the Supreme Court have the power of Judicial Review?
Answer:
The Supreme Court must have the power of Judicial Review for following reasons:

1. Protecting the Constitution is the most important responsibility of the Supreme Court.
2. Many a times, laws violating the Constitution are passed under public pressure or for gaining popularity.
3. The Executive may pass laws or frame policies violating the Constitution.
4. Laws violating the fundamental rights of the citizens may be passed which may prove to be harmful for democracy.
5. The power of Judicial Review helps in curbing all anti-constitutional practices and protects and strengthens democracy.
6. It also helps in keeping the Executive under control.

Question 4.
Why does the President seek the advice of the Supreme Court on any issue of public importance? Can you tell?
Answer:

1. Decisions taken on issues of public importance have long-lasting effect on the lives of the people.
2. Such decisions should also be according to the Rule of Law which treats everyone equally.
3. Care has to be taken that such decisions should not violate the Constitution.
4. Since the President is not a legal expert, he has to seek advice of the Supreme Court on any issues of public importance.

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Class 8 Maths Solutions covers the Practice Set 9.1 8th Std Maths Answers Solutions Chapter 9 Discount and Commission.

Practice Set 9.1 8th Std Maths Answers Chapter 9 Discount and Commission

8th Standard Maths Practice Set 9.1 Question 1. If marked price = Rs 1700, selling price = Rs 1540, then find the discount.
Solution:
Here, Marked price = Rs 1700,
selling price = Rs 1540
Selling price = Marked price – Discount
∴ 1540 = 1700 – Discount
∴ Discount = 1700 – 1540
= Rs 160
∴ The amount of discount is Rs 160.

Discount and Commission Practice Set 9.1 Question 2. If marked price Rs 990 and percentage of discount is 10, then find the selling price.
Solution:
Here, marked price = Rs 990,
discount = 10%
Let the percentage of discount be x
∴ x = 10%
i. Discount

= Rs 99

ii. Selling price = Marked price – Discount
= 990 – 99
= Rs 891
∴ The selling price is Rs 891.

Practice Set 9.1 Question 3. If selling price Rs 900, discount is 20%, then find the marked price.
Solution:
Here, selling price = Rs 900, discount = 20%
Let the marked price be Rs 100
Since, the discount given = 20%
∴ Amount of discount = Rs 20
∴ Selling price = 100 – 20 – Rs 80
Let actual marked price be Rs x
∴ For marked price of Rs x, selling price is Rs 900
\(\frac{80}{100}=\frac{900}{x}\)
∴ 80 × x = 100 × 900
∴ \(x=\frac{100 \times 900}{80}\)
∴ x = Rs 1125
∴ The marked price is Rs 1125.

Discount and Commission Std 8 Question 4. The marked price of the fan is Rs 3000. Shopkeeper gave 12% discount on it. Find the total discount and selling price of the fan.
Solution:
Here, Marked price = Rs 3000, discount = 12%
Let the percentage of discount be x.
∴ x = 12%
i. Discount

= 30 × 12
= Rs 360

ii. Selling price = Marked price – Discount
= 3000 – 360
= Rs 2640
∴ The total discount is Rs 360 and the selling price of the fan is Rs 2640.

Discount and Commission 8th Standard Question 5. The marked price of a mixer is Rs 2300. A customer purchased it for Rs 1955. Find percentage of discount offered to the customer.
Solution:
Here, marked price = Rs 2300,
selling price = Rs 1955
i. Selling price = Marked price – Discount
∴ 1955 = 2300 – Discount
∴ Discount = 2300 – 1955
= Rs 345

ii. Let the percentage of discount be x


∴ x = 15%
∴ The percentage of discount offered to the customer is 15%.

Question 6.
A shopkeeper gives 11% discount on a television set, hence the cost price of it is Rs 22,250. Then find the marked price of the television set.
Solution:
Here, selling price = Rs 22,250, discount = 11%
Let marked price be Rs 100
Since, the discount given = 11%
∴ Amount of discount = Rs 11
∴ Selling price = 100 – 11 = Rs 89
∴ Let actual marked price be Rs x
∴ For marked price of Rs x, selling price is Rs 22,250

∴ x = Rs 25,000
∴ The marked price of the television set is Rs 25,000.

8th Std Maths Discount and Commission Question 7. After offering discount of 10% on marked price, a customer gets total discount of Rs 17. To find the cost price for the customer, fill in the following boxes with appropriate numbers and complete the activity.
Solution:
Suppose, marked price of the item = 100 rupees Therefore, for customer that item costs 100 – 10 = 90 rupees.
Hence, when the discount is [10] then the selling price is [90] rupees.
Suppose when the discount is [17] rupees, the selling price is x rupees.

∴ The customer will get the item for Rs 153.

Question 8.
A shopkeeper decides to sell a certain item at a certain price. He tags the price on the item by increasing the decided price by 25%. While selling the item, he offers 20% discount. Find how many more or less percent he gets on the decided price.
Solution:
Here, price increase = 25%,
discount offered = 20%
Let the decided price be Rs 100
∴ Increase in price = Rs 25
∴ Shopkeeper marks the price = 100 + 25
= Rs 125
∴ marked price = Rs 125
Let the percentage of discount be x
∴ x = 20%

∴ Selling price = Marked price – Discount
= 125 – 25
= Rs 100
∴ If the decided price is Rs 100, then shopkeeper gets Rs 100.
∴ The shopkeeper gets neither more nor less than the decided price i.e. he gets 0% more / less.

Maharashtra Board Class 8 Maths Chapter 9 Discount and Commission Practice Set 9.1 Intext Questions and Activities

Question 1.
Write the appropriate numbers in the following boxes. (Textbook pg. no. 51)

1. \(\frac { 12 }{ 100 }=\) __ percent = __%
2. 47% = __
3. 86% = __
4. 4% of 300 = 300 × __ = __
5. 15% of 1700 = 1700 × __= __

Solution:

1. \(\frac { 12 }{ 100 }=\) 12 percent = 12%
2. 47% = \(\frac { 47 }{ 100 }\)
3. 86% = \(\frac { 86 }{ 100 }\)
4. 4% of 300 = 300 × \(\frac { 4 }{ 100 }\) = 12
5. 15% of 1700 = 1700 × \(\frac { 15 }{ 100 }\) = 255

Question 2.
You may have seen advertisements like ‘Monsoon Sale’, ‘Stock Clearance Sale’ etc offering different discount. In such a sale, a discount is offered on various goods. Generally in the month of July, sales of clothes are declared. Find and discuss the purpose of such sales. (Textbook pg. no. 51)
Solution:
(Students should attempt the above activity on their own)

Maharashtra Board Class 8 Maths Solutions

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Class 8 Maths Solutions covers the Practice Set 10.2 8th Std Maths Answers Solutions Chapter 10 Division of Polynomials.

Practice Set 10.2 8th Std Maths Answers Chapter 10 Division of Polynomials

Division of Polynomials Class 8 Practice Set 10.2 Question 1. Divide and write the quotient and the remainder.
i. (y² + 10y + 24) ÷ (y + 4)
ii. (p² + 7p – 5) ÷ (p + 3)
iii. (3x + 2x² + 4x³) ÷ (x – 4)
iv. (2m³ + m² + m + 9) ÷ (2m – 1)
v. (3x – 3x² – 12 + x⁴ + x³) ÷ (2 + x²)
vi. (a⁴ – a³ + a² – a + 1) ÷ (a³ – 2)
vii. (4x⁴ – 5x³ – 7x + 1) ÷ (4x – 1)
Solution:
i. (y² + 10y + 24) ÷ (y + 4)

∴ Quotient = y + 6
Remainder = 0

ii. (p² + 7p – 5) ÷ (p + 3)

∴ Quotient = p + 4
Remainder = -17

iii. (3x + 2x² + 4x³) ÷ (x – 4)
Write the dividend in descending order of their indices.
3x + 2x² + 4x³ = 4x³ + 2x² + 3x

∴ Quotient = 4x² + 18x + 75
Remainder = 300

iv. (2m³ + m² + m + 9) ÷ (2m – 1)

∴ Quotient = m² + m + 1
Remainder = 10

v. (3x – 3x² – 12 + x⁴ + x³) ÷ (2 + x²)
Write the dividend in descending order of their indices.
(x⁴ + x³ – 3x² + 3x – 12) ÷ (x² + 2)

∴ Quotient = x² + x – 5
Remainder = x – 2

vi. (a⁴ – a³ + a² – a + 1) ÷ (a³ – 2)

∴ Quotient = a – 1
Remainder = a² + a – 1

vii. (4x⁴ – 5x³ – 7x + 1) ÷ (4x – 1)
Write the dividend in descending order of their indices.
(4x⁴ – 5x³ – 7x + 1) = (4x⁴ – 5x³ + 0x² – 7x + 1)

∴ Quotient = \(x^{3}-x^{2}-\frac{x}{4}-\frac{29}{16}\)
Remainder = \(\frac { -13 }{ 16 }\)

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Class 8 History Solutions Chapter 2 Europe and India Notes, Textbook Exercise Important Questions and Answers.

Maharashtra State Board Class 8 History Solutions Chapter 2 Europe and India

Class 8 History Chapter 2 Europe and India Textbook Questions and Answers

1. Rewrite the statements by choosing the appropriate options:

Question 1.
In 1453, the city of was conquered by Ottoman Turks.
(a) Venice
(b) Constantinople
(c) Rome
(d) Paris
Answer:
(b) Constantinople

Question 2.
The Industrial Revolution began in
(a) England
(b) France
(c) Italy
(d) Portugal
Answer:
(a) England

Question 3.
…….. tried to put restrictions on the illegal trade of British.
(a) Siraj-ud-Daulah
(b) Mir Kasim
(c) Mir Jafar
(d) Shah Alam
Answer:
(b) Mir Kasim

2. Explain the following concepts:

Question 1.
Colonialism:
Answer:
1. Exploitation of one country by another and making it into a colony is called Colonialism.
2. On the basis of economic and military strength one country occupies a region of another country and establishes its political supremacy.
3. Many European nations established their colonies in various parts of the continents of America, Asia, Africa and Australia.
4. They grabbed the power by using force to exploit the colonies systematically. This gave rise to Imperialism.

Question 2.
Imperialism:
Answer:

1. Imperialism means a powerful country controls other country by establishing its overall domination.
2. The objective of imperialism is to establish more and more colonies.
3. European countries with strong military power and imperialist aspirations enslaved the countries in Asia and Africa.
4. Imperialism gained momentum after industrial revolution and came to an end in twentieth century.

Question 3.
Age of Renaissance:
Answer:
(1) Renaissance literally means rebirth or revival. In the latter phase of medieval Europe, reformation, religious reform movement and geographical discoveries gained momentum.
(2) It was a comprehensive movement which touched all aspects of human life. The Greek and Roman traditions in art, architecture and philosophy were revived in the Age of Renaissance.
(3) Humanitarianism got great impetus.
(4) Renaissance inspired all round progress and ushered a new era in the history of world.
(5) This developments took place from 13th century to 16th century in Europe. This period is known as the Age of Renaissance.

Question 4.
Capitalism:
Answer:
1. Many traders participated in the competition for trade with Asia after the discovery of the new sea routes to the east.
2. As it was not possible to carry out trade single-handedly, it was decided by the traders to pool their resources to raise capital for trade.
3. Many trading companies like the East India Company were formed.
4. Trade with Oriental countries was very profitable and responsible for economic prosperity.
5. The ruling powers gave protection and trade concessions to these companies.
6. This led to the accumulation of wealth in Europe. This wealth was used as capital for trade and commerce which gave rise to capitalism in Europe.

3. Explain the following statements with reasons:

Question 1.
Siraj-ud-Daulah was defeated in the Battle of Plassey.
Answer:
1. The officers of the British East India Company misused the trade concessions and built fortification around the factory in Kolkata.
2. Siraj-ud-Daulah captured the factory at Kolkata.
3. This created discontent in England.
4. Robert Clive diplomatically bribed Mir Jafar, Commander in Chief of Nawab’s army and promised to make him Nawab of Bengal.
5. So. the Army of Siraj-ud-Daulah under the command of Mir Kasim did not join the battle against the British at Plassey in 1757 AD.
6. Thus, the British won the battle of Plassey by treachery and deceit.

Question 2.
The European countries felt the necessity of finding new sea routes to Asia.
Answer:

1. The Ottoman Turks captured Constantinople. the capital of Byzantine Empire. in 1453 AD.
2. All land trade routes joining Asia and Europe passed through this city.
3. It stopped the flow of valuable goods from the countries in the east. Therefore, the European countries felt the necessity of finding new sea routes to Asia.

Question 3.
European rulers started giving military protection and trade concessions to the trading companies.
Answer:
1. With the discovery of new sea routes to the east, trade with oriental countries became very profitable. Thus, European trade prospered.
2. Competition for trade began among many European nations.
3. The traders pooled their resources and formed trading companies like the East India Company.
4. As this trade brought economic prosperity, the European rulers started giving military protection and trade concessions to these trading companies.

4. Complete the following table.

Question 1.

Answer:

Leonardo Da Vinci :

1. A famous personality of the Renaissance period who was well versed in different branches of science and arts.
2. He had mastery over varied subjects such as sculpture, architecture, mathematics, engineering, music, astronomy, etc.
3. His paintings ‘Monalisa’ and ‘The Last Supper’ became immortal.

Let us Know:

Project:

Collect information and pictures about the work of famous painters, writers, scientists during renaissance period with the help of reference books and internet. Present a project on it in the classroom.

Class 8 History Chapter 2 Europe and India Additional Important Questions and Answers

Rewrite the statements by choosing the appropriate options:

Question 1.
American colonies organised the army under the leadership of and won against England.
(a) Thomas Jefferson
(b) Robert Clive
(c) George Washington
(d) Johannes Gutenberg
Answer:
(c) George Washington

Question 2.
The British East India Company established its factory at
(a) Kolkata
(b) Cochin
(c) Mumbai
(d) Surat
Answer:
(d) Surat

Question 3.
Siraj-ud-Daulah was defeated because diplomatically bribed Mir Jafar.
(a) Robert Clive
(b) Lord Wellesley
(c) Lord Dalhousie
(d) Lord Cornwallis
Answer:
(a) Robert Clive

Question 4.
Tipu Sultan died in the battle of in 1799.
(a) Mysore
(b) Bengaluru
(c) Srirangapatna
(d) Buxar
Answer:
(c) Srirangapatna

Question 5.
The chieftain of rose against the British.
(a) Multan
(b) Bengal
(c) Carnatic
(d) Jhansi
Answer:
(a) Multan

Question 6.
was the first Portuguese sailor who landed on the western coast of India.
(a) Christopher Columbus
(b) Bartolomeu Días
(c) Vasco-da- Gama
(d) Leonardo da Vinci
Answer:
(c) Vasco-da- Gama

Question 7.
England established colonies on the eastern coast of America.
(a) ten
(b) thirteen
(c) eight
(d) seventeen
Answer:
(b) thirteen

Name the following:

Question 1.
Invented printing press
Answer:
Johannes Gutenberg

Question 2.
Empire of Ottoman Turks
Answer:
Byzantine

Question 3.
The Bill which laid limitations on powers of the King in England.
Answer:
Bill of Rights

Question 4.
Mughal Emperor who gave permission to Britishers to establish factory at Surat.
Answer:
Emperor Jahangir

Question 5.
Came to be known as ‘World Factory’.
Answer:
England.

Answer the following in one sentence:

Question 1.
Which period in the history of Europe is known as Period of Renaissance?
Answer:
In the history of Europe, the last phase of medieval period i.e. 13th to century in Europe is known as the Period of Renaissance.

Question 2.
Name the developments that laid the foundation of modern era.
Answer:
The Renaissance, the Reformation and the geographical discoveries laid the foundation of the modern era.

Question 3.
State the significance of the invention of printing press.
Answer:
It became possible to take new ideas, new concepts and knowledge to all the sections of society due to the invention of the printing press.

Question 4.
What was the effect of the Reformation movement in the area of religion?
Answer:
Individual freedom and rationalism gained importance in the area of religion due to the Reformation movement.

Question 5.
State the principles that the French Revolution gave to the world.
Answer:
The French Revolution gave the principles of liberty equality and fraternity to the world.

Question 6.
Why did the British establish East India Company?
Answer:
The British established the East India Company to carry out trade in India.

Question 7.
What was the outcome of the American War of Independence?
Answer:
Due to American War of Independence, a new nation known as the United States of America with a federal government, written constitution and based on the principles of democracy was formed.

Do as Directed: 

1. Complete the concept Map:

Question 1.

Answer:

Question 2.

Answer:

2. Arrange the following events in chronological order on timeline:
1. Battle of Srirangapatna
2. Second Anglo-Sikh War
3. Battle of Buxar
4. Battle of Plassey
Answer:

Write short notes:

Question 1.
Leonardo-da-Vinci:
Answer:

1. Leonardo-da-Vinci is regarded as an all round personality of the Renaissance period.
2. He was well versed with the different branches of science and art.
3. He had mastery over varied subjects such as sculpture, architecture, mathematics, engineering, music, astronomy, etc.
4. But he became world-famous as a painter.
5. His paintings ‘Monalisa’ and ‘The Last Supper’ became immortal.

Question 2.
Carnatic Wars :
Answer:

1. There was competition among the European nationals to secure monopoly of trading rights in India.
2. Due to this three Cainatic wars were fought between England and France.
3. England defeated France in the third Carnatic War.
4. Alter this, there was no strong European competitor for British East India Company in India.

Question 3.
The Battle of Buxar:
Answer:

1. Mir Kasim was replaced by Mir Jafar when he tried to put restrictions on illegal practices of the British.
2. Mir Kasim, the deposed Nawab of Bengal, Shuja-ud-Daulah, the Nawab of Ayodhya and Mughal Emperor Shah Alam formed an affiance.
3. They undertook a campaign to restrain the activities of the British in Bengal.
4. They were defeated by the British in the Battle of Buxar in 1764 in Bihar.
5. The Treaty of Allahabad was signed after the Battle of Buxar. The British secured the right to collect revenue from Bengal province by this treaty.

Explain the following statements with reasons:

Question 1.
The period between 18th and 19th century came to be known as ‘Age of Revolutions’.
Answer:
1. The British Parliament passed The Bill of Rights in 1689. It established sovereignty of Parliament and curtailed powers of the King.
2. This gave momentum to the development of Parliamentary Democracy in England.
3.  The thirteen British colonies in America won the War of Independence in 1783.
4. These thirteen colonies established the first federal republic, known as the United States of America.
5. The people of France revolted against the unjust and uncontrolled monarchy and feudalism. They established a Republic.
6. The Industrial Revolution in Europe in the latter part of the 18th century brought revolutionary changes in Europe.
7. These changes had long-lasting effect on the entire world.
8. All these revolutionary events took place during 18th and 19th century period. Hence it is known as the ‘Age of Revolutions’.

Question 2.
England was described as World Factory.
Answer:

1. There were many revolutionary changes in the latter part of the 18th century in Europe.
2. Many technological innovations in Europe gave enormous outputs
3. Goods were produced with the help of machines running on steam and later on electricity. It was the dawn of the age of machines.
4. Though the industrial revolution started in England it gradually spread to other ports of the western world.
5. During this period. England enjoyed industrial prosperity and was described as World Factory.

Question 3.
The British captured Sindh in 1843.
Answer:

1. The British were afraid of Russian aggression on India via Afghanistan.
2. They decided to bring Afghanistan under their control to ensure the safety of their Indian Empire.
3. The province of Sindh was located at the Northwest frontier.
4. All routes to Afghanistan passed through Sindh.
5. Realising its strategic importance, the British captured Sindh in 1843.

Answer the following questions in 25 to 30 words:

Question 1.
Write about the Religious Reform Movement.
Answer:

1. The independent intellectuals attacked the old religious ideologies and beliefs of Roman Catholic Church.
2. The Christian priests used to give undue importance to religious rites and practices by taking advantage of the ignorance of the people.
3. They robbed people in the name of religion.
4. The movement which started against this is known as Religious Reform Movement.

Question 2.
What is Intellectual Revolution?
Answer:

1. Due to Renaissance, the European society stepped out of past ignorance and blind faith.
2. The pre-determined customs and traditions came to be seen from a critical point of view.
3. These changes are addressed as Intellectual Revolution.

Question 3.
State the significance of French Revolution.
Answer:

1. The French Revolution was the first event in world history in which the might of the people’s power was witnessed.
2. It had put an end to uncontrolled and unjust monarchy and the feudalism.
3. France became a Republican state. It gave the world principles of liberty, equality and fraternity.
4. The spread of democratic form of government began with the French Revolution.

Question 4.
What were the changes brought about by the Industrial Revolution in the system of production?
Answer:

1. The latter part of 18th century saw many technological innovations in Europe.
2. The production started with the help of machines running on steam.
3. The big factories replaced cottage industries.
4. Handlooms were replaced by machines.
5. New modes of transport like railways and steamer were available.

Question 5.
How did the conflict between Siraj- ud-Daulah and the British start?
Answer:

1. Siraj-ud-Daulah became the Nawab of Bengal in 1756.
2. The British traders misused trade concessions and fortified their factories in Kolkata without seeking permission from the Nawab.
3. So, Siraj-ud-Daulah captured the factory. This was the beginning of conflict between Siraj-ud-Daulah and the British.

Question 6.
Why were the Sikhs defeated in the First Anglo-Sikh War?
Answer:

1. Ranjitsingh, the ruler of Punjab was succeeded by his minor son Duleep Singh.
2. Queen Jindan assumed the reins of administration on behalf of her minor son.
3. Taking advantage of the inability of Queen Jindan to control the officers, the British lured some of them to their side.
4. The Sikhs attacked the British under the impression that the British would invade Punjab.
5. Thus, the Sikhs were defeated in the first Anglo-Sikh war.

Question 7.
What brought an end to the Sikh rule in Punjab in 1849?
Answer:

1. After the First Anglo-Sikh War Duleep Singh remained on throne, but the power rested in the hands of the British.
2. The Sikhs could not accept the growing impact of the British over Punjab.
3. The growing influence of the British led to the revolt by Mulraj, the chieftain of Multan.
4. Thousands of Sikh soldiers participated in this war.
5. The British defeated the Sikhs in the Second Anglo-Sikh war and annexed the whole of Punjab in 1849.

Answer the following questions in detail: (4 marks each)

Question 1.
Give detailed account of Renaissance.
Answer:
The foundation of Renaissance period was laid between 13th century and 16th century in Europe.

1. It revived the Greek and Roman traditions.
2. The changes were seen in the field of art, architecture and philosophy in Europe.
3. Humanitarianism gained great momentum.
4. There was a change in the outlook of treating each other as a human being.
5. Man became the centre of all ideologies instead of religion.
6. The sentiments and emotions of human being found expressions in the art and literature.
7. The reform movement could be found in science and different art forms.
8. Literature was produced in local languages for the better understanding of the people.
9. Renaissance was a comprehensive movement which pervaded all sectors of human life.

Question 2.
Give information about American War of Independence.
Answer:
1. After the discovery of American continent, the imperialist European powers took control of different regions of America and established their colonies.
2. England established 13 colonies on the East coast of America.
3. Initially, England kept nominal domination but later British Parliament laid oppressive restrictions and taxes on the colonies.
4. This created discontent among the people and the colonies revolted.
5. George Washington led the American army in the war against England.
6. The colonies won the war and established the first federal democratic republic, known as the United States of America.
7. USA became the first country in the world to have a written constitution and was based on the principles of Democracy.

Question 3.
What according to you are the advantages of Religious Reform Movement?
Answer:
With changing times we find changes in every field. Religious reforms are part of this process. I feel the following are the advantages of Religious Reforms Movement.

1. Superstitions give way to rational thinking.
2. Priest cannot take advantage of people’s ignorance.
3. People will not indulge in unnecessary rituals.
4. They will engage themselves in constructive work which will help them eventually.
5. Some people take advantage in the name of religion and exploit others. Religious Reforms will stop such malpractices.

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Class 8 Maths Solutions covers the Practice Set 11.2 8th Std Maths Answers Solutions Chapter 11 Statistics.

Practice Set 11.2 8th Std Maths Answers Chapter 11 Statistics

practice set 11.2 8th class Question 1.
Observe the following graph and answer the questions.

i. State the type of the graph.
ii. How much is the savings of Vaishali in the month of April?
iii. How much is the total of savings of Saroj in the months March and April?
iv. How much more is the total savings of Savita than the total savings of Megha?
v. Whose savings in the month of April is the least?
Solution:
i. The given graph is a subdivided bar graph.
ii. Vaishali’s savings in the month of April is Rs 600.
iii. Total savings of Saroj in the months of March and April is Rs 800.
iv. Savita’s total saving = Rs 1000, Megha’s total saving = Rs 500
∴ difference in their savings = 1000 – 500 = Rs 500.
Savita’s saving is Rs 500 more than Megha.
v. Megha’s savings in the month of April is the least.

practice set 11.2 Question 2.
The number of boys and girls, in std 5 to std 8 in a Z.P. School is given in the table. Draw a subdivided bar graph to show the data. (Scale : On Y axis, 1cm = 10 students)

Standard	5th	6th	7th	8th
Boys	34	26	21	25
Girls	17	14	14	20

Solution:

Standard	5th	6th	7th	8th
Boys	34	26	21	25
Girls	17	14	14	20
Total	51	40	35	45

Statistics class 8 practice set 11.1 Question 3.
In the following table number of trees planted in the year 2016 and 2017 in four towns is given. Show the data with the help of subdivided bar graph.

Year\Town	karjat	Wadgaon	Shivapur	Khandala
2016	150	250	200	100
2017	200	300	250	150

Solution:

Year\Town	karjat	Wadgaon	Shivapur	Khandala
2016	150	250	200	100
2017	200	300	250	150
Total	350	550	450	250

Statistics class 8 Question 4.
In the following table, data of the transport means used by students in 8th standard for commutation between home and school is given. Draw a subdivided bar diagram to show the data.
(Scale: On Y axis: 1 cm = 500 students)

Means of commutation\Town	Paithan	Yeola	Shahapur
Cycle	3250	1500	1250
Bus and auto	750	500	500
On foot	1000	1000	500

Solution:

Means of commutation\Town	Paithan	Yeola	Shahapur
Cycle	3250	1500	1250
Bus and auto	750	500	500
On foot	1000	1000	500
Total	5000	3000	2250

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Class 8 Maths Solutions covers the Practice Set 5.4 8th Std Maths Answers Solutions Chapter 5 Expansion Formulae.

Practice Set 5.4 8th Std Maths Answers Chapter 5 Expansion Formulae

Question 1.
Expand:
i. (2p + q + 5)²
ii. (m + 2n + 3r)²
iii. (3x + 4y – 5p)²
iv. (7m – 3n – 4k)²
Solution:
i. (2p + q + 5)² = (2p)² + (q)² + (5)² + 2(2p) (q) + 2(q) (5) + 2(2p) (5)
… [(a + b + c)² = a² + b² + c² + 2ab + 2bc + 2ac]
= 4p² + q² + 25 + 4pq + 10q + 20p

ii. (m + 2n + 3r)² = (m)² + (2n)² + (3r)² + 2(m) (2n) + 2(2n) (3r) + 2(m) (3r)
… [(a + b + c)² = a² + b² + c² + 2ab + 2bc + 2ac]
= m² + 4n² + 9r² + 4mn + 12nr + 6mr

iii. (3x + 4y – 5p)² = (3x)² + (4y)² + (- 5p)² + 2(3x) (4y) + 2(4y) (- 5p) + 2(3x) (- 5p)
… [(a + b + c)² = a² + b² + c² + 2ab + 2bc + 2ac]
= 9x + 16y² + 25p² + 24xy – 40py – 30px

iv. (7m – 3n – 4k)² = (7m)² + (- 3n)² + (- 4k)² + 2(7m) (- 3n) + 2 (- 3n) (- 4k) + 2 (7m) (- 4k)
… [(a + b + c)² = a² + b² + c² + 2ab + 2bc + 2ac]
= 49m² + 9n² + 16k² – 42mn + 24nk – 56km

Question 2.
Simplify:
i. (x – 2y + 3)² + (x + 2y – 3)²
ii. (3k – 4r – 2m)² – (3k + 4r – 2m)²
iii. (7a – 6b + 5c)² + (7a + 6b – 5c)²
Solution:
i. (x – 2y + 3)² + (x + 2y – 3)²
= [(x)² + (- 2y)² + (3)² + 2 (x) (- 2y) + 2 (- 2y) (3) + 2 (x) (3)] + [(x)² + (2y)² + (- 3)² + 2 (x) (2y) + 2 (2y) (- 3) + 2 (x) (- 3)]
… [(a + b + c)² = a² + b² + c² + 2ab + 2bc + 2ac]
= x² + 4y² + 9 – 4xy – 12y + 6x + x² + 4y² + 9 + 4xy – 12y – 6x
= x + x² + 4y² + 4y² + 9 + 9 – 4xy + 4xy – 12y – 12y + 6x – 6x
= 2x² + 8y² + 18 – 24y

ii. (3k – 4r – 2m)² – (3k + 4r – 2m)²
= [(3k)² + (- 4r)² + (- 2m)² + 2 (3k) (- 4r) + 2 (- 4r) (- 2m) + 2 (3k) (- 2m)] – [(3k)² + (4r)² + (- 2m)² + 2 (3k) (4r) + 2 (4r) (- 2m) + 2 (3k) (- 2m)]
… [(a + b + c)² = a² + b² + c² + 2ab + 2bc + 2ac]
= (9k² + 16r² + 4m² – 24kr + 16rm – 12km) – (9k² + 16r² + 4m² + 24kr – 16rm – 12km)
= 9k² + 16r² + 4m² – 24kr + 16rm – 12km – 9k² – 16r² – 4m² – 24kr + 16rm + 12km
= 9k² – 9k² + 16r² – 16r² + 4m² – 4m² – 24kr – 24kr + 16rm + 16rm – 12km + 12km
= 32rm – 48kr

iii. (7a – 6b + 5c)² + (7a + 6b – 5c)²
= [(7a)² + (- 6b)² + (5c)² + 2(7a) (-6b) + 2(-6b) (5c) + 2(7a) (5c)] + [(7a)² + (6b)² + (- 5c)² + 2 (7a) (6b) + 2 (6b) (- 5c) + 2 (7a) (- 5c)]
… [(a + b + c)² = a² + b² + c² + 2ab + 2bc + 2ac]
= 49a² + 36b² + 25c² – 84ab – 60bc + 70ac + 49a² + 36b² + 25c² + 84ab – 60bc – 70ac
= 49a² + 49a² + 36b² + 36b² + 25c² + 25c² – 84ab + 84ab – 60bc – 60bc + 70ac – 70ac
= 98a² + 72b² + 50c² – 120bc

Maharashtra Board Class 8 Maths Chapter 5 Expansion Formulae Practice Set 5.4 Intext Questions and Activities

Question 1.
Fill in the boxes with appropriate terms in the steps of expansion. (Textbook pg. no. 27)
(2p + 3m + 4n)²
= (2p)² + (3m)² + __ + 2 × 2p × 3m + 2 × __ × 4n + 2 × 2p × __
= __ + 9m² + __ + 12pm + __ + __
Solution:
(2p + 3m + 4n)²
= (2p)² + (3m)² + (4n)² + 2 x 2p x 3m + 2 x 3m x 4n + 2 x 2p x 4n
= 4p² + 9m² + 16n² + 12pm + 24mn + 16pn