Prasanna

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Class 10 Maths Solutions covers the Practice Set 3.5 Geometry 10th Class Maths Part 2 Answers Solutions Chapter 3 Circle.

Practice Set 3.5 Geometry 10th Std Maths Part 2 Answers Chapter 3 Circle

Question 1.
In the adjoining figure, ray PQ touches the circle at point Q. PQ = 12, PR = 8, find PS and RS.
Solution:
i. Ray PQ is a tangent to the circle at point Q and seg PS is the secant. [Given]
∴ PR × PS = PQ² [Tangent secant segments theorem]

∴ 8 × PS = 12²
∴ 8 × PS = 144
∴ PS = \(\frac { 144 }{ 8 } \)
∴ PS = 18 units
ii. Now, PS = PR + RS [P – R – S]
∴ 18 = 8 + RS
∴ RS = 18 – 8
∴ RS = 10 units

Question 2.
In the adjoining figure, chord MN and chord RS intersect at point D.
i. If RD = 15, DS = 4, MD = 8 find DN
ii. If RS = 18, MD = 9, DN = 8 find DS

Solution:
i. Chords MN and RS intersect internally at point D. [Given]
∴ MD × DN = RD × DS [Theorem of internal division of chords]
∴ 8 × DN = 15 × 4
∴ DN = \(\frac{15 \times 4}{8}\)
∴ DN = 7.5 units
ii. Let the value of RD be x.
RS = RD + DS [R – D – S]
∴ 18 = x + DS
∴ DS = 18 – x
Now, MD × DN = RD × DS [Theorem of internal division of chords]
∴ 9 × 8 = x(18 – x)
∴ 72 = 18x – x²
∴ x2 – 18x + 72 = 0
∴ x2 – 12x – 6x + 72 = 0
∴ x (x – 12) – 6 (x – 12) = 0
∴ (x – 12) (x – 6) = 0
∴ x – 12 = 0 or x – 6 = 0
∴ x = 12 or x = 6
∴ DS = 18 – 12 or DS = 18 – 6
∴ DS = 6 units or DS = 12 units

Question 3.
In the adjoining figure, O is the centre of the circle and B is a point of contact. Seg OE ⊥ seg AD, AB = 12, AC = 8, find
i. AD
ii. DC
iii. DE.

Solution:
i. Line AB is the tangent at point B and seg AD is the secant. [Given]
∴ AC × AD = AB² [Tangent secant segments theorem]
∴ 8 × AD = 122
∴ 8 × AD = 144
∴ AD = \(\frac { 144 }{ 8 } \)
∴ AD = 18 units
ii. AD = AC + DC [A – C – D]
∴ 18 = 8 + DC
∴ DC = 18 – 8
∴ DC = 10 units
iii. seg OE ⊥ seg AD [Given]
i.e. seg OE ⊥ seg CD [A – C – D]
∴ DE = \(\frac { 1 }{ 2 } \) DC [Perpendicular drawn from the centre of the circle to the chord bisects the chord]
= \(\frac { 1 }{ 2 } \) × 10
∴ DE = 5 units

Question 4.
In the adjoining figure, if PQ = 6, QR = 10, PS = 8, find TS.
Solution:
PR = PQ + QR [P-Q-R]
∴ PR = 6 + 10 = 16 units

Chords TS and RQ intersect externally at point P.
PQ × PR = PS × PT [Theorem of external division of chords]
∴ 6 × 16 = 8 × PT
∴ PT = \(\frac{6 \times 16}{8}\) = 12 units
But, PT = PS + TS [P – S – T]
∴ 12 = 8 + TS
∴ TS = 12 – 8
∴ TS = 4 units

Question 5.
In the adjoining figure, seg EF is a diameter and seg DF is a tangent segment. The radius of the circle is r. Prove that, DE × GE = 4r².
Given: seg EF is the diameter.
seg DF is a tangent to the circle,
radius = r

To prove: DE × GE = 4r²
Construction: Join seg GF.
Proof:
seg EF is the diameter. [Given]
∴ ∠EGF = 90° (i) [Angle inscribed in a semicircle]
seg DF is a tangent to the circle at F. [Given]

∴ ∠EFD = 90° (ii) [Tangent theorem]
In ∆DFE,
∠EFD = 90 ° [From (ii)]
seg FG ⊥ side DE [From (i)]
∴ ∆EFD ~ ∆EGF [Similarity of right angled triangles]
∴ \(\frac { EF }{ GE } \) = \(\frac { DE }{ EF } \) [Corresponding sides of similar triangles]
∴ DE × GE = EF²
∴ DE × GE = (2r)² [diameter = 2r]
∴ DE × GE = 4r²

Maharashtra Board Class 10 Maths Chapter 3 Circle Intext Questions and Activities

Question 1.
Theorem: If an angle has its vertex on the circle, its one side touches the circle and the other intersects the circle in one more point, then the measure of the angle is half the measure of its intercepted arc. (Textbook pg.no. 75 and 76)

Given: ∠ABC is any angle, whose vertex B lies on the circle with centre M.
Line BC is tangent at B and line BA is secant intersecting the circle at point A.
Arc ADB is intercepted by ∠ABC.
To prove: ∠ABC = \(\frac { 1 }{ 2 } \) m(arc ADB)
Proof:
Case I: Centre M lies on arm BA of ∠ABC.
∠MBC = 90° [Trangnet theorem]

i.e. ∠ABC 90° (i) [A – M – B]
arc ADB is a semicircular arc.
∴ m(arc ADB) = 180° (ii) [Measure ofa semicircle is 180°]
∴ ∠ABC = \(\frac { 1 }{ 2 } \) m(arc ADB) [(From (i) and (ii)]

Case II: Centre M lies in the exterior of ∠ABC.
Draw radii MA and MB.
∴ ∠MBA = ∠MAB [Isosceles triangle theorem]

Let, ∠MHA = ∠MAB =x, ∠ABC = y In ∆ABM,
∠AMB + ∠MBA + ∠MAB = 180° [Sum of the measures of all the angles of a triangle is 1800]
∴ ∠AMB + x + x = 180°
∴ ∠AMB = 180° – 2x …… (i)
Now, ∠MBC = ∠MBA + ∠ABC [Angle addition property]
∴ 90° = x + y [Tangent theorem]
∴ x = 90° – y ……(ii)
∠AMB = 180° – 2 (90° – y) [From (i) and (ii)]
∴ ∠AMB = 180° – 180° + 2y
∴ 2y = ∠AMB
∴ y = \(\frac { 1 }{ 2 } \) ∠AMB
∴ ∠ABC = \(\frac { 1 }{ 2 } \) ∠AMB
∴ ∠ABC = \(\frac { 1 }{ 2 } \) m(arc ADB) [Definition of measure of minor arc]

Case III: Centre M lies in the interior of ∠ABC.
Ray BE is the opposite ray of ray BC.
Now, ∠ABE = \(\frac { 1 }{ 2 } \) m (arc AFB) (i) [Proved in case II]

∠ABC + ∠ABE = 180° [Angles in a linear pair]
∴ 180 – ∠ABC = ∠ABE
∴ 180 – ∠ABC = \(\frac { 1 }{ 2 } \) m(arc AFB) [From (i)]
= \(\frac { 1 }{ 2 } \) [360 – m (arc ADB)]
∴ 180 – ∠ABC = 180 – \(\frac { 1 }{ 2 } \) m(arc ADB)
∴ -∠ABC = – \(\frac { 1 }{ 2 } \) m(arc ADB)
∴ ∠ABC = \(\frac { 1 }{ 2 } \) m(arc ADB)

Question 2.
We have proved the above theorem by drawing seg AC and seg DB. Can the theorem be proved by drawing seg AD and seg CB, instead of seg AC and seg DB? (Textbook pg. no. 77)
Solution:
Yes, the theorem can be proved by drawing seg AD and seg CB.
Given: P is the centre of circle, chords AB and CD intersect internally at point E.
To prove: AE × EB = CE × ED
Construction: Draw seg AD and seg CB.

Proof:
In ∆CEB and ∆AED,
∠CEB = ∠DEA [Vertically opposite angles]
∠CBE = ∠ADE [Angles inscribed in the same arc]
∴ ∆CEB ~ ∆AED [by AA test of similarity]
∴ \(\frac { CE }{ AE } \) = \(\frac { EB }{ ED } \) [Corresponding sides of similar triangles]
∴ AE × EB = CE × ED

Question 3.
In figure, seg PQ is a diameter of a circle with centre O. R is any point on the circle, seg RS ⊥ seg PQ. Prove that, SR is the geometric mean of PS and SQ. [That is, SR² = PS × SQ] (Textbook pg. no. 81)
Given: seg PQ is the diameter.
seg RS ⊥ seg PQ
To prove: SR² = PS × SQ
Construction: Extend ray RS, let it intersect the circle at point T.

Proof:
seg PQ ⊥ seg RS [Given]
∴ seg OS ⊥ chord RT [R – S – T, P – S – O]
∴ segSR = segTS (i) [Perpendicular drawn from the centre of the circle to the chord bisects the chord]
Chords PQ and RT intersect internally at point S.
∴ SR × TS = PS × SQ [Theorem of internal division of chords]
∴ SR × SR = PS × SQ [From (i)]
∴ SR² = PS × SQ

Question 4.
Theorem: If secants containing chords AB and CD of a circle intersect outside the circle in point E, then
AE × EB = CE × ED. (Textbook pg. no. 78)
Given: Chords AB and CD of a circle intersect outside the circle in point E.
To prove: AE × EB = CE × ED
Construction: Draw seg AD and seg BC.

Proof:
In ∆ADE and ∆CBE,
∠AED = ∠CEB [Common angle]
∠DAE ≅ ∠BCE [Angles inscribed in the same arc]
∴ ∆ADE ~ ∆CBE [AA testof similaritv]
∴ \(\frac { AE }{ CE } \) = \(\frac { ED }{ EB } \) [Corresponding sides of similar triangles]
∴ AE × EB = CE × ED

Question 5.
Theorem: Point E is in the exterior of a circle. A secant through E intersects the circle at points A and B, and a tangent through E touches the circle at point T, then EA × EB = ET².
Given: Secant through point E intersects the circle in points A and B.
Tangent drawn through point E touches the circle in point T.
To prove: EA × EB = ET²
Construction: Draw seg TA and seg TB.

Proof:
In ∆EAT and ∆ETB,
∠AET ≅ ∠TEB [Common angle]
∠ETA ≅ ∠EBT [Theorem of angle between tangent and secant, E – A – B]
∴ ∆EAT ~ ∆ETB [AA test of similarity]
∴ \(\frac { EA }{ ET } \) = \(\frac { ET }{ EB } \) [Corresponding sides of similar triangles]
∴ EA × EB = ET²

Question 6.
In the figure in the above example, if seg PR and seg RQ are drawn, what is the nature of ∆PRQ. (Textbook pg. no, 81)
Answer:
seg PQ is the diameter of the circle.
∴ ∠PRQ = 90°

∴ ∆PRQ is a right angled triangle. [Angle inscribed in a semicircle]

Question 7.
Have you previously proved the property proved in the above example? (Textbook pg. no. 81)
Answer:
Yes. It is the theorem of geometric mean.
∆PSR ~ ∆RSQ [Similarity of right angled triangles]

∴ \(\frac { PS }{ SR } \) = \(\frac { SR }{ SQ } \) [Corresponding sides of similar triangles]
∴ SR² = PS × SQ

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Class 10 Maths Solutions covers the Practice Set 3.4 Geometry 10th Class Maths Part 2 Answers Solutions Chapter 3 Circle.

Practice Set 3.4 Geometry 10th Std Maths Part 2 Answers Chapter 3 Circle

Question 1.
In the adjoining figure, in a circle with centre O, length of chord AB is equal to the radius of the circle. Find measure of each of the following.
i. ∠AOB
ii. ∠ACB
iii. arc AB
iv. arc ACB.

Solution:
i. seg OA = seg OB = radius…… (i) [Radii of the same circle]
seg AB = radius…… (ii) [Given]
∴ seg OA = seg OB = seg AB [From (i) and (ii)]
∴ ∆OAB is an equilateral triangle.
∴ m∠AOB = 60° [Angle of an equilateral triangle]
ii. m ∠ACB = \(\frac { 1 }{ 2 } \) m ∠AOB [Measure of an angle subtended by an arc at a point on the circle is half of the measure of the angle subtended by the arc at the centre]
= \(\frac { 1 }{ 2 } \) × 60°
∴ m ∠ACB = 30°
iii. m(arc AB) = m ∠AOB [Definition of measure of minor arc]
∴ m(arc AB) = 60°
iv. m(arc ACB) + m(arc AB) = 360° [Measure of a circle is 360°]
∴ m(arc ACB) = 360° – m(arc AB)
= 360° – 60°
∴ m(arc ACB) = 300°

Question 2.
In the adjoining figure, ꠸PQRS is cyclic, side PQ ≅ side RQ, ∠PSR = 110°. Find
i. measure of ∠PQR
ii. m (arc PQR)
iii. m (arc QR)
iv. measure of ∠PRQ

Solution:
i. ꠸PQRS is a cyclic quadrilateral. [Given]
∴ ∠PSR + ∠PQR = 180° [Opposite angles of a cyclic quadrilateral are supplementary]
∴ 110° + ∠PQR = 180°
∴ ∠PQR = 180° – 110°
∴ m ∠PQR = 70°
ii. ∠PSR= \(\frac { 1 }{ 2 } \) m (arcPQR) [Inscribed angle theorem]
110°= \(\frac { 1 }{ 2 } \) m (arcPQR)
∴ m(arc PQR) = 220°
iii. In ∆PQR,
side PQ ≅ side RQ [Given]
∴ ∠PRQ = ∠QPR [Isosceles triangle theorem]
Let ∠PRQ = ∠QPR = x
Now, ∠PQR + ∠QPR + ∠PRQ = 180° [Sum of the measures of angles of a triangle is 180°]
∴ ∠PQR + x + x= 180°
∴ 70° + 2x = 180°
∴ 2x = 180° – 70°
∴ 2x = 110°
∴ \(x=\frac{110^{\circ}}{2}=55^{\circ}\)
∴ ∠PRQ = ∠QPR = 55°….. (i)
But, ∠QPR = \(\frac { 1 }{ 2 } \) m(arc QR) [Inscribed angle theorem]
∴ 55° = \(\frac { 1 }{ 2 } \) m(arc QR)
∴ m(arc QR) = 110°
iv. ∠PRQ = ∠QPR =55° [From (i)]
∴ m ∠PRQ = 55°

Question 3.
□ MRPN is cyclic, ∠R = (5x -13)°, ∠N = (Ax + 4)°. Find measures of ∠R and ∠N.
Solution:
□ MRPN is a cyclic quadrilateral. [Given]
∴ ∠R + ∠N = 180° [Opposite angles of a cyclic quadrilateral are supplementary]

∴ 5x – 13 + 4x + 4 = 180
∴ 9x – 9 = 180
∴ 9x = 189
∴ x = \(\frac { 189 }{ 9 } \)
∴ x = 21
∴ ∠R = 5x – 13
= 5 × 21 – 13
= 105 – 13
= 92°
∠N = 4x + 4
= 4 × 21 +4
= 84 +4
= 88°
∴ m∠R = 92° and m ∠N = 88°

Question 4.
In the adjoining figure, seg RS is a diameter of the circle with centre O. Point T lies in the exterior of the circle. Prove that ∠RTS is an acute angle.
Given: O is the centre of the circle, seg RS is the diameter of the circle.
To prove: ∠RTS is an acute angle.
Construction: Let seg RT intersect the circle at point P. Join PS and PT.

Proof:
seg RS is the diameter. [Given]
∴ ∠RPS = 90° [Angle inscribed in a semicircle]
Now, ∠RPS is the exterior angle of ∆PTS.
∴ ∠RPS > ∠PTS [Exterior angle is greater than the remote interior angles]

∴ 90° > ∠PTS
i.e. ∠PTS < 90°
i.e, ∠RTS < 90° [R – P -T]
∠RTS is an acute angle.

Question 5.
Prove that, any rectangle is a cyclic quadrilateral.
Given: ꠸ABCD is a rectangle.
To prove: ꠸ABCD is a cyclic quadrilateral.

Proof:
꠸XBCD is a rectangle. [Given]
∴ ∠A = ∠B = ∠C = ∠D = 90° [Angles of a rectangle]
Now, ∠A + ∠C = 90° + 90°
∴ ∠A + ∠C = 180°
∴ ꠸ABCD is a cyclic quadrilateral. [Converse of cyclic quadrilateral theorem]

Question 6.
In the adjoining figure, altitudes YZ and XT of ∆WXY intersect at P. Prove that,
i. □ WZPT is cyclic.
ii. Points X, Z, T, Y are concyclic.
Given: seg YZ ⊥ side XW
seg XT ⊥ side WY
To prove: i. □WZPT is cyclic.
ii. Points X, Z, T, Y are concyclic.

Proof:
i. segYZ ⊥ side XW [Given]
∴∠PZW = 90°…… (i)
seg XT I side WY [Given]
∴ ∠PTW = 90° ……(ii)
∠PZW + ∠PTW = 90° + 90° [Adding (i) and (ii)]
∴∠PZW + ∠PTW = 180°
∴□WZPT Ls a cyclic quadrilateral. [Converse of cyclic quadrilateral theorem]
ii. ∠XZY = ∠YTX = 90° [Given]
∴ Points X and Y on line XY subtend equal angles on the same side of line XY.
∴ Points X, Z, T and Y are concydic. [If two points on a given line subtend equal angles at two distinct points which lie on the same side of the line, then the four points are concyclic]

Question 7.
In the adjoining figure, m (arc NS) = 125°, m(arc EF) = 37°, find the measure of ∠NMS.
Solution:

Chords EN and FS intersect externally at point M.
m∠NMS = \(\frac { 1 }{ 2 } \) [m (arc NS) – m(arc EF)]
= \(\frac { 1 }{ 2 } \) (125° – 37°) = \(\frac { 1 }{ 2 } \) × 88°
∴ m∠NMS = 44°

Question 8.
In the adjoining figure, chords AC and DE intersect at B. If ∠ABE = 108°, m(arc AE) = 95°, find m (arc DC).

Solution:
Chords AC and DE intersect internally at point B.
∴ ∠ABE = \(\frac { 1 }{ 2 } \) [m(arc AE) + m(arc DC)]
∴ 108° = \(\frac { 1 }{ 2 } \) [95° + m(arc DC)]
∴ 108° × 2 = 95° + m(arc DC)
∴ 95° + m(arc DC) = 216°
∴ m(arc DC) = 216° – 95°
∴ m(arc DC) = 121°

Maharashtra Board Class 10 Maths Chapter 3 Circle Intext Questions and Activities

Question 1.
Draw a sufficiently large circle of any radius as shown in the figure below. Draw a chord AB and central ∠ACB. Take any point D on the major arc and point E on the minor arc.

i. Measure ∠ADB and ∠ACB and compare the measures.
ii. Measure ∠ADB and ∠AEB. Add the measures.
iii. Take points F, G, H on the arc ADB. Measure ∠AFB, ∠AGB, ∠AHB. Compare these measures with each other as well as with measure of ∠ADB.
iv. Take any point I on the arc AEB. Measure ∠AIB and compare it with ∠AEB. (Textbook pg, no. 64)
Answer:
i. ∠ACB = 2 ∠ADB.
ii. ∠ADB + ∠AEB = 180°.
iii. ∠AHB = ∠ADB = ∠AFB = ∠AGB
iv. ∠AEB = ∠AIB

Question 2.
Draw a sufficiently large circle with centre C as shown in the figure. Draw any diameter PQ. Now take points R, S, T on both the semicircles. Measure ∠PRQ, ∠PSQ, ∠PTQ. What do you observe? (Textbook pg. no.65)

Answer:
∠PRQ = ∠PSQ = ∠PTQ = 90°
[Student should draw and verily the above answers.]

Question 3.
Prove that, if two lines containing chords of a circle intersect each other outside the circle, then the measure of angle between them is half the difference in measures of the arcs intercepted by the angle. (Textbook pg. no. 72)
Given: Chord AB and chord CD intersect at E in the exterior of the circle.
To prove: ∠AEC = \(\frac { 1 }{ 2 } \) [m(arc AC) – m(arc BD)]
Construction: Draw seg AD.

Proof:
∠ADC is the exterior angle of ∆ADE.
∴ ∠ADC = ∠DAE + ∠AED [Remote interior angle theorem]
∴ ∠ADC = ∠DAE + ∠AEC [C – D – E]
∴ ∠AEC = ∠ADC – ∠DAE ……(i)
∠ADC = \(\frac { 1 }{ 2 } \) m(arc AC) (ii) [Inscribed angle theorem]
∠DAE = \(\frac { 1 }{ 2 } \) m(arc BD) (iii) [A – B – E, Inscribed angle theorem]
∴ ∠AEC = \(\frac { 1 }{ 2 } \) m(arc AC) – \(\frac { 1 }{ 2 } \) m (arc BD) [From (i), (ii) and (iii)]
∴ ∠AEC = \(\frac { 1 }{ 2 } \) m(arc AC) – m (arc BD)

Question 4.
Angles inscribed in the same arc are congruent.
Write ‘given’ and ‘to prove’ with the help of the given figure.
Think of the answers of the following questions and write the proof.
i. Which arc is intercepted by ∠PQR ?
ii. Which arc is intercepted by ∠PSR ?
iii. What is the relation between an inscribed angle and the arc intercepted by it? (Textbook: pg. no. 68)

Given: C is the centre of circle. ∠PQR and ∠PSR are inscribed in same arc PTR.
To prove: ∠PQR ≅ ∠PSR
Proof:
i. arc PTR is intercepted by ∠PQR.
ii. arc PTR is intercepted by ∠PSR.
iii. ∠PQR = \(\frac { 1 }{ 2 } \) m(arc PTR), and (i) [inscribed angle theorem]
∠PSR = \(\frac { 1 }{ 2 } \) m(arcPTR) (ii) [Inscribed angle theorem]
∴ ∠PQR ≅ ∠PSR [From (i) and (ii)]

Question 5.
Angle inscribed in a semicircle is a right angle. With the help of given figure write ‘given’, ‘to prove’ and ‘the proof. (Textbook pg. no. 68)

Given: M is the centre of circle. ∠ABC is inscribed in arc ABC.
Arcs ABC and AXC are semicircles.
To prove: ∠ABC = 90°
Proof:
∠ABC = \(\frac { 1 }{ 2 } \) m(arc AXC) (i) [Inscribed angle theorem]
arc AXC is a semicircle.
∴ m(arc AXC) = 180° (ii) [Measure of semicircular arc is 1800]
∴ ∠ABC = \(\frac { 1 }{ 2 } \) × 180°
∴ ∠ABC = 90° [From (i) and (ii)]

Question 6.
Theorem: Opposite angles of a cyclic quadrilateral are supplementry.
Fill in the blanks and complete the following proof. (Textbook pg. no. 68)
Given: □ ABCD is cyclic.
To prove: ∠B + ∠D = 180°
∠A + ∠C = 180°

Proof:
arc ABC is intercepted by the inscribed angle ∠ADC.
∴ ∠ADC m(arcABC) (i) [Inscribed angle theorem]
Similarly, ∠ABC is an inscribed angle. It intercepts arc ADC.
∴ ABC = \(\frac { 1 }{ 2 } \) m(arc ADC) (ii) [Inscribed angle theorem]
∴ ∠ADC + ∠ABC
= \(\frac { 1 }{ 2 } \) m(arcABC) + \(\frac { 1 }{ 2 } \) m(arc ADC) [Adding (i) and (ii)]
∴ ∠D + ∠B = \(\frac { 1 }{ 2 } \) m(areABC) + m(arc ADC)]
∴ ∠B + ∠D = \(\frac { 1 }{ 2 } \) × 360° [arc ABC and arc ADC constitute a complete circle]
= 180°
∴ ∠B + ∠D = 180°
Similarly we can prove,
∠A + ∠C = 180°

Question 7.
In the above theorem, after proving ∠B + ∠D = 180°, can you use another way to prove ∠A + ∠C = 180°? (Textbook pg. no. 69)
Proof:
Yes, we can prove ∠A + ∠C = 180° by another way.
∠B + ∠D = 180°
In ꠸ABCD,
∠A + ∠B + ∠C + ∠D = 360° [Sum of the measures of all angles of a quadrilateral is 360°.]
∴ ∠A + ∠C + 180° = 360°
∴ ∠A + ∠C = 360° – 180°
∴ ∠A + ∠C = 180°

Question 8.
An exterior angle of a cyclic quadrilateral is congruent to the angle opposite to its adjacent interior angle. (Textbook pg. no. 69)
Given: ꠸ABCD is a cyclic quadrilateral.
∠BCE is the exterior angle of ꠸ABCD.
To prove: ∠BCE ≅ ∠BAD

Proof:
∠BCE + ∠BCD = 180°…… (i) [Angles in a linear pair]
꠸ABCD is a cyclic quadrilateral. [Given]
∠BAD + ∠BCD = 180°………. (ii) [Opposite angles of a cyclic quadrilateral are supplementary]
∴ ∠BCE + ∠BCD = ∠BAD + ∠BCD [From (i) and (ii)]
∴ ∠BCE = ∠BAD

Question 9.
Theorem : If a pair of opposite angles of a quadrilateral is supplementary, then the quadrilateral is cyclic. (Textbook pg. no. 69)
Given: In ꠸ABCD, ∠A + ∠C = 180°
To prove: ꠸ABCD is a cyclic quadrilateral.
Proof:
(Indirect method)
Suppose ꠸ABCD is not a cyclic quadrilateral.
We can still draw a circle passing through three non collinear points A, B, D.

Case I: Point C lies outside the circle.
Then, take point E on the circle
such that D – E – C.
∴ ꠸ABED is a cyclic quadrilateral.
∠DAB + ∠DEB = 180° (i) [Opposite angles of a cyclic quadrilateral are supplementary]
∠DAB + ∠DCB = 180° (ii) [Given]
∴ ∠DAB + ∠DEB = ∠DAB + ∠DCB [From (i) and (ii)]
∴ ∠DEB = ∠DCB

But, ∠DEB ≠ ∠DCB as ∠DEB is the exterior angle of ∆BEC.
∴ Our supposition is wrong.
∴ ꠸ABCD is a cyclic quadrilateral.
Case II: Point C lies inside the circle.
Then, take point E on the circle such that
D – C – E
∴ □ABED is a cyclic quadrilateral.
∠DAB + ∠DEB = 180° (iii) [Opposite angles of a cyclic quadrilateral are supplementary]
∠DAB + ∠DCB = 180° (iv) [Given]
∴ ∠DAB + ∠DEB = ∠DAB + ∠DCB [From (iii) and (iv)]
∴ ∠DEB = ∠DCB
But ∠DEB ≠ ∠DCB as ∠DCB is the exterior angle of ∆BCE.
∴ Our supposition is wrong.
∴ □ABCD is a cyclic quadrilateral.

Question 10.
Theorem: If two points on a given line subtend equal angles at two distinct points which lie on the same side of the line, then the four points are concyclic. (Textbook pg. no. 70)
Given: Points B and C lie on the same side of the line AD.
∠ABD = ∠ACD
To prove: Points A, B, C, D are concyclic. i.e., □ABCD is a cyclic quadrilateral.

Proof:
Suppose points A, B, C, D are not concyclic points.
We can still draw a circle passing through three non collinear points A, B, D.
Case I: Point C lies outside the circle.
Then, take point E on the circle such that
A – E – C.
∠ABD ≅ ∠AED (i) [Angles inscribed in the same arc]
∠ABD ≅ ∠ACD (ii) [Given]
∴ ∠AED ≅ ∠ACD [From (i) and (ii)]
∴ ∠AED ≅ ∠ECD [A – E – C]

But, ∠AED ≅ ∠ECD as ∠AED is the exterior angle of ∆ECD.
∴ Our supposition is wrong.
∴ Points A, B, C, D are concyclic points.
Case II: Point C lies inside the circle. Then, take point E on the circle such that A – C – E.
∠ABD ≅ ∠AED (iii) [Angles inscribed in the same arc]
∠ABD ≅ ∠ACD (iv) [Given]
∴ ∠AED ≅ ∠ACD [From (iii) and (iv)]
∴ ∠CED ≅ ∠ACD [A – C – E]

But, ∠CED ≅ ∠ACD as ∠ACD is the exterior angle of ∆ECD.
∴ Our supposition is wrong.
∴ Points A, B, C, D are concyclic points.

Question 11.
The above theorem is converse of a certain theorem. State it. (Textbook pg. no. 70)
Answer:
If four points are concyclic, then the line joining any two points subtend equal angles at the other two points which are on the same side of that line.

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Class 10 Maths Solutions covers the Practice Set 3.3 Geometry 10th Class Maths Part 2 Answers Solutions Chapter 3 Circle.

Practice Set 3.3 Geometry 10th Std Maths Part 2 Answers Chapter 3 Circle

Question 1.
In the adjoining figure, points G, D, E, F are concyclic points of a circle with centre C.
∠ECF = 70°, m(arc DGF) = 200°. Find m(arc DE) and m(arc DEF).

Solution:
m(arc EF) = m∠ECF [Definition of measure of minor arc]
∴ m(arc EF) = 70°
i. m(arc DE) + m(arc DGF)
+ m(arc EF) = 360° [Measure of a circle is 360°]
∴ m(arc DE) = 360° – m(arc DGF) – m(arc EF)
= 360° – 200° – 70°
∴ m(arc DE) = 90°
ii. m(arc DEF) = m(arc DE) + m(arc EF) [Arc addition property]
= 90° + 70°
∴ m(arc DEF) = 160°

Question 2.
In the adjoining figure, AQRS is an equilateral triangle. Prove that,
i. arc RS ≅ arc QS ≅ arc QR
ii. m(arc QRS) = 240°.

Solution:
Proof:
i. ∆QRS is an equilateral triangle, [Given]
∴ seg RS ≅ seg QS ≅ seg QR [Sides of an equilateral triangle]
∴ arc RS ≅ arc QS ≅ arc QR [Corresponding arcs of congruents chords of a circle are congruent]
ii. Let m(arc RS) = m(arc QS)= m(arc QR) = x
m(arc RS) + m(arc QS) + m(arc QR) = 360° [Measure of a circle is 360°, arc addition property]
∴ x + x + x = 360°
∴ 3x = 360°
∴ x = \(\frac{360^{\circ}}{3}=120^{\circ}\)
∴ m(arc RS) = m(arc QS) = m(arc QR) = 120° (i)
Now, m(arc QRS) = m(arc QR) + m(arc RS) [Arc addition property]
= 120° + 120° [From (i)]
∴ m(arc QRS) = 240°

Question 3.
In the adjoining figure, chord AB ≅ chord CD. Prove that, arc AC = arc BD.

Solution:
Proof:
chord AB ≅ chord CD [Given]
∴ arc AB ≅ arc CD [Corresponding arcs of congruents chords of a circle are congruent]
∴ m(arc AB) = m(arc CD)
∴ m(arc AC) + m(arc BC) = m(arc BC) + m(arc BD) [Arc addition property]
∴ m(arc AC) = m(arc BD)
∴ arc AC ≅ arc BD

Maharashtra Board Class 10 Maths Chapter 3 Circle Intext Questions and Activities

Question 1.
Theorem : The chords corresponding to congruent arcs of a circle (or congruent circles) are congruent. (Textbook pg. no. 61)
Given: B is the centre of circle.
arc APC ≅ arc DQE
To prove: chord AC ≅ chord DE

Proof:
[m(arc APC) = ∠ABC (i) [Definition of measure of
m(arc DQE) = ∠DBE] (ii) minor arc]
arc APC ≅ arc ∠DQE (iii) [Given]
∴ ∠ABC ≅ ∠DBE [From (i), (ii) and (iii)]
In ∆ABC and ∆DBE,
side AB ≅ side DB [Radil of the same circle]
side [CB] side [EB] [Radii of the same circle]
∠ABC ≅∠DBE [From (iii), Measures of congruent arcs]
∴ ∆ABC ≅ ∆DBE [SAS test of congruency]
∴ chord AC ≅ chord DE [c.s.c.t]

Question 2.
Theorem: Corresponding arcs of congruent chords of a circle (or congruent circles) are congruent (Textbook pg. no. 61)
Given: O is the centre of circle, chord PQ = chord RS
To prove: arc PMQ = arc RNS

Proof:
In ∆POQ and ∆ROS,
[side PO ≅ side RO
side OQ ≅ side OS] [Radii of the same circle]
chord PQ ≅ chord RS [Given]
∴ ∆POQ ≅ ∆ROS [SSS test of congruency]
∴ ∠POQ ≅ ∠ROS (i) [c.a.c.t.]
m(arc PMQ) = ∠POQ (ii)
m(arc RNS) = ∠ROS (iii) [Definition of measure of minor arc]
∴ arc PMQ ≅ arc RNS [From (i), (ii) and (iii)]

Question 3.
Prove the two theorems on textbook pg.no.61 for congruent circles. (Textbook pg. no. 62)
Theorem : The chords corresponding to congruent arcs of congruent circles are congruent
Given: In congruent circles with centres B and R,
arc APC ≅ arc DQE
To prove: chord AC ≅ chord DE

Proof:
[m(arc APC) = ∠ABC (i)
m(arc DQE) = ∠DRE] (ii) [Definition of measure of minor arc]
arc APC ≅ arc DQE (iii) [Given]
∴ ∠ABC = ∠DRE (iv) [From (i), (ii) and (iii)]
In ∆ABC and ∆DRE,
[side AB ≅ side DR [Radii of congruent circles]
side CB ≅ side ER] [From (iv)]
∠ABC ≅ ∠DRE
∴ ∆ABC ≅ ∆DRE [SAS test of congruency]

Question 4.
While proving the first theorem of the two, we assume that the minor arc APC and minor arc DQE are congruent. Can you prove the same theorem by assuming that corresponding major arcs congruent? (Textbook pg. no. 62)
Statement:
The chords corresponding to congruent major arcs of a circle are congruent.
Given: B is the centre of circle.
arc AXC ≅ arc DXE
To prove: chord AC ≅ chord DE

Proof:
m(major arc) = 360° – m(minor arc)
∴ m(arc AXC) = 360° – m(arc APC) (i)
m(arc DXE) = 360° – m(arc DQE) (ii)
m(arc AXC) = m(arc DXE) (iii) [Given]
∴ 360° – m(arc APC) = 360°- m(arc DQE) [From (i), (ii) and (iii)]
∴ m(arc APC) = m(arc DQE) (iv)
∴ m(arc APC) = ∠ABC (v) [Definition of measure of minor arc]
m(arc DQE) = ∠DBE (vi)
∴ ∠ABC = ∠DBE (vii) [From (iv), (v) and (vi)]
In ∆ABC and ∆DBE,
[side AB ≅ side DB
Side CB ≅ side EB] [Radii of the same circle]
∠ABC ≅ ∠DBE [From (vii)]
∴ ∆ABC ≅ ∆DBE [SAS test of congruency]
∴ chord AC ≅ chord DE [c.s.c.t.]

Question 5.
i. In the second theorem, are the major arcs corresponding to congruent chords congruent?
ii. Is the theorem true, when the chord PQ and chord RS are diameters of the circle? (Textbook pg. no. 62)
Solution:
i. Yes, the major arcs corresponding to congruent chords are congruent.

Proof:
In ∆POQ and ∆ROS,
seg OP ≅ seg OR [Radii of the same circle]
seg OQ ≅ seg OS [Radii of the same circle]
seg PQ ≅ seg RS [Given]
∴ ∆POQ ≅ ∆ROS [SSS test of congruence]
∴ ∠POQ ≅ ∠SOR (i) [c.a.c.t]
[ m(arc PMQ) = ∠POQ (ii)
m(arc RNS) = ∠SOR ] (iii) [Definition of measure of minor arc]
∴ m(arc PMQ) = m(arc RNS)
m(minor arc) = 360° – m(major arc) (iv) [From (i), (ii) and (iii)]
m(arc PMQ) = 360° – m(arc PXQ) (v)
and m(arc RNS) = 360° – m(arc RXS) (vi)
∴ 360°- m(arc PXQ) = 360°- m(arc RXS) [From (iv), (v) and (vi)]
∴ m(arc PXQ) = m(arc RXS)

ii. Yes, the major arcs corresponding to congruent chords (diameters) are congruent.
Given: O is the centre of circle.
seg PQ and seg RS are the diameters.
To prove: arc PYQ ≅ arc RYS

Proof:
seg PQ and seg RS are the diameters of the same circle. [Given]
∴ arc PYQ and arc RYS are semicircular arcs.
∴ m(arc PYQ) = m(arc RYS) = 180° [Measure of a semicircular arc is 180°]
∴ arc PYQ ≅ arc RYS

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Class 10 Maths Solutions covers the Practice Set 3.2 Geometry 10th Class Maths Part 2 Answers Solutions Chapter 3 Circle.

Practice Set 3.2 Geometry 10th Std Maths Part 2 Answers Chapter 3 Circle

Question 1.
Two circles having radii 3.5 cm and 4.8 cm touch each other internally. Find the distance between their centres.
Solution:
Let the two circles having centres P and Q touch each other internally at point R.
Here, QR = 3.5 cm, PR = 4.8 cm

The two circles touch each other internally.
∴ By theorem of touching circles,
P – Q – R
PQ = PR – QR
= 4.8 – 3.5
= 1.3 cm
[The distance between the centres of circles touching internally is equal to the difference in their radii]

Question 2.
Two circles of radii 5.5 cm and 4.2 cm touch each other externally. Find the distance between their centres.
Solution:
Let the two circles having centres P and R touch each other externally at point Q.
Here, PQ = 5.5 cm, QR = 4.2 cm

The two circles touch each other externally.
∴ By theorem of touching circles,
P – Q – R
PR = PQ + QR
= 5.5 + 4.2
= 9.7 cm
[The distance between the centres of the circles touching externally is equal to the sum of their radii]

Question 3.
If radii of two circles are 4 cm and 2.8 cm. Draw figure of these circles touching each other
i. externally
ii. internally.
Solution:
i. Circles touching externally:

ii. Circles touching internally:

Question 4.
In the adjoining figure, the circles with centres P and Q touch each other at R A line passing through R meets the circles at A and B respectively. Prove that –

i. seg AP || seg BQ,
ii. ∆APR ~ ∆RQB, and
iii. Find ∠RQB if ∠PAR = 35°.
Solution:
The circles with centres P and Q touch each other at R.
∴ By theorem of touching circles,
P – R – Q
i. In ∆PAR,
seg PA = seg PR [Radii of the same circle]
∴ ∠PRA ≅ ∠PAR (i) [Isosceles triangle theorem]
Similarly, in ∆QBR,
seg QR = seg QB [Radii of the same circle]
∴ ∠RBQ ≅ ∠QRB (ii) [Isosceles triangle theorem]
But, ∠PRA ≅ ∠QRB (iii) [Vertically opposite angles]
∴ ∠PAR ≅ ∠RBQ (iv) [From (i) and (ii)]
But, they are a pair of alternate angles formed by transversal AB on seg AP and seg BQ.
∴ seg AP || seg BQ [Alternate angles test]
ii. In ∆APR and ∆RQB,
∠PAR ≅ ∠QRB [From (i) and (iii)]
∠APR ≅ ∠RQB [Alternate angles]
∴ ∆APR – ∆RQB [AA test of similarity]
iii. ∠PAR = 35° [Given]
∴ ∠RBQ = ∠PAR= 35° [From (iv)]
In ∆RQB,
∠RQB + ∠RBQ + ∠QRB = 180° [Sum of the measures of angles of a triangle is 180°]
∴ ∠RQB + ∠RBQ + ∠RBQ = 180° [From (ii)]
∴ ∠RQB + 2 ∠RBQ = 180°
∴ ∠RQB + 2 × 35° = 180°
∴ ∠RQB + 70° = 180°
∴ ∠RQB = 110°

Question 5.
In the adjoining figure, the circles with centres A and B touch each other at E. Line l is a common tangent which touches the circles at C and D respectively. Find the length of seg CD if the radii of the circles are 4 cm, 6 cm.

Construction : Draw seg AF ⊥ seg BD.
Solution:
i. The circles with centres A and B touch each other at E. [Given]
∴ By theorem of touching circles,
A – E – B

∴ ∠ACD = ∠BDC = 90° [Tangent theorem]
∠AFD = 90° [Construction]
∴ ∠CAF = 90° [Remaining angle of ꠸AFDC]
∴ ꠸AFDC is a rectangle. [Each angle is of measure 900]
∴ AC = DF = 4 cm [Opposite sides of a rectangle]
Now, BD = BF + DF [B – F – C]
∴ 6 = BF + 4 BF = 2 cm
Also, AB = AE + EB
= 4 + 6 = 10 cm
[The distance between the centres of circles touching externally is equal to the sum of their radii]

ii. Now, in ∆AFB, ∠AFB = 90° [Construction]
∴ AB² = AF² + BF² [Pythagoras theorem]
∴ 10² = AF² + 2²
∴ 100 = AF² + 4
∴ AF² = 96
∴ AF = \(\sqrt { 96 }\) [Taking square root of both sides]
= \(\sqrt{16 \times 6}\)
= 4 \(\sqrt { 6 }\) cm
But, CD = AF [Opposite sides of a rectangle]
∴ CD = 4 \(\sqrt { 6 }\) cm

Question 1.
Take three collinear points X – Y – Z as shown in figure.
Draw a circle with centre X and radius XY. Draw another circle with centre Z and radius YZ.
Note that both the circles intersect each other at the single point Y. Draw a line / through point Y and perpendicular to seg XZ. What is line l (Textbook pg. no. 56)
Solution:

Line l is a common tangent of the two circles.

Question 2.
Take points Y – X – Z as shown in the figure. Draw a circle with centre Z and radius ZY.
Also draw a circle with centre X and radius XY. Note that both the circles intersect each other at the point Y.
Draw a line l perpendicular to seg YZ through point Y. What is line l? (Textbook pg. no. 56)
Solution:

Line l is a common tangent of the two circles.

If two circles in the same plane intersect with a line in the plane in only one point, they are said to be touching circles and the line is their common tangent.

The point common to the circles and the line is called their common point of contact.

1. Circles touching externally:
For circles touching externally, the distance between their centres is equal to sum of their radii, i.e. AB = AC + BC

2. Circles touching internally:
For circles touching internally, the distance between their centres is equal to difference of their radii,
i. e. AB = AC – BC

Question 3.
The circles shown in the given figure are called externally touching circles. Why? (iexthook pg. no. 57)

Answer:
Circles with centres R and S lie in the same plane and intersect with a line l in the plane in one and only one point T [R – T – S].
Hence the given circles are externally touching circles.

Question 4.
The circles shown in the given figure are called internally touching circles, why? (Textbook pg. no. 57)

Answer:
Circles with centres N and M lie in the same plane and intersect with a line p in the plane in one and only one point T [K – N – M].
Hence, the given circles are internally touching circles.

Question 5.
In the given figure, the radii of the circles with centres A and B are 3 cm and 4 cm respectively. Find
i. d(A,B) in figure (a)
ii. d(A,B) in figure (b) (Textbook pg. no. 57)

Solution:
i. Here, circle with centres A and B touch each other externally at point C.
∴ d(A, B) = d(A, C) + d(B ,C)
= 3 + 4
∴ d(A,B) = 7 cm
[The distance between the centres of circles touching externally is equal to the sum of their radii]
ii. Here, circle with centres A and 13 touch each other internally at point C.
∴ d(A, B) = d(A, C) – d(B, C)
= 4 – 3
∴ d(A,B) = 1 cm
[The distance between the centres of circles touching internally is equal to the difference in their radii]

Maharashtra Board Class 10 Maths Solutions

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Class 10 Maths Solutions covers the Practice Set 3.1 Geometry 10th Class Maths Part 2 Answers Solutions Chapter 3 Circle.

Practice Set 3.1 Geometry 10th Std Maths Part 2 Answers Chapter 3 Circle

Question 1.
In the adjoining figure, the radius of a circle with centre C is 6 cm, line AB is a tangent at A. Answer the following questions.
i. What is the measure of ∠CAB? Why?
ii. What is the distance of point C from line AB? Why?
iii. d(A, B) = 6 cm, find d(B, C).
iv. What is the measure of ∠ABC? Why?

Solution:
i. line AB is the tangent to the circle with centre C and radius AC. [Given]
∴ ∠CAB = 90° (i) [Tangent theorem]
ii. seg CA ⊥ line AB [From (i)]
radius = l(AC) = 6 cm
∴ The distance of point C from line AB is 6 cm.
iii. In ∆CAB, ∠CAB = 90° [From (i)]
∴ BC² = AB² + AC² . [Pythagoras theorem]

= 6² + 6²
= 2 × 6²
∴ BC = \(\sqrt{2 \times 6^{2}}\) [Taking square root of both sides]
= 6 \(\sqrt { 2 }\) cm
∴ d(B, C) = 6 cm
iv. In ∆ABC,
AC = AB = 6cm
∴ ∠ABC = ∠ACB [Isosceles triangle theorem]
Let ∠ABC = ∠ACB =x
In ∆ABC,
∠CAB + ∠ABC + ∠ACB = 180° [Sum of the measures of angles of a triangle is 180°]
∴ 90° + x + x = 180°
∴ 90 + 2x = 180°
∴ 2x = 180°- 90°
∴ x = \(\frac{90^{\circ}}{2}\)
∴ x = 45°
∴ ∠ABC = 45°

Question 2.
In the adjoining figure, O is the centre of the circle. From point R, seg RM and seg RN are tangent segments touching the circle at M and N. If (OR) = 10 cm and radius of the circle = 5 cm, then
i. What is the length of each tangent segment?
ii. What is the measure of ∠MRO?
iii. What is the measure of ∠MRN?

Solution:
seg RM and seg RN are tangents to the circle with centre O. [Given]
∴ ∠OMR = ∠ONR = 90° [Tangent theorem]

i. In ∆OMR, ∠OMR = 90°
∴ OR² = OM² + RM² [Pythagoras theorem]
∴ 10² = 5² + RM²
∴ 100 = 25 + RM²
∴ RM² = 75
∴ RM = \(\sqrt { 75 }\) [Taking square root of both sides]
∴ RM = RN [Tangent segment theorem]
Length of each tangent segment is 5 \(\sqrt { 3 }\) cm.
ii. In ∆RMO,
∠OMR = 90° [Tangent theorem]
OM = 5 cm and OR = 10 cm
∴ OM = \(\frac { 1 }{ 2 } \) OR
∴ ∠MRO = 30° (i) [Converse of 30° – 60° – 90° theorem]
Similarly, ∠NRO = 30°
iii. But, ∠MRN = ∠MRO + ∠NRO [Angle addition property]
= 30° + 30° [From (i)]
∴ ∠MRN = 60°

Question 3.
Seg RM and seg RN are tangent segments of a circle with centre O. Prove that seg OR bisects ∠MRN as well as ∠MON.

Solution:
Proof:
In ∆OMR and ∆ONR,
seg RM ≅ seg RN [Tangent segment theorem]
seg OM ≅ seg ON [Radii of the same circle]
seg OR ≅ seg OR [Common side]
∴ ∆OMR ≅ ∆ONR [SSS test of congruency]
{∴ ∠MRO ≅ ∠NRO
∠MOR ≅ ∠NOR } [c.a.c.t.]
∴ seg OR bisects ∠MRN and ∠MON.

Question 4.
What is the distance between two parallel tangents of a circle having radius 4.5 cm? Justify your answer.
Solution:
Let the lines PQ and RS be the two parallel tangents to circle at M and N respectively. Through centre O, draw line AB || line RS.

OM = ON = 4.5 [Given]
line AB || line RS [Construction]
line PQ || line RS [Given]
∴ line AB || line PQ || line RS
Now, ∠OMP = ∠ONR = 90° (i) [Tangent theorem]
For line PQ || line AB,
∠OMP = ∠AON = 90° (ii) [Corresponding angles and from (i)]
For line RS || line AB,
∠ONR = ∠AOM = 90° (iii) [Corresponding angles and from (i)]
∠AON + ∠AOM = 90° + 90° [From (ii) and (iii)]
∴ ∠AON + ∠AOM = 180°
∴ ∠AON and ∠AOM form a linear pair.
∴ ray OM and ray ON are opposite rays.
∴ Points M, O, N are collinear. (iv)
∴ MN = OM + ON [M – O – N, From (iv)]
∴ MN = 4.5 + 4.5
∴ MN = 9 cm
∴ Distance between two parallel tangents PQ and RS is 9 cm.

Question 1.
In the adjoining figure, seg QR is a chord of the circle with centre O. P is the midpoint of the chord QR. If QR = 24, OP = 10, find radius of the circle. To find solution of the problem, write the theorems that are useful. Using them, solve the problem. (Textbook pg. no. 48)

Solution:
Theorems which are useful to find solution:
i. The segment joining the centre of a circle and the midpoint of a chord is perpendicular to the chord.
ii. In a right angled triangle, sum of the squares of the perpendicular sides is equal to square of its hypotenuse.
QP = \(\frac { 1 }{ 2 } \) (QR) [P is the midpoint of chord QR]

\(\frac { 1 }{ 2 } \) × 24 = 12 units
Also, seg OP ⊥ chord QR [The segment joining centre of a circle and midpoint of a chord is perpendicular to the chord]
In ∆OPQ, ∠OPQ = 90°
∴ OQ² = OP² + QP² [Pythagoras theorem]
= 10² + 12²
= 100 + 144
= 244
∴ OQ = \(\sqrt { 244 }\) = 2\(\sqrt { 61 }\) units.
∴ The radius of the circle is 2\(\sqrt { 61 }\) units.

Question 2.
In the adjoining figure, M is the centre of the circle and seg AB is a diameter, seg MS ⊥ chord AD, seg MT ⊥ chord AC, ∠DAB ≅ ∠CAB.
i. Prove that: chord AD ≅ chord AC.
ii. To solve this problem which theorems will you use?
a. The chords which are equidistant from the centre are equal in length.
b. Congruent chords of a circle are equidistant from the centre.

iii. Which of the following tests of congruence of triangles will be useful?
a. SAS b. ASA c. SSS d. AAS e. Hypotenuse-side test.
Using appropriate test and theorem write the proof of the above example. (Textbook pg. no, 48)
Solution:
Proof:
i. ∠DAB ≅ ∠CAB [Given]
∴ ∠SAM ≅ ∠TAM (i) [A – S – D, A – M – B, A -T – C]
In ∆SAM and ∆TAM,
∠SAM ≅ ∠TAM [From (i)]
∠ASM ≅ ∠ATM [Each angle is of measure 90°]
seg AM ≅ seg AM [Common side]
∴ ∆SAM ≅ ∆TAM [AAS [SAA] test of congruency]
∴ side MS ≅ side MT [c.s.c.t]
But, seg MS ⊥ chord AD [Given]
seg MT ⊥chord AC
∴ chord AD ≅ chord AC [Chords of a circle equidistant from the centre are congruent]
ii. Theorem used for solving the problem:
The chords which are equidistant from the centre are equal in length.
iii. Test of congruency useful in solving the above problem is AAS ISAAI test of congruency.

Question 3.
i. Draw segment AB. Draw perpendicular bisector l of the segment AB. Take point P on the line l as centre,
PA as radius and draw a circle. Observe that the circle passes through point B also. Find the reason.
ii. Taking any other point Q on the line l, if a circle is drawn with centre Q and radius QA, will it pass through B? Think.
iii. How many such circles can be drawn, passing through A and B? Where will their centres lie? (Textbook pg. no. 49)
Solution:

i. Draw the circle with centre P and radius PA.
line l is the perpendicular bisector of seg AB.
Every point on the perpendicular bisector of a segment is equidistant from the endpoints of the segment.
∴ PA = PB … [Perpendicular bisector theorem]
∴ PA = PB = radius
∴ The circle with centre P and radius PA passes through point B.

ii. The circle with any other point Q and radius QA is drawn.
QA = QB = radius … [Perpendicular bisector theorem]
∴ The circle with centre Q and radius QA passes through point B.

iii. We can draw infinite number of circles passing through A and B.
All their centres will lie on the perpendicular bisector of AB (i.e., line l)

Question 4.
i. Take any three non-collinear points. What should be done to draw a circle passing through all these points? Draw a circle through these points.
ii. Is it possible to draw one more circle passing through these three points? Think of it. (Textbook pg. no. 49)
Solution:

i. Let points A, B, C be any three non collinear points.
Draw the perpendicular bisector of seg AB (line l).
∴ Points A and B are equidistant from any point of line l ….(i)[Perpendicular bisector theorem]
Draw the perpendicular bisector of seg BC (line m) to intersect line l at point P.
∴ Points B and C are equidistant from any point of line m ….(ii) [Perpendicular bisector theorem]
∴ PA = PB …[From (i)]
PB = PC … [From (ii)]
∴ PA = PB = PC = radius
∴ With PA as radius the required circle is drawn through points A, B, C.
ii. It is not possible to draw more than one circle passing through these three points.

Question 5.
Take 3 collinear points D, E, F. Try to draw a circle passing through these points. If you are not able to draw a circle, think of the reason. (Textbook pg. no. 49)
Solution:

Let D, E, F be the collinear points.
The perpendicular bisector of DE and EF drawn (i.e., line l and line m) do not intersect at a common point.
∴ There is no single common point (centre of circle) from which a circle can be drawn passing through points D, E and F.
Hence, we cannot draw a circle passing through points D, E and F.

Question 6.
Which theorem do we use in proving that hypotenuse is the longest side of a right angled triangle? (Textbook pg. no. 52)

Solution:
In ∆ABC,
∠ABC = 90°
∴ ∠BAC < 90° and ∠ACB < 90° [Given]
∴ ∠ABC > ∠BAC and ∠ABC > ∠ACB
∴ AC > BC and AC > AB [Side opposite to greater angle is greater]
∴ Hypotenuse is the longest side in right angled triangle.
We use theorem, If two angles of a triangle are not equal, then the side opposite to the greater angle is greater than the side opposite to the smaller angle.

Question 7.
Theorem: Tangent segments drawn from an external point to a circle are congruent
Draw radius AP and radius AQ and complete the following proof of the theorem.
Given: A is the centre of the circle.
Tangents through external point D touch the circle at the points P and Q.
To prove: seg DP ≅ seg DQ
Construction: Draw seg AP and seg AQ.

Solution:
Proof:
In ∆PAD and ∆QAD,
seg PA ≅ [segQA] [Radii of the same circle]
seg AD ≅ seg AD [Common side]

∠APD = ∠AQD = 90° [Tangent theorem]
∴ ∆PAD = ∆QAD [By Hypotenuse side test]
∴ seg DP = seg DQ [c.s.c.t]

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Class 10 Maths Solutions covers the Problem Set 2 Geometry 10th Class Maths Part 2 Answers Solutions Chapter 2 Pythagoras Theorem.

Problem Set 2 Geometry 10th Std Maths Part 2 Answers Chapter 2 Pythagoras Theorem

Question 1.
Some questions and their alternative answers are given. Select the correct alternative. [1 Mark each]

i. Out of the following which is the Pythagorean triplet?
(A) (1,5,10)
(B) (3,4,5)
(C) (2,2,2)
(D) (5,5,2)
Answer: (B)
Hint: Refer Practice set 2.1 Q.1 (i)

ii. In a right angled triangle, if sum of the squares of the sides making right angle is 169, then what is the length of the hypotenuse?
(A) 15
(B) 13
(C) 5
(D) 12
Answer: (B)
Hint:

iii. Out of the dates given below which date constitutes a Pythagorean triplet?
(A) 15/08/17
(B) 16/08/16
(C) 3/5/17
(D) 4/9/15
Answer: (A)
Hint:

iv. If a, b, c are sides of a triangle and a² + b² = c², name the type of the triangle.
(A) Obtuse angled triangle
(B) Acute angled triangle
(C) Right angled triangle
(D) Equilateral triangle
Answer: (C)

v. Find perimeter of a square if its diagonal is 10\(\sqrt { 2 }\) cm.
(A) 10 cm
(B) 40\(\sqrt { 2 }\) cm
(C) 20 cm
(D) 40 cm
Answer: (D)
Hint:

vi. Altitude on the hypotenuse of a right angled triangle divides it in two parts of lengths 4 cm and 9 cm. Find the length of the altitude.
(A) 9 cm
(B) 4 cm
(C) 6 cm
(D) 2\(\sqrt { 6 }\)
Answer: (C)
Hint:

vii. Height and base of a right angled triangle are 24 cm and 18 cm find the length of its hypotenuse.
(A) 24 cm
(B) 30 cm
(C) 15 cm
(D) 18 cm
Answer: (B)
Hint:

viii. In ∆ABC, AB = 6\(\sqrt { 3 }\) cm, AC = 12 cm, BC = 6 cm. Find measure of ∠A.
(A) 30°
(B) 60°
(C) 90°
(D) 45°
Answer: (A)
Hint:

Question 2.
Solve the following examples.
i. Find the height of an equilateral triangle having side 2a.
ii. Do sides 7 cm, 24 cm, 25 cm form a right angled triangle? Give reason.
iii. Find the length of a diagonal of a rectangle having sides 11 cm and 60 cm.
iv. Find the length of the hypotenuse of a right angled triangle if remaining sides are 9 cm and 12 cm.
v. A side of an isosceles right angled triangle is x. Find its hypotenuse.
vi. In ∆PQR, PQ = \(\sqrt { 8 }\), QR = \(\sqrt { 5 }\), PR = \(\sqrt { 3 }\) . Is ∆PQR a right angled triangle? If yes, which angle is of 90°?
Solution:
i. Let ∆ABC be the given equilateral triangle.

∴ ∠B = 60° [Angle of an equilateral triangle]
Let AD ⊥BC, B – D – C.
In ∆ABD, ∠B = 60°, ∠ADB = 90°
∴ ∠BAD = 30° [Remaining angle of a triangle]
∴ ∆ABD is a 30° – 60° – 90° triangle.
∴ AD = \(\frac{\sqrt{3}}{2}\) AB [Side opposite to 60°]
= \(\frac{\sqrt{3}}{2}\) × 2a
= a\(\sqrt { 3 }\) units
The height of the equilateral triangle is a\(\sqrt { 3 }\) units.

ii. The sides of the triangle are 7 cm, 24 cm and 25 cm.
The longest side of the triangle is 25 cm.
∴ (25)² = 625
Now, sum of the squares of the remaining sides is,
(7)² + (24)² = 49 + 576
= 625
∴ (25)² = (7)² + (24)²
∴ Square of the longest side is equal to the sum of the squares of the remaining two sides.
∴ The given sides will form a right angled triangle. [Converse of Pythagoras theorem]

iii. Let ꠸ABCD be the given rectangle.
AB = 11 cm, BC = 60 cm

In ∆ABC, ∠B = 90° [Angle of a rectangle]
∴ AC² = AB² + BC² [Pythagoras theorem]
= 112 + 602
= 121 +3600
= 3721
∴ AC = \(\sqrt { 3721 }\) [Taking square root of both sides]
= 61 cm
The length of the diagonal of the rectangle is 61 cm.
∴ The length of the diagonal of the rectangle is 61 cm.

iv. Let ∆PQR be the given right angled triangle.
In ∆PQR, ∠Q = 90°

∴ PR² = PQ² + QR² [Pythagoras theorem]
= 9² + 12²
= 81 + 144
= 225
∴ PR = \(\sqrt { 225 }\) [Taking square root of both sides]
= 15 cm
∴ The length of the hypotenuse of the right angled triangle is 15 cm.

v. Let ∆PQR be the given right angled isosceles triangle.
PQ = QR = x.

In ∆PQR, ∠Q = 90° [Pythagoras theorem]
∴ PR² = PQ² + QR²
= x² + x²
= 2x²
∴ PR = \(\sqrt{2 x^{2}}\) [Taking square root of both sides]
= x \(\sqrt { 2 }\) units
∴ The hypotenuse of the right angled isosceles triangle is x \(\sqrt { 2 }\) units.
∴ The hypotenuse of the right angled isosceles triangle is x \(\sqrt { 2 }\) units.

vi. Longest side of ∆PQR = PQ = \(\sqrt { 8 }\)
∴ PQ² = (\(\sqrt { 8 }\))² = 8
Now, sum of the squares of the remaining sides is,

QR² + PR² = (\(\sqrt { 5 }\))² + (\(\sqrt { 3 }\))²
= 5 + 3
= 8
∴ PQ² = QR² + PR²
∴ Square of the longest side is equal to the sum of the squares of the remaining two sides.
∴ ∆PQR is a right angled triangle. [Converse of Pythagoras theorem]
Now, PQ is the hypotenuse.
∴∠PRQ = 90° [Angle opposite to hypotenuse]
∴ ∆PQR is a right angled triangle in which ∠PRQ is of 90°.

Question 3.
In ∆RST, ∠S = 90°, ∠T = 30°, RT = 12 cm, then find RS and ST.
Solution:
in ∆RST, ∠S = 900, ∠T = 30° [Given]
∴ ∠R = 60° [Remaining angle of a triangle]
∴ ∆RST is a 30° – 60° – 90° triangle.

∴ RS = \(\frac { 1 }{ 2 } \) RT [Side opposite to 30°]
= \(\frac { 1 }{ 2 } \) × 12 = 6cm
Also, ST = \(\frac{\sqrt{3}}{2}\) RT [Side opposite to 60°]
= \(\frac{\sqrt{3}}{2}\) × 12 = 6 \(\sqrt { 3 }\) cm
∴ RS = 6 cm and ST = 6 \(\sqrt { 3 }\) cm

Question 4.
Find the diagonal of a rectangle whose length is 16 cm and area is 192 sq. cm.
Solution:
Let ꠸ABCD be the given rectangle.
BC = 16cm
Area of rectangle = length × breadth
Area of ꠸ABCD = BC × AB

∴ 192 = I6 × AB
∴ AB = \(\frac { 192 }{ 16 } \)
= 12cm
Now, in ∆ABC, ∠B = 90° [Angle of a rectangle]
∴ AC² = AB² + BC² [Pythagoras theorem]
= 122 + 162
= 144 + 256
=400
∴ AC = \(\sqrt { 400 }\) [Taking square root of both sides]
= 20cm
∴ The diagonal of the rectangle is 20 cm.

Question 5.
Find the length of the side and perimeter of an equilateral triangle whose height is \(\sqrt { 3 }\) cm.
Solution:
Let ∆ABC be the given equilateral triangle.
∴ ∠B = 60° [Angle of an equilateral triangle]

AD ⊥ BC, B – D – C.
In ∆ABD, ∠B =60°, ∠ADB = 90°
∴ ∠BAD = 30° [Remaining angle of a triangle]
∴ ∆ABD is a 30° – 60° – 90° triangle.
∴ AD = \(\frac{\sqrt{3}}{2}\)AB [Side opposite to 600]
∴ \(\sqrt { 3 }\) = \(\frac{\sqrt{3}}{2}\)AB
∴ AB = \(\frac{2 \sqrt{3}}{\sqrt{3}}\)
∴ AB = 2cm
∴ Side of equilateral triangle = 2cm
Perimeter of ∆ABC = 3 × side
= 3 × AB
= 3 × 2
= 6cm
∴ The length of the side and perimeter of the equilateral triangle are 2 cm and 6 cm respectively.

Question 6.
In ∆ABC, seg AP is a median. If BC = 18, AB2 + AC2 = 260, find AP.
Solution:
PC = \(\frac { 1 }{ 2 } \) BC [P is the midpoint of side BC]
= \(\frac { 1 }{ 2 } \) × 18 = 9cm

in ∆ABC, seg AP is the median,
Now, AB² + AC² = 2 A² + 2 PC² [Apollonius theorem]
∴ 260 = 2 AP² + 2 (9)²
∴ 130 = AP² + 81 [Dividing both sides by 2]
∴ AP² = 130 – 81
∴ AP² = 49
∴ AP = \(\sqrt { 49 }\) [Taking square root of both sides]
∴ AP = 7 units

Question 7.
∆ABC is an equilateral triangle. Point P is on base BC such that PC = \(\frac { 1 }{ 3 } \) BC, if AB = 6 cm find AP.

Given: ∆ABC is an equilateral triangle.
PC = \(\frac { 1 }{ 3 } \) BC, AB = 6cm.
To find: AP
Consttuction: Draw seg AD ± seg BC, B – D – C.
Solution:
∆ABC is an equilateral triangle.
∴ AB = BC = AC = 6cm [Sides of an equilateral triangle]
pc = \(\frac { 1 }{ 3 } \) BC [Given]
= \(\frac { 1 }{ 3 } \) (6)
∴ PC = 2cm
In ∆ADC,
∠D = 90° [Construction]
∠C = 60° [Angle of an equilateral triangle]
∠DAC = 30° [Remaining angle of a triangle]
∴ ∆ ADC is a 30° – 60° – 90° triangle.
∴ AD = \(\frac{\sqrt{3}}{2}\) AC [Side opposite to 60°]
∴ AD = \(\frac{\sqrt{3}}{2}\) (6)
∴ AD = 3 \(\sqrt { 3 }\)cm
CD = \(\frac { 1 }{ 2 } \) AC [Side opposite to 30°]
∴ CD = \(\frac { 1 }{ 2 } \) (6)
∴ CD = 3cm
Now DP + PC = CD [D – P – C]
∴ DP + 2 = 3
∴ DP = 1cm
In ∆ADP,
∠ADP = 900
AP² = AD² + DP² [Pythagoras theorem]
∴ AP² = (3\(\sqrt { 3 }\))² + (1)²
∴ AP² = 9 × 3 + 1 = 27 + 1
∴ AP² = 28
∴ AP = \(\sqrt { 28 }\)
∴ AP = \(\sqrt{4 \times 7}\)
∴ AP = 2 \(\sqrt { 7 }\)cm

Question 8.
From the information given in the adjoining figure, prove that
PM = PN = \(\sqrt { 3 }\) × a

Solution:
Proof:
In ∆PMR,
QM = QR = a [Given]
∴ Q is the midpoint of side MR.
∴ seg PQ is the median.
∴ PM² + PR² = 2PQ² + 2QM² [Apollonius theorem]

∴ PM² + a² = 2a² + 2a²
∴ PM² + a² = 4a²
∴ PM² = 3a²
∴ PM,= \(\sqrt { 3 }\)a (i) [Taking square root of both sides]
SimlarIy, in ∆PNQ,
R is the midpoint of side QN.
∴ seg PR is the median.
∴ PN² + PQ² = 2 PR² + 2 RN² [Apollonius theorem]

∴ PN² + a² = 2a² + 2a²
∴ PN² + a² = 4a²
∴ PN² = 3a²
∴ PN = \(\sqrt { 3 }\)a (ii) [Taking square root of both sides]
∴ PM = PN = \(\sqrt { 3 }\) a [From (i) and (ii)]

Question 9.
Prove that the sum of the squares of the diagonals of a parallelogram ¡s equal to the sum of the squares of its sides.

Given: ꠸ABCD is a parallelogram, diagonals AC and BD intersect at point M.
To prove: AC² + BD² = AB² + BC² + CD² + AD²
Solution:
Proof:
꠸ABCD is a parallelogram.
∴ AB = CD and BC = AD (i) [Opposite sides of a parallelogram]
AM = \(\frac { 1 }{ 2 } \) AC and BM = \(\frac { 1 }{ 2 } \) BD (ii) [Diagonals of a parallelogram bisect each other]
∴ M is the midpoint of diagonals AC and BD. (iii)
In ∆ABC.
seg BM is the median. [From (iii)]
AB² + BC² = 2AM² + 2BM² (iv) [Apollonius theorem]
∴ AB² + BC² = 2(\(\frac { 1 }{ 2 } \) AC)² + 2(\(\frac { 1 }{ 2 } \) BD)² [From (ii) and (iv)]
∴ AB² + BC² = 2 × \(\frac{\mathrm{BD}^{2}}{4}+2 \times \frac{\mathrm{AC}^{2}}{4}\)
∴ AB² + BC² = \(\frac{B D^{2}}{2}+\frac{A C^{2}}{2}\)
∴ 2AB² + 2BC² = BD² + AC² [Multiplying both sides by 2]
∴ AB² + AB² + BC² + BC² = BD² + AC²
∴ AB² + CD² + BC² + AD² = BD² + AC² [From(i)]
i.e. AC² + BD² = AB² + BC² + CD² + AD²

Question 10.
Pranali and Prasad started walking to the East and to the North respectively, from the same point and at the same speed. After 2 hours distance between them was 15\(\sqrt { 2 }\) km. Find their speed per hour.
Solution:
Suppose Pranali and Prasad started walking from point A, and reached points B and C respectively after 2 hours.
Distance between them = BC = 15\(\sqrt { 2 }\) km

Since, their speed is same, both travel the same distance in the given time.
∴ AB = AC
Let AB = AC = x km (i)
Now, in ∆ ABC, ∠A = 90°
∴ BC² = AB² + AC² [Pythagoras theorem]
∴ (15\(\sqrt { 2 }\))² = x² + x² [From (i)]
∴ 225 × 2 = 2 x²
∴ x² = 225
∴ x = \(\sqrt { 225 }\) [Taking square root of both sides]
∴ x = 15 km
∴ AB = AC = 15km
\(\text { Now, speed }=\frac{\text { distance }}{\text { time }}=\frac{15}{2}\)
= 7.5 km/hr
∴ The speed of Pranali and Prasad is 7.5 km/hour.

Question 11.
In ∆ABC, ∠BAC = 90°, seg BL and seg CM are medians of ∆ABC. Then prove that 4 (BL² + CM²) = 5 BC².

Given : ∠BAC = 90°
seg BL and seg CM are the medians.
To prove: 4(BL² + CM²) = 5BC²
Solution:
Proof:
In ∆BAL, ∠BAL 90° [Given]
∴ BL² = AB² + AL² (i) [Pythagoras theorem]
In ∆CAM, ∠CAM = 90° [Given]
∴ CM² = AC² + AM² (ii) [Pythagoras theorem]
∴ BL² + CM² = AB² + AC² + AL² + AM² (iii) [Adding (i) and (ii)]
Now, AL = \(\frac { 1 }{ 2 } \) AC and AM = \(\frac { 1 }{ 2 } \) AB (iv) [seg BL and seg CM are the medians]
∴ BL² + CM²
= AB² + AC² + (\(\frac { 1 }{ 2 } \) AC)² + (\(\frac { 1 }{ 2 } \) AB)² [From (iii) and (iv)]
\(=A B^{2}+A C^{2}+\frac{A C^{2}}{4}+\frac{A B^{2}}{4}\)
\(=A B^{2}+\frac{A B^{2}}{4}+A C^{2}+\frac{A C^{2}}{4}\)
\(=\frac{5 \mathrm{AB}^{2}}{4}+\frac{5 \mathrm{AC}^{2}}{4}\)
∴ BL² + CM² = \(\frac { 5 }{ 4 } \) (AB² + AC²)
∴ 4(BL² + CM²) = 5(AB² + AC²) (v)
In ∆BAC, ∠BAC = 90° [Given]
∴ BC² = AB² + AC² (vi) [Pythagoras theorem]
∴ 4(BL² + CM²) = 5BC² [From (v) and (vi)]

Question 12.
Sum of the squares of adjacent sides of a parallelogram is 130 cm and length of one of its diagonals is 14 cm. Find the length of the other diagonal.
Solution:
Let ꠸ABCD be the given
parallelogram and its diagonals AC and BD intersect at point M.

∴ AB² + AD² = 130cm, BD = 14cm
MD = \(\frac { 1 }{ 2 } \) BD (i) [Diagonals of a parallelogram bisect each other]
= \(\frac { 1 }{ 2 } \) × 14 = 7 cm
In ∆ABD, seg AM is the median. [From (i)]
∴ AB² + = 2AM² + 2MD² [Apollonius theorem]
∴ 130 = 2 AM² + 2(7)²
∴ 65 = AM² +49 [Dividing both sides by 2]
∴ AM² = 65 – 49
∴ AM² = 16 [Taking square root of both sides]
∴ AM = \(\sqrt { 16 }\)
= 4cm
Now, AC =2 AM [Diagonals of a parallelogram bisect each other]
2 × 4 = 8 cm
∴ The length of the other diagonal of the parallelogram is 8 cm.

Question 13.
In ∆ABC, seg AD ⊥ seg BC and DB = 3 CD. Prove that: 2 AB2 = 2 AC2 + BC2.
Given: seg AD ⊥ seg BC
DB = 3CD
To prove: 2AB² = 2AC² + BC²

Solution:
DB = 3CD (i) [Given]
In ∆ADB, ∠ADB = 90° [Given]
∴ AB² = AD² + DB² [Pythagoras theorem]
∴ AB² = AD² + (3CD)² [From (i)]
∴ AB² = AD² + 9CD² (ii)
In ∆ADC, ∠ADC = 90° [Given]
∴ AC² = AD² + CD² [Pythagoras theorem]
∴ AD² = AC² – CD² (iii)
AB² = AC² – CD² + 9CD² [From (ii) and(iii)]
∴ AB² = AC² + 8CD² (iv)
CD + DB = BC [C – D – B]
∴ CD + 3CD = BC [From (i)]
∴ 4CD = BC
∴ CD = \(\frac { BC }{ 4 } \) (v)
AB² = AC² + 8(\(\frac { BC }{ 4 } \))² [From (iv) and (v)]
∴ AB² = AC² + 8 × \(\frac{\mathrm{BC}^{2}}{16}\)
∴ AB² = AC² + \(\frac{\mathrm{BC}^{2}}{2}\)
∴ 2AB² = 2AC² + BC² [Multiplying both sides by 2]

Question 14.
In an isosceles triangle, length of the congruent sides is 13 em and its.base is 10 cm. Find the distance between the vertex opposite to the base and the centroid.
Given: ∆ABC is an isosceles triangle.
G is the centroid.
AB = AC = 13 cm, BC = 10 cm.
To find: AG
Construction: Extend AG to intersect side BC at D, B – D – C.

Solution:
Centroid G of ∆ABC lies on AD
∴ seg AD is the median. (i)
∴ D is the midpoint of side BC.
∴ DC = \(\frac { 1 }{ 2 } \) BC
= \(\frac { 1 }{ 2 } \) × 10 = 5
In ∆ABC, seg AD is the median. [From (i)]
∴ AB² + AC² = 2 AD² + 2 DC² [Apollonius theorem]
∴ 13² + 13² = 2 AD² + 2 (5)²
∴ 2 × 13² = 2 AD² + 2 × 25
∴ 169 = AD² + 25 [Dividing both sides by 2]
∴ AD² = 169 – 25
∴ AD² = 144
∴ AD = \(\sqrt { 144 }\) [Taking square root of both sides]
= 12 cm
We know that, the centroid divides the median in the ratio 2 : 1.
∴ \(\frac { AG }{ GD } \) = \(\frac { 2 }{ 1 } \)
∴ \(\frac { GD }{ AG } \) = \(\frac { 1 }{ 2 } \) [By invertendo]
∴ \(\frac { GD+AG }{ AG } \) = \(\frac { 1+2 }{ 2 } \) [By componendo]
∴ \(\frac { AD }{ AG } \) = \(\frac { 3 }{ 2 } \) [A – G – D]
∴ \(\frac { 12 }{ AG } \) = \(\frac { 3 }{ 2 } \)
∴ AG = \(\frac{12 \times 2}{3}\)
= 8cm
∴ The distance between the vertex opposite to the base and the centroid is 8 cm.

Question 15.
In a trapezium ABCD, seg AB || seg DC, seg BD ⊥ seg AD, seg AC ⊥ seg BC. If AD = 15, BC = 15 and AB = 25, find A (꠸ABCD).

Construction: Draw seg DE ⊥ seg AB, A – E – B
and seg CF ⊥ seg AB, A – F- B.
Solution:
In ∆ ACB, ∠ACB = 90° [Given]
∴ AB2 = AC2 + BC2 [Pythagoras theorem]
∴ 252 = AC2 + 152
∴ AC2 = 625 – 225
= 400

∴ AC = \(\sqrt { 400 }\) [Taking square root of both sides]
= 20 units
Now, A(∆ABC) = \(\frac { 1 }{ 2 } \) × BC × AC
Also, A(∆ABC) = \(\frac { 1 }{ 2 } \) × AB × CF
∴ \(\frac { 1 }{ 2 } \) × BC × AC = \(\frac { 1 }{ 2 } \) × AB × CF
∴ BC × AC = AB × CF
∴ 15 × 20 = 25 × CF
∴ CF = \(\frac{15 \times 20}{25}\) = 12 units
In ∆CFB, ∠CFB 90° [Construction]
∴ BC² = CF² + FB² [Pythagoras theorem]
∴ 15² = 12² + FB²
∴ FB² = 225 – 144
∴ FB² = 81
∴ FB = \(\sqrt { 81 }\) [Taking square root of both sides]
= 9 units
Similarly, we can show that, AE = 9 units
Now, AB = AE + EF + FB [A – E – F, E – F – B]
∴ 25 = 9 + EF + 9
∴ EF = 25 – 18 = 7 units
In ꠸CDEF,
seg EF || seg DC [Given, A – E – F, E – F – B]
seg ED || seg FC [Perpendiculars to same line are parallel]
∴ ꠸CDEF is a parallelogram.
∴ DC = EF 7 units [Opposite sides of a parallelogram]
A(꠸ABCD) = \(\frac { 1 }{ 2 } \) × CF × (AB + CD)
= \(\frac { 1 }{ 2 } \) × 12 × (25 + 7)
= \(\frac { 1 }{ 2 } \) × 12 × 32
∴ A(꠸ABCD) = 192 sq. units

Question 16.
In the adjoining figure, ∆PQR is an equilateral triangle. Point S is on seg QR such that QS = \(\frac { 1 }{ 3 } \) QR. Prove that: 9 PS² = 7 PQ².

Given: ∆PQR is an equilateral triangle.
QS = \(\frac { 1 }{ 3 } \) QR
To prove: 9PS² = 7PQ²
Solution:
Proof:
∆PQR is an equilateral triangle [Given]
∴ ∠P = ∠Q = ∠R = 60° (i) [Angles of an equilateral triangle]
PQ = QR = PR (ii) [Sides of an equilateral triangle]
In ∆PTS, ∠PTS = 90° [Given]
PS² = PT² + ST² (iii) [Pythagoras theorem]
In ∆PTQ,
∠PTQ = 90° [Given]
∠PQT = 60° [From (i)]
∴ ∠QPT = 30° [Remaining angle of a triangle]
∴ ∆PTQ is a 30° – 60° – 90° triangle
∴ PT = \(\frac{\sqrt{3}}{2}\) PQ (iv) [Side opposite to 60°]
QT = \(\frac { 1 }{ 2 } \) PQ (v) [Side opposite to 30°]
QS + ST = QT [Q – S – T]
∴ \(\frac { 1 }{ 3 } \) QR + ST = \(\frac { 1 }{ 2 } \) PQ [Given and from (v)]
∴ \(\frac { 1 }{ 3 } \) PQ + ST = \(\frac { 1 }{ 2 } \) PQ [From (ii)]
∴ ST = \(\frac { PQ }{ 2 } \) – \(\frac { PQ }{ 3 } \)
∴ ST = \(\frac { 3PQ-2PQ }{ 6 } \)
∴ ST = \(\frac { PQ }{ 6 } \) (vi)
\(\mathrm{PS}^{2}=\left(\frac{\sqrt{3}}{2} \mathrm{PQ}\right)^{2}+\left(\frac{\mathrm{PQ}}{6}\right)^{2}\) [From (iii), (iv) and (vi)]
∴ \(\mathrm{PS}^{2}=\frac{3 \mathrm{PQ}^{2}}{4}+\frac{\mathrm{PQ}^{2}}{36}\)
∴ \(\mathrm{PS}^{2}=\frac{27 \mathrm{PQ}^{2}}{36}+\frac{\mathrm{PQ}^{2}}{36}\)
∴\(\mathrm{PS}^{2}=\frac{28 \mathrm{PQ}^{2}}{36}\)
∴PS² = \(\frac { 7 }{ 3 } \) PQ²
∴ 9PS² = 7 PQ²

Question 17.
Seg PM is a median of APQR. If PQ = 40, PR = 42 and PM = 29, find QR.
Solution:
In ∆PQR, seg PM is the median. [Given]
∴ M is the midpoint of side QR.
∴ PQ² + PR² = 2 PM² + 2 MR² [Apollonius theorem]

∴ 40² + 42² = 2 (29)² + 2 MR²
∴ 1600 + 1764 = 2 (841) + 2 MR²
∴ 3364 = 2 (841) + 2 MR²
∴ 1682 = 841 +MR² [Dividing both sides by 2]
∴ MR² = 1682 – 841
∴ MR² = 841
∴ MR = \(\sqrt { 841 }\) [Taking square root of both sides]
= 29 units
Now, QR = 2 MR [M is the midpoint of QR]
= 2 × 29
∴ QR = 58 units

Question 18.
Seg AM is a median of ∆ABC. If AB = 22, AC = 34, BC = 24, find AM.
Solution:
In ∆ABC, seg AM is the median. [Given]
∴ M is the midpoint of side BC.

∴ MC = \(\frac { 1 }{ 2 } \) BC
= \(\frac { 1 }{ 2 } \) × 24 = 12 units
Now, AB² + AC² = 2 AM² + 2 MC² [Apollonius theorem]
∴ 22² + 34² = 2 AM² + 2 (12)²
∴ 484 + 1156 = 2 AM² + 2 (144)
∴ 1640 = 2 AM² + 2 (144)
∴ 820 = AM² + 144 [Dividing both sides by 2]
∴ AM² = 820 – 144
∴ AM² = 676
∴ AM = \(\sqrt { 676 }\) [Taking square root of both sides]
∴ AM = 26 units

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Class 10 Maths Solutions covers the Practice Set 2.2 Geometry 10th Class Maths Part 2 Answers Solutions Chapter 2 Pythagoras Theorem.

Practice Set 2.2 Geometry 10th Std Maths Part 2 Answers Chapter 2 Pythagoras Theorem

Question 1.
In ∆PQR, point S is the midpoint of side QR. If PQ = 11, PR = 17, PS = 13, find QR.

Solution:
In ∆PQR, point S is the midpoint of side QR. [Given]
∴ seg PS is the median.
∴ PQ² + PR² = 2 PS² + 2 SR² [Apollonius theorem]
∴ 11² + 17² = 2 (13)² + 2 SR²
∴ 121 + 289 = 2 (169)+ 2 SR²
∴ 410 = 338+ 2 SR²
∴ 2 SR² = 410 – 338
∴ 2 SR² = 72
∴ SR² = \(\frac { 72 }{ 2 } \) = 36
∴ SR = \(\sqrt{36}\) [Taking square root of both sides]
= 6 units Now, QR = 2 SR [S is the midpoint of QR]
= 2 × 6
∴ QR = 12 units

Question 2.
In ∆ABC, AB = 10, AC = 7, BC = 9, then find the length of the median drawn from point C to side AB.
Solution:
Let CD be the median drawn from the vertex C to side AB.
BD = \(\frac { 1 }{ 2 } \) AB [D is the midpoint of AB]
= \(\frac { 1 }{ 2 } \) × 10 = 5 units

In ∆ABC, seg CD is the median. [Given]
∴ AC² + BC² = 2 CD² + 2 BD² [Apollonius theorem]
∴ 7² + 9² = 2 CD² + 2 (5)²
∴ 49 + 81 = 2 CD² + 2 (25)
∴ 130 = 2 CD² + 50
∴ 2 CD² = 130 – 50
∴ 2 CD² = 80
∴ CD² = \(\frac { 80 }{ 2 } \) = 40
∴ CD = \(\sqrt { 40 }\) [Taking square root of both sides]
= 2 \(\sqrt { 10 }\) units
∴ The length of the median drawn from point C to side AB is 2 \(\sqrt { 10 }\) units.

Question 3.
In the adjoining figure, seg PS is the median of APQR and PT ⊥ QR. Prove that,

i. PR² = PS² + QR × ST + (\(\frac { QR }{ 2 } \))²
ii. PQ² = PS² – QR × ST + (\(\frac { QR }{ 2 } \))²
Solution:
i. QS = SR = \(\frac { 1 }{ 2 } \) QR (i) [S is the midpoint of side QR]

∴ In ∆PSR, ∠PSR is an obtuse angle [Given]
and PT ⊥ SR [Given, Q-S-R]
∴ PR² = SR² +PS² + 2 SR × ST (ii) [Application of Pythagoras theorem]
∴ PR² = (\(\frac { 1 }{ 2 } \) QR)² + PS² + 2 (\(\frac { 1 }{ 2 } \) QR) × ST [From (i) and (ii)]
∴ PR² = (\(\frac { QR }{ 2 } \))² + PS² + QR × ST
∴ PR² = PS² + QR × ST + (\(\frac { QR }{ 2 } \))²

ii. In.∆PQS, ∠PSQ is an acute angle and [Given]

PT ⊥QS [Given, Q-S-R]
∴ PQ² = QS² + PS² – 2 QS × ST (iii) [Application of Pythagoras theorem]
∴ PR² = (\(\frac { 1 }{ 2 } \) QR)² + PS² – 2 (\(\frac { 1 }{ 2 } \) QR) × ST [From (i) and (iii)]
∴ PR² = (\(\frac { QR }{ 2 } \))² + PS² – QR × ST
∴ PR² = PS² – QR × ST + (\(\frac { QR }{ 2 } \))²

Question 4.
In ∆ABC, point M is the midpoint of side BC. If AB² + AC² = 290 cm, AM = 8 cm, find BC.

Solution:
In ∆ABC, point M is the midpoint of side BC. [Given]
∴ seg AM is the median.
∴ AB² + AC² = 2 AM² + 2 MC² [Apollonius theorem]
∴ 290 = 2 (8)² + 2 MC²
∴ 145 = 64 + MC² [Dividing both sides by 2]
∴ MC² = 145 – 64
∴ MC² = 81
∴ MC = \(\sqrt{81}\) [Taking square root of both sides]
MC = 9 cm
Now, BC = 2 MC [M is the midpoint of BC]
= 2 × 9
∴ BC = 18 cm

Question 5.
In the adjoining figure, point T is in the interior of rectangle PQRS. Prove that, TS² + TQ² = TP² + TR². (As shown in the figure, draw seg AB || side SR and A – T – B)

Given: ꠸PQRS is a rectangle.
Point T is in the interior of ꠸PQRS.
To prove: TS² + TQ² = TP² + TR²
Construction: Draw seg AB || side SR such that A – T – B.
Solution:
Proof:
꠸PQRS is a rectangle. [Given]
∴ PS = QR (i) [Opposite sides of a rectangle]
In ꠸ASRB,
∠S = ∠R = 90° (ii) [Angles of rectangle PQRS]
side AB || side SR [Construction]
Also ∠A = ∠S = 90° [Interior angle theorem, from (ii)]
∠B = ∠R = 90°
∴ ∠A = ∠B = ∠S = ∠R = 90° (iii)
∴ ꠸ASRB is a rectangle.
∴ AS = BR (iv) [Opposite sides of a rectanglel

In ∆PTS, ∠PST is an acute angle
and seg AT ⊥ side PS [From (iii)]
∴ TP² = PS² + TS² – 2 PS.AS (v) [Application of Pythagoras theorem]
In ∆TQR., ∠TRQ is an acute angle
and seg BT ⊥ side QR [From (iii)]
∴ TQ² = RQ² + TR² – 2 RQ.BR (vi) [Application of pythagoras theorem]

TP² – TQ² = PS² + TS² – 2PS.AS
-RQ² – TR² + 2RQ.BR [Subtracting (vi) from (v)]
∴ TP² – TQ² = TS² – TR² + PS²
– RQ² -2 PS.AS +2 RQ.BR
∴ TP² – TQ² = TS² – TR² + PS²
– PS² – 2 PS.BR + 2PS.BR [From (i) and (iv)]
∴ TP² – TQ² = TS² – TR²
∴ TS² + TQ² = TP² + TR²

Question 1.
In ∆ABC, ∠C is an acute angle, seg AD Iseg BC. Prove that: AB² = BC² + A² – 2 BC × DC. (Textbook pg. no. 44)
Given: ∠C is an acute angle, seg AD ⊥ seg BC.
To prove: AB² = BC² + AC² – 2BC × DC
Solution:
Proof:
∴ LetAB = c, AC = b, AD = p,

∴ BC = a, DC = x
BD + DC = BC [B – D – C]
∴ BD = BC – DC
∴ BD = a – x
In ∆ABD, ∠D = 90° [Given]
AB² = BD² + AD² [Pythagoras theorem]
∴ c² = (a – x)² + [P²] (i)
∴ c² = a² – 2ax + x² + [P²]
In ∆ADC, ∠D = 90° [Given]
AC² = AD² + CD² [Pythagoras theorem]
∴ b² = p² + [X²]
∴ p² = b² – [X²] (ii)
∴ c² = a² – 2ax + x² + b² – x² [Substituting (ii) in (i)]
∴ c² = a² + b² – 2ax
∴ AB² = BC² + AC² – 2 BC × DC

Question 2.
In ∆ABC, ∠ACB is an obtuse angle, seg AD ⊥ seg BC. Prove that: AB² = BC² + AC² + 2 BC × CD. (Textbook pg. no. 40 and 4.1)
Given: ∠ACB is an obtuse angle, seg AD ⊥ seg BC.
To prove: AB² = BC² + AC² + 2BC × CD
Solution:
Proof:

Let AD = p, AC = b, AB = c,
BC = a, DC = x
BD = BC + DC [B – C – D]
∴ BD = a + x
In ∆ADB, ∠D = 90° [Given]
AB² = BD² + AD² [Pythagoras theorem]
∴ c² = (a + x)² + p² (i)
∴ c² = a² + 2ax + x² + p²
Also, in ∆ADC, ∠D = 90° [Given]
AC² = CD² + AD² [Pythagoras theorem]
∴ b² = x² + p²
∴ p² = b² – x² (ii)
∴ c² = a² + 2ax + x² + b² – x² [Substituting (ii) in (i)]
∴ c² = a² + b² + 2ax
∴ AB² = BC² + AC² + 2 BC × CD

Question 3.
In ∆ABC, if M is the midpoint of side BC and seg AM ⊥seg BC, then prove that
AB² + AC² = 2 AM² + 2 BM². (Textbook pg, no. 41)
Given: In ∆ABC, M is the midpoint of side BC and seg AM ⊥ seg BC.
To prove: AB² + AC² = 2 AM² + 2 BM²
Solution:
Proof:

In ∆AMB, ∠M = 90° [segAM ⊥ segBC]
∴ AB2 = AM2 + BM2 (i) [Pythagoras theorem]
Also, in ∆AMC, ∠M = 90° [seg AM ⊥ seg BC]
∴ AC2 = AM2 + MC2 (ii) [Pythagoras theorem]
∴ AB² + AC² = AM² + BM² + AM² + MC² [Adding (i) and (ii)]
∴ AB² + AC² = 2 AM² + BM² + BM² [∵ BM = MC (M is the midpoint of BC)]
∴ AB² + AC² = 2 AM² + 2 BM²

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Class 10 Maths Solutions covers the Practice Set 2.1 Geometry 10th Class Maths Part 2 Answers Solutions Chapter 2 Pythagoras Theorem.

Practice Set 2.1 Geometry 10th Std Maths Part 2 Answers Chapter 2 Pythagoras Theorem

Question 1.
Identify, with reason, which of the following are Pythagorean triplets.
i. (3,5,4)
ii. (4,9,12)
iii. (5,12,13)
iv. (24,70,74)
v. (10,24,27)
vi. (11,60,61)
Solution:
i. Here, 5² = 25
3² + 4² = 9 + 16 = 25
∴ 5² = 3² + 4²
The square of the largest number is equal to the sum of the squares of the other two numbers.
∴ (3,5,4) is a Pythagorean triplet.

ii. Here, 12² = 144
4² + 9²= 16 + 81 =97
∴ 12² ≠ 4² + 92
The square of the largest number is not equal to the sum of the squares of the other two numbers.
∴ (4,9,12) is not a Pythagorean triplet.

iii. Here, 13² = 169
5² + 12² = 25 + 144 = 169
∴ 13² = 5² + 12²
The square of the largest number is equal to the sum of the squares of the other two numbers.
∴ (5,12,13) is a Pythagorean triplet.

iv. Here, 74² = 5476
24² + 70² = 576 + 4900 = 5476
∴ 74² = 24² + 70²
The square of the largest number is equal to the sum of the squares of the other two numbers.
∴ (24, 70,74) is a Pythagorean triplet.

v. Here, 27² = 729
10² + 24² = 100 + 576 = 676
∴ 27² ≠ 10² + 24²
The square of the largest number is not equal to the sum of the squares of the other two numbers.
∴ (10,24,27) is not a Pythagorean triplet.

vi. Here, 61² = 3721
11² + 60² = 121 + 3600 = 3721
∴ 61² = 11² + 60²
The square of the largest number is equal to the sum of the squares of the other two numbers.
∴ (11,60,61) is a Pythagorean triplet.

Question 2.
In the adjoining figure, ∠MNP = 90°, seg NQ ⊥ seg MP,MQ = 9, QP = 4, find NQ.

Solution:
In ∆MNP, ∠MNP = 90° and [Given]
seg NQ ⊥ seg MP
NQ² = MQ × QP [Theorem of geometric mean]
∴ NQ = \(\sqrt { MQ\times QP }\) [Taking square root of both sides]
= \(\sqrt { 9\times 4 } \)
= 3 × 2
∴NQ = 6 units

Question 3.
In the adjoining figure, ∠QPR = 90°, seg PM ⊥ seg QR and Q – M – R, PM = 10, QM = 8, find QR.

Solution:
In ∆PQR, ∠QPR = 90° and [Given]
seg PM ⊥ seg QR
∴ PM² = OM × MR [Theorem of geometric mean]
∴ 10² = 8 × MR
∴ MR = \(\frac { 100 }{ 8 } \)
= 12.5
Now, QR = QM + MR [Q – M – R]
= 8 + 12.5
∴ QR = 20.5 units

Question 4.
See adjoining figure. Find RP and PS using the information given in ∆PSR.

Solution:
In ∆PSR, ∠S = 90°, ∠P = 30° [Given]
∴ ∠R = 60° [Remaining angle of a triangle]
∴ ∆PSR is a 30° – 60° – 90° triangle.
RS = \(\frac { 1 }{ 2 } \) RP [Side opposite to 30°]
∴6 = \(\frac { 1 }{ 2 } \) RP
∴ RP = 6 × 2 = 12 units
Also, PS = \(\frac{\sqrt{3}}{2}\) RP [Side opposite to 60°]
= \(\frac{\sqrt{3}}{2}\) × 12
= \(6 \sqrt{3}\) units
∴ RP = 12 units, PS = 6 \(\sqrt { 3 }\) units

Question 5.
For finding AB and BC with the help of information given in the adjoining figure, complete the following activity.

Solution:
AB = BC [Given]
∴ ∠BAC = ∠BCA [Isosceles triangle theorem]
Let ∠BAC = ∠BCA = x (i)
In ∆ABC, ∠A + ∠B + ∠C = 180° [Sum of the measures of the angles of a triangle is 180°]
∴ x + 90° + x = 180° [From (i)]
∴ 2x = 90°
∴ x = \(\frac { 90° }{ 2 } \) [From (i)]
∴ x = 45°

Question 6.
Find the side and perimeter of a square whose diagonal is 10 cm.

Solution:
Let ꠸ABCD be the given square.
l(diagonal AC) = 10 cm
Let the side of the square be ‘x’ cm.
In ∆ABC,
∠B = 90° [Angle of a square]
∴ AC² = AB² + BC² [Pythagoras theorem]
∴ 10² = x² + x²
∴ 100 = 2x²
∴ x² = \(\frac { 100 }{ 2 } \)
∴x² = 50
∴ x = \(\sqrt { 50 }\) [Taking square root of both sides]
= \(=\sqrt{25 \times 2}=5 \sqrt{2}\)
∴side of square is 5\(\sqrt { 2 }\) cm.
= 4 × 5 \(\sqrt { 2 }\)
∴ Perimeter of square = 20 \(\sqrt { 2 }\) cm

Question 7.
In the adjoining figure, ∠DFE = 90°, FG ⊥ ED. If GD = 8, FG = 12, find
i. EG
ii. FD, and
iii. EF

Solution:
i. In ∆DEF, ∠DFE = 90° and FG ⊥ ED [Given]
∴ FG² = GD × EG [Theorem of geometric mean]
∴ 122 = 8 × EG .
∴ EG = \(\frac { 144 }{ 8 } \)
∴ EG = 18 units

ii. In ∆FGD, ∠FGD = 90° [Given]
∴ FD² = FG² + GD² [Pythagoras theorem]
= 122 + 82 = 144 + 64
= 208
∴ FD = \(\sqrt { 208 }\) [Taking square root of both sides]
∴ FD = 4 \(\sqrt { 13 }\) units

iii. In ∆EGF, ∠EGF = 90° [Given]
∴ EF² = EG² + FG² [Pythagoras theorem]
= 182 + 122 = 324 + 144
= 468
∴ EF = \(\sqrt { 468 }\) [Taking square root of both sides]
∴ EF = 6 \(\sqrt { 13 }\) units

Question 8.
Find the diagonal of a rectangle whose length is 35 cm and breadth is 12 cm.

Solution:
Let ꠸ABCD be the given rectangle.
AB = 12 cm, BC 35 cm
In ∆ABC, ∠B = 90° [Angle of a rectangle]
∴ AC² = AB² + BC² [Pythagoras theorem]
= 122 + 352
= 144 + 1225
= 1369
∴ AC = \(\sqrt { 1369 }\) [Taking square root of both sides]
= 37 cm
∴ The diagonal of the rectangle is 37 cm.

Question 9.
In the adjoining figure, M is the midpoint of QR. ∠PRQ = 90°.
Prove that, PQ² = 4 PM² – 3 PR².

Solution:
Proof:
In ∆PQR, ∠PRQ = 90° [Given]
PQ² = PR² + QR² (i) [Pythagoras theorem]
RM = \(\frac { 1 }{ 2 } \) QR [M is the midpoint of QR]
∴ 2RM = QR (ii)
∴ PQ² = PR² + (2RM)² [From (i) and (ii)]
∴ PQ² = PR² + 4RM² (iii)
Now, in ∆PRM, ∠PRM = 90° [Given]
∴ PM² = PR² + RM² [Pythagoras theorem]
∴ RM² = PM² – PR² (iv)
∴ PQ² = PR² + 4 (PM² – PR²) [From (iii) and (iv)]
∴ PQ² = PR² + 4 PM² – 4 PR²
∴ PQ² = 4 PM² – 3 PR²

Question 10.
Walls of two buildings on either side of a street are parallel to each other. A ladder 5.8 m long is placed on the street such that its top just reaches the window of a building at the height of 4 m. On turning the ladder over to the other side of the street, its top touches the window of the other building at a height 4.2 m. Find the width of the street.
Solution:
Let AC and CE represent the ladder of length 5.8 m, and A and E represent windows of the buildings on the opposite sides of the street. BD is the width of the street.

AB = 4 m and ED = 4.2 m
In ∆ABC, ∠B = 90° [Given]
AC² = AB² + BC² [Pythagoras theorem]
∴ 5.8² = 4² + BC²
∴ 5.8² – 4² = BC²
∴ (5.8 – 4) (5.8 + 4) = BC²
∴ 1.8 × 9.8 = BC²

CE² = CD² + DE² [Pythagoras theorem]
∴ 5.8² = CD² + 4.22
∴ 5.8² – 4.2² = CD²
∴ (5.8 – 4.2) (5.8 + 4.2) = CD²
∴ 1.6 × 10 = CD²
∴ CD² = 16
∴ CD = 4m (ii) [Taking square root of both sides]
Now, BD = BC + CD [B – C – D]
= 4.2 + 4 [From (i) and (ii)]
= 8.2 m
∴ The width of the street is 8.2 metres.

Question 1.
Verify that (3,4,5), (5,12,13), (8,15,17), (24,25,7) are Pythagorean triplets. (Textbook pg. no. 30)
Solution:
i. Here, 5² = 25
3² + 4² = 9 + 16 = 25
∴ 5² = 3² + 4²
The square of the largest number is equal to the sum of the squares of the other two numbers.
∴ 3,4,5 is a Pythagorean triplet.

ii. Here, 13² = 169
5² + 12² = 25 + 144 = 169
∴ 13² = 5² + 12²
The square of the largest number is equal to the sum of the squares of the other two numbers.
∴ 5,12,13 is a Pythagorean triplet.

iii. Here, 17² = 289
8² + 15² = 64 + 225 = 289
∴ 17² = 8² + 15²
The square of the largest number is equal to the sum of the squares of the other two numbers.
∴ 8,15,17 is a Pythagorean triplet.

iv. Here, 25² = 625
7² + 24² = 49 + 576 = 625
∴ 25² = 7² + 24²
The square of the largest number is equal to the sum of the squares of the other two numbers.
∴ 24,25, 7 is a Pythagorean triplet.

Question 2.
Assign different values to a and b and obtain 5 Pythagorean triplets. (Textbook pg. no. 31)
Solution:
i. Let a = 2, b = 1
a² + b² = 2² + 1² = 4 + 1 = 5
a² – b² = 2² – 1² = 4 – 1 = 3
2ab = 2 × 2 × 1 = 4
∴ (5, 3, 4) is a Pythagorean triplet.

ii. Let a = 4,b = 3
a² + b² = 4² + 3² = 16 + 9 = 25
a² – b² = 4² – 3² = 16 – 9 = 7
2ab = 2 × 4 × 3 = 24
∴ (25, 7, 24) is a Pythagorean triplet.

iii. Let a = 5, b = 2
a² + b² = 5² + 2² = 25 + 4 = 29
a² – b² = 5² – 2² = 25 – 4 = 21
2ab = 2 × 5 × 2 = 20
∴ (29, 21, 20) is a Pythagorean triplet.

iv. Let a = 4,b = 1
a² + b² = 4² + 1² = 16 + 1 = 17
a² – b² = 42 – 12 = 16 – 1 = 15
2ab = 2 × 4 × 1 = 8
∴ (17, 15, 8) is a Pythagorean triplet.

v. Let a = 9, b = 7
a² + b² = 92 + 72 = 81 + 49 = 130
a² – b² = 92 – 72 = 81 – 49 = 32
2ab = 2 × 9 × 7 = 126
∴ (130,32,126) is a Pythagorean triplet.

Note: Numbers in Pythagorean triplet can be written in any order.

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Class 10 Maths Solutions covers the Problem Set 1 Geometry 10th Class Maths Part 2 Answers Solutions Chapter 6 Statistics.

Problem Set 1 Geometry 10th Std Maths Part 2 Answers Chapter 1 Similarity

Question 1.
Select the appropriate alternative.
i. In ∆ABC and ∆PQR, in a one to one correspondence \(\frac { AB }{ QR } \) = \(\frac { BC }{ PR } \) = \(\frac { CA }{ PQ } \), then

(A) ∆PQR – ∆ABC
(B) ∆PQR – ∆CAB
(C) ∆CBA – ∆PQR
(D) ∆BCA – ∆PQR
Answer:
(B)

ii. If in ∆DEF and ∆PQR, ∠D ≅ ∠Q, ∠R ≅ ∠E, then which of the following statements is false?

(A) \(\frac { EF }{ PR } \) = \(\frac { DF }{ PQ } \)
(B) \(\frac { DE }{ PQ } \) = \(\frac { EF }{ RP } \)
(C) \(\frac { DE }{ QR } \) = \(\frac { DF }{ PQ } \)
(D) \(\frac { EF }{ RP } \) = \(\frac { DE }{ QR } \)
Answer:
∆DEF ~ ∆QRP … [AA test of similarity]
∴ \(\frac { DE }{ QR } \) = \(\frac { EF }{ RP } \) = \(\frac { DF }{ PQ } \) …[Corresponding sides of similar triangles]
(B)

iii. In ∆ABC and ∆DEF, ∠B = ∠E, ∠F = ∠C and AB = 3 DE, then which of the statements regarding the two triangles is true?

(A) The triangles are not congruent and not similar.
(B) The triangles are similar but not congruent.
(C) The triangles are congruent and similar.
(D) None of the statements above is true.
Answer:
(B)

iv. ∆ABC and ∆DEF are equilateral triangles, A(∆ABC) : A(∆DEF) = 1 : 2. If AB = 4, then what is length of DE?

(A) 2√2
(B) 4
(C) 8
(D) 4√2
Answer:
Refer Q. 6 Practice Set 1.4
(D)

v. In the adjoining figure, seg XY || seg BC, then which of the following statements is true?

(A) \(\frac { AB }{ AC } \) = \(\frac { AX }{ AY } \)
(B) \(\frac { AX }{ XB } \) = \(\frac { AY }{ AC } \)
(C) \(\frac { AX }{ YC } \) = \(\frac { AY }{ XB } \)
(D) \(\frac { AB }{ YC } \) = \(\frac { AC }{ XB } \)
Answer:
∆ABC ~ ∆AXY … [AA test of similarity]
∴ \(\frac { AB }{ AX } \) = \(\frac { AC }{ AY } \) …[Corresponding sides of similar triangles]
∴ \(\frac { AB }{ AC } \) = \(\frac { AX }{ AY } \) …[Altemendo]
(A)

Question 2.
In ∆ABC, B-D-C and BD = 7, BC = 20, then find following ratios.

Solution:

Draw AE ⊥ BC, B – E – C.
BC = BD + DC [B – D – C]
∴ 20 = 7 + DC
∴ DC = 20 – 7 = 13

i. ∆ABD and ∆ADC have same height AE.
\(\frac{\mathrm{A}(\Delta \mathrm{ABD})}{\mathrm{A}(\Delta \mathrm{ADC})}=\frac{\mathrm{BD}}{\mathrm{DC}}\) [Triangles having equal height]
∴ \(\frac{A(\Delta A B D)}{A(\Delta A D C)}=\frac{7}{13}\)

ii. ∆ABD and ∆ABC have same height AE.
\(\frac{\mathrm{A}(\Delta \mathrm{ABD})}{\mathrm{A}(\Delta \mathrm{ABC})}=\frac{\mathrm{BD}}{\mathrm{BC}}\) [Triangles having equal height]
∴ \(\frac{A(\Delta A B D)}{A(\Delta A B C)}=\frac{7}{20}\)

iii. ∆ADC and ∆ABC have same height AE.
\(\frac{A(\Delta A D C)}{A(\Delta A B C)}=\frac{D C}{B C}\) [Triangles having equal height]
∴ \(\frac{A(\Delta A D C)}{A(\Delta A B C)}=\frac{13}{20}\)

Question 3.
Ratio of areas of two triangles with equal heights is 2 : 3. If base of the smaller triangle is 6 cm, then what is the corresponding base of the bigger triangle?
Solution:
Let A₁ and A₂ be the areas of two triangles. Let b₁ and b₂ be their corresponding bases.
A₁ : A₂ = 2 : 3

∴ The corresponding base of the bigger triangle is 9 cm.

Question 4.
In the adjoining figure, ∠ABC = ∠DCB = 90°, AB = 6, DC = 8, then \(\frac{\mathbf{A}(\Delta \mathbf{A} \mathbf{B} \mathbf{C})}{\mathbf{A}(\mathbf{\Delta D C B})}=?\)

Solution:
∆ABC and ∆DCB have same base BC.

Question 5.
In the adjoining figure, PM = 10 cm, A(∆PQS) = 100 sq. cm,
A(∆QRS) = 110 sq. cm, then find NR.

Solution:

∴ NR = 11 cm

Question 6.
∆MNT ~ ∆QRS. Length of altitude drawn from point T is 5 and length of altitude drawn from point S is 9. Find the ratio \(\frac{A(\Delta M N T)}{A(\Delta Q R S)}\)

Solution:
∆MNT- ∆QRS [Given]
∴ ∠M ≅ ∠Q (i) [Corresponding angles of similar triangles]
In ∆MLT and ∆QPS,
∠M ≅ ∠Q [From (i)]
∠MLT ≅ ∠QPS [Each angle is of measure 90°]
∴ ∆MLT ~ ∆QPS [AA test of similarity]

Question 7.
In the adjoining figure, A – D – C and B – E – C. seg DE || side AB. If AD = 5, DC = 3, BC = 6.4, then find BE.

Solution:
In ∆ABC,
seg DE || side AB [Given]
∴ \(\frac { DC }{ AD } \) = \(\frac { EC }{ BE } \) [Basic proportionality theorem]
∴ \(\frac { 3 }{ 4 } \) = \(\frac { 6.4-x }{ x } \)
∴ 3x = 5 (6.4 – x)
∴ 3x = 32 – 5x
∴ 8x = 32
∴ x = \(\frac { 32 }{ 8 } \) =4
∴ BE = 4 units

Question 8.
In the adjoining figure, seg PA, seg QB, seg RC and seg SD are perpendicular to line AD. AB = 60, BC = 70, CD = 80, PS = 280, then find PQ, QR and RS.

Solution:
seg PA, seg QB, seg RC and seg SD are perpendicular to line AD. [Given]
∴ seg PA || seg QB || seg RC || seg SD (i) [Lines perpendicular to the same line are parallel to each other]
Let the value of PQ be x and that of QR be y.
PS = PQ + QS [P – Q – S]
∴ 280 – x + QS
∴ QS = 280 – x (ii)
Now, seg PA || seg QB || seg SD [From (i)]
∴ \(\frac { AB }{ BD } \) = \(\frac { PQ }{ QS } \) [Property of three parallel lines and their transversals]
∴\(\frac { AB }{ BC+CD } \) = \(\frac { PQ }{ QS } \) [B – C – D]
∴ \(\frac { 60 }{ 70+80 } \) = \(\frac { x }{ 280-x } \)
∴ \(\frac { 60 }{ 150 } \) = \(\frac { x }{ 280-x } \)
∴ \(\frac { 2 }{ 5 } \) = \(\frac { x }{ 280-x } \)
∴ 5x = 2 (280 – x)
∴ 5x = 560 – 2x
∴ 7x = 560
∴ x = \(\frac { 560 }{ 7 } \) = 80
∴ PQ = 80 units
QS = 280 – x [From (ii)]
= 280 – 80
= 200 units
But, QS = QR + RS [Q – R – S]
∴ 200 = y + RS
∴ RS = 200 – y (ii)
Now, seg QB || seg RC || seg SD [From (i)]
∴\(\frac { BC }{ CD } \) = \(\frac { QR }{ RS } \) [Property of three parallel lines and their transversals]
∴ \(\frac { 70 }{ 80 } \) = \(\frac { y }{ 200-y } \)
∴ \(\frac { 7 }{ 8 } \) = \(\frac { y }{ 200-y } \)
∴ 8y = 7(200 – y)
∴ 8y = 1400 – 7y
∴ 15y = 1400
∴ y = \(\frac { 1400 }{ 15 } \) = \(\frac { 280 }{ 3 } \)
∴ QR = \(\frac { 280 }{ 3 } \) units
RS = 200 – 7 [From (iii)]
= 200 – \(\frac { 280 }{ 3 } \)
= \(\frac{200 \times 3-280}{3}\)
= \(\frac { 600-280 }{ 3 } \)
∴ RS = \(\frac { 320 }{ 3 } \) units

Question 9.
In ∆PQR, seg PM is a median. Angle bisectors of ∠PMQ and ∠PMR intersect side PQ and side PR in points X and Y respectively. Prove that XY || QR
Complete the proof by filling in the boxes.

Solution:
Proof:
In ∆PMQ, ray MX is bisector of ∠PMQ.

Question 10.
In the adjoining figure, bisectors of ∠B and ∠C of ∆ABC intersect each other in point X. Line AX intersects side BC in point Y.
AB = 5, AC = 4, BC = 6, then find \(\frac { AX }{ XY } \).

Solution:
Let the value of BY be x.
BC = BY + YC [B – Y – C]
∴ 6 = x + YC
∴ YC = 6 – x
in ∆BAY, ray BX bisects ∠B. [Given]
∴ \(\frac { AB }{ BY } \) = \(\frac { AX }{ XY } \) (i) [Property of angle bisector of a triangle]
Also, in ∆CAY, ray CX bisects ∠C. [Given]

Question 11.
In ꠸ABCD, seg AD || seg BC. Diagonal AC and diagonal BD intersect each other in point P. Then show that \(\frac { AP }{ PD } \) = \(\frac { PC }{ BP } \)

Solution:
proof:
seg AD || seg BC and BD is their transversal. [Given]
∴ ∠DBC ≅ ∠BDA [Alternate angles]
∴ ∠PBC ≅ ∠PDA (i) [D – P – B]
In ∆PBC and ∆PDA,
∠PBC ≅ ∠PDA [From (i)]
∠BPC ≅ ∠DPA [Vertically opposite angles]
∴ ∆PBC ~ ∆PDA [AA test of similarity]
∴ \(\frac { BP }{ PD } \) = \(\frac { PC }{ AP } \) [Corresponding sides of similar triangles]
∴ \(\frac { AP }{ PD } \) = \(\frac { PC }{ BP } \) [By altemendo]

Question 12.
In the adjoining figure, XY || seg AC. If 2 AX = 3 BX and XY = 9, complete the activity to find the value of AC.

Solution:
2 AX = 3 BX [Given]

Question 13.
In the adjoining figure, the vertices of square DEFG are on the sides of ∆ABC. If ∠A = 90°, then prove that DE² = BD × EC.
(Hint: Show that ∆GBD is similar to ∆ CFE. Use GD = FE = DE.)

Solution:
proof:
꠸DEFG is a square.
∴ DE = EF = GF = GD (i) [Sides of a square]
∠GDE = ∠DEF = 90° [Angles of a square]
∴ seg GD ⊥ side BC, seg FE ⊥ side BC (ii)
In ∆BAC and ∆BDG,
∠BAC ≅ ∠BDG [From (ii), each angle is of measure 90°]
∠ABC ≅ ∠DBG [Common angle]
∴ ∆BAC – ∆BDG (iii) [AA test of similarity]
In ∆BAC and ∆FEC,
∠BAC ≅ ∠FEC [From (ii), each angle is measure 90°]
∠ACB ≅ ∠ECF [Common angle]
∴ ∆BAC – ∆FEC (iv) [AA test of similarity]
∴ ∆BDG – ∆FEC [From (iii) and (iv)]
∴ \(\frac { BD }{ EF } \) = \(\frac { GD }{ EC } \) (v) [Corresponding sides of similar triangles]
∴ \(\frac { BD }{ DE } \) = \(\frac { DE }{ EC } \) [From (i) and (v)]
∴ DE² = BD × EC

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Class 8 Maths Solutions covers the Practice Set 13.2 8th Std Maths Answers Solutions Chapter 13 Congruence of Triangles.

Practice Set 13.2 8th Std Maths Answers Chapter 13 Congruence of Triangles

Congruence of Triangles Class 8th Practice Set 13.2 Question 1.
In each pair of triangles given below, parts shown by identical marks are congruent. State the test and the one-to-one correspondence of vertices by which triangles in each pair are congruent. Also state the remaining congruent parts.


Solution:
i. In ∆MST and ∆TBM,
∴ side MS ≅ side TB … [Given]
m∠MST = m∠TBM = 90° … [Given]
hypotenuse MT ≅ hypotenuse MT
…[Common side]
∴ ∆MST ≅ ∆TBM …[by hypotenuse-side test]
∴ side ST ≅ side BM …[Corresponding sides of congruent triangles]
∠SMT ≅ ∠BTM …[Corresponding sides of congruent triangles]
∠STM ≅ ∠BMT …[Corresponding sides of congruent triangles]

ii. In ∆PRQ and ∆TRS,
side PR ≅ side TR … [Given]
∠PRQ ≅ ∠TRS …[Vertically opposite angles]
side RQ ≅ side RS … [Given]
∴ ∆PRQ ≅ ∆TRS …[by SAS test]
∴ side PQ ≅ side TS …[Corresponding sides of congruent triangles]
∠RPQ ≅ ∠RTS …[Corresponding sides of congruent triangles]
∠PQR ≅ ∠TSR …[Corresponding sides of congruent triangles]

iii. In ∆DCH and ∆DCF,
∠DCH ≅ ∠DCF …[Given]
∠DHC ≅ ∠DFC …[Given]
side DC ≅ side DC …[Common side]
∴ ∆DCH ≅ ∆DCF …[by AAS test]
∴ side HC ≅ side FC …[Corresponding sides of congruent triangles]
side DH ≅ side DF…[Corresponding sides of congruent triangles]
∠HDC ≅ ∠FDC ….[Corresponding sides of congruent triangles]

Congruence of Triangles Practice Set 13.2 Question 2.
In the given figure, seg AD ≅ seg EC. Which additional information is needed to show that ∆ABD and ∆EBC will be congruent by AAS test?

Solution:
In ∆ABD and ∆CBE,
∴ seg AD ≅ seg CE …[Given]
∠ABD ≅ ∠CBE …[Vertically opposite angles]
∴ The necessary condition for the two triangles to be congruent by AAS test is
∠ADB ≅ ∠CEB, or
∠DAB ≅ ∠ECB

Maharashtra Board Class 8 Maths Chapter 13 Congruence of Triangles Practice Set 13.2 Intext Questions and Activities

Practice Set 13.2 Class 8 Question 1.
Draw ∆ABC and ∆LMN such that two pairs of their sides and the angles included by them are congruent.
Draw ∆ABC and ∆LMN, l(AB) = l(LM), l(BC) = l(MN), m∠ABC = m∠LMN.
Copy ∆ABC on a tracing paper. Place the paper on ∆LMN in such a way that point A coincides with point L, side AB overlaps side LM. What do you notice?(Textbook pg. no. 83)

Solution:
We notice that ∆ABC ≅ ∆LMN.

Congruence of Triangles Class 8 Solutions Question 2.
Draw ∆PQR and ∆XYZ such that l(PQ) = l(X Y), l(Q R) = l(YZ), l(RP) = l(ZX). Copy ∆PQR on a tracing paper. Place it on ∆XYZ observing the correspondence P ↔ X, Q ↔ Y, R ↔ Z. What do you notice? (Textbook pg. no. 84)

Solution:
We notice that ∆PQR ≅ ∆XYZ.

Congruence of Triangles Class 8 Question 3.
Draw ∆XYZ and ∆DEF such that, l(XZ) = l(DF), ∠X ≅ ∠D and ∠Z ≅ ∠F.
Copy ∆XYZ on a tracing paper and place it over ∆DEF. What do you notice?(Textbook pg. no. 84)

Solution:
We notice that ∆XYZ ≅ ∆DEF in the correspondence X ↔ D, Y ↔ E, Z ↔ F.

Question 4.
Draw two right angled triangles such that a side and the hypotenuse of one is congruent with the corresponding parts of the other. Copy one triangle on tracing paper and place it over the other. What do you notice? (Textbook pg. no. 84)

Solution:
We notice that the two triangles are congruent.
(Students should draw figures and verify the answers.)