Maharashtra Board Class 12 English Yuvakbharati Solutions Chapter 4.1 History of Novel

Balbharti Yuvakbharati English 12th Digest Chapter 4.1 History of Novel Notes, Textbook Exercise Important Questions and Answers.

Maharashtra State Board Class 12 English Yuvakbharati Solutions Chapter 4.1 History of Novel

12th English Digest Chapter 4.1 History of Novel Textbook Questions and Answers

1. Match the columns:

Question 1.
Match the columns:

A B
1. Murasaki Shikibu (a) Cervantes
2. Novella (b) Bankimchandra Chattopadhyaya
3. Don Quixote (c) Tale of Genji
4. Rajmohan’s Wife (d) New

Answer:

A B
1. Murasaki Shikibu (c) Tale of Genji
2. Novella (d) New
3. Don Quixote (a) Cervantes
4. Rajmohan’s Wife (b) Bankimchandra Chattopadhyaya

Maharashtra Board Class 12 English Yuvakbharati Solutions Chapter 4.1 History of Novel

2. Pick out the odd element from each group:

Question (i)
Arun Joshi, Vikram Seth, Graham Greene, Kiran Nagarkar
Answer:
Graham Greene (Graham Greene was an English novelist; the others are Indian writers)

Question (ii)
Place, Period, Theme, Climate, Lifestyle
Answer:
Theme (the others are aspects of the setting)

Question (iii)
Theme, Plot, Character, Novella
Answer:
Novella (‘Novella’ is a ‘novel’; the others are the elements of a novel)

3. Complete the following statements:

Question 1.
Complete the following statements:
Answer:
(i) The two types of conflicts that the plot may have are internal (inside the mind of the character) or external (with other characters or entities).
(ii) The word ‘picaresque’ is originated from the Spanish word ‘picaro,’ which means a rogue.
(iii) The epistolary novel presents the narrative through a series of correspondence or other documents like letters or diary entries.
(iv) In the eighteenth century, the middle class could get the time for reading and discussing the novels because the spread of machines helped them in their work and could provide them with some spare time.

Maharashtra Board Class 12 English Yuvakbharati Solutions Chapter 4.1 History of Novel

4. Write short notes on:

Question 1.
Write short notes on:
(i) Style of the novel
(ii) Stream of consciousness novel
(iii) Novella
(iv) Indian tradition of novels.
Answer:
(i) Style of the novel: The language and the techniques used by the author for the narration of the course of events is known as the ‘style’. An author can use extensive vocabulary and difficult phrases or he may be brief and could write only to the point or he may mix both according to the requirement of his story. He may use linguistic devices like figures of speech to make the narrative effective. All these factors decide the ‘texture’ of the narration and create an impact on the readers.

(ii) Stream of consciousness novel: The phrase ‘Stream of consciousness’ means the flow of thoughts in the minds of the characters. This phrase was coined by William James in his treatise ‘Principles of Psychology.’ (1890). In such a novel, incidents in the plot are in the sequence of their occurrence. The novelist narrates them just as they occur in the minds of the characters. Sometimes they do not make sense; but they truthfully represent the thoughts without any censoring or editing.

(iii) Novella: The word ‘Novella’ which means new is originated from the Italian word ‘novelle’. A Novella is a type of prose fiction which is shorter than a full length novel and longer than short stories. It is a well-structured yet short narrative, often satiric or realistic in tone. Novella usually focuses on one incident or issue with one or two main characters and takes place at a single location. Given below are some of the famous novellas in English:

  1. ‘The Heart of Darkness’ by Joseph Conrad
  2. ‘The Turn of the Screw’ by Henry James
  3. ‘Billy Budd’ by Hermann Melville
  4. ‘Death in Venice’ by Thomas Mann
  5. ‘Seize The Day’ by Saul Bellow
  6. ‘Pearl’ by John Steinbeck

(iv) Indian tradition of novels: Indians have also played a major role in the writing of English Novels. ‘Rajmohan’s Wife’, by Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyaya was the first novel in English written by an Indian. The period after that is marked by a few more navels written by Indian writers. These novels were based on either nationalistic virtues or social issues. Mulkraj Anand, R.K. Narayan and Raja Rao were the major trio who prevailed in the period after that.

Novelists like Anita Desai, Nayantara Sahgal, Arun Joshi and Manohar Malgaonkar changed the current of Indian English novel through their works. Amitav Ghosh, Vikram Seth and Upamanyu Chatterjee improved upon the Indian novel in English by adding new features to it. In recent years, Indian novelists like Salman Rushdie, Arvind Adiga, Arundhati Roy, Kiran Desai and Kiran Nagarkar have come into the limelight. The tradition of the Indian English novel has undergone a vital change since its birth and has undoubtedly a very bright future.

Yuvakbharati English 12th Digest Chapter 4.1 History of Novel Additional Important Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Pick out the statements that are False. Rewrite them correctly:
1. Setting describes the behaviour of the characters in the story.
2. The main character in the story is referred to as the ‘novella’.
3. The struggle between the opposite forces in the story is called ‘conflict.’
4. Theme is the central idea in the novel which can be expressed in a nutshell.
5. The plot and character are affected due to the setting.
6. ‘Plot’ is the narrative style of the author.
Answer:
False statements:
1. Setting describes the behaviour of the characters in the story.
2. The main character in the story is referred to as the ‘novella’.
6. ‘Plot’ is the narrative style of the author.

Corrected statements:
1. Characterization describes the behaviour of the characters in the story.
2. The main character in the story is referred to as the ‘protagonist’.
6. Plot is the course of events that make up the theme.

Maharashtra Board Class 12 English Yuvakbharati Solutions Chapter 4.1 History of Novel

Question 2.
Rewrite the following statements in chronological order:
1. Mulkraj Anand, R.K. Narayan and Raja Rao were the major trio who prevailed in the period after that.
2. The novel originated as the literary form in England.
3. Indian novelists like Arvind Adiga, Arundhati Roy and Kiran Desai have dazzled with their writing.
4. Many stalwart novelists such as Charles Dickens, Walter Scott became famous.
Answer:
2. The novel originated as the literary form in England.
4. Many stalwart novelists such as Charles Dickens, Walter Scott became famous.
1. Mulkraj Anand, R.K. Narayan and Raja Rao were the major trio who prevailed in the period after that.
3. Indian novelists like Arvind Adiga, Arundhati Roy and Kiran Desai have dazzled with their writing.

Question 3.
List the types of novels.
Answer:
The types of novels are: Realistic
Novel, Picaresque Novel, Historical
Novel, Epistolary Novel, Gothic Novel, Autobiographical Novel, Allegorical Novel, Utopian/Dystopian Novel, Psychological Novel, Stream of Consciousness Novel, Bildungsroman Novel.

Question 4.
Choose the correct options from the brackets and fill in the blanks :
Answer:
1. The characters in the Realistic novel interact with other characters and undergo plausible and everyday experiences. (Realistic/Utopian)
2. A Picaresque novel narrates the adventures of the protagonist, who is an eccentric or a disreputable person, in an episodic form. (Picaresque/Realistic)
3. The Dystopian novel is about an imaginary community or society possessing the ideal qualities. (Dystopian/Picaresque)
4. In the Stream of Consciousness novel, the novelist narrates the character’s thoughts as they enter the mind of the character. (Stream of Consciousness/ Utopian)
5. The Bildungsroman novel is a fictional biography or autobiography which is concerned with the growth of the protagonist’s mind, spirit and character from childhood to adulthood. (Bildungsroman/Gothic)
6. The Gothic novel includes terror, mystery, horror, thriller, supernatural, doom, death or decay or haunted buildings. (Dystopian/Gothic)

Maharashtra Board Class 12 English Yuvakbharati Solutions Chapter 4.1 History of Novel

Glossary:

  1. genre – a style, especially in the arts, that involves a particular set of characteristics,
  2. embellishing – decorating.
  3. adopted – followed,
  4. precursor – something that happened or existed before another thing,
  5. profoundly – deeply,
  6. elite – upper class.
  7. aspirations – ambitions, desires,
  8. encompass – include,
  9. plenteous – plentiful,
  10. stalwart – (here) a person who has achieved great recognition and appreciation,
  11. innovative – new and original,
  12. pageant – a colourful or impressive procession of people.
  13. ameliorate – to make something better,
  14. dazzling – shining.
  15. satiric – sharp or sarcastic.
  16. interweaving – combining; twisting together,
  17. thumbnail sketch – brief description,
  18. antagonist – a person who is opposed to the hero,
  19. laconic – short and crisp.
  20. plausible – believable,
  21. eccentric – peculiar; crazy; out-of-the-way.
  22. disreputable – not respectable.
  23. speculative – unproven, unreal,
  24. extraterrestrial – of or from outside the earth or its atmosphere.
  25. amateur – inexperienced; unprofessional.

Maharashtra Board Class 12 Physics Solutions Chapter 16 Semiconductor Devices

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board 12th Physics Textbook Solutions Chapter 16 Semiconductor Devices Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

Maharashtra State Board 12th Physics Solutions Chapter 16 Semiconductor Devices

1. Choose the correct option

i.
In a BJT, the largest current flow occurs
(A) in the emitter
(B) in the collector
(C) in the base
(D) through CB junction.
Answer:
(A) in the emitter

ii.
A series resistance is connected in the Zener diode circuit to
(A) properly reverse bias the Zener
(B) protect the Zener
(C) properly forward bias the Zener
(D) protect the load resistance.
Answer:
(A) properly reverse bias the Zener

Maharashtra Board Class 12 Physics Solutions Chapter 1 Semiconductor Devices

iii.
An LED emits visible light when its
(A) junction is reverse biased
(B) depletion region widens
(C) holes and electrons recombine
(D) junction becomes hot.
Answer:
(C) holes and electrons recombine

iv.
Solar cell operates on the principle of
(A) diffusion
(B) recombination
(C) photovoltaic action
(D) carrier flow.
Answer:
(C) photovoltaic action

v.
A logic gate is an electronic circuit which
(A) makes logical decisions
(B) allows electron flow only in one direction
(C) works using binary algebra
(D) alternates between 0 and 1 value.
Answer:
(A) makes logical decisions

2 Answer in brief.

i.
Why is the base of a transistor made thin and is lightly doped?
Answer:
The base of a transistor is lightly doped than the emitter and is made narrow so that virtually all the electrons injected from the emitter (in an npn tran-sistor) diffuse right across the base to the collector junction without recombining with holes. That is, the base width is kept less than the recombination distance. Also, the emitter is much heavily doped than the base to improve emitter efficiency and common-base current gain a.

ii.
How is a Zener diode different than an ordinary diode?
Answer:
A Zener diode is heavily doped-the doping con-centrations for both p- and n-regions is greater than 1018 cm-3 while those of an ordinary diode are voltage (PIV) of an ordinary diode is higher than a Zener diode and the breakdown occurs by impact ionization (avalanche process). Their I-V characteristics are otherwise similar.

iii.
On which factors does the wavelength of light emitted by a LED depend?
Answer:
The intensity of the emitted light is directly propor-tional to the recombination rate and hence to the diode forward current. The colour of the light emitted by an LED depends on the compound semiconductor material used and its composition (and doping levels) as given below :
Table: Typical semiconductor materials and emitted colours of LEDs

Material Emitted colour(s)
Gallium arsenide (GaAs), Indium gallium arsenide phosphide (InGaAsP) Infrared
Aluminum gallium arsenide (AlGaAs) Deep red, also IR laser
Indium gallium phosphide (InGaP) Red
Gallium arsenide phosphide (GaAsP), aluminum indium gallium phosphide (AlInGaP) Orange, red or yellow
Gallium phosphide (GaP) Green or yellow
Aluminium gallium phosphide (AlGaP), zinc selenide (ZnSe), zinc selenide telluride (ZnSeTe), nitrogen impregnated gallium phosphide (GaP:N) Green
Indium gallium nitride (InGaN), gallium nitride (GaN), sine sulphide (ZnS) Blue and violet Longer wave lengths (green and yellow) are obtained by increasing the indium (In) content. Phosphor encapsulation produce white light.
Aluminium gallium nitride (AlGaN)

 

Ultraviolet

iv.
Why should a photodiode be operated in reverse biased mode?
Answer:
A photodiode is operated in a reverse biased mode because as photodetector or photosensor, it must conduct only when radiation is incident on it. In the reverse biased mode, the dark current for zero illumination is negligibly small—of the order of few picoamperes to nanoamperes. But when illuminated, the photocurrent is several orders of magnitude greater.

v.
State the principle and uses of a solar Cell.
Answer:
A solar cell is an unbiased pn-junction that converts the energy of sunlight directly into electricity with a high conversion efficiency.

Principle : A solar cell works on the photovoltaic effect in which an emf is produced between the two layers of a pn-junction as a result of irradiation.

Maharashtra Board Class 12 Physics Solutions Chapter 1 Semiconductor Devices

Question 3.
Draw the circuit diagram of a half wave rectifier. Explain its working. What is the frequency of ripple in its output?
Answer:
A device or a circuit which rectifies only one-half of each. cycle of an alternating voltage is called a half-wave rectifier.
Electric circuit : The alternating voltage to be rectified is applied across the primary coil (P1P2) of a transformer. The secondary coil (S1S2) of the transformer is connected in series with the junction diode and a load resistance RL, as shown in below figure. The alternating voltage across the secondary coil is the ac input voltage Vi. The dc voltage across the load resistance is called the output voltage V0.
Maharashtra Board Class 12 Physics Solutions Chapter 16 Semiconductor Devices 33
Working : Due to the alternating voltage Vi, the p-region of the diode becomes alternatively positive and negative with respect to the n-region.
During the half-cycle when the p-region is positive, the diode is forward biased and conducts. A current IL passes through the load resistance RL in the direction shown.
Maharashtra Board Class 12 Physics Solutions Chapter 16 Semiconductor Devices 44
During the next half cycle, when the p-region is negative, the diode is reverse biased and the forward current drops to zero.

Thus, the diode conducts only during one-half of the input cycle and thus acts as a half-wave rectifier. The intermittent output voltage V0 has a fixed polarity but changes periodically with time between zero and a maximum value. IL is unidirectional. Above figure shows the input and output voltage waveforms.

The pulsating dc output voltage of a half-wave rectifier has the same frequency as the input.

Question 4.
Why do we need filters in a power supply?
Answer:
A rectifier-half-wave or full-wave – outputs a pul-sating dc which is not directly usable in most electronic circuits. These circuits require something closer to pure dc as produced by batteries. Unlike pure dc waveform of a battery, a rectifier output has an ac ripple riding on a dc waveform.

The circuit used in a dc power supply to remove the ripple is called a filter. A filter circuit can produce a very smooth waveform that approximates the waveform produced by a battery. The most common technique used for filtering is a capacitor connected across the output of a rectifier.

Question 5.
Draw a neat diagram of a full wave rectifier and explain it’s working.
Answer:
A device or a circuit which rectifies both halves of each cycle of an alternating voltage is called a full-wave rectifier.
Electric circuit : The alternating voltage to be rectified is applied across the primary coil (P1P2) of a transformer with a centre-tapped secondary coil (S1S2). The terminals and S2 of the secondary are connected to the two p-regions of two junction diodes D1 and D2, respectively. The centre-tap T is connected to the ground. The load resistance RL is connected across the common n-regions and the
Maharashtra Board Class 12 Physics Solutions Chapter 16 Semiconductor Devices 5
P1P2, S1S2 : Primary and secondary of transformer,
T : Centre-tap on secondary; D1 D2 : Junction diodes,
RL : Load resistance, IL : Load current,
Vi: AC input voltage, V0 : DC output voltage
Above Figure : Full-wave rectifier circuit

Working : During one half cycle of the input, terminal S1 of the secondary is positive while S2 is negative with respect to the ground (the centre-tap T). During this half cycle, diode D1 is forward biased and conducts, while diode D2 is reverse biased and does not conduct. The direction of current ZL through RL is in the sense shown.
Maharashtra Board Class 12 Physics Solutions Chapter 16 Semiconductor Devices 66
During the next half cycle of the input voltage, S2 becomes positive while S, is negative with respect to T. Diode D2 now conducts sending a current IL through RL in the same sense as before. Dt now does not conduct. Thus, the current through RL flows in the same direction, i.e., it is unidirectional, for both halves or the full-wave of the input. This is called full-wave rectification.

The output voltage has a fixed polarity but varies periodically with time between zero and a maximum value. Above figure shows the input and output voltage waveforms. The pulsating dc output voltage of a full-wave rectifier has twice frequency of the input.

Question 6.
Explain how a Zener diode maintains constant voltage across a load.
Answer:
Principle : In the breakdown region of a Zener diode, for widely changing Zener current, the voltage across the Zener diode remains almost constant.
Maharashtra Board Class 12 Physics Solutions Chapter 16 Semiconductor Devices 77
Electric circuit : The circuit for regulating or stabilizing the voltage across a load resistance RL against change in load current and supply voltage is shown in above figure. The Zener diode is connected parallel to load Rh such that the current through the Zener diode is from the n to p region. The series resistance Rs limits the current through the diode below the maximum rated value.
From the circuit, I = IZ + IL and V = IRs + VZ
= (IZ + IL)Rs + VZ
Working: When the input unregulated dc voltage V across the Zener diode is greater than the Zener voltage VZ in magnitude, the diode works in the Zener breakdown region. The voltage across the diode and load Rh is then VZ. The corresponding current in the diode is IZ.

As the load current (I) or supply voltage (V) changes, the diode current (7Z) adjusts itself at constant VZ. The excess voltage V-VZappears across the series resistance Rs.

For constant supply voltage, the supply current I and the voltage drop across Rs remain constant. If the diode is within its regulating range, an increase in load current is accompanied by a decrease in Iz at constant VZ.
Since the voltage across RL remains constant at VZ, the Zener diode acts as a voltage stabilizer or voltage regulator.

Maharashtra Board Class 12 Physics Solutions Chapter 1 Semiconductor Devices

Question 7.
Explain the forward and the reverse characteristic of a Zener diode.
Answer:
The forward bias region of a Zener diode is identical to that of a regular diode. There is forward current only after the barrier potential of the pn- junction is overcome. Beyond this threshold or cut in voltage, there is an exponential upward swing.

The typical forward voltage at room temperature with a current of around 1 mA is around 0.6 V.

In the reverse bias condition the Zener diode is an open circuit and only a small reverse saturation current flows as shown with change of scale. At the reverse breakdown voltage there is an abrupt rapid increase in the current-the knee is very sharp, followed by an almost vertical increase in current. The voltage across the Zener diode in the breakdown region is very nearly constant with only a small increase in voltage with increasing current. There is a minimum Zener current, IZ (min), that places the operating point in the desired breakdown region. At some high current level, IZM, the power dissipation of the diode becomes excessive beyond which the diode can be damaged.
Maharashtra Board Class 12 Physics Solutions Chapter 16 Semiconductor Devices 8
Zener diode characteristics

The I-V characteristics of a Zener diode is not totally vertical in the breakdown region. This means that for slight changes in current, there will be a small change in the voltage across the diode. The voltage change for a given change in current is the resistance RZ of the Zener diode.

Question 8.
Explain the working of a LED.
Answer:
Working :
An LED is forward-biased with about 1.2 V to 3.6 V at 12 mA to 20 mA. Majority carriers electrons from n-type layer and holes from p-type layer are injected into the active layer. Electrons cross the junction into the p-layer. In the active p-layer, some of these excess minority carriers electrons, recombine radiatively with majority carriers, holes, thereby emitting photons. The resulting photon has an energy approximately equal to the bandgap of the active layer material. Modifying the bandgap of the active layer creates photons of diferent energies.
Maharashtra Board Class 12 Physics Solutions Chapter 16 Semiconductor Devices 99
In the energy band diagram this recombination is equivalent to a transition of the electron from a higher energy state in the conduction band to a lower energy state in the valence band. The energy difference is emitted as a photon of energy hv.
[Note : The photons originate primarily in the p-side of the junction which has a bandgap EGp narrower than that of the n-side, EGn. Thus, with hv < EGn, the photons are emitted through the wide-bandgap n-region with essentially no absorption.]

Question 9.
Explain the construction and working of solar cell.
Answer:
Construction :
A simple pn-junction solar cell con-sists of a p-type semiconductor substrate backed with a metal electrode back contact. A thin n-layer (less than 2.5 pm, for silicon) is grown over the p-type substrate by doping with suitable donor impurity. Metal finger electrodes are prepared on top of the n-layer so that there is enough space between the fingers for sunlight to reach the n-layer and, subsequently, the underlying pn-junction.
Maharashtra Board Class 12 Physics Solutions Chapter 16 Semiconductor Devices 1111
Working : When exposed to sunlight, the absorption of incident radiation (in the range near-UV to infrared) creates electron-hole pairs in and near the depletion layer.

Consider light of frequency v incident on the pn-junction such that the incident photon energy hv is greater than the band gap energy EG of the semiconductor. The photons excite electrons from the valence band to the conduction band, leaving vacancies or holes in the valence band, thus generating electron-hole pairs.

The photogenerated electrons and holes move towards the n side and p side, respectively. If no external load is connected, these photogenerated charges get collected at the two sides of the junction and give rise to a forward photovoltage. In a closed- circuit, a current I passes through the external load as long as the solar cell is exposed to sunlight.

A solar cell module consists of several solar cells connected in series for a higher voltage output. For outdoor use with higher power output, these modules are connected in different series and parallel combinations to form a solar cell array.

[Note : Currently most of the crystalline solar cells are p-type as described above. This is because of a lower cost of production of p-type. But performance wise, n-type solar cells (a thin p-layer over an n-type substrate by doping with suitable acceptor impurity) can give much better efficiency compared to p-type solar cells.]

Maharashtra Board Class 12 Physics Solutions Chapter 1 Semiconductor Devices

Question 10.
Explain the principle of operation of a photodiode.
Answer:
Construction:
A photodiode consists of an n-type silicon substrate with a metal electrode back contact. A thin p-type layer is grown over the n-type substrate by diffusing a suitable acceptor dopant.

The area of the p-layer defines the photodiode active area. An ohmic contact pad is deposited on the active area. The rest of the active area is left open with a protective antireflective coating of silicon nitride to minimize the loss of photons. The nonactive area is covered with an insulating opaque SiO2 coating.
Maharashtra Board Class 12 Physics Solutions Chapter 16 Semiconductor Devices 1010
Depending on the required spectral sensitivity, i.e., the operating wavelength range, typical photodiode materials are silicon, germanium, indium gallium arsenide phosphide (InGaAsP) and indium gallium arsenide (InGaAs), of which silicon is the cheapest while the last two are expensive.

Working : The band gap energy of silicon is EG = 1.12 eV at room temperature. Thus, photons or particles with energies greater than or equal to 1.12 eV, which corresponds to 110 nm, can transfer electrons from the valence band into the conduction band.

A photodiode is operated in the reverse bias mode which results in a wider depletion region. When operated in the dark (zero illumination), there is a reverse saturation current due solely to the thermally generated minority charge carriers. This is called the dark current. Depending on the minority carrier concentrations, the dark current in an Si photodiode may range from 5 pA to 10 nA.

When exposed to radiation of energy hv ≥ EG (in the range near-UV to near-IR), electron-hole pairs are created in the depletion region. The electric field in the depletion layer accelerates these photogenerated electrons and holes towards the n side and p side, respectively, constituting a photocurrent l in the external circuit from the p side to the n side. Due to the photogeneration, more charge carriers are available for conduction and the reverse current is increased. The photocurrent is directly propor-tional to the intensity of the incident light. It is independent of the reverse bias voltage.
[Notes : Typical photodiode materials are :
(1) silicon (Si) : low dark current, high speed, good sensitivity between ~ 400 nm and 1000 run (best around 800 nm-900 nm)
(2) germanium (Ge) : high dark current, slow speed, good sensitivity between ~ 900 nm and 1600 nm (best around 1400 nm-1500 nm)
(3) indium gallium arsenide phosphide (InGaAsP) : expensive, low dark current, high speed, good sensitivity between ~ 1000 nm and 1350 nm (best around 1100 nm- 1300 nm)
(4) indium gallium arsenide (InGaAs): expensive, low dark current, high speed, good sensitivity between ~ 900 nm and 1700 nm (best around 1300 nm-1600 nm],

Question 11.
What do you mean by a logic gate, a truth table and a Boolean expression?
Answer:
A logic gate is a basic switching circuit used in digital circuits that determines when an input pulse can pass through to the output. It generates a single output from one or more inputs.

Explanation/Uses :
Any digital computation process consists in performing a sequence of arithmetical operations on the data of the problem. At each stage in the computation, the nature of the operation to be performed is decided partly by the pre-determined program and partly by the outcome of earlier stages in the process. We therefore need switches with multiple inputs to perform logical operations, i.e., the outputs of these switches are determined in specified ways by the condition (binary state) of their inputs. These arrangements are known as logic gates, and mostly they are extension of a simple transistor switch.

(1) Boolean expression : An equation expressing a logical compound statement in Boolean algebra is called a Boolean expression. A Boolean expression for a logic gate expresses the relation between input(s) and output of a logic gate.

(2) Truth table : The table which shows the truth values of a Boolean expression for a logic gate for all possible combinations of its inputs is called the truth table of logic gate.

The truth table contains one row for each input combination. Since a logical variable can assume only two possible values, 0 and 1, there are 2N combinations of N inputs so that the table has 2N rows.
[Note : Boolean algebra is a form of symbolic logic developed in 1847 by George Boole (1815-64) British mathematician.]

Maharashtra Board Class 12 Physics Solutions Chapter 1 Semiconductor Devices

Question 12.
What is logic gate? Write down the truth table and Boolean expression for ‘AND’ gate.
Answer:
A logic gate is a basic switching circuit used in digital circuits that determines when an input pulse can pass through to the output. It generates a single output from one or more inputs.

The AND gate : It is a circuit with two or more inputs and one output in which the output signal is HIGH if and only if all the inputs are HIGH simultaneously.

The AND operation represents a logical multiplication.

Below figure shows the 2-input AND gate logic symbol and the Boolean expression and the truth table for the AND function.
Logic symbol:
Maharashtra Board Class 12 Physics Solutions Chapter 16 Semiconductor Devices 13

Truth table:
Maharashtra Board Class 12 Physics Solutions Chapter 16 Semiconductor Devices 144

Boolean expression:
Y = A ∙ B

Question 13.
What are the uses of logic gates? Why is a NOT gate known as an inverter?
Answer:
Explanation/Uses :
Any digital computation process consists in performing a sequence of arithmetical operations on the data of the problem. At each stage in the computation, the nature of the operation to be performed is decided partly by the pre-determined program and partly by the outcome of earlier stages in the process. We therefore need switches with multiple inputs to perform logical operations, i.e., the outputs of these switches are determined in specified ways by the condition (binary state) of their inputs. These arrangements are known as logic gates, and mostly they are extension of a simple transistor switch.

The NOT gate or INVERTER : It is a circuit with one input whose output is HIGH if the input is LOW and vice versa.

The NOT operation outputs an inverted version of the input. Hence, a NOT gate is also known as an INVERTER.

The small invert bubble on the output side of the inverter logic symbol, below figure and the over bar () in the Boolean expression represent the invert function.
Maharashtra Board Class 12 Physics Solutions Chapter 16 Semiconductor Devices 1.1

Question 14.
Write the Boolean expression for (i) OR gate, (ii) AND gate, and (iii) NAND Gate.
Answer:
(i) The OR gate : It is a circuit with two or more inputs and one output in which the output signal is HIGH if any one or more of the inputs is HIGH.
The OR operation represents a logical addition.
Below figure shows the 2-input OR gate logic sym-bol, and the Boolean expression and the truth table for the OR function.
Maharashtra Board Class 12 Physics Solutions Chapter 16 Semiconductor Devices 1.2

(ii) The AND gate : It is a circuit with two or more inputs and one output in which the output signal is HIGH if and only if all the inputs are HIGH simultaneously.

The AND operation represents a logical multiplication.

Below figure shows the 2-input AND gate logic symbol and the Boolean expression and the truth table for the AND function.
Logic symbol:
Maharashtra Board Class 12 Physics Solutions Chapter 16 Semiconductor Devices 13

Truth table:
Maharashtra Board Class 12 Physics Solutions Chapter 16 Semiconductor Devices 144

Boolean expression:
Y = A ∙ B

(iii) The NAND gate : It is a circuit with two or more inputs and one output, whose output is HIGH if any one or more of the inputs is LOW; the output is LOW if all the inputs are HIGH.
Maharashtra Board Class 12 Physics Solutions Chapter 16 Semiconductor Devices 1.3
The NAND gate is a combination of an AND gate followed by a NOT gate so that the truth table of the NAND function is obtained by inverting the outputs of the AND gate.
Maharashtra Board Class 12 Physics Solutions Chapter 16 Semiconductor Devices 1818

Question 15.
Why is the emitter, the base and the collector of a BJT doped differently?
Answer:
A BJT being a bipolar device, both electrons and holes participate in the conduction process. Under the forward-biased condition, the majority carriers injected from the emitter into the base constitute the largest current component in a BJT. For these carriers to diffuse across the base region with t negligible recombination and reach the collector junction, these must overwhelm the majority carriers of opposite charge in the base. The total emitter current has two components, that due to majority carriers in the emitter and that due to minority carriers diffused from base into emitter. The ratio of the current component due to the injected majority carriers from the emitter to the total emitter current is a measure of the emitter efficiency. To improve the emitter efficiency and the common-base current gain (a), it can be shown that’ the emitter should be much heavily doped than the base.

Also, the base width is a function of the base- collector voltage. A low doping level of the collector increases the size of the depletion region. This increases the maximum collector-base voltage and reduces the base width. Further, the large depletion region at the collector-base junction-extending mainly into the collector-corresponds to a smaller electric field and avoids avalanche breakdown of the reverse-biased collector-base junction.
[Note : Effective dopant concentrations of (a) npn transistor (b) pnp transistor are shown below.
Maharashtra Board Class 12 Physics Solutions Chapter 16 Semiconductor Devices 12
The base doping is less than the emitter doping but greater than the collector doping. Contrary to the impression stressed in the Board’s and NCERT textbooks, collector doping is typically an order of magnitude lower than base doping. {Ref. : Semiconductor Devices Physics and Technology (3rd Edition), Simon M. Sze and M. K. Lee, p. 125}]

Question 16.
Which method of biasing is used for operating transistor as an amplifier?
Answer:
For use as an amplifier, the transistor should be in active mode. Therefore, the emitter-base junction is forward biased and the collector-base junction is reverse biased. Also, an amplifier uses an emitter bias rather than a base bias.

Maharashtra Board Class 12 Physics Solutions Chapter 1 Semiconductor Devices

Question 17.
Define α and β. Derive the relation between then.
Answer:
The dc common-base current ratio or current gain (αdc) is defined as the ratio of the collector current to emitter current.
αdc = \(\frac{I_{C}}{I_{\mathrm{E}}}\)
The dc common-emitter current ratio or current gain (βdc) is defined as the ratio of the collector current to base current.
βdc = \(\frac{I_{C}}{I_{B}}\)
Since the emitter current IE = IB + IC
\(\frac{I_{\mathrm{E}}}{I_{C}}=\frac{I_{\mathrm{B}}}{I_{\mathrm{C}}}+1\)
∴ \(\frac{1}{\alpha_{\mathrm{dc}}}=\frac{1}{\beta_{\mathrm{dc}}}+1\)
Therefore, the common-base current gain in terms of the common-emitter current gain is
αdc = \(\frac{\beta_{\mathrm{dc}}}{1+\beta_{\mathrm{dc}}}\)
and the common-emitter current gain in terms of the common-base current gain is
βdc = \(\frac{\alpha_{\mathrm{dc}}}{1-\alpha_{\mathrm{dc}}}\)
For a transistor, αdc is close to but always less than 1 (about 0.92 to 0.98) and βdc ranges from 20 to 200 for most general purpose transistors.

Question 18.
The common-base DC current gain of a transistor is 0.967. If the emitter current is 10mA. What is the value of base current?
Answer:
Data : αdc = 0.967, IE = 10 mA
αdc = \(\frac{I_{C}}{I_{\mathrm{E}}}\) and IE = IB + IC
The collector current,
IC = αdcIE = 0.967 × 10 = 9.67 mA
Therefore, the base current,
IB = IE – IC = 10 – 9.67 = 0.33 mA

Question 19.
In a comman-base connection, a certain transistor has an emitter current of 10mA and collector current of 9.8 mA. Calculate the value of the base current.
Answer:
DATA : IE = 10 mA, IC = 9.8 mA
IE = IB + IC
Therefore, the base current,
IB = IE – IC – 10 – 9.8 = 0.2 mA

Question 20.
In a common-base connection, the emitter current is 6.28mA and collector current is 6.20 mA. Determine the common base DC current gain.
Answer:
Data : IE = 6.28 mA, IC = 6.20 mA
αdc = \(\frac{I_{C}}{I_{\mathrm{E}}}\) and βdc = \(\frac{I_{\mathrm{C}}}{I_{\mathrm{B}}}=\frac{\alpha_{\mathrm{dc}}}{1-\alpha_{\mathrm{dc}}}\)
Common-emitter current gain, αdc = \(\frac{6.20}{6.28}\) = 0.9873
Therefore, common-base current gain,
βdc = \(\frac{0.9873}{1-0.9873}=\frac{0.9873}{0.0127}\) = 77.74
OR
IE = IB + IC
∴ IB = IE – IC = 6.28 – 6.20 = 0.08 mA
∴ βdc = \(\frac{6.20}{0.08}\) = 77.5
[Note : The answer given in the textbook obviously refers to the common-emitter current gain.]

12th Physics Digest Chapter 16 Semiconductor Devices Intext Questions and Answers

Remember this (Textbook Page No. 346)

Question 1.
A full wave rectifier utilises both half cycles of AC input voltage to produce the DC output.
Answer:
A half-wave rectifier rectifies only one half of each cycle of the input ac wave while a full-wave rectifier rectifies both the halves. Hence the pulsating dc output voltage of a half-wave rectifier has the same frequency as the input but that of a full-wave rectifier has double the frequency of the ac input.

Do you know (Textbook Page No. 346)

Question 1.
The maximum efficiency of a full wave rectifier is 81.2% and the maximum efficiency of a half wave rectifier is 40.6%. It is observed that the maximum efficiency of a full wave rectifier is twice that of half wave rectifier.
Answer:
The ratio of dc power obtained at the output to the applied input ac power is known as rectifier efficiency. A half-wave rectifier can convert maximum 40.6% of ac power into dc power, and the remaining power of 59.4% is lost in the rectifier circuit. In fact, 50% power in the negative half cycle is not converted and the remaining 9.4% is lost in the circuit. Hence, a half wave rectifier efficiency is 40.6%. The maximum efficiency of a full-wave rectifier is 81.2%, i.e., twice that of a half-wave rectifier.

Do you know (Textbook Page No. 349)

Question 1.
The voltage stabilization is effective when there is a minimum Zener current. The Zener diode must be always operated within its breakdown region when there is a load connected in the circuit. Similarly, the supply voltage Vs must be greater than Vz.
Answer:
A Zener diode is operated in the breakdown region. There is a minimum Zener current, Iz, that places the desired operating point in the breakdown region. There is a maximum Zener current, IzM, at which the power dissipation drives the junction temperature to the maximum allowed. Beyond that current the diode can be damaged. Hence, the supply voltage must be greater than Vz and the current-limiting resistor must limit the diode current to less than the rated maxi mum, IzM.

Remember this (Textbook Page No. 350)

Question 1.
Zener effect occurs only if the diode is heavily doped, because when the depletion layer is thin, breakdown occurs at low reverse voltage and the field strength will be approximately 3 × 107 V/m. It causes an increase in the flow of free carriers and increase in the reverse current.
Answer:
Zener breakdown occurs only in heavily doped pn junctions (doping concentrations for both p- and n-regions greater than 1018 cm3) and can take place only if the electric field in the depletion region of the reverse-biased junction is very high. It is found that the critical field at which tunneling becomes probable, i.e., at which Zener breakdown commences, is approximately 106 V/cm. [“internal Field Emissiot at Narrow Silicon and Germanium PN-Junctions,” Phys. Rev., 118, 425 (1960).]

Can you tell (Textbook Page No. 350)

Question 1.
How does a cell phone charger produce a voltage of 5.0 V form the line voltage of 230V?
Answer:
A phone charger is usually a 5 V power supply. A 4-diode bridge input rectifier rectifies the ac mains voltage a provide a high voltage dc. A transistor chopper switches this on and off at high frequency. This stage is required because this high frequency allows the transformer to be smaller, lighter and much lower in cost.
Maharashtra Board Class 12 Physics Solutions Chapter 16 Semiconductor Devices 19
A small transformer steps this down to a low voltage high-frequency ac. An output rectifier and filter convert this to low-voltage (5 V) dc and smooths out the ripple. A chopper controller provides a feedback to the chopper through an optoisohitor and adjusts the chopping cycle to maintain the output voltage at 5 V.
Maharashtra Board Class 12 Physics Solutions Chapter 16 Semiconductor Devices 20

Question 2.
Why is a resistance connected in series with a Zener diode when used in a circuit?
Answer:
The I-V characteristics in the breakdown region of a Zener diode is almost vertical. That is, the current IZ can rapidly increase at constant VZ. To prevent damage due to excessive heating, the Zener current should not exceed the rated maximum current, IZM. Hence, a current-limiting resistor Rs is connected in series with the diode.

IZ and the power dissipated in the Zener diode will be large for I L = 0 (no-load condition) or when IL is less than the rated maximum (when Rs is small and RL is large). The current-limiting resistor Rs is so chosen that the Zener current does not exceed the rated maximum reverse current, IZM when there is no load or when the load is very high.
The rated maximum power of a Zener diode is
PZM = IZM = VZ

At n-load condition, the current through R is I = IZM and the voltage drop across it is V – VZ, where V is the unregulated source voltage. The diode current will be maximum when V is maxi mum at Vmax and I = IZM. Then, the minimum value of the series resistance should be
Rs, min = \(\frac{V_{\max }-V_{\mathrm{Z}}}{I_{\mathrm{ZM}}}\)

Question 3.
The voltage across a Zener diode does not remain strictly constant with the changes in the Zener current. This is due to RZ, the Zener impedance, or the internal resistance of the Zener diode. RZ acts like a small resistance in series with the Zener. Changes in IZ cause small changes in VZ .
Answer:
The I-V characteristics of a Zener diode in the breakdown region is not strictly vertical. Its slope is 1/RZ, where RZ is the Zener impedance.

Can you know (Textbook Page No. 354)

Question 1.
What is the difference between a photo diode and a solar cell?
Answer:
Both are semiconductor photovoltaic devices. A photodiode is a reverse-biased pn-junction diode while a solar cell is an unbiased pn-junction diode. Photod iodes, however, are optimized for light detection while solar cells are optimized for energy conversion efficiency.

Question 2.
When the intensity of light incident on a photo diode increases, how is the reverse current affected?
Answer:
The photocurrent increases linearly with increasing illuminance, limited by the power dissipation of the photodiode.

Do you know (Textbook Page No. 355)

Question 1.
LED junction does not actually emit that much light so the epoxy resin body is constructed in such a way that the photons emitted by the junction are reflected away from the surrounding substrate base to which the diode is attached and are focused upwards through the domed top of the LED, which itself acts like a lens concentrating the light. This is why the emitted light appears to be brightest at the top of the LED.
Answer:
The pn-junction of an LED is encased in a transparent, hard plastic (epoxy resin), not only for shock protection but also for enhancing the brightness in one direction. Light emitted by the pn-junction is not directional. The hemispherical epoxy lens focuses the light in the direction of the hemispherical part. This is why the emitted light appears to be brightest at the top of the LED.

Question 2.
The current rating of LED is of a few tens of milli-amps. Hence it is necessary to connect a high resistance in series with it. The forward voltage drop of an LED is much larger than an ordinary diode and is around 1.5 to 3.5 volts.
Answer:
Most common LEDs require a forward operating voltage of between approximately 1.2 V (for a standard red LED) to 3.6 V (for a blue LED) with a forward current rating of about 10 mA to 30 mA, with 12 mA to 20 mA being the most common range. Like any diode, the forward current is approximately an exponential function of voltage and the forward resistance is very small. A small voltage change may result in a large change in current. If the current exceeds the rated maximum, an LED may overheat and get destroyed. LEDs are current driven devices and a current-limiting series resistor is required to prevent burning up the LED.

Do you know (Textbook Page No. 356)

Question 1.
White Light LEDs or White LED Lamps:
Shuji Nakamura, a Japanese – born American electronic engineer invented the blue LED. He was awarded the Nobel prize for physics for 2014. He was also awarded the global energy prize in the year 2015. His invention of blue LED made the fabrication of white LED possible.
LED lamps, bulbs, street lighting are becoming very popular these days because of the very high efficiency of LEDs in terms of light output per unit input power(in milliWatts), as compared to the incandescent bulbs. So for general purpose lightings, white light is preferred.
Commercially available white LEDs are normally manufactured by using the technique of wavelength conversion. It is a process which partly or completely converts the radiation of a LED into white light. There are many ways of wavelength conversion. One of these methods uses blue LED and yellow phosphor. In this method of wavelength conversion, a LED which emits blue colour is used to excite a yellow colour phosphor. This results in the emission of yellow and blue light and this mixture of blue and yellow light gives the appearance of white light. This method is the least expensive method for producing white light.
Answer:

The all important blue LEDs
The development of LEDs has made more efficient light sources possible. Creating white light that can be used for lighting requires a combination of red, green and blue light. Blue LEDs proved to be much more difficult to create than red and green LEDs. During the 1980s and 1990s Isamu Akasaki, Hiroshi Amano, and Shuji Nakamura successfully used the difficult-to-handle semiconductor gallium nitride to create efficient blue LEDs. Isamu Akasaki is known for invent ing the bright gallium nitride (CaN) pn-junction blue LED in 1989 and subsequently the high-brightness CaN blue LED.

Using blue LEDs, highly efficient white light sources. became possible by converting part of the blue light emitted from an LED to yellow using a phosphor. To the human eye, the combination of blue and yellow light is perceived as white. A white LED can be created by embedding phosphors in the plastic cap which surrounds a blue LED. Higher quality white light can also be created by mixing blue light with other colors as well, including red and green

Isamu Akasaki, together with Shuji Nakamura and Hiroshi Amano, received the 2014 Nobel Prize in Physics for the invention of efficient blue light-emitting diodes which has enabled bright and energy saving white light sources.

Use your brain power (Textbook Page No. 357)

Question 1.
What would happen if both junctions of a BJT are forward biased or reverse biased?
Answer:
A BJT has four regimes of operation, depending on the four combinations of the applied biases (voltage polarities) to the emitter-base junction and the collector-base junction, as shown in the following table; ‘F’ and ‘R’ indicate forward bias and reverse bias, respectively.

Remember This (Textbook Page No. 358)

Question 1.
The lightly doped, thin base region sandwiched between the heavily doped emitter region and the intermediate doped collector region plays a crucial role in the transistor action.
Answer:
If the two junctions in a BJT are physically close compared with the minority carrier diffusion length (i.e., the distance within which recombination will take place), the careers injected from the emitter can diffuse through the base to reach the base-collector junction. The narrow width of the base is thus crucial for transistor action.

Use your brain power (Textbook Page No. 361)

Question 1.
If a transistor amplifies power, explain why it is not used to generate power.
The term ‘amplification’ is used as an abstraction of the transistor properties so that we have few equations which are useful for a large number of practical problems. Transistors use a small power to control a power supply which can output a huge power. The large output comes from the power supply, while the input signal valves the transistor on and off. The increased power comes from the power supply so that a transistor does not violate the law of conservation of energy.

Maharashtra State Board Class 12 Physics Solutions Digest

Maharashtra State Board 12th Std Physics Textbook Solutions Digest

Maharashtra State Board Class 12 Textbook Solutions

Maharashtra Board Class 12 English Yuvakbharati Solutions Chapter 3.6 Group Discussion

Balbharti Yuvakbharati English 12th Digest Chapter 3.6 Group Discussion Notes, Textbook Exercise Important Questions and Answers.

Maharashtra State Board Class 12 English Yuvakbharati Solutions Chapter 3.6 Group Discussion

12th English Digest Chapter 3.6 Group Discussion Textbook Questions and Answers

You must have discussed many things with your friends, classmates in a group. It might be about going on a picnic or selecting a gift for your teacher:

Question (i)
What do you think are the benefits of a group discussion?
Answer:
(a) A Group Discussion allows the participants to share their views and opinions.
(b) It allows each participant to analyse the topic or case.
(c) A Group Discussion allows the participants to reach a general consensus.

Maharashtra Board Class 12 English Yuvakbharati Solutions Chapter 3.6 Group Discussion

Question (ii)
Do you think some people are right and some are wrong in a group discussion? Why?
Answer:
Yes, I do think so. Generally, we hold a view on a topic or a situation. This view is either strengthened or weakened by the ongoing arguments in a Group Discussion. Due to j confirmation bias, we tend to think that the participants who strengthen our views j are right. Similarly, we think of those who go against our views are wrong. (The ideal situation is that we keep an open mind and assess each argument on its own merit but this is easier said than done.)

Question (iii)
People have different views and opinions because:
Maharashtra Board Class 12 English Yuvakbharati Solutions Chapter 3.6 Group Discussion 1
Answer:
Maharashtra Board Class 12 English Yuvakbharati Solutions Chapter 3.6 Group Discussion 2

Maharashtra Board Class 12 English Yuvakbharati Solutions Chapter 3.6 Group Discussion

Question (iv)
Complete the web highlighting the uses of ‘Group Discussion’. One is done for you.
Maharashtra Board Class 12 English Yuvakbharati Solutions Chapter 3.6 Group Discussion 3
Answer:

(A1)

Question 1.
Rama, Asif, Rachana and Aarav are participating in a group discussion. The evaluator has given them a topic. ‘Teenagers are more inclined towards junk food nowadays.’ Write suitable dialogues for each participant giving his/her opinion on the topic.
Evaluator: You’ve all been given a few minutes to think on your topic for today’s group discussion, which is ‘Teenagers are more inclined towards junk food.’ You may now begin the discussion. Who would like to start?
Rama: ………………………………………………. .
Asif: ………………………………………………….. .
Aarav: ……………………………………………….. .
Rachana: ……………………………………………. .
Evaluator: Please conclude.
Aarav: ………………………………………………… .
Answer:
Rama: I think I will. In my opinion it is very true. Junk food leads to obesity and we find more obese teenagers around nowadays.
Asif: I am afraid I can’t agree with that statement. Most of the teenagers in our college look quite fit and active.
Aarav: I think we must see the issue in a wider perspective. The inclination towards junk food among teenagers is a worldwide phenomenon. One can’t jump to a conclusion by just looking around and citing a few examples in our college.
Rachana: It seems to me that Rama made a valid point. Teenagers world over are inclined towards junk food and it poses a great threat. I suggest the teenagers change their food habit and resort more to healthy snacks. Our tradition offers a wide variety of such snacks.
Evaluator: Please conclude.
Aarav: We can conclude by saying that our teenagers are inclined to junk food. They must change their food habit. It is high time they switched to healthy snacks. We need healthy citizens to take our country forward.

Maharashtra Board Class 12 English Yuvakbharati Solutions Chapter 3.6 Group Discussion

(A2)

Question 1.
Read the following statements, if you agree say ‘Yes’ and if you don’t agree, say ‘No’. State the reason for your opinion.
Answer:

Statement Yes/No Reason
1. It is not possible to guess the topic for group discussion. Then there is no need to prepare. No Topics for Group Discussion are mainly chosen from things happening around us. So, we must keep our minds open and receptive to the happenings around us. The knowledge thus received and the opinions and views we form about each such topic will prove to be our preparation for the group discussion.
2. Always have discussion with your family and friends on different topics. Yes We may be wrong in our opinions/views. Constant discussions with family and friends help us form the right sort of views/opinions.
3. You must aim to get noticed by the evaluators. No We must get noticed mainly by the force of our arguments and our active involvement in the discussion. Evaluators are experienced to assess our analytical power and assertive approach. Any deliberate effort to outshine other participants will do more harm than good.
4. Forget the evaluator and look at the participants during the discussion. Yes The evaluator is a passive observer. Discussion happens only among the participants. Glancing at the evaluator often could be treated as a sign of your distracted mind.
5. You should raise your voice to be heard by everyone and speak for a long time to show your knowledge. No Our voice should neither be too high nor be too low. Raising one’s voice much more than necessary will create the impression of a rabble- rouser. Our grasp of the topic must come out naturally through the novelty of our arguments. Brevity and concision must be the watchwords. A long and verbose argument will surely produce a negative impact.
6. You should always take the opportunity to begin the argument. No Though initiating a discussion shows our leadership qualities, an overzealous approach may at times go against us.
7. Take a strong position/view and defend it till the end. No If another participant contradicts our view with sound reasoning, we must concede to it. Taking a strong position beforehand may restrict us from considering other point of views.
8. Do not keep waiting for your turn to speak. You have to be alert and quick. Yes We must be alert and quick. We must sieze the opportunity to speak. Being too passive may even deny us a chance to present our views.
9. Listening to others also plays an important role in a group discussion. Yes Listening to others is a crucial element in group discussion. It helps,us to formulate new perspectives and modify our viewpoints in the course of the discussion.
10. You must interrupt a person if you do not agree to his opinion. No Everyone has the right to hold individual opinions. Moreover, interruption denies the person the opportunity to complete his views. We can take up the counter-argument as soon as he finishes his views.
11. Show your leadership skills being assertive not aggressive. Yes Assertiveness is a positive trait. It is a sign of leadership quality. We can be assertive by the force of our arguments and the conviction we have in our views. Aggression, on the other hand, will only expose our untamed personalities.
12.  Participating in a group discussion also means helping everyone to reach a consensus in spite of difference of opinion. Yes Assertiveness is a positive trait. It is a sign of leadership quality. We can be assertive by the force of our arguments and the conviction we have in our views. Aggression, on the other hand, will only expose our untamed personalities.

Reason: Group discussion helps us realize that there are other possible views and opinions. A receptive and accommodative mind is a prerequisite for anyone who participate in a group discussion. Moreover, the candidate must be able to feel the pulse of the discussion. This, in turn, will help to reach a consensus.

Maharashtra Board Class 12 English Yuvakbharati Solutions Chapter 3.6 Group Discussion

(A3)

Question (i)
Group discussion helps to unravel the following personality traits in a person.
Maharashtra Board Class 12 English Yuvakbharati Solutions Chapter 3.6 Group Discussion 5
Answer:
Maharashtra Board Class 12 English Yuvakbharati Solutions Chapter 3.6 Group Discussion 6

Question (ii)
Match the following:

Discuss Give special importance or value to something in speaking or writing.
Argue Say something again, a number of times.
Deliberate Express opposite views in a heated or angry way.
Reiterate Engage in long and careful consideration.
Emphasize To talk about a subject with someone and tell each other your ideas and opinions.

Answer:

Discuss To talk about a subject with someone and tell each other your ideas and opinions.
Argue Express opposite views in a heated or angry way.
Deliberate Engage in long and careful consideration.
Reiterate Say something again, a number of times.
Emphasize Give special importance or value to something in speaking or writing.

Maharashtra Board Class 12 English Yuvakbharati Solutions Chapter 3.6 Group Discussion

(A4)

Question (i)
Write the following sentences in reported/indirect speech:
(a) He said, “If you find my answers satisfactory, will you give me five rupees?”
(b) The astrologer said, “You were left for dead. Am I right?”
(c) “I should have been dead if some passerby had not chanced to peep into the well,” exclaimed Guru Nayak.
(d) He told her, “Do you know a great load is gone from me today.”
Answer:
(a) He asked me whether I would give him five rupees if I found his answers satisfactory.
(b) The astrologer asked whether he was right in saying that I had been left for dead.
(c) Guru Nayak exclaimed that he would have been dead unless some passerby had chanced to peep into the well.
(d) He asked her whether she knew that a great load was gone from him that day.

Question (ii)
Read a part of a conversation between Neha and Nidhi.
Answer:
Neha: Where are you going, Nidhi?
Nidhi: I am going for my music lessons.
The above conversation is written in exact words spoken. If this conversation was to be reported by a third person then it would be written as:

Neha asked Nidhi where she was going. Nidhi replied that she was going for her music lessons. Notice the changes in the reported sentence.
Note the changes in pronouns, tenses, reporting and reported verbs and other changes.
Answer:
1. Table showing tense change:
Simple Present → Simple Past
Present Continuous → Past Continuous
Simple Past → Past Perfect
Past Continuous → Past Perfect Continuous
Simple Future → Conditional

2. Table showing change in Place and Time

  1. here – there
  2. now – then
  3. today – that day
  4. tomorrow – the next day
  5. yesterday – the day before
  6. next week – the following week
  7. last night- the previous night

3. Table showing the changes in Pronoun.

I he/she our their
me him/her ours theirs
my his/her you (subject) I/he/she/we/they
mine his/hers you (object) me/his/her/us/them
we they your my/his/her/our/their
us them yours mine/his/hers/theirs

Maharashtra Board Class 12 English Yuvakbharati Solutions Chapter 3.6 Group Discussion

Question (iii)
Now find sentences from the text in the direct speech and convert them into the reported speech.
(Students may attempt this on their own.)
Read the following sentences given in the indirect speech and convert them into the direct speech.
(a) Shirish said that he would not be able to solve the problem.
(b) Lata told me to give her a glass of water.
(c) Ananya exclaimed with joy that she had received the Ph.D. degree.
(d) Shilpa asked us if there was any other Rian document to be typed.
(e) Swati said that she would not get the money.
Answer:
(a) Shirish said, “I will not be able to solve the problem.”
(b) Lata said, “Give me a glass of water.”
(c) Ananya said, “Hurrah! I have received the Ph.D. degree.”
(d) Shilpa said, “Is there any other document to be typed?”
(e) Swati said, “I will not get the money.”

(A5)

Question (i)
An economically deprived girl student in your class who has received admission in a reputed college abroad needs monetary help to pursue further studies there. Have a group discussion amongst your friends to seek solutions to help her. Write four/five views in the form of dialogues.
Answer:

  • Rian: Well, folks! we need to do something urgently in Tejaswini’s case. Money shouldn’t come in her way to pursue a course abroad. My parents offered 50,000/- right away!
  • Eugine: I managed to get a loan of rupees one lakh from my parents. I should take up some part-time job and repay it within three years. I hope I will be able to do it. Anyway, I am quite happy to be of some help to our dear friend.
  • Kanika: Only way before me was to ask for an advance from my music troupe. We don’t get much programmes of late. Still they agreed to pay me 75,000. Will that be okay?
  • Tabu: We thought you would raise a hefty sum, being ‘a great singer’ and all. Okay, jokes apart, I will present my case. My brother offered a donation of rupees two lakh right away. No conditions! No strings attached!!
  • Rian: Okay, folks! Now we have pooled 4.25 lakhs.

That will bankroll Tejaswini’s fee, travel, initial expenses, etc, etc. She can very well take up a summer job and the like to meet her further expenses. Let’s now congratulate ourselves for being such thick friends!

Maharashtra Board Class 12 English Yuvakbharati Solutions Chapter 3.6 Group Discussion

Question (ii)
There is an inter-school cricket match and your school is losing. As you are the captain, have a group discussion with your teammates in the tea-break about the strategy to be followed to save your school from losing the match. Give at least four /five suggestions.
Answer:

  • Captain: See, we must break this partnership anyhow. Both the batsmen appear very much settled and they are hitting all over the place.
  • Spinner: The pitch doesn’t support many turns. I suggest we bring back the fast bowlers.
  • Captain: You have a point there. What we need most now is a wicket. Right now. Otherwise, the game is as good as lost.
  • Fast bowler (1): I agree that we resume pace bowling. But remember: it’s a gamble. I think I will need a slip-in position. I will attack, outside the off-stump. Hope I get the right line.
  • Captain: What do you think, Sonu?
  • Sonu (Fast bowler) (2): Okay then. I will take up from the pavilion end. Think the wind is in favour.
  • Captain: Attempt yorkers.
  • Sonu: Sure. I suggest you keep a deep third man.
  • Captain: Done. Now, guys-no sloppy fielding-no dropped catches. And nothing short of a win. (All go into a huddle.)

Question (iii)
Form four groups in your class and have a group discussion on the following topics.
(a) Role of ICT in education
(b) Clean India

Yuvakbharati English 12th Digest Chapter 3.6 Group Discussion Additional Important Questions and Answers

Other writing skills:

Dos and Don’ts associated with ‘Expansion of Ideas’:

Dos Don’ts
1. Begin impressively. 1. Do not go off-track.
2. Have unity and clarity of thoughts. 2. Do not forget to give the symbolic meaning of the statement.
3. Use discourse markers. 3. Do not forget to include the topic sentence.
4. Use proverbs with similar meanings. 4. Do not omit a proper conclusion.

Expand the idea inherent in the following:

Question 1.
Charity begins at home Ans. Charity is the noble deed of giving money, food or other help to people who are in need of these things. The given proverb is a warning to those who seek fame in the name of charity. The proverb reminds us that we must first help the needy people around us – our family and friends. Any deed of charity that forgets this principle goes against the spirit of this high ideal.

Our deeds of charity must begin from the centre and then radiate to the periphery. Or else, it would prove to be a selfish pursuit of chasing fame or other favour. We must first open our eyes to the miseries around us. We must first cater to the needs of these people. Then we can spread our work of charity farther afield.

We see that many people treat their family members and servants very shabbily. But when it comes to a photo opportunity to pose as a philanthropist, they jump at it. This is sheer hypocrisy and the saying serves as an eye opener to these hypocrites.

Maharashtra Board Class 12 English Yuvakbharati Solutions Chapter 3.6 Group Discussion

Question 2.
Make hay while the sun shines
Answer:
Hay making, that is the process of cutting and drying grass, must be done while the sun shines. Rain would spoil everything and the farmer knows it well. In other words, we should make the best use of opportunities and favourable conditions while they last.

When life presents opportunities, we must seize them and not let them go. Everyone in their lifetime gets a chance to move ahead in life. If we miss that opportunity, it may never come our way again. We will live all our life to regret the missed chance. In short, we should seize the chance while it exists. We must always be alert to notice the opportune moment. Grab it and move further in life. To put it in another way : “We must strike while the iron is hot”.

Question 3.
Prevention is better than cure.
Answer:
The proverb stresses the need for foresight and precaution in dealing with any possible eventuality in life. We often ignore the signs of trouble and when the trouble finally, occurs, we regret our neglect.

We must make it a practice to guard ourselves against diseases by taking adequate preventive measures. This will save us the trouble of undergoing costly treatments. Strangely, certain epidemics offer no cure or vaccine for a long time, then prevention becomes the only option before us. Wearing of masks, keeping social distance and maintaining hand-hygiene are the only ways to save us from such a threatening situation.

Metaphorically, the idea can be extended to fields other than disease and medicine. Proper maintenance of machines, roads and bridges can prevent their deterioration and thus forestall disaster. At the political and economical level too, many problems that we face today would not have existed had the authorities acted promptly, firmly and boldly at the very start.

Examples for Practice:

  1. Unity is Strength,
  2. Books – Our best friends,
  3. Honesty is the Best Policy
  4. Perseverance is the Key to Success
  5. Pollution: Earth’s enemy number one.

Formal Letters:

General Format for a Formal Letter:

  1. Sender’s Address
  2. Pin Code
  3. Date
  4. Name and address of the addressee
  5. Subject (a phrase about the general content of the letter)
  6. Reference (referring to a letter previously received/advertisement etc.)
  7. Salutation (Dear Sir/Madam or simply Sir/ Madam)
  8. Body of the letter (in 3 or 4 paragraphs)
  9. Subscription (Complimentary Close like Yours faithfully, Yours truly, etc.)
  10. The name given in the Activity Sheet/XYZ

Maharashtra Board Class 12 English Yuvakbharati Solutions Chapter 3.6 Group Discussion

Write the letters as instructed:

Question 1.
Write a letter to the editor of a newspaper drawing attention to the increasing noise pollution in your area.
Answer:
3 A, Ravikiran,
Chikuwadi,
Borivali (West),
Mumbai – 400 092.
1st September, 2020

The Editor,
The Indian Express,
Nariman Point,
Mumbai – 400 021.

Sir,

I wish to draw the attention of the authorities to the terrible noise pollution in our neighbourhood. There is deafening noise created by heavy traffic on the narrow roads of our locality throughout the day and night. The drivers honk continuously, and the vehicles emit poisonous fumes. The hawkers who sell their goods on the roads and footpaths shout at the top of their voices.

All this is literally making the people sick. With the approaching festival season, the beat of drums and the loud music accompanying it are bound to make life all the more unbearable for all of us who reside here.

I hope the authorities concerned wake up in time to the hazards of noise pollution and take prompt action to stop this menace.

Yours truly,
ABC

Question 2.
You want to visit a sugar factory to know more about the sugar production process. Write a letter to the Manager of the sugar factory near your college seeking permission. Give details about the intended visit.
Answer:
Ideal College,
Vidyapeeth Marg,
Beed – 431 122.
5th February 2020

The Manager,
Sakhar Factory Ltd.,
Beed – 431 122.
Sub: Request to visit your factory.

Dear Sir,

As part of our science project, 10 students of Std. XII (Ideal College) would like to visit your factory during the latter half of this month. We will be accompanied by our Chemistry Professor, Dr Ahirwal. It is our desire to have first hand information about the production of sugar. We believe that a visit to the factory will give us more valuable information than we can ever get out of textbooks.

Do let us know what would be the most suitable day and time for our visit. Since we now have study leave, any day and any time will be suitable for us. Also let us know if there are any special rules or conditions we need to follow during the visit. We do hope that you will not say no to our request.

Yours faithfully,
XYZ

Maharashtra Board Class 12 English Yuvakbharati Solutions Chapter 3.6 Group Discussion

Question 3.
Write a letter to a celebrity who supports a meaningful and innovative campaign and thus has become your idol.
Answer:
7, Vicky Apartments,
J.T. Road,
Nashik – 422 001.
17th September, 2020

Ms. Nandita Das,
Actor and Activist.
Dear Ms. Das,

Your support to the campaign ‘Black is Beautiful’ made a real impact on me. Honestly, I now look upon you as my guide, mentor, pathfinder and idol.

I have always found the discrimination based on colour really disgusting. It is nothing short of racial bias. I wish to join this campaign. I want to fight against the revolting obsession with the skin colour.

As you are a person who lived and proved this bias wrong, I take courage from you. You are a pathfinder and idol for today’s youth. I wish all those who are involved in the campaign the very best.

Yours sincerely,
RST

Question 4.
The New Arts, Science and Commerce College, Karad- 415 101, needs a librarian, They have advertised in the Indian Express, dated 17th October 2020. Write a letter of application to the Principal, with the help of the CV given below:

Curriculum Vitae (cv)
Name: Ms Deepali Rane
Address: A-303, Munir Apartments, Valkumbh, Karad – 415 110.
Email: dr3636@gmail.com
Nationality: Indian
Date of Birth: 16-5-1990
Qualifications: B.Com., B. Lib. Sc.
Experience: Working as an Associate Librarian at the Karad Public Library.
Languages known: Marathi, English, Hindi
Interests: Reading, painting, music
Answer:
A-303, Munir Apartments,
Valkumbh,
Karad- 415 110.
17th October 2020

The Principal,
The New Arts, Science and Commerce College,
Karad – 415 101.
Sub: Application for the post of Librarian.
Ref: Your advertisement in the ‘Indian Express’, dated 17 October 2020.

Sir/Madam,

This is with reference to your advertisement in the ‘Indian Express’, dated 17 October 2020 for the post of librarian in your college.

I am a qualified librarian. I passed my B.Com. in 2011. I also passed the degree in library science in 2013, from Pune University, with First Class. Since then, I have been working at the Karad Public Library as an Associate Librarian. I can speak English, Hindi and Marathi fluently.

I am applying for the job in your renowned college as I feel that I now have sufficient experience to take up independently the job of a librarian. I get along well with the younger generation, and I can assure you that I will do my best to give you satisfaction, should you appoint me for the post. I enclose photocopies of the necessary certificates.

Thanking you,
Yours faithfully,
Deepali Rane
Enel. : Photocopies of B.Com, B. Lib. Sc. Certificates

Maharashtra Board Class 12 English Yuvakbharati Solutions Chapter 3.6 Group Discussion

Report Writing:

Write the reports as instructed:

Question 1.
During a global pandemic, a nationwide lockdown was announced. Write a newspaper report on this with the help of the following points :

  • Declaration of the lockdown
  • All movements stopped
  • Essential services allowed
  • Guidelines for safety laid down

Answer:
Biggest Lockdown Ever

Staff Reporter

New Delhi, March 25: Nation went into a lockdown at the stroke of midnight amidst the ongoing threat of COVID-19 pandemic. Though the scare of the pandemic has been in the air for some time, the lockdown came as a bolt from the blue to citizens all over.

The Prime Minister declared the step of lockdown in a live telecast on TV at 8:00 o’clock last night. The PM in his speech appealed to the citizens to maintain the lockdown rules fully and effectively. “There is no better option before us than going into this strict but painful measure,” he told the country during the telecast.

Flights, domestic as well as international, are now grounded. Railways suspended all services. Public transport came to a halt. Only essential services are allowed and the police are on the streets to ensure that everyone complies with the lockdown measures. Detailed guidelines for the lockdown have been laid down and citizens are advised to venture out only for emergencies. The message of social distancing and hand-hygiene are put across through various media.

“Stay Home and Stay Safe” is the new mantra. As normal life has been hit unlike anything that happened in the past, the citizens are grappling with the new norms. “We must sacrifice our liberty for a greater common good,” a senior citizen told this reporter.

Question 2.
Write a report of Republic Day Celebrations in your college.
Answer:
Republic Day at Model College Malegaon, January 28: This year, Republic Day was celebrated with great fanfare on the campus. It was a special occasion because Narendra Jain of the NCC was to be felicitated for winning the target-shooting gold medal by the Police Academy. The National Flag was unfurled at 7-30 a.m. by the Chairman of the College Management Trust.

The National Anthem was played by the college band while everyone stood respectfully to attention. Meera Pandit of Std. XII recited a poem composed by her, ‘Majha Desh Mahaan’. This was well appreciated by one and all. The Chief Guest spoke to us about our duties as citizens of the Republic of India. Then Narendra Jain was given the award by Senior Inspector Kale of the Police Academy. This was a solemn ceremony. Sweets were distributed and the gathering then dispersed.

Maharashtra Board Class 12 English Yuvakbharati Solutions Chapter 3.6 Group Discussion

Question 3.
Read the following headline of a news item “Cold Wave Sweeps North India”. Write a suitable dateline, lead paragraph and conclusion. Use a byline as well.
Answer:
Cold Wave Sweeps North India By A Special Correspondent Delhi, December 12 : Winter continued to send shivers across northern India, claiming another life in Uttar Pradesh. Delhi recorded the coldest day in the past fifty years on Monday.

A four-month-old boy died in Kanpur. The winter chill also swept through Punjab, x Haryana, Rajasthan, and Himachal Pradesh and minimum temperatures hovered between minus and plus five. The mercury dipped to a record low in many northern cities. In New Delhi, the air traffic has been severely hit by the fog.

Question 4.
Read the following headline of a news item “Milk for Millions” scheme inaugurated. Write a suitable dateline, lead paragraph and conclusion. Add a byline.
Answer:
‘Milk for Millions’ Scheme Inaugurated
By Sonali Mazumdar

New Delhi, August 29: Inaugurating the ‘Milk for Millions’ scheme of the National Dairy Development Board (NDDB) here, the Prime Minister called for a second white revolution to provide milk to the millions of undernourished infants of the country. “We must ensure at all costs that our infants get the basic nourishment, which is their right by birth,” he declared amidst loud applause.

The NDDB chairman said the projected 300 million output for 2020-21 would suffice to support the scheme. “A detailed plan with Panchayat-level participation has been already chalked out for the execution of the scheme,” he added.

Question 5.
Mumbai School Sports Association’s (MSSA) under-14 interschool football championship final was held on 17th November. Write a newspaper report on this with the help of following points :

  • Don Bosco School vs Gokuldham School
  • Don Bosco won by 3-1
  • Goals scored after the half time
  • Venue: Brabourne stadium
  • Shield awarded

Answer:

Don Bosco Bags Mssa Shield
By Sports Reporter

MUMBAI, November 18: In the Mumbai School Sports Association’s (MSSA) Under-14 interschool football championship final, Don Bosco beat Gokuldham 3-1 at Brabourne here today.

The clash of the old rivals was a sheer delight to the crowd. Till half time, it was anybody’s game. Expectedly, in the second half, Don Bosco went on the offensive hook, line and sinker. Their ace striker Vipul Shetty shot two marvellous goals within the span of six minutes. Later, Mukul Vanik’s header off a corner kick came as the saving grace for Gokuldham. Don Bosco’s captain Melvin D’sa received the shield amidst loud cheering.

Maharashtra Board Class 12 English Yuvakbharati Solutions Chapter 3.6 Group Discussion

Question 6.
An auto driver returns a bag of cash to a passenger who had forgotten the bag in the auto. Write a newspaper report on this with the help of following points :

  • Notices the bag after dropping the passenger
  • Began the search for the owner
  • Ultimately traced the passenger
  • Refuses reward
  • Honesty is the best policy.

Answer:
Auto Driver Shows The Way – By Aarohi Bokil
PUNE, March 12: Setting yet another example to prove ‘honesty is the best policy’, an auto driver here returned a bag containing two lakhs to its owner.

“I was queuing at the petrol pump after dropping my last passenger when I noticed a leather bag on the back seat. Opening it I found wads of notes; and then my hunt for the owner began,” Abdul Latif – the auto driver – said.

It took Latif two hours and two hundred rupees worth of fuel to trace the owner. “It is nothing short of a miracle that he traced me following such vague leads,” Hiten Vora – the bag’s owner- said with a voice breaking with emotion. Abdul Latif, however, refused to take any reward. When asked about the loss he incurred in the process, the youngster dismissed the issue with a hearty laugh.

Speech Writing

Draft the following speeches as instructed:

Question 1.
Prepare a short speech to be delivered by you in class on the occasion of the send off for students of Std. XII.
Answer:
A Hearty Farewell

Honourable Principal, Respected Professors and dear friends,

Today is an important day for us because it is the day we take leave of you in order to study for the coming HSC examinations. We hope that all of us will pass the examination with resounding success. Some of us may continue with higher education, some of us may seek employment hereafter. But we shall never forget these two years that we spent on this campus. These were years not only of great fun and freedom, but also of successful learning.

We got our first lessons in democracy here. We learnt to live in harmony with all kinds of people. Our professors were patient with us and were always there to clear our doubts. We are grateful to them. We are also grateful to all of you who made these years such a rich experience for us. A heartfelt thanks to you once again, and may God bless our efforts in the coming examinations.

Thank you.

Maharashtra Board Class 12 English Yuvakbharati Solutions Chapter 3.6 Group Discussion

Question 2.
Prepare a short speech to be delivered by you in class on the occasion of the Independence Day.
Answer:
India of My Dreams

Respected Sir/Madam and dear friends,

This is a very special and important day for us. On this day we remember those who fought for our freedom. On this day our National Flag flies atop all important buildings and institutions. I believe that Independence Day is a day when we need to pledge ourselves to the nation anew. It is a day when we need to make fresh commitments to all the ideals of our Constitution; ideals such as freedom, justice, equality and brotherhood. It is a day when we need to put to test whether we truly follow these ideals.

Let us carry forward the torch of freedom. Let us in fact be soldiers who will fight against the evils that this nation now faces; evils such as terrorism, corruption, inequality and superstition. Only when these evils are overcome, will our nation be truly free.

Jai Hind!

Question 3.
Write a speech on ‘Democracy’.
Answer:
Ideal Democracy

Honourable Judges, Respected Teachers and dear friends,

Unfortunately, democracy in India today does not work the way it should. It is limited to the day when the masses go to the polling booths and cast their votes. Then they return to their routine lives.

Most people do not actively participate in serious social issues. They do not react to the injustice happening around. Many among us do not bother to raise our voice against the corrupt practices going on around us. Casting our votes once in five years or so is not the sole idea of being a responsible citizen. A citizen should be always vigilant. Likewise, we also need a responsible media to expose those who are corrupt. Further, the people’s representatives should realize that they are accountable to the voters. If all these things work together then only can we reap the real fruits of democracy.

Thank you!

Maharashtra Board Class 12 English Yuvakbharati Solutions Chapter 3.6 Group Discussion

Dialogue Writing:

Write the dialogues as instructed:

Question 1.
You wish to open a postal savings account in the post office in your locality. Write the conversation between you and the Postmaster in the form of a dialogue.
Answer:

  • Myself: Good morning sir. I wish to open a I postal savings account. How do I go about it?
  • Postmaster: Just fill this form giving proper details about your name and address and sign on the dotted line there at the bottom.
  • Myself: What is the minimum amount that I can put in?
  • Postmaster: Oh, you can put in any amount you want. How much do you want to deposit right now?
  • Myself: I would like to open the account with 500.
  • Postmaster: Then hand over the money to me and I will give you a receipt for it.
  • Myself: Here is the form and the money. Postmaster : Here is your receipt. Now you have a postal savings account. You can collect your passbook after half an hour.
  • Myself: Thank you sir.
  • Postmaster: You’re welcome.

Question 2.
Write a conversation between you and your mother about ‘domestic duties’:
Answer:

  • Myself: Mother, do I have to do the dishes every day?
  • Mother: Well, dear, you’ve got to learn sometime. You can never tell when the need may arise.
  • Myself: But I have so much to study. And I have projects to complete.
  • Mother: I understand. But this work has also to be done.
  • Myself: Can’t the servant do it?
  • Mother: Oh, she will be coming late today and the dishes are all cluttered up. In the future it will be very difficult to get a domestic help. Then you will thank me for training you.
  • Myself: Mother, I plan to get a good job and earn a lot of money. I will employ a housemaid permanently in my house to look after everything, including looking after the children.
  • Mother: You can never be so sure about the future. So just get down to the dishes, and don’t argue.
  • Myself: Ok mother, if you say so.

Question 3.
You are in Std. XII in your college. On the first day of the new academic year you meet a student of Std. XI. Write a conversation you have with the ‘fresher’ :
Answer:

  • Myself: Hello. You’re new, aren’t you? What’s your name?
  • Fresher: Hello, I’m Nitin.
  • Myself: Which school are you from?
  • Fresher: I’m from Ideal School.
  • Myself: I guess you’ve taken Commerce. Right?
  • Fresher: Yes.
  • Myself: I’m in Commerce too. Have you found your class? You seem nervous.
  • Fresher: Yah. It’s the first day. And they say that the seniors rag the freshers.
  • Myself: Oh, nothing. Just a little teasing, that’s all. You don’t have to be scared. It’s only to make you feel at home.
  • Fresher: Will you be there?
  • Myself: Yes, I’ll be there. Don’t worry. My name is Ketan. I’ll say you’re my friend. No one will do anything to you.
  • Fresher: Hey, thanks a lot. You’re a real pal! I have to go and find my class. See you later. Bye.
  • Myself: Bye.

Maharashtra Board Class 12 English Yuvakbharati Solutions Chapter 3.6 Group Discussion

View-Counterview

Write the counterviews as instructed:

Question 1.
Write a Counterview for the topic: ‘The Cellphone has given us social networking- not society’. You may consider the following points for the View section of the topic and then write the Counterview. The cellphone has given us social networking – not society View:
– cellphone did not bring in any social change, except instant communication
– instead of being a means of social bonding (e.g. the railways or the loudspeaker earlier), the cellphones make the people live in their own individual islands
– cellphones have just succeeded in making too many people talk for too long a time on matters too silly.
Answer:
Cellphones did usher in a new society (Counterview)

Bringing instant communication to the poor itself is a social revolution. The poor was earlier deprived of both – speedy transport and quick communication. Speedy communication saves time, and time is money for the poor as it is to the rich. More so for the poor who sell their labour by hours and days. In addition, the availability of affordable handsets brought in a sort of socialism. Now even the unlettered can talk directly to his near and dear ones he needn’t pester a ‘babu’ to get his letters written.

When it comes to social bonding, the cellphones have played a major role of late in organizing protest rallies and morchas. It has become so much easier to connect people using cellphones. And about talking too long on things too silly – this is not a new phenomenon. Such people were there in the past, and will be there till the end of the world. For them, if not the cellphone, a pair of apparently listening ears will do. They will chat and chat. We cannot blame it on the cellphones.

Question 2.
Write a Counterview for the topic ‘Junk food should be replaced with organic food’. You may consider the following points for the View section of the topic and then write the Counterview. Junk food should be replaced with organic food (View Section)
– Junk food lacks nutrients
– it leads to obesity
– leads to many diseases
– organic food is a better option always
Answer:
Attacking fast food is the new fad (Counterview)
First of all, I object to the umbrella term ‘junk food’ which we indiscriminately use to brand a variety of food items. The dictionary defines ‘junk food’ as something ‘that is quick and easy to prepare and eat but that is thought to be bad for your health’. Yes, it is thought to be bad. There is no conclusive evidence to prove that the so called junk food is bad beyond doubt. Then again, such one-size-fits- all definition overlooks the fact that many fast food joints sell a variety of salads and greens, One can understand if someone brings out a list of items with their respective nutritional values and says that these are perfectly ‘junk’, But that is not happening. One has also to take into account’ the age and lifestyle of the eater, If you eat organic food and lead a sedentary life, obesity and diseases are assured results.

Moreover, I think, the passion for organic food is just another fad. People attach a sort of sophistication to organic food. To me, organic food is just the ordinary food with a university education socially more acceptable and stylish – nothing much different in essence.

Maharashtra Board Class 12 English Yuvakbharati Solutions Chapter 3.6 Group Discussion

Question 3.
Write a Counterview for the topic: ‘Sports should be optional in colleges’. You may consider the following points for the View section of the topic and then write the Counterview:
Sports should be optional in colleges (view section)
– Difficult syllabus; students need to prepare for entrance tests to competitive examinations
– Very little time for activities other than study -Not enough infrastructure to accommodate
all students
– Students have little sports background in schools
Answer:
Every student in college should take up some kind of sport (Counterview)
The College is the last chance that the student has to learn some game or sport that will stand him or her in good stead for the rest of his or her life. If a student hasn’t already played some sport during his or her school days, he or she should be encouraged to take up some activity during his or her college days. This will have the effect of bringing discipline into the campus, and providing students at that age with the much needed vent for their energies.

College campuses are usually large and can accommodate many games such as badminton, table tennis, squash, boxing and lawn tennis. Football, cricket and hockey are usually encouraged as a rule. Colleges can allot more funds to sports. This will help in the long run and will give to the nation citizens who have developed an all-round personality. It will reduce the time spent by students on undesirable activities such as eve-teasing, smoking and indulging in campus violence. Sports is never a waste, and the more students are encouraged to take part, the better.

Leaflet

Write the following leaflets as instructed:

Question 1.
Prepare a leaflet about a Tree Plantation Ceremony that your class is organizing. Give details about the venue and time. You may ask for help by way of manure, saplings, ideas, etc. Give details about whom the students should contact.
Answer:
Maharashtra Board Class 12 English Yuvakbharati Solutions Chapter 3.6 Group Discussion 7

Maharashtra Board Class 12 English Yuvakbharati Solutions Chapter 3.6 Group Discussion

Question 2.
Prepare a leaflet on ‘Save the Earth’. Make use of the foUowing points:
– make the slogan attractive
– make a persuasive appeal
– give information about the programmes to be undertaken
– ask for contributions
– explain the need to save the environment
– add other ideas of your own
Answer:
Maharashtra Board Class 12 English Yuvakbharati Solutions Chapter 3.6 Group Discussion 8

Question 2.
Prepare a short tourist leaflet on any seaside resort you have visited with the help of points given below :
1. How to reach there?
2. Accommodation.
3. Places worth-seeing.
4. Specialities.
5. Add your own points.
Answer:
Devbagh

Devbagh, a seaside resort, is a tiny island off the west coast of Karwar, in Karnataka. It is near the confluence of the Kali river and the sea.

  1. Ways to reach: Devbagh is well- connected to Mumbai and Bengaluru by road. It is 2 hours by road from Goa and a 20-minute boat ride from Karwar.
  2. Accommodation available : Devbagh forest beach resort offers cozily furnished tents and log cabins.
  3. Sight-seeing : Shivganga Falls, Magod Falls, Lalguli Falls, Dandeli Wildlife Sanctuary, Temples, Historical spots, Beautiful beaches, etc.
  4. Specialities : Spicy crab curry is the region’s speciality. Most food preparations are liberally garnished with coconut.
  5. Most suitable time for visits : Throughout the year, though the best season is from October to May.
  6. Additional information: Plenty of interesting activities for the adventurous – water sports, cruises to neighbouring uninhabited islands, snorkelling trips, sea kayaking, rafting trips, etc.

Maharashtra Board Class 12 English Yuvakbharati Solutions Chapter 3.6 Group Discussion

Appeal

Write the following appeals as instructed:

Question 1.
A student in your college seeks immediate medical help. His parents are unable to afford the huge amount needed for the operation. Prepare an appeal to be put on the college noticeboard requesting the students to donate generously. Take the help of the following points:
– the name of the illness
– the cost of the operation
– how the contributions can be made
Answer:
Maharashtra Board Class 12 English Yuvakbharati Solutions Chapter 3.6 Group Discussion 9

Question 2.
Prepare an appeal based on the information given below:
The Khadi and Village Industries Commission proposes to promote Khadi wear. They would like people to buy and wear Khadi for natural feel and elegant texture. The cloth also promotes good health and ensures quality. They propose to give a special discount on cotton, silk (spun), silk (reeled), woollen and polyvastra varieties of Khadi. Every metre of Khadi purchased by each of you will help provide employment to many.
Answer:
Maharashtra Board Class 12 English Yuvakbharati Solutions Chapter 3.6 Group Discussion 10

Interview

Maharashtra Board Class 12 English Yuvakbharati Solutions Chapter 3.6 Group Discussion 11

Maharashtra Board Class 12 English Yuvakbharati Solutions Chapter 3.6 Group Discussion

Write interview questions based on the given situation:

Question 1.
Imagine that you have to interview a social campaigner of your choice. Frame a set of 8-10 questions to interview him/ her as per the following points :

  • Introducing the guest
  • Background of the campaign
  • Setbacks/Criticism
  • Support/Achievements
  • Dreams/Message

Answer:
Good morning, Ms. Nandita Das! Glad to have you on our show. Your ‘Black is Beautiful’ campaign has been a great success and I think our viewers would like to know something more about it.

  1. Let me begin by asking you the most relevant question first: What had prompted you to take up such a radical campaign?
  2. What were the initial setbacks that you had faced?
  3. Were you apprehensive of the reaction from traditional society?
  4. How do you explain our deep-rooted obsession with skin colour?
  5. Has the Western World changed their attitude of “White supremacy” over the years?
  6. Does this “colour bias” affect the boys as much as the girls?
  7. Who supported you most during the campaign?
  8. Certain print media groups and television channels stopped accepting advertisements for the so called ‘fairness creams’ after your campaign. Do you expect many more such positive initiatives?
  9. Many people, especially young girls, look up to you as their idol. How do you hope to live up to their expectations?
  10. Is there any special message for our youth?

Question 2.
Imagine that yon have to interview the District Medical Officer during the outbreak of a serious epidemic. Frame a set of 8-10 questions to interview him/her as per the following points:

  • introduction
  • the gravity of the situation
  • briefing on technical terms
  • importance of precautions
  • preparedness to combat the disease

Answer:
Today we have with us our DMO to reassure us about the safety measures taken by the district authorities. Good morning Madam! Could you spare a few moments to enlighten our viewers about the unprecedented situation we face now.

  1. Thank you. Let me first ask you how grave is the situation as of now?
  2. There are many new term in currency now as quarantine, self-isolation, tracing contacts, etc. Could you briefly explain these terms for the benefit of our general viewers?
  3. How important is social-distancing in the present scenario?
  4. Should masks to be preserved for the frontline workers or is it a must for each and everyone?
  5. Do we have enough testing kits now?
  6. What is the difference between rapid test and RT-PCR test?
  7. What are the elementary precaution to be taken other than social-distancing and hand- hygiene?
  8. Do you have enough medical staff to tide over such an emergency?
  9. Do we have enough ventilators and ICU beds?
  10. How is the coordination between the various departments of the district administration?

Maharashtra Board Class 12 English Yuvakbharati Solutions Chapter 3.6 Group Discussion

Question 3.
Imagine that you have to interview a “Save the Trees” campaigner. Frame a set of 8-10 questions to interview him/her as per the following points:

  • introduction
  • success so far
  • forest conservation laws
  • attitude of people to climate change
  • factors working for and against the campaign

Answer:
Good evening Sir! I think it is the need of the time that our young generation realize the importance of your campaign. I am very glad to have you on our special “Environment Day” programme.

  1. How do you evaluate the success of your campaign so far?
  2. Do you think that people still show a callous disregard towards the threat of climate change?
  3. Why is there a lack of awareness among our countrymen about the importance of trees?
  4. Why doesn’t the government enforce the forest conservation laws effectively?
  5. What are the substitutes for timber in the construction industry?
  6. Have you ever felt that you are defending a lost cause?
  7. How far does the Indian tradition of worshipping trees help you in your campaign?
  8. Do you get enough funds to carry on your campaign?
  9. Is the younger generation more receptive to environmental issues?
  10. What piece of advice would you like to give to the school children?

Question 4.
Imagine that you have to interview a teacher who has received the President’s award. Prepare a set of 8-10 questions to interview him/her as per the following points:

  • Introducing the guest
  • Feeling during the moment
  • Reason for taking up teaching
  • Contentment/Satisfaction
  • Opinion about young teachers
  • Setback and reward of the profession

Answer:
Good morning Madam! I take it as a great privilege to be with you and have a chat. Thank you very much for sparing your valuable time.

  1. How did you feel during those brief moments with the President?
  2. Do you think that you have lived a complete life and it is time to retire?
  3. At what point of time in your life did you find that teaching is your calling?
  4. Many teachers find teaching a thankless job : What is your opinion about that?
  5. Was there any conflict between your personal life and professional life?
  6. Do you think teaching attracts real talent in this materialistic world?
  7. What, in your view, are the most essential qualities of a teacher?
  8. Do you find the young cro0p of teachers as great promise?
  9. What were the setbacks that you faced in your long career?
  10. How did your students, who are spread far and wide, react to this honour?

Maharashtra Board Class 12 English Yuvakbharati Solutions Chapter 3.6 Group Discussion

E-Mails:

Question 1.
Read the following advertisement and prepare a letter of application to be sent by email. (Do not give your bio-data.)
Situation Vacant
Wanted: A Computer Engineer
Candidate must have passed B.E. in
Computer Engineering.
Experience holder will be preferred.
Write giving details to:
Email: armancon@gmail.com

Sir/Madam,I have recently passed my B.E. in Computer Engineering from J L M Engineering College, Ratnagiri with a pass percentage of 61.1 also have three months of experience developing software for Pragati Electronics in Ratnagiri. The project was for the maintenance of accounts of MHEL Pvt. Ltd.

I do hope that you will consider me for appointment in your esteemed company. I shall be able to arrange my own accommodation in Pune. I anticipate an early call for an interview. My details are in the CV that I have attached.

I assure you of dedicated service, should I be considered for the post.

Yours truly,
XYZ

Blog Writing

A List of Blogging Sites/Apps.
Given below is a list of blogging sites/ apps from where you can begin blogging.

1. https://zapier.com/blog/best-blog-sites/
2. https://www.wpbeginner.com/beginners- guide/how-to-clioose-the-best-blogging- platform/
3. https: / /www. say ansamanta. com/best- android-apps-blogger.html
4. https://www.excellentwebworld.com/latest- blogging-trend/
5. https://www.livejournal.com
6. https:// www.wordpress.com
7. https://www.blogger.com
8. https://www.blogs.myspace.com.

Maharashtra Board Class 12 English Yuvakbharati Solutions Chapter 3.6 Group Discussion

Question 1.
Write blogs on the following topics
Say no to tobacco.
Answer:
Maharashtra Board Class 12 English Yuvakbharati Solutions Chapter 3.6 Group Discussion 12

Question 2.
Man v/s Nature.
Answer:
Maharashtra Board Class 12 English Yuvakbharati Solutions Chapter 3.6 Group Discussion 13

Film Review:

Students are advised to read film reviews that appear in periodicals and online. This will familiarize them with the technical terms and expressions used in reviews.

After viewing a film, attempt to write your own review based on the guidelines given above. It is always a good practice to make a first draft and revise it after some time. This will help you eliminate any personal bias that has distorted the review. Revising the text also enables you to write comprehensive but concise reviews.

Maharashtra Board Class 12 English Yuvakbharati Solutions Chapter 3.6 Group Discussion

The Art of Compering

Imagine that you are a compere of the ‘Annual Day Celebrations’ of your college. Write a script for the same. You can take the help of the following points.

  • Brief introduction
  • Lighting of the Lamp
  • Welcome Speech
  • Speech of the Chief Guest
  • Entertainments
  • Vote of thanks

Answer:
1. Introduction and lighting the lamp: Good evening to all present here today on this special occasion. We have been awaiting this day with great anticipation. And finally here we are gathered to usher in that great day! Let’s begin the function with the lighting of the traditional lamp and I request our honourable Chief Guest Shri Ganesh Narvekar to inaugurate the function by lighting the lamp. [The chief guest together with certain other dignitaries on the dais lit the lamp.]
2. Welcome speech: Next we go to the Welcome Speech. Our respected Principal will now address the audience and welcome the Chief Guest. [Principal’s speech – 8-10 minutes.]
3. Speech of the Chief Guest: Now I request the honourable Chief Guest to take the podium.
[Chief Guest comes to the podium and delivers his speech – about 10 minutes.]
4. Entertainments: Now the curtains will be down for a few moments in preparation for the entertainment programme.
[Curtains down. The chief guest and other dignitaries are ushered to their seats in the audience. Stage is cleared. Curtain raises.]

(a) Now the college orchestra will delight you with their musical programme.
/Musical programme for 45 minutes]
(b) Yes, that was a big round of applause and a greatly deserved one! Let’s move on to our next item. Students of Std. XI will now perform a fusion dance. Welcome them with a warm applause!
[Dance lasts about 30 minutes.]
5. Vote of thanks: Now I call upon our Vice-principal to propose a vote of thanks. [About 2-3 minutes]
Now I thank you all once again. Special thanks to our talented artist-friends who made this evening a memorable one.

Maharashtra Board Class 12 English Yuvakbharati Solutions Chapter 3.5 Drafting a Virtual Message

Balbharti Yuvakbharati English 12th Digest Chapter 3.5 Drafting a Virtual Message Notes, Textbook Exercise Important Questions and Answers.

Maharashtra State Board Class 12 English Yuvakbharati Solutions Chapter 3.5 Drafting a Virtual Message

12th English Digest Chapter 3.5 Drafting a Virtual Message Textbook Questions and Answers

(i) Given below is a two-way communication cycle or the process of communication.

(a) Can you guess the role of the sender and the receiver in this process? What do we encode? What do we decode?

Question 1.
Can you guess the role of the sender and the receiver in this process?
Maharashtra Board Class 12 English Yuvakbharati Solutions Chapter 3.5 Drafting a Virtual Message 1
Answer:
The role of the sender is to transcribe what he/she wants to convey to the receiver in a message. The role of the receiver is to interpret the conveyed message and to grasp its meaning. As messages use commonly accepted components like words, symbols and signs, the receiver generally finds no difficulty in interpreting them. However, the sender must be careful to create a clear message so as to avoid any kind of misinterpretation or misreading.

Maharashtra Board Class 12 English Yuvakbharati Solutions Chapter 3.5 Drafting a Virtual Message

Question 2.
What do we encode?
Answer:
We encode what we want to convey to the I receiver in the form of an unambiguous (clear in meaning) message.

Question 3.
What do we decode?
Answer:
We decode from the message the idea that it conveys by way of interpreting it. A clear message is easy to interpret.

Question (b)
People send messages to others for different purposes. Mention at least five purposes/reasons for which messages are generally sent.
Answer:
1. To inform the receiver about the facts, events, etc.
2. To express feelings like sympathy, solidarity etc.

Maharashtra Board Class 12 English Yuvakbharati Solutions Chapter 3.5 Drafting a Virtual Message

Question (ii)
Given below is a tree-diagram explaining two major types of messages. Complete the blank boxes in the diagram. One is done for you.
Answer:
Maharashtra Board Class 12 English Yuvakbharati Solutions Chapter 3.5 Drafting a Virtual Message 2

(A1)

Question (i)
In pairs, enact the given conversation between Rakesh and Mrs Sarkar.
Answer:

  • Rakesh: Hello, may I speak to Dr Sarkar?
  • Mrs. Sarkar: He has gone to the hospital to attend the OPD. May I know who is speaking? ‘
  • Rakesh: Yes, I am Rakesh Sood. My wife has been having a severe headache since yesterday. Since this morning she has also developed a high temperature. I would be very grateful if the doctor could come over to our place to examine her.
  • Mrs. Sarkar: Of course. Please let me note down your address.
  • Rakesh: It is B-49, New Colony.
  • Mrs. Sarkar: I will give him your message as soon as he returns.
  • Rakesh: Thank you.

Maharashtra Board Class 12 English Yuvakbharati Solutions Chapter 3.5 Drafting a Virtual Message

Question (ii)
Mrs Sarkar had to leave for the school where she teaches. So she wrote a message for her husband. Draft the message in not more than 50 words.
(Students can enact the conversation in class.)
Answer:
22/06 – 9 am
Sumit

One Rakesh Sood staying at B-49, New Colony rang up this morning to say his wife has not been keeping well. She had headache yesterday and has been running a high temperature since this morning. He wanted you to go over their place and attend her at the earliest.

Sunita

Question (iii)
Using information from the dialogue given below, write the message which Amrita left for her brother, Sourajit. (Do not leave out any vital information or add any new information).
Answer:

  • Shekhar: Is this 28473892?
  • Amrita: Yes, May I know who is speaking?
  • Shekhar: I am Shekhar, I want to speak to Sourajit. I am his friend from IHM, Goa.
  • Amrita: I am his sister. Sourajit is not at home at the moment. Can you ring up a little later?
  • Shekhar: I shall be a little busy. Actually, I have got a placement at the Hotel Mumbai, and will have to join with immediate effect.

So right now I am trying to get all the formalities completed. This is the news that I wanted to give Sourajit. Will you do that for me? Also tell him that I will let him know my new cell phone number as soon as I get one.
Amrita: I’ll do that. Bye and all the best. Amrita had to leave for office. So she wrote a note for Sourajit. Draft her message in not more than 50 words.

Maharashtra Board Class 12 English Yuvakbharati Solutions Chapter 3.5 Drafting a Virtual Message

Question (iv)
You are Priyanka, a personal assistant to Ms Sen. She was away attending a meeting when Mr Garg rang up. You spoke to him and jotted down his message in your notepad.
Draft the message for Ms Sen using the information in your notes given below.
Mr Garg – rang up – 5 pm – has received the CDs and the posters – coming tomorrow – to thank Ms Sen and to personally hand over the cheque.
Answer:
5.15 pm [30th Sept.]
Madam,

Mr. Garg rang up at five in the evening while you were away attending the meeting. He said he had received the CDs and posters and would come tomorrow to express his thanks to you. He said he would also hand over the cheque to you personally.

Priyanka
(P.A)

Question (v)
Read the following conversation between Aashna and Mr. Singh.
Answer:
Aashna: Hello, may I speak to Ranajit, please?
I would like to see the notes which our biology teacher gave to the class during my absence.
Mr Singh: I will definitely do that.

Question (vi)
Since Mr Singh had to go for his morning walk he left a message for Ranajit. Draft that message in 50 words.
Answer:
Raj at comes home from school and finds the door locked. Since he has a duplicate key he enters and finds a note from his mother kept on the table. In it she explains that she had to rush to the hospital with Mrs Manohar, their neighbour, who had met with an accident. She has also written that he should have the rice and curry kept on the dining table for lunch. He could heat the food in the microwave oven if he wanted to, but he should be very careful while handling the switch.

Maharashtra Board Class 12 English Yuvakbharati Solutions Chapter 3.5 Drafting a Virtual Message

Question (vii)
Using the information given below, write biology notebook to school today. I was absent from school due to illness. a message which Manu left for his sister. Renu. (Do not add any new information.

The message should not exceed 50 words). Ruhaan rang up – book – reading session – ‘Children Ask Kalam’ – Dr A.P.J. Abdul Kalam – compilation of letters received by him from children and his answers – Oxford Book Store – 8 pm, this evening, – pick you up – 6:30 pm attend reading session together.
Answer:
28th Nov. 2 pm
Renu

Ruhaan rang up to say that there is a book reading session at Oxford Book Store this evening at 8 o’clock. The book is “Children Ask Kalam” – a compilation of letters received by Dr. Kalam and his answers. I will pick you up at 6:30 pm sharp. We will attend it together.

Manu

Question (viii)
Given below is a template tor a message. Imagine you are working as a receptionist in a company and you are supposed to maintain the call record.
Complete the details given in the template for a particular message
Maharashtra Board Class 12 English Yuvakbharati Solutions Chapter 3.5 Drafting a Virtual Message 3
Answer:
Maharashtra Board Class 12 English Yuvakbharati Solutions Chapter 3.5 Drafting a Virtual Message 4

Maharashtra Board Class 12 English Yuvakbharati Solutions Chapter 3.5 Drafting a Virtual Message

Explore:

(a) Browse the net and prepare a tabular column to explain the ‘Dos and Don’ts’ while drafting messages.
(b) Browse the net to find innovative ‘Message Templates’.
(c) Prepare a collection of short messages that are usually drafted and exchanged within the family members to keep them well informed and updated in case of different situations.
(d) Prepare a project titled, ‘The Importance of Messages in Everyday Life’.
(Students may attempt the above on their own.)

Maharashtra Board Class 12 English Yuvakbharati Solutions Chapter 3.4 Statement of Purpose

Balbharti Yuvakbharati English 12th Digest Chapter 3.4 Statement of Purpose Notes, Textbook Exercise Important Questions and Answers.

Maharashtra State Board Class 12 English Yuvakbharati Solutions Chapter 3.4 Statement of Purpose

12th English Digest Chapter 3.4 Statement of Purpose Textbook Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Match the professions with the desired qualities: (The answers are given directly.)
Answer:

  1. Businessman – c. convincing, selling, risk-taking
  2. Artist – d. imaginative, creative, thinking out of
  3. Advocate – e. logical reasoning, oratory, critical thinking.
  4. Police – b. alert, investigative, love for physical activity
  5. Scientist – a. reading, experimenting, researching

Maharashtra Board Class 12 English Yuvakbharati Solutions Chapter 3.4 Statement of Purpose

Question 2.
What is your career goal?
Answer:
My career goal is to be an astronaut.

Question 3.
Which of your qualities would help you in achieving your career goal?
Maharashtra Board Class 12 English Yuvakbharati Solutions Chapter 3.4 Statement of Purpose 1
Answer:
Maharashtra Board Class 12 English Yuvakbharati Solutions Chapter 3.4 Statement of Purpose 2

Question 4.
List the obstacles which might hamper in achieving your goals in life. One is done for you.
Answer:

  1. Lack of proper guidance.
  2. Opposition from family for choosing a strange career.
  3. Lack of knowledge about the career prospects.
  4. Lack of training centres in our country at present.

Maharashtra Board Class 12 English Yuvakbharati Solutions Chapter 3.4 Statement of Purpose

(A1)

Question 1.
Discuss and exchange your views with your partner about your career plan
Answer:

  • My Partner: I think I should now think of a definite career plan. Have you ever thought of a career plan?
  • Myself: Of course! I have a definite plan and I am quite focused on it.
  • My Partner: Would you mind sharing your goals with me?
  • Myself: Why not? You are my friend and you have every right to know it.
  • Myself: I want to be a doctor. It is not that primary school ambition when every one wants to be an engineer or a doctor.
  • My Partner: I wanted to be an airline pilot during those days.
  • Myself: There could be many like you. Those were just fleeting fancies. You just can’t call them career goals.
  • My Partner: Do you think your plan is real and practical?
  • Myself: Surely I do! That’s why I call it my career plan. My whole focus is on it. I work hard to achieve my goal.
  • My Partner: There are many doctors around and I don’t find any particular charm to be one among those ‘white coats’.
  • Myself: Oh, yes! You are free to have your opinions, but whatever I do will have my personal stamp on it. I am unique and I am going to be a unique doctor.
  • My Partner: Is that something like going to the villages barefoot?
  • Myself: Could be that. Perhaps much more than that. You will see it yourself sometime in the future. I am quite steadfast in my resolve.
  • My Partner: Okay, okay. I wish you all the best. I wish I had your will to win.

Maharashtra Board Class 12 English Yuvakbharati Solutions Chapter 3.4 Statement of Purpose

(A2)

Question 1.
You must have decided your aim in life. Which institute/university would you like to join for your diploma/ graduation. Write a Statement of Purpose as a part of your application to the institute/university.
Answer:
I would like to graduate in history from Birkbeck College under the University of London. Given below is my Statement of Purpose attached as part of my application.

Statement of Purpose:

For me, history was just a list of monarchs, a catalogue of wars and a chronicle of dynasties. All this changed when I reached the VUIth standard. I was, then, fortunate to study history under a dynamic teacher. He changed my perspectives. I realized that there is social history and economic history. There is history of science and ideas. The tipping point came when my teacher introduced me to the Bhakti Movement.

I realized that I belong to the land of Saints – Maharashtra. The lives of saints fascinated me. I delved deep into books to know more about their work and time. I read about Sant Namdeo, Sant Dynaneshwar, Sant Eknath, Sant Tukaram and Ramdas Swami. What I gained, of course, was very precious. My fascination with the subject grew by each passing day.

My aim in seeking admission to your college is that you have a very good department in South Asian History. I know that the late eminent historian Eric Hobsbawm taught in your college throughout his career. Likewise, the famous R. J. Evans and Roy Foster were once members among your faculty. So I am hopeful that I would get a chance to learn under world class teachers once I get into your esteemed institution.

My broad plan is to have a sound grounding in the medieval socio-economic history of India during my graduation years and then move on to the Bhakti Movement during my post-graduate studies. Doctoral and post-doctoral research would be focused on the life and work of a single saint.

I am an avid reader. I hope my exposure to saint literature in Marathi would stand me in good stead. I am a state-level chess player. Chess, as per the game theory, is a full information game. Your opponent see on the board as much as you see. However, the patient search for possibilities pay the dividend. The player processes the various permutations and combinations and finally makes that unique move – the winning move! I am sure that I have it in me.

I worked as an amateur research assistant to Dr. Pendse while he was working on his monumental work on the Bhakti Movement. I also have a diploma in “Indexing Books in Humanities”. I earnestly hope that an exposure to the excellent academic atmosphere prevailing in your prestigious institution would bring forth the best in me and thus allow me to contribute my mite to the rich cultural heritage of my land!

Maharashtra Board Class 12 English Yuvakbharati Solutions Chapter 3.4 Statement of Purpose

(A3)

Question 1.
Enrich your vocabulary.
Match the job terms with their meanings.
Maharashtra Board Class 12 English Yuvakbharati Solutions Chapter 3.4 Statement of Purpose 3
Answer:

  1. to be your own boss – (g) to have your own business
  2. a dead-end job – (f) a job with no promotional opportunities
  3. a good team player – (j) someone who can work well with other people
  4. a heavy workload – (h) to have a lot of work to do
  5. a high-powered job – (b) an important/ powerful job
  6. job satisfaction – (i) enjoying your job
  7. manual work – (a) work that requires physical activity
  8. to be stuck in a rut – (e) to be in a boring job that is hard to leave
  9. to be stuck behind a desk – (c) to be unhappy in an office job
  10. a nine-to-five job – (d) a normal job having a duty of 8 hours

(A4)

Question 1.
Read the dialogue given below and fill in the blanks with the appropriate job terms given above.
(The answer parts are underlined.)
Answer:
Varsha: Vivek, what kind of a job are you looking for?
Vivek: Varsha, I want to be my own boss. I don’t like a nine-to-five job. My present job is not challenging. I am stuck behind a desk. I am not afraid of a heavy workload and I am a good team player. Moreover, this is a dead-end job. I am looking for an opportunity to try new winds.

Maharashtra Board Class 12 English Yuvakbharati Solutions Chapter 3.4 Statement of Purpose

A5. Read the personal details given below and prepare a suitable Statement of Purpose:

Question (i)
University of Bath, UK is one of the leading Universities for Business Studies. You belong to a business family – wish to start your own business, carry forward your family business in future. In your junior college you have opted for commerce, scored well in your Std. X Board examination – You made profit in the stall you had put up in the business fair organized by your school/ college. Your hobbies are playing cricket/ hockey – you get along well with people.
Answer:
I belong to a family which had a long tradition in business. My father is a third generation businessman. I grew up meeting relatives who are in some business or the other. Naturally, I have never thought of any pursuit other than business.

My family business is doing quite well but the world of business is changing rapidly. To keep up with the changing times, I must keep abreast of the new developments in the world of business. Hence I aspire for a degree in business studies from an institution of high standing as yours.

I did exceedingly well in my Standard X Board Examination scoring impressive marks in Maths and English. For the junior college I opted commerce as my main stream. Accountancy is my favourite area of study. I feel quite comfortable with the subject because balance sheet analysis, stocks, trade, tariff, etc. have always been the words in currency during any of the family gatherings.

A cool head on his shoulders is a must for a businessman. With an agitated mind you can’t ever take the right decisions. I am cool by nature. I assess the pros and cons with a dispassionate mind. No wonder that I was always made the captain of our cricket team. Cricket being a mind game as well, one needs to make quick and effective decisions. Moreover, one needs to make one’s team mates believe that the decision is theirs! There lies the magic of a team player and leader and so far I have been a great hit at it.

As they say, the proof of the pudding is in the eating. Just thinking that I am endowed with great business acumen would remain a mere boast until I prove it with an example. Luckily I had a great chance coming my way during the business fair organized by our college.

What I proposed was a stall selling helmets. The principal flatly rejected the idea saying that in a college where most of the students are under-18 and are not eligible for a driving licence, it was preposterous to come out with such a bizarre idea. I persisted and somehow got the permission. It was a three-day fair.

On the first day, just as I had expected, many students told me that their siblings and parents do have helmets at home – but they don’t wear it. This was the tipping point. I asked them to bring those unworn helmets the next day. I would compensate for the old ones – they need to pay only the difference for the new ones. (I had already made a tie-up with a second-hand helmet dealer. I offered an environment-friendly bag as well to each prospective buyer.)

Students, especially girls, warmed towards the idea greatly. Being a gift, their brothers or parents just won’t be able to neglect the helmets. The magic word here was ‘gift’; and the sentimental aura surrounding the gesture. The venture clicked. I made a handsome profit. The satisfaction of being instrumental in saving many lives was a bonus.

I know for sure that the case narrated above is not a path-breaking event. But for me, it was an eye-opener. I realized that business is mainly a game based on human psychology. Reading a bit of behavioural economics taught me that not all economic demands stem from rational thought.

Yes, your prestigious institution can offer me what I seek. I seek something more than a degree in business studies. Your esteemed faculty, I hope, will provide me the right exposure I need. I look forward to novel ventures. I want to tread on an unbeaten path. For me, business is not just about making money. It is the thrill of living every moment in the exhilaration of weighing choices and making decisions. For that I need to learn new things. For that I need to get into an institution like yours.

Maharashtra Board Class 12 English Yuvakbharati Solutions Chapter 3.4 Statement of Purpose

Question (ii)
You are an avid animal lover. You have a pet dog and some lovebirds at home. You are extremely fond of them. You have been a member of bird watcher’s club. You have loved going on a safari. You have taken care of orphan animals, or animals who are hurt. In school you loved Biology. You wish to make a career in this field. The University of Cambridge offers an excellent course/ programme which would boost your career. Make a Statement of Purpose which will help you to get admission to this University.
Answer:
Statement of Purpose

I was captivated by the world of animals much early in my life. There are of course, many people around who love animals; but I doubt whether they share the same intensity which I have. I love animals of all softs. I care for animals big and small. I equally love the ones who fly and the ones who crawl.

My parents have been quite supportive of my passion. My collection of lovebirds and the pet dog which I have now are their gifts. I observe my pets and all other animals around me with undiminishing curiosity. Their behaviour fascinates me: Though ‘biology’ has been my favourite subject all along, I never knew that there are courses catering to my specific need. So your biology graduation course with focus on animal behaviour is “the one” I sought after.

I very well know that observation and study of animals demand infinite patience. Many senior members of our “Bird watchers’ club’ usually appreciate my great patience. I also have an eye for detail. Each time I go for a safari, I notice something new. Each time there seems to be a revelation of sort.

If I say I care for my pets that would be just stating the obvious. My love for animals goes beyond boundaries. Any animal suffering or struggling anywhere is my concern. There have been umpteen cases where I took care of and tended orphaned animals; but each case was unique and every one of them is etched in my memory in its vivid detail.

Though my interaction with animals has a long record, my theoretical studies about animals are not much to boast of. I have read the works of Nikolaas Tinbergin, Konrad Lorenz. Karl Von Frich and Ivan Pavlov – all pioneers in the field of animal behaviour. Nevertheless, I know that a lot has been happening of late. Moreover, I wish to learn the discipline in an organized way. And your esteemed institution is “the place” for it. I am hopeful that I will be able to contribute something significant to the field I love most.

Maharashtra Board Class 12 English Yuvakbharati Solutions Chapter 3.4 Statement of Purpose

(A6)

Question 1.
Browse different websites and find out the universities offering best courses in life Sciences, Arts, Sports, Music, Engineering and medicine. Collect and share any other additional information related to the course which seems important.
(Students may attempt this on their own.)

Maharashtra Board Class 12 English Yuvakbharati Solutions Chapter 3.3 Note-Making

Balbharti Yuvakbharati English 12th Digest Chapter 3.3 Note-Making Notes, Textbook Exercise Important Questions and Answers.

Maharashtra State Board Class 12 English Yuvakbharati Solutions Chapter 3.3 Note-Making

12th English Digest Chapter 3.3 Note-Making Textbook Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Complete the web.
Maharashtra Board Class 12 English Yuvakbharati Solutions Chapter 3.3 Note-Making 1
Answer:
Maharashtra Board Class 12 English Yuvakbharati Solutions Chapter 3.3 Note-Making 2

Maharashtra Board Class 12 English Yuvakbharati Solutions Chapter 3.3 Note-Making

Question 2.
Discuss in groups why you take notes.
Maharashtra Board Class 12 English Yuvakbharati Solutions Chapter 3.3 Note-Making 3
Answer:
Maharashtra Board Class 12 English Yuvakbharati Solutions Chapter 3.3 Note-Making 4

Better notes will help you remember concepts, develop meaningful learning skills and gain better understanding of a topic. Discuss in groups different styles or methods you use in your note-making/taking. For example, to underlining iportant facts.
(We have given here a few of the methods employed in Note-making/Note-taking in blank formats. Students may experiment and find out the most useful method/ methods on their own. The selection of method largely depends upon the personal trait, taste and talent of j each individual student.)

Question 3.
Now let’s complete the following diagram that represents Prana and its elements: (The answers are given directly. For the relevant article, refer to page 149 of the textbook.)
Maharashtra Board Class 12 English Yuvakbharati Solutions Chapter 3.3 Note-Making 5
Answer:
Maharashtra Board Class 12 English Yuvakbharati Solutions Chapter 3.3 Note-Making 6

Example: Transfer the above information in the form of a table:
(Answers are given directly and underlined)
Bodily process

Doshas Associated with Characteristics Imbalance causes
Vata air and aether energetic nervous
Pitta fire and water strong digestion aggression
Kapha water and earth slow greed

Maharashtra Board Class 12 English Yuvakbharati Solutions Chapter 3.3 Note-Making

(A1)

Question 1.
Read the following passage carefully and complete the activities.

(A2)

Question 1.
Read the passage given on page 151 of the textbook and complete the following points with the help of the above text. (Give a suitable title.)
The Perils of self-medication
Answer:
Maharashtra Board Class 12 English Yuvakbharati Solutions Chapter 3.3 Note-Making 7
Maharashtra Board Class 12 English Yuvakbharati Solutions Chapter 3.3 Note-Making 8

Yuvakbharati English 12th Digest Chapter 3.3 Note-Making Additional Important Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Cornell Two-column notes
Answer:
(Blank format)
Maharashtra Board Class 12 English Yuvakbharati Solutions Chapter 3.3 Note-Making 9

Maharashtra Board Class 12 English Yuvakbharati Solutions Chapter 3.3 Note-Making

Outlining method:

Question 1.
In Outlining method, you put the main idea/topic closest to the left side of your page as headers. Then use indentations (i.e. to leave space as if you begin a new paragraph and moving to the right each time) to arrange the related points one after the other.

Blank format:
Keyword:
• This is the main division.
• This is a sub-division.
• This is a supporting fact.
Keyword :
• This is the main topic.
• This is a sub-topic.
• This is an argument in support.

Box and Bullet method:

In this, a box is drawn for every main idea. Under each box are supporting points written against bullet points.
Blank format:
Title:
Author:
Central idea -1
______________
______________
______________

Central idea – 2
______________
______________
______________

Question 2.
Table:
Answer:

Term Meaning Additional information
Tax avoidance Arranging one’s financial affairs to reduce tax It is legal.
Tax evasion Filing false returns or failing to file returns It is illegal. It is a punishable offence.
Taxable income Part of income that is liable to tax. Can be reduced by allowing deductions.
Tax assessment Determination of the amount of tax Tax payers file returns.

Maharashtra Board Class 12 English Yuvakbharati Solutions Chapter 3.3 Note-Making

Pie Chart:

Question 1.
Pie Chart showing the land use in India.
Answer:
Maharashtra Board Class 12 English Yuvakbharati Solutions Chapter 3.3 Note-Making 10

Bar Graph:

Question 1.
Bar Graph showing the Organ Donation Pattern in India (By a Study Group)
Answer:
Maharashtra Board Class 12 English Yuvakbharati Solutions Chapter 3.3 Note-Making 11

Maharashtra Board Class 12 English Yuvakbharati Solutions Chapter 3.3 Note-Making

Line Graph:

Question 1.
Line Graph showing the price of motorbikes and the corresponding sales
Answer:
Maharashtra Board Class 12 English Yuvakbharati Solutions Chapter 3.3 Note-Making 12

Conclusion:

Organizing the notes is an essential component of Note-making or Note-taking. Students must remember that the ‘notes’ are for further use. If you fail to make any sense of your ‘notes’ later, the very purpose of Note-taking and Note-making is defeated. So the use of proper headings and sub-headings are very important. You must judiciously use numbers and letters for the sub-topics and derived points. Underlining and using asterisk (*) will help you to identify the main points at a glance. Above all, the method and style of Note-taking/Note-making should be in tune with your personal propensity of ordering things.

Maharashtra Board Class 12 English Yuvakbharati Solutions Chapter 3.2 Do Schools Really Kill Creativity?

Balbharti Yuvakbharati English 12th Digest Chapter 3.2 Do Schools Really Kill Creativity? (Mind-Mapping) Notes, Textbook Exercise Important Questions and Answers.

Maharashtra State Board Class 12 English Yuvakbharati Solutions Chapter 3.2 Do Schools Really Kill Creativity? (Mind-Mapping)

12th English Digest Chapter 3.2 Do Schools Really Kill Creativity? Textbook Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Observe the given figure and complete the activities that follow:
Maharashtra Board Class 12 English Yuvakbharati Solutions Chapter 3.2 Do Schools Really Kill Creativity 1
(a) Replace the ‘main idea’ by any other thought or title of your own.
(b) Add three supporting ideas to the main idea as their branches.
(c) Add two ideas to one of the branches that explains the meaning of the branch.
Answer:
Maharashtra Board Class 12 English Yuvakbharati Solutions Chapter 3.2 Do Schools Really Kill Creativity 2

Maharashtra Board Class 12 English Yuvakbharati Solutions Chapter 3.2 Do Schools Really Kill Creativity?

Question 2.
Complete the given blank spaces/balloons with your ideas in the figure that describes your basic preparation for the HSC Board Examination. Also complete the activities that follows:
Maharashtra Board Class 12 English Yuvakbharati Solutions Chapter 3.2 Do Schools Really Kill Creativity 3
Answer:
Maharashtra Board Class 12 English Yuvakbharati Solutions Chapter 3.2 Do Schools Really Kill Creativity 4

Activity:

Complete a similar type of detailed graphical figure in your own style showing the thoughts/ ideas/concepts that keep on generating in your mind and then you choose a particular style/design or a graphical representation to describe the same idea/facts/situations – then this type of presentation can be called ‘Mind – Mapping.’
Use different shapes, arrows, lines, connectors, balloons, boxes, curved arrows, callouts, scribbles, scrolls, explosions, etc. to describe your point of view.

For example:
Maharashtra Board Class 12 English Yuvakbharati Solutions Chapter 3.2 Do Schools Really Kill Creativity 5

Maharashtra Board Class 12 English Yuvakbharati Solutions Chapter 3.2 Do Schools Really Kill Creativity 6

Maharashtra Board Class 12 English Yuvakbharati Solutions Chapter 3.2 Do Schools Really Kill Creativity?

(A1)

Question 1.
Study the tabular column given on page 141 of the Textbook. In pairs, tell your partner the importance of each one: (The first one is given here as an example. Students may attempt 2 to 8 on their own in a manner akin to the one given below.) Enhance activities with Mind-Mapping.
Maharashtra Board Class 12 English Yuvakbharati Solutions Chapter 3.2 Do Schools Really Kill Creativity 7
Answer:

  • Student A: How does mind – mapping help us?
  • Student B: It helps us see an overall picture.
  • Student A: Would you kindly explain it a bit more?
  • Student B: See, as one would expect, mind – mapping conveys the whole idea through hierarchy and relationships.
  • Student A: By the way, what is ‘hierarchy’?
  • Student B: Hierarchy is a system in which classes, status, authority, etc. are ranked one above the other.
  • Student A: I think I’ve got it. With the help of mind – mapping we ‘maps out’ the points beginning from the more important ones and going on to the less important ones.
  • Student B: Exactly! It is a sort of branching out. What I find exciting is that the ‘mapping out’ originates from our brain quite spontaneously.
  • Student A: Being the creators we grasp it fully, don’t we?
  • Student B: Yes, we do. Now you got it fully right!

(A2)

Question 1.
Given below is a ‘Mind – Mapping’ template. Use your ideas/thoughts/concepts to illustrate/develop them. (Develop your ideas in the form of main branch, sub-branches and tertiary branches respectively).
Maharashtra Board Class 12 English Yuvakbharati Solutions Chapter 3.2 Do Schools Really Kill Creativity 8
Also, write a paragraph on the mind map you have completed.
Answer:
Maharashtra Board Class 12 English Yuvakbharati Solutions Chapter 3.2 Do Schools Really Kill Creativity 9
The above given figure is my Mind Map about infectious diseases. The four main ideas are the Spread, Precautions, Treatment and Containment of such infectious diseases. The best way to check the spread of infection is the practice of personal hygiene and social distancing. Maintenance of proper civic sense is called upon from each citizen. Containing the disease becomes a challenge when diseases like COVID-19 breaks out. Lack of vaccine or specific medicine makes the situation very grave. Self-isolation, quarantine, and in extreme situations, Lockdown, etc. are practised to curtail the community spread of the contagion.

A sudden spike in the cases put great strain on the health care system. Authorities try to circumvent the spike by flattening the curve of the spike. Whenever there is a pandemic, it is the duty of the citizens to help the authorities by obeying all the directives.

Maharashtra Board Class 12 English Yuvakbharati Solutions Chapter 3.2 Do Schools Really Kill Creativity?

(A3)

Question 1.
Develop a ‘Mind – Mapping’ frame/design to show the development in your personality seen with yourself in the last 5 years. You can take the help of the following points in order to develop each of them into further branches:
(Development in Physique, Self-learning Process, Communication Skills, Social Awareness, Family Responsibility)
Answer:

Development in physique Self-learning process Communication skills Social awareness Family responsibility
A sense of parting with childhood Began to assess the children around me critically An awareness of what I speak and how I speak Still confined to my small world of family and friends Took everything for granted and never bothered about the resources of my family
An earnest desire to join the club of grown-ups A great quest to know more about the world around me Censure of incorrect and impolite utterances Exposure to print and electronic media opened up a ne w world Slow realisation of the hardships of my parents in educating me
A surge in physical energy An enhanced sense of body ownership An earnest desire to impress others with my speech Exploration of the world around me and my place in it Sibling rivalry to my younger sister gave way to a sense of protective care
Interest in sports which are aggressive and dangerous A sense of bonding with society Started diary writing and found my skills wanting Realization that I am not an island floating in the ocean of humanity Resolved to do well in academics
Realization of the passing of adolescence and being an adult A yearning to invent or discover something new Level-headed effort to improve my speaking and writing skills Still trying to figure out the nature of my social commitment Hope to take great care of my parents in their old age

(A4)

Question 1.
Develop a ‘Mind – Mapping’ frame/design to show the ‘Benefits of games and sports’ to the students. You can take the help of the following points in order to develop each of them into further branches:
(Fitness and stamina, team spirit and sportsmanship, group behaviour, killer’s instinct, will to win)
Answer:
Maharashtra Board Class 12 English Yuvakbharati Solutions Chapter 3.2 Do Schools Really Kill Creativity 10

Maharashtra Board Class 12 English Yuvakbharati Solutions Chapter 3.2 Do Schools Really Kill Creativity?

(A5)

Browse the internet to know the following:

Question 1.
Different Frames/Designs on Mind – Mapping :
(One example is given below. Students may browse the internet to find more.)
Answer:
Spidergram.
Maharashtra Board Class 12 English Yuvakbharati Solutions Chapter 3.2 Do Schools Really Kill Creativity 11

Question 2.
Benefits of Mind – Mapping:
Answer:
Mind – Mapping is an effective tool that helps us capture the logical thinking process that goes on in our mind. It enables us to put pieces of information in the proper slots. The gathered pieces of information then assume a compact and condensed format which can be committed to memory with vividness and clarity. Mind – Mapping also helps generate a stream of creative ideas. The speed and spontaneity of Mind – Mapping proves to be a great advantage during brainstorming sessions.

Question 3.
Uses of Mind – Mapping in note-taking:
Answer:
Mind – Mapping is a creative way of note-taking. We do not remain just passive listeners noting down points mechanically. On the contrary, Mind – Mapping helps us put our creative selves in the process. Thus, we become the co-producers of the information. Using Mind – Mapping in note-taking also enables us to structure the information to suit our natural inclinations of arrangement.

Maharashtra Board Class 12 English Yuvakbharati Solutions Chapter 3.2 Do Schools Really Kill Creativity?

Question 4.
Difference between Mind – Mapping and Concept Mapping:
Answer:
A Concept map is a diagram that shows the suggested relationships among concepts. Concept maps, unlike the Mind maps, allow more divergence due to their multiple hubs and clusters. Mind maps are often restricted to radial hierarchies and tree structures. Another feature that distinguishes Mind map from a Concept map is that in a Mind map the basic idea is embodied in the centre image and the main themes radiate from the centre as branches. This, then branches off further as twigs.

Maharashtra Board Class 12 English Yuvakbharati Solutions Chapter 3.1 Summary Writing

Balbharti Yuvakbharati English 12th Digest Chapter 3.1 Summary Writing Notes, Textbook Exercise Important Questions and Answers.

Maharashtra State Board Class 12 English Yuvakbharati Solutions Chapter 3.1 Summary Writing

12th English Digest Chapter 3.1 Summary Writing Textbook Questions and Answers

Discuss in pairs and guess the correct alternative for the following:

Question 1.
To summarize means …………… .
(a) Put information in chronological order.
(b) To recapitulate the main points in selection
(c) To introduce new information
(d) To write one’s opinion about selection
Answer:
(b) To recapitulate the main points in selection

Maharashtra Board Class 12 English Yuvakbharati Solutions Chapter 3.1 Summary Writing

Question 2.
The type of summary that consists of a paragraph to express the main idea is …………… .
(a) Outline
(b) Report
(c) Synopsis
(d) Written summary
Answer:
(d) Written summary

Question 3.
There are various ways of incorporating other writers’ works into your own writing. They differ according to the closeness of your writing to the source writing. Match the ways of writing in brief given in column (A) with their descriptions in column (B):
Maharashtra Board Class 12 English Yuvakbharati Solutions Chapter 3.1 Summary Writing 1
Answer:

  1. Summarizing – (e) It includes main ideas into one’s own words.
  2. Paraphrasing – (f) It must be identical to the original and match the document word by word.
  3. Precis writing – (d) It includes taking broader segment of the source and condensing it slightly.
  4. Quoting – (a) It includes not just the main idea but every detail expressed clearly and to the point.
  5. Editing – (b) It includes selection of proper lines from the given text for correction, condensation and organization.
  6. Gist writing – (c) It includes the most essential part or the crux of the matter.

Maharashtra Board Class 12 English Yuvakbharati Solutions Chapter 3.1 Summary Writing

(A1)

Question 1.
Complete the following as instructed:
Read the passage and write its summary according to the given steps:
Answer:
Use the following steps for summary writing:
Step 1: Read the article twice.
Step 2: The purpose of writing – To tell the reader about the interesting communication methods among birds and mammals.
Step 3: Identify the main idea – Surprising examples of communication methods among birds and mammals.
Steps 4 and 5: Write the first draft: Revise your first draft and edit it.
(Students may attempt this on their own.)
Step 5: Write the final draft (Given overleaf.)

(A2)

(ii) Avoid adverbs:
Delete the adverbs in italics and rewrite:

Question (a)
“That’s usually a good thing to do.”
Answer:
“That’s a good thing to do.”

Maharashtra Board Class 12 English Yuvakbharati Solutions Chapter 3.1 Summary Writing

Question (b)
“That’s fairly good coffee.”
Answer:
“That’s good coffee.”

Question (c)
“I totally agree.”
Answer:
“I agree.”

Question (d)
“Actually I disagree.”
Answer:
“I disagree.”

Question (iii)
One word substitution:
Find examples similar to those given in the textbook and make a list:
Answer:

  1. friendly relationship in which people understand well : rapport (pronounced as ‘rappo’)
  2. able to cause death: fatal
  3. seize by way of penalty: confiscate
  4. someone who goes into buildings in order to steal: burglar
  5. the principal character in a play or a story: protagonist
  6. the path described by an object moving in air: trajectory
  7. a person regarded as a symbol: icon
  8. a person who knows many languages: polyglot
  9. a badly behaved child: brat
  10. a period of ten years: decade
  11. a persistent increase in the general level of prices: inflation
  12. organisation of supplies and services for any, complex operation : logistics
  13. extremely careful about details: meticulous
  14. not harmful or offensive: innocuous
  15. present, appearing or found everywhere: ubiquitous

Maharashtra Board Class 12 English Yuvakbharati Solutions Chapter 3.1 Summary Writing

(ii) Change the following sentences into simple:

Question (a)
Mr. Rohit is the member and he is also the director.
Answer:
Mr. Rohit is the member and also the director.

Question (b)
The room is so small that it cannot accommodate many people.
Answer:
The room is too small to accommodate many people.

Question (c)
You have to prove that you are innocent.
Answer:
You have to prove your innocence.

Question (d)
He was late so he walked in a great hurry.
Answer:
Being late, he walked in a great hurry.

Maharashtra Board Class 12 English Yuvakbharati Solutions Chapter 3.1 Summary Writing

(A4)

Question (i)
Read any book of your choice and write its summary according to the steps explained in the chapter.

Question (ii)
Find some professions that require the skill of summary writing and editing. Write them
in your notebook.

Yuvakbharati English 12th Digest Chapter 3.1 Summary Writing Additional Important Questions and Answers

Question (i)
Cut redundant words:
Write five examples of redundant words:
Answer:

  1. puzzling mystery = ‘mystery’
  2. connect together = ‘connect’
  3. divide into two equal halves = ‘divide into halves
  4. surrounded on all sides = ‘surrounded’
  5. return back = ‘return’

Maharashtra Board Class 12 English Yuvakbharati Solutions Chapter 2.8 Small Towns and Rivers

Balbharti Yuvakbharati English 12th Digest Chapter 2.8 Small Towns and Rivers Notes, Textbook Exercise Important Questions and Answers.

Maharashtra State Board Class 12 English Yuvakbharati Solutions Chapter 2.8 Small Towns and Rivers

12th English Digest Chapter 2.8 Small Towns and Rivers Textbook Questions and Answers

Question (i)
Most of the civilizations have flourished on the banks of the rivers. Discuss the reasons in the class.
Points:
(a) Availability of water
(b) Fertile soil for agriculture
(c) Fishing ground
(d) Transport

Maharashtra Board Class 12 English Yuvakbharati Solutions Chapter 2.8 Small Towns and Rivers

Question (ii)
Write down the names of the famous cities that are situated on the banks of the rivers given below.
Answer:

River City
Ganga Varanasi
Yamuna Mathura
Godavari Rajahmundry
Varada Sagara
Krishna Vijayawada
Tapi Surat

Question (iii)
Write down the names of the rivers on the banks of which following cities have prospered:
Answer:

City River
London Thames
Cairo Nile
New York Hudson
Paris Siene

Question (iv)
Divide your class into groups and discuss the changes that might have taken place when the cities grow on the banks of the rivers.
Points: Dwellings are built – Population grows – Fishing flourishes – Outsiders come to settle – Trading takes place – Prosperity increases – Increased population, trade, traffic and fishing begin to harm the river system – River system shows damage – River starts to decay

Maharashtra Board Class 12 English Yuvakbharati Solutions Chapter 2.8 Small Towns and Rivers

Question (v)
Share your views in the class on the topic ‘Conservation of Rivers and Development of the Cities.’
(Students may list their own points of views.)

(A1)

Question 1.
State the importance of Nature in the lives of the people from the North-eastern part of India as expressed in the poem with reference to:
(a) Flowers
(b) River
(c) Bamboo
(d) East
Answer:
(a) Flowers – Tuberoses are woven into wreaths to be placed on the body of a departed as a mark of love and respect.
Sole: Most of the textual ‘Wh’ questions are converted to Activity Format.
(b) River: The people believe the river has a soul. They respect their rivers and even revere it as divine as its waters are immortal.
(c) Bamboo: The poet says ‘in the cool bamboo’. The colour is a cool green. The place where the bamboo grows is also cool.
(d) East: The direction of sunrise is very important for the people of Arunachal Pradesh. They ensure the dead are placed pointing west so that their soul directly enters the golden house of the sun. They believe that finally souls must attain the sun’s abode in the east.

(A2)

Question (i)
The poet has described her small town in Arunachal Pradesh. Pick out from the extract, the lines that describe the poet’s town.
Answer:
1. ‘My hometown lies calmly amidst the trees’,
2. ‘it is always the same In summer and winter With the dust flying Or the wind howling down the gorge’

Maharashtra Board Class 12 English Yuvakbharati Solutions Chapter 2.8 Small Towns and Rivers

Question (ii)
Make a list of natural elements mentioned in the extract.
Answer:
trees, winter, summer, wind, tuberoses, life, land, river, fish, stars

Question (iii)
‘The river has a soul.’ Elaborate the concept in your words as the poet has explained in the extract.
Answer:
When the poet says ‘The river has a soul’ she personifies the river. The river flows with great force – ‘like a torrent of grief. The river flowing with great force can be like a person pouring out grief in a storm of emotion. The river also seems to be holding its breath, maybe because it is choking with filth. There are no fishes. It is not clear and sparkling. So the poet says -‘I think it holds its breath seeking a land of fish and stars’.

Question (iv)
The poet is convinced with the thought of immortality of water. Pick out the relevant lines from the extract.
Answer:
‘The river has a soul’.

(v) The poet has used some unconventional expressions. Illustrate them in your words.

Question (a)
‘Torrent of grief.
Answer:
The poet describes the river flowing in summer with great speed. Just like someone becomes emotional in great sadness, the force of the water seems to be like the outpouring of sorrow of the river.

Maharashtra Board Class 12 English Yuvakbharati Solutions Chapter 2.8 Small Towns and Rivers

Question (vi)
The poet has connected the need to preserve Nature with the belief of particular community and her childhood memories. Write down the measures you would take to convince the people regarding the need to conserve the Nature.
Answer:
We have to make people at large realize that we are a part of the nature not apart from the nature. Saving nature is to save ourselves, To bring about this realization I can address my steps to two sections. The first would be the children. Saving water would be the first thing to teach children. Story-telling, poems, songs, games, cartoons and can easily bring the conservation ideas to young minds. I would take my ideas to schools, parks, malls and try to spread this to the young ones.

The other section is of course the adult public across economic and social levels. The well- off people must not be careless if they can afford to pay bills they can waste resources.

I will do everything possible. I will use social media to spread various messages/ mottos.

(A3)

Question (i)
Write down the expressions related to ‘the seasons’ from the extract.
Answer:
1. Summer or winter
2. ‘in the summer’

Question (ii)
Match column ‘A’ with column ‘B’.

A B
1. cool
2. happy
3. dreadful
4. dry
(a) silence
(b) earth
(c) bamboo
(d) pictures

Answer:

  1. cool-bamboo
  2. happy – pictures
  3. dreadful – silence
  4. dry-earth

Maharashtra Board Class 12 English Yuvakbharati Solutions Chapter 2.8 Small Towns and Rivers

(A4)

Question (i)
Read the expression ‘a sad wreath of tuberoses’.
‘Is the wreath sad?’ Explain the figure of speech.
Answer:
The figure of speech is transferred epithet. The sad mourners have placed the wreath of tuberoses on the dead. The emotion of sadness has been transferred to the flowers for effect.

Question (ii)
List and explain the metaphorical expressions from the extract.
Answer:
1. ‘torrent of grief’. The river sweeps along with great speed as if it is pouring out sorrow.
2. ‘Wind howling down the gorge’. The wind blowing through the narrow gorges creates a sound exactly like howling.
3. ‘The river has a soul’. The river is spoken of as a living being, a human.
4. ‘It holds its breath’. The river may be choking with debris and filth.

Question (iii)
‘The river has a soul.’
‘Life and death.’
These are the two expressions that are repeated in the poem; but both of them indicate different figures of speech. Find out and discuss.
Answer:
(a) ‘Life and death’
In the first usage it is used as antithesis, to emphasise the beginning and end.
In the second instance it is irony to indicate that neither life nor death is permanent. Ironically the rituals are permanent.
(b) ‘The river has a soul’
In the first instance it is used to personify the river. Several human-like qualities are attributed to the river,
= it cuts through the land
= it is cascading in grief
= it holds its breath
= it seeks a land

Maharashtra Board Class 12 English Yuvakbharati Solutions Chapter 2.8 Small Towns and Rivers

Question (iv)
Find out the beauty of the free verse reflected in this poem.
Answer:
“Small Towns and Rivers’ is written in free- verse. Since there are irregular lengths of lines and no rhyme, the reading of the poem is almost like a story-telling. Each stanza has a different number of lines and there is no order for mixing up the short and long lines.

The poem is not confined by an obvious rhythm so we feel there is a kind of freedom.We are free to imagine the widespread setting of the North-eastern terrain of mountains and rivers, mists, golden sunlight and the town by the river.

(A5)

Question (i)
Prepare the arguments for group discussion on the topic
‘A balanced progress never harms the Nature’.
For:

  • Growth should be planned to take place in stages
  • Planning vital for the growth
  • Sustainability must be ensured
  • Pros and cons of the damage to environment must be weighed
  • Short-term gains in progress must not harm long-term eco-factors

Against:

  • Growth must not be halted for issues of environment
  • Costs will go up due to delays
  • Delays in progress will slow down economy and employment
  • Slowdown in economy will cause public to protest
  • Sacrifices have to be made – one can’t have the cake and eat it too.

Maharashtra Board Class 12 English Yuvakbharati Solutions Chapter 2.8 Small Towns and Rivers

Question (ii)
Compose 4 to 6 lines on ‘Gift of the Seasons’.
Answer:
Gift of the Seasons
Each season brings a sweetly wrapt gift;
We can gift her back : no water pollution in
the season of the Sun.
No air pollution when
The rains come down.
And no degradation the rest of the year!

Question (iii)
Write an appreciation of the poem ‘Small Towns and Rivers’. Use the points given below:

  • About the poem/poet/title
  • Theme
  • Poetic devices, language, style
  • Special features – tone and type
  • Values, message
  • Your opinion about the poem

Answer:
The poem ‘Small Towns and Rivers’ written by Mamang Dai is a beautiful word-picture. It is also a lament of the poet about her beautiful native land of Arunachal Pradesh.

This theme shows in the way she begins the poem that small towns remind her of death. It is shocking. She implies the town is unchanging in all weathers, but development comes along and changes everything. There is irony in that the cycle of life and death shows that life is not permanent, but the rituals are permanent.

She uses metaphor that the rivers are not only alive like us humans, but actually immortal. She personifies the river by way the river ‘holds its breath’ because it is choking. It is flowing in search of a place where it will flow clean and clear. The poet uses metaphor of the water-cycle to illustrate the river has a soul and its waters are immortal.

The poet builds a climax with ‘shrine of happy’ childhood memories. This becomes growing up -‘grow with anxiety’. Then she speaks of how the dead are placed pointing west so the soul can ascend directly into the sun’s golden home in the east. This tells us about the traditions of her region.

The poem is in free verse and seems to be in easy language, but we can understand the full depth of meaning only after reading it more than once. The poem is a lament about the destruction of nature for development. We all will feel the sorrow of the poet when we read about how nature’s beauty is damaged for man’s greed called ‘progress’.

Maharashtra Board Class 12 English Yuvakbharati Solutions Chapter 2.8 Small Towns and Rivers

Question (iv)
Write a dialogue between two friends on ‘Importance of the rivers’
Answer:
Priya: Jai, it goes without saying that fresh, clean water is essential for humans and nature to survive. Rivers are precious sources of fresh drinking water for people across the world. And when rivers are so badly polluted by industry or by poor water management practices, it can be a case of life-or-death. This unfortunately happens across the world.

Jai: Yes Priya. Freshwater habitats account for some of the richest biodiversity in the world, and rivers are a vital, vibrant ecosystem for many species. Only those who live by the river know about this wealth of nature. Those who live far away and damaging the system with the poisons are not aware.

Priya: People depend on rivers for their way of life and their livelihoods. From fishing to agriculture, the way our waterways are managed has a direct impact on people’s lives. There are millions of people who follow their ancestors’ way of living and earning a livelihood. But modern technology has wrecked the very source of these.

Jai: Rivers are absolutely vital: for fresh drinking water, for people’s livelihoods and for nature. Unfortunately, they’re still threatened. We must commit to recovering freshwater biodiversity, restoring natural river flows and cleaning up polluted water for people and nature to thrive.
Priya: Yes Jai. I agree. It is the crying need of the day.

(A6)

Question (i)
Collect information about rivers in Maharashtra.

Maharashtra Board Class 12 English Yuvakbharati Solutions Chapter 2.8 Small Towns and Rivers

Question (ii)
Further reading:
‘The River Poems’ – Mamang Dai
‘The World Is Too Much With Us’ – William Wordsworth

Yuvakbharati English 12th Digest Chapter 2.8 Small Towns and Rivers Additional Important Questions and Answers

Read the extract and complete the activities given below:

Global Understanding:

Question 1.
Describe the river in the 3rd stanza.
Answer:
The river flows with great force -‘like a torrent’-. The river has life and soul. It breathes. But it seems as if the river is holding its breath. It seems to be in search of fishes which will live in it and stars which will be reflected in its waters.

Maharashtra Board Class 12 English Yuvakbharati Solutions Chapter 2.8 Small Towns and Rivers

Question 2.
What is meant by immortality?
Answer:
Immortality means the ability to live forever, without death.

Question 3.
Give reasons-The dead are placed pointing to the west.
Answer:
The people of Arunachal Pradesh believe that it will be possible for the soul of the departed person enter ‘the house of the sun’. They hope the soul will be able to ‘walk into the golden east’. So they place the dead (with feet) pointing to the west.

Question 4.
The poet has described her small town in Arunachal Pradesh. Pick out from the extract the lines that describe the poet’s town.
Answer:

  1. The town has ‘A shrine of happy pictures’ to mark the days of childhood.
  2. Small towns grow with anxiety for the future.
  3. Like her town, ‘small towns’ are ‘by the river’.
  4. Make a list of natural elements mentioned in the extract.

Maharashtra Board Class 12 English Yuvakbharati Solutions Chapter 2.8 Small Towns and Rivers

Question 5.
Make a list of natural elements mentioned in the extract.
Answer:
River, Earth, Mountaintops, Sun, Sunlight, Bamboo

Question 6.
The poet is convinced with the thought of immortality of water. Pick out the relevant lines from the extract.
Answer:
1. The river has a soul.
2. from the first drop of rain to dry earth
3. mist on the mountaintops
4. the immortality of water.

Interpretation/Inference/Analysis:

Question 1.
The land of fish and stars.
Answer:
The poet says she thinks the river is holding its breath. One has to hold one’s breath when he/she is unable to breathe or does not want to breathe. The river may be choking with garbage and is not able to breathe. The river may be stinking and may not be able to breathe.

As the river is so filthy there are no fish. It is dirty; the water is not sparkling in the day and cannot reflect the stars at night. So the river is in search of a land where there it can flow clean, it will have fish and where its clear water will sparkle in the sun and glitter with stars at night.

Question 2.
The river has a soul.’ Elaborate the concept in your words as the poet has explained in the extract.
Answer:
The poet states the river has a soul. The soul is deathless. The water that flows in the river came from the drops of rain. The water evaporated, rose as mist to the mountaintops. Then it formed clouds and poured down as rain to the dry earth and flowed again. Thus the river goes on, immortal, deathless.

Maharashtra Board Class 12 English Yuvakbharati Solutions Chapter 2.8 Small Towns and Rivers

Question 3.
The poet has used some unconventional expressions. Illustrate them in your words. Illustrate them in your words. Shrine of happy pictures
Answer:
There is a shrine probably in the town which has pictures inside. The pictures may be those of the happy moments experienced by the people in the town. Those memories are so sacred that it is a shrine to them. They protect and guard it because they have only sad and grim things happening at present.

Personal Response:

Question 1.
Rivers are our lifeline. They are an extremely important part of the eco-system and even considered sacred. Many major rivers and smaller ones have been misused and almost destroyed. Write down how we can restore our rivers to their original state.
Answer:
The condition of rivers worldwide is horrific. Everything from industrial chemical-waste to garbage is being thrown into rivers. Melted snow or the rainwater from springs come down from hills and mountains as sweet water for our survival. Polluting this is a crime against humanity.

Strict laws should be made and enforced to stop industrial activity near rivers. Wastes from industry, city, town or village must not reach the river. Only channels of rainwater must be allowed to reach the river. Awareness should be created for maintaining cleanliness along the banks.

In the olden days lakes, water bodies were considered precious and were guarded, Houses had wells. But people have lost the respect for water sources. Rivers are treated as sewage channels. Fines and punishments must be imposed and security put in for safeguarding our beautiful rivers.

Maharashtra Board Class 12 English Yuvakbharati Solutions Chapter 2.8 Small Towns and Rivers

Poetic Creativity:

Question 1.
Compose 4 to 6 lines on ‘River’.
Answer:
The River is our Mother

Like a mother the river soothes us.
When dying of thirst she revives us.
When tired and dirty she cleans us.
When growing our grain she waters the green.
Why! Oh why can’t we keep her clean!