Important Questions

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Class 11 Psychology Important Questions Chapter 8 Memory Important Questions and Answers.

Maharashtra State Board 11th Psychology Important Questions Chapter 8 Memory

1A. Complete the following statements.

Question 1.
__________ is the retention of information over time for the purpose of future action.
(A) Learning
(B) Memory
(C) Attention
Answer:
(B) Memory

Question 2.
__________ plays an important role in storage of memory.
(A) Hippocampus
(B) Amygdala
(C) Nervous system
Answer:
(A) Hippocampus

Question 3.
The term __________ memory was coined by Miller, Galanter, and Pribram around 1960.
(A) sensory
(B) working
(C) long-term
Answer:
(B) working

Question 4.
Visuo-spatial sketch pad (VSSP) is a/an __________ system.
(A) passive
(B) active
(C) non-functional
Answer:
(A) passive

Question 5.
Autobiographical memory is a type of __________ memory.
(A) implicit
(B) procedural
(C) declarative
Answer:
(C) declarative

Question 6.
In __________ recall, the material is recalled in the exact order in which it was presented.
(A) serial
(B) free
(C) definite
Answer:
(A) serial

Question 7.
__________ is one of the major ways of measuring memory.
(A) Rote learning
(B) Perception
(C) Relearning
Answer:
(C) Relearning

Question 8.
__________ is the evidence for the organisation of long-term memory.
(A) Serial recall
(B) Tip of the tongue phenomenon
(C) Recognition
Answer:
(B) Tip of the tongue phenomenon

Question 9.
The pioneer of experiments on forgetting was __________
(A) Murdock
(B) Hermann Ebbinghaus
(C) Baddeley
Answer:
(B) Hermann Ebbinghaus

Question 10.
__________ interference means backward interference.
(A) Retroactive
(B) Proactive
(C) Passive
Answer:
(A) Retroactive

Question 11.
__________ is a Greek word meaning ‘of memory or related to memory.’
(A) Mnemonic
(B) Syllable
(C) LTM
Answer:
(A) Mnemonic

Question 12.
The final stage in POWER method is __________
(A) evaluate
(B) rethink
(C) relearn
Answer:
(B) rethink

1B. Match the following pairs.

Question 1.

A	B
i. LTM	a. Conscious
ii. Explicit memory	b. Less than one second
iii. Sensory memory	c. Life-time memory
iv. Procedural memory	d. Autobiographical events
	e. Unconscious

Answer:

A	B
i. LTM	c. Life-time memory
ii. Explicit memory	a. Conscious
iii. Sensory memory	b. Less than one second
iv. Procedural memory	e. Unconscious

1C. State whether the following statements are true or false. If false, correct them. If true, explain why.

Question 1.
There are four basic processes of memory.
Answer:
False
Reason: There are three basic processes of memory, viz. encoding/acquisition, storage, and retrieval.

Question 2.
Short-term memory is known by many other terms.
Answer:
True
Explanation: Short-term or working memory was formerly known as ‘short term store’. It is also known as primary memory, immediate memory, operant memory, and provisional memory.

Question 3.
Baddeley called LTM the working bench of memory.
Answer:
False
Reason: Baddeley called STM the working bench of memory because STM is the most important stage of memory which is used most of the time for problem-solving.

Question 4.
Very often forgetting is due to unconscious processes like repression.
Answer:
True
Explanation: We subconsciously push unwanted thoughts and memories into our unconsciousness. It is one of the causes of forgetting.

Question 5.
In recognition, a person has to retrieve information from LTM with no cues.
Answer:
False
Reason: In recognition, a person has to point out or recognize previously learned material that is presented to him in a different context.

Question 6.
There are five levels of motivated forgetting.
Answer:
False
Reason: There are two levels of motivated forgetting, viz. Repression and Thought suppression.

Question 7.
The Method of Loci provides information about how context can affect memory.
Answer:
False
Reason: ‘The encoding specificity of memory’ provides information about how context can affect memory.

Question 8.
There are many techniques for improving memory.
Answer:
True
Explanation: Some of the techniques of improving memory are keyword method, encoding specificity, method of loci, mnemonic devices, practice, and rehearsal, minimizing interference, and POWER method.

1D. Identify the odd item from the following.

Question 1.
Episodic memory, Semantic memory, Autobiographical memory, Implicit memory
Answer:
Implicit memory

2A. Explain the following concepts

Question 1.
Memory
Answer:
According to Tulving, ‘Memory is the means by which we draw on our past experiences in order to use that information in the present. Memory is the term given to the structure and processes involved in the storage and subsequent retrieval of information.

Question 2.
Central executive
Answer:
The central executive is a supervisor responsible for the coordination of the subsystems and the selection of reasoning and storage strategies in the working memory model given by Baddeley.

Question 3.
Episodic buffer
Answer:
The episodic buffer holds information that is not covered by all other slave systems in the working memory model given by Baddeley. It is a link between working memory and long-term memory.

Question 4.
Autobiographical memory
Answer:
Autobiographical memory refers to episodes recollected from an individual’s own life. It is a type of declarative memory.

Question 5.
Flashbulb memory
Answer:
Flashbulb memory is a highly detailed and exceptionally clear ‘snapshot’ of mostly a traumatic moment. It is a type of autobiographical memory. Flashbulb memories illustrate that exceptional memories are easily retrieved.

Question 6.
Relearning
Answer:
Relearning measures retention by measuring how much faster one learns a previously learned material after an interval of time, i.e. the same material is learned by the same subject based on the same learning criterion at two different occasions separated by time interval.

Question 7.
Forgetting
Answer:
Forgetting is the inability to remember the things which we want to remember at that moment. In other words, it is the failure to retrieve the material from our long-term memory which we have already stored.

2B. Compare and contrast.

Question 1.
Primacy effect and Recency effect
Answer:

• The primacy effect occurs when the subject is able to recall items that are presented at the starting point of the list while the recency effect occurs when the subject is able to recall the items which are presented at the end. Free recall is effective in studying both these effects.
• Both primary and recency effect was witnessed in Murdock’s experiment where subjects could prominently recall the first few and last few words from the list.
• The primacy effect is the tendency to remember the first piece of information that we encounter in a better manner than the information presented later on. Conversely, the recency effect is the tendency to remember the most recent information in a better way.

Question 2.
Retroactive interference and Proactive interference
Answer:

• Retroactive interference is the partial or complete forgetfulness of the previously learned material due to new memories that get mixed up with the older ones. On the other hand, proactive interference is the partial or complete forgetfulness of newly learned material due to the old material.
• e.g. You studied Psychology yesterday and you studied Sociology today. If you forget Psychology due to the study of Sociology, it is due to retroactive interference while if you forget Sociology due to the study of Psychology, it is due to proactive interference.

3. Answer the following questions in around 35-40 words each.

Question 1.
State the types of human memory.
Answer:
The following flow chart explains types of human memory:

Question 2.
Explain the stages of memory.
Answer:

• Environmental stimulus is received with the help of sense organs (sensory information store). This is where the memory is stored.
• When we pay attention to the sensations, they are transferred to STM.
• If information is rehearsed or appears frequently, then it is transferred to the LTM.
  
• After encountering any problem, we bring the information from LTM to STM so that it’s available for solving the problem.

Question 3.
What do you mean by magical number 7?
Answer:

• The magical number 7+/-2 provides evidence for a limited capacity of the STM.
• Most adults can store between five and nine items in the STM.
• This idea was put forward by George Miller in 1956 and hence called 7 as a magical number.

Question 4.
What is the Phonological Loop (PL)?
Answer:

• The Phonological loop is responsible for verbal information.
• It has two subsystems as follows:
  • The phonological/acoustic store is a passive component of the phonological loop. It holds on verbal information. If not rehearsed, this information is forgotten.
  • The articulatory loop involves rehearsing and refreshing the information, just like our inner voice.

Question 5.
Explain Murdock’s experiment.
Answer:

• Murdock performed experiments to check the recall.
• He asked his subjects to learn a list of words. Later, their recall was tested by a free recall method.
• Murdock found that the subjects could recall the first few (primacy effect) and the last few (recency effect) words prominently. But they got confused with the words in the middle part (serial position effect).

4. Short Notes.

Question 1.
visuospatial Sketch Pad (VSSP)
Answer:

• VSSP handles visual and spatial information. It is responsible for storing speech-based information.
• It has two components, viz. Phonological memory store and Articulatory Subvocal Rehearsal.
• Phonological memory stores can hold traces of acoustic or speech-based information.
• Articulatory Subvocal Rehearsal maintains material in short-term store. Prevention of articulatory rehearsal leads to rapid forgetting.

Question 2.
Recall
Answer:

• The recall is the retrieval of information from LTM with few or no cues. Recall can be in the written form or it can be oral.
• The recall involves remembering a fact, event, or object that is not currently physically present and requires the direct uncovering of information from memory.
• The recall is of two types, viz. free recall and serial recall.
• Free recall is a recollection of the items in the list without their serial order, e.g. we may listen to a lecture and later recall few important points irrespective of the order in which they were presented.
• In serial recall, the material is recalled in the exact order in which it was presented, e.g. when you solve a mathematical problem, you are doing steps one after the other; so, it is serial recall.
• The recall is greatly affected by emotions and motivation at the time of learning and retrieval.
• Also, memory for the free recall is always better than if the subjects are asked to recall in a serial order.

Question 3.
Hermann Ebbinghaus’s experiment
Answer:

• The pioneer of experiments on forgetting was Hermann Ebbinghaus.
• He created several lists of nonsense syllables and learned them. A nonsense syllable is a set of three alphabets where two on both the sides are consonants and the middle one is a vowel, e.g. NOM, GEX.
• He checked his own recall at various periods of time.
• He found out that he forgot 40% of whatever he had learned in the first 20 minutes.
• After one hour, he forgot 60% while after nine hours he forgot a total of 70% of what he had learned.
• After one day, he could recall only around 30% of the material he learned. After that, his recall was steady for a long period of time.
• This experiment proved that we forget most of the things we learn in a short span.

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Class 11 Sociology Important Questions Chapter 7 Social Stratification Important Questions and Answers.

Maharashtra State Board 11th Sociology Important Questions Chapter 7 Social Stratification

Choose the correct alternative and complete the statements.

Question 1.
Social ………………. involves the formation of horizontal social divisions.
(stratification / differentiation / hierarchy)
Answer:
differentiation

Question 2.
Social stratification involves ………………. ranking of social strata.
(horizontal / vertical / equal)
Answer:
vertical

Question 3.
Social stratification is a particular form of social ……………….
(equality / inequality / justice)
Answer:
inequality

Question 4.
In ………………. stratification there is no scope for social mobility.
(open / closed / universal)
Answer:
Closed

Question 5.
Caste is the ………………. form of social stratification.
(closed / open / equal)
Answer:
closed

Question 6.
………………. is hereditary and membership is based on birth.
(Class / Caste / Society)
Answer:
caste

Question 7.
Choice of ………………. is not free under caste system.
(prestige, occupation, wealth)
Answer:
Occupation

Question 8.
………………. is essence of caste system.
(Endogamy / Exogamy / Monogamy)
Answer:
Endogamy

Question 9.
A social ………………. is essentially a status group.
(caste / class / division)
Answer:
class

Question 10.
The positions that one inherits at birth is called ………………. status.
(achieved / ascribed / vertical)
Answer:
ascribed

Question 11.
The position that one acquires through effort is called ………………. status.
(ascribed / achieved / prestige)
Answer:
achieved

Question 12.
………………. is associated with prestige.
(Role / Status / Mobility)
Answer:
Status

Question 13.
Higher education gives opportunities for ………………. mobility.
(downward / upward / middle)
Answer:
upward

Question 14.
………………. stratification refers to social ranking, where men typically inhabit higher statuses than women.
(Class / Gender / Caste)
Answer:
Gender

Question 15.
………………. refers to the biological distinction between females and males.
(Gender / Inequality / Sex)
Answer:
Sex

Question 16.
………………. is the belief that one sex is superior that the other.
(Gender / Sexism / Feminism)
Answer:
Sexism

Question 17.
Male dominance is supported by ……………….
(matriarchy / patriarchy / endogamy)
Answer:
patriarchy

Question 18.
The process of ………………. is gendered and creates gender hierarchy.
(stratification / socialization / mobility)
Answer:
socialization

Question 19.
Social ………………. means the movement of position from lower to higher one.
(stratification / movement / equality)
Answer:
mobility

Question 20.
………………. mobility refers to change of residence or job without status change.
(Vertical / Horizontal / Intergenerational)
Answer:
Horizontal

Question 21.
………………. mobility stands for change of social position.
(Horizontal / Vertical / Intergenerational)
Answer:
Vertical

Question 22.
………………. mobility means that one generation changes its social status in contrast to previous generation.
(Vertical / Intergenerational / Intragenerational)
Answer:
Intergenerational

Question 23.
………………. mobility takes place in the lifespan of one generation.
(Vertical / Intergenerational / Intragenerational)
Answer:
Intragenerational

Correct the incorrect pair.

Question 1.
(a) Good connections, networking – Social Capital
(b) Reputation and status – Economic Capital
(c) Knowledge of art – Cultural Capital
(d) Higher education – Upward Mobility
Answer:
(b) Reputation and status – Symbolic Capital

Question 2.
(a) Emotional, Cooperative – Traditional Feminine Traits
(b) Ambitious, Independent – Traditional Masculine Traits
(c) Purity and pollution – Caste
(d) Prestige – Gender Stratification
Answer:
(d) Prestige – Class

Question 3.
(a) Endogamy – Caste
(b) Wealth and income – Class
(c) Sexism – Gender Stratification
(d) Male dominance – Matriarchy
Answer:
(d) Male dominance – Patriarchy

Identify the appropriate term from the given options.

(Open stratification, Prestige, Education, Sex, Vertical Mobility, Horizontal Mobility, Closed Stratification, Lifestyles, Gender Stratification, Sexism, Gender Socialization, Intergenerational Mobility, Intragenerational Mobility.)
Question 1.
The varna and the caste system in India.
Answer:
Close Stratification

Question 2.
Power, property, intelligence, skills etc.
Answer:
Open Stratification

Question 3.
It reflects the speciality in preferences, tastes and values of a class.
Answer:
Lifestyles

Question 4.
It refers to the respect and admiration with which an occupation is regarded by society.
Answer:
Prestige

Question 5.
It gives opportunities for upward mobility.
Answer:
Education

Question 6.
It refers to social ranking where men typically inhabit higher statuses than woman.
Answer:
Gender Stratification

Question 7.
Biological distinction between females and males.
Answer:
Sex

Question 8.
A belief that one sex is superior than the other.
Answer:
Sexism

Question 9.
Boys are given toy cars or ball to play.
Answer:
Gender Stratification

Question 10.
Ascending or descending type of mobility.
Answer:
Vertical Mobility

Question 11.
It refers to change of residence or job without status change.
Answer:
Horizontal Mobility

Question 12.
An individual moves up and occupies a higher social position than his previous social position.
Answer:
Intragenerational Mobility

Correct underlined words and complete the sentence.

Question 1.
Social stratification refers to the existence of structured equalities in a society.
Answer:
Social stratification refers to the existence of structured inequalities in a society.

Question 2.
The pattern of mobility stays same from generation to generation.
Answer:
The pattern of inequality stays same from generation to generation.

Question 3.
Open stratification is one in which individuals do not enjoy the freedom of changing their social strata.
Answer:
Close Stratification is one in which individuals do not enjoy the freedom of changing their social strata.

Question 4.
In closed stratification there is scope for social mobility.
Answer:
In open stratification there is scope for social mobility.

Question 5.
The caste system in modern industrial society is an example of open stratification.
Answer:
The class system in modern industrial society is an example of open stratification.

Question 6.
The Spanish word ‘casta’ means colour.
Answer:
The Spanish word ‘casta’ means breed or race

Question 7.
The membership of caste is determined by effort.
Answer:
The membership of caste is determined by birth.

Question 8.
Hereditary is a scheme, which arranges castes in terms of higher and lower status.
Answer:
Hierarchy is a scheme, which arranges castes in terms of higher and lower status.

Question 9.
In a caste society, there is an equal distribution of privileges and disabilities among its members.
Answer:
In a caste society, there is an unequal distribution of privileges and disabilities among its members.

Question 10.
Every caste insists that its members should marry outside the group.
Answer:
Every caste insists that its members should marry within the group.

Question 11.
Caste is related to status.
Answer:
Class is related to status.

Question 12.
Caste is almost a universal phenomenon.
Answer:
Class is almost a universal phenomenon.

Question 13.
Rank is associated with prestige.
Answer:
Status is associated with prestige.

Question 14.
An open class system is one in which horizontal social mobility is possible.
Answer:
An open class system is one in which vertical social mobility is possible.

Question 15.
Hereditary reflect the specialty in preferences, tastes and values of a class.
Answer:
Life-styles reflect the specialty in preferences, tastes and values of a class.

Question 16.
Bourdieu gives three types of capital to explain hierarchy in society.
Answer:
Bourdieu gives four types of capital to explain hierarchy in society.

Question 17.
A social class is an achievement of people who have same status, rank etc.
Answer:
A social class is an aggregate of people who have same status, rank etc.

Question 18.
One’s class position is directly proportionate to one’s income.
Answer:
One’s class position is not directly proportionate to one’s income.

Question 19.
There is an open reciprocal relationship between social class and education.
Answer:
There is a close reciprocal relationship between social class and education.

Question 20.
Education refers to the respect and admiration with which an occupation is regarded by society.
Answer:
Prestige refers to the respect and admiration with which an occupation is regarded by society.

Question 21.
Race stratification refers to unequal distribution of wealth, power and privilege between the two sexes.
Answer:
Gender stratification refers to unequal distribution of wealth, power and privilege between the two sexes.

Question 22.
Sex refers to the social aspects of differences between male and female.
Answer:
Gender refers to the social aspects of differences between male and female.

Question 23.
Submissive, dependent, timid are traditional notion of masculine traits.
Answer:
Submissive, dependent, timid are traditional notion of feminine traits.

Question 24.
Under horizontal mobility, a person changes one’s occupation but the overall social standing remains the same.
Answer:
Under vertical mobility, a person changes one’s occupation but the overall social standing remains the same.

Question 25.
Intragenerational mobility may be upward or downward.
Answer:
Intergenerational mobility may be upward or downward.

Question 26.
Inequality is social and persists over generation.
Answer:
Stratification is social and persists over generation.

Write suitable examples of given concepts and justify your answer.

Question 1.
Caste as closed system of stratification.
Answer:
Example : Varna System – Hindu society is divided into four varnas – Brahmins, Kshatriya, Vaishyas and Shudras. Occupation social status and lifestyle of every varna is determined by some rules and regulations and it is a group based on birth.

Each position in the caste structure is defined in terms of its ‘purity and pollution’. In a caste stratification system, an individual’s position depends on the status attributes ascribed by birth. Therefore, caste is the closed form of social stratification. Since membership based on birth, morality from one caste to another is impossible. Each caste has its own traditional social status, occupation, customs, rules and regulations. Castes are endogamous group and every caste insist that its members should marry within the group which further makes the caste system rigid.

Question 2.
Gender role socialization.
Answer:
Example : Boys are given toy cars or lego sets or bat and ball to play whereas girls are given household sets, medical sets, dolls etc. It explains why human males and females behave in different ways and learn different social roles.

The concept of gender stratification refers to society’s unequal distribution of wealth, power and privilege between the sexes. The process of socialization is gendered and creates gender hierarchy.

Question 3.
Almost all societies are characterised by sexism.
Answer:
Example : Sexist concepts teaches narratives about traditional gender roles for males and females. Women are considered to be the weaker sex and less capable than man in various areas like business, politics etc., and they are confined to the domestic realm of nurturance.

In most countries throughout the world, societies allocate fewer resources to women than to men. Sexism is the belief that one sex is superior than the other and almost all societies are characterized by sexism. Although, societies have been believing in the superiority of men over women and therefore have been dominating women. The male dominance is supported further by patriarchy, which is a form of social organization in which men dominate, oppress and exploit women.

Question 4.
Social stratification is universal but variable.
Answer:
Example : Influence of caste system on all aspects of the Indian society. Practice of class system, gender roles around the world.
Societies around us are heterogeneous in nature and thus divided into various strata or groups. Most societies exist with social systems of social division and social stratification. Everywhere society is divided into various strata. Hence, social stratification is found everywhere. At the same time the nature of inequality varies. ‘What’ is unequal and ‘how’ unequal, changes within the context of the societies.

Write short notes.

Question 1.
Gender stratification.
Answer:
1. Gender stratification refers to social ranking, where men typically inhabit higher statuses than women. A common general definition of gender stratification refers to the unequal distribution of wealth, power and privilege between the two sexes.

2. Throughout the world, most societies allocate fewer resources to women than men. Almost all societies are characterized by sexism. Sexism is the belief that one sex is superior than the other.

3. Although, societies have been believing in the superiority of men over women and therefore have been dominating women. This male dominance is supported further by patriarchy.

4. The process of socialization is gendered and creates gender hierarchy. E.g., Boys are given toy cars or legs sets or bat and ball to play whereas girls are given household sets, medical sets, dolls, etc.

Question 2.
Types of social stratification.
Answer:
Social stratification is of two types – Closed stratification and Open stratification.
1. Closed stratification is one in which individuals or groups do not enjoy the freedom of changing their social strata. The individual who gets a social strata by birth can never change it in one’s lifetime. In this type of social stratification there is no scope for social mobility. Example – The Varna system and the caste system in India are examples of closed stratification.

2. Open stratification is one in which individuals or groups enjoy the freedom of changing their social strata, i.e., in this type of social stratification there is scope for social mobility. Example – The class system in modern industrial society is an example of open stratification, The criteria of open stratification are power, property, intelligence, skills, etc.

Question 3.
Characteristics of class.
Answer:
1. Wealth and Income: Possession of substantial amounts of wealth is the main characteristics distinguishing the upper class from the other class groups in society. Persons having more wealth and income generally have higher social position and respect in society.

2. Occupation : Occupation is an exceedingly important aspect of social class. It is another determinant of class status. It is a well known fact that some kinds of work are more honourable than others, e.g., doctors, engineers, administrators, professors and lawyers hold a higher position than people who are in labour-intensive professions.

3. Education : There is a close reciprocal relationship between social class and education. Higher education gives opportunities for upward mobility. Thus education, is one of the main levers of social class.

4.  Prestige : It refers to the respect and administration with which an occupation is regarded by society. Besides wealth, occupation and education, there are certain other criteria which help a person to gain prestige and subsequent higher social status in the society, e.g., family background, kinship, place of residence, etc.

Differentiate between.

Question 1.
Horizontal Mobility and Vertical Mobility.
Answer:

Horizontal Mobility	Vertical Mobility
(i) It refers to change of residence or job without status change.	(i) It refers to any change in the occupational economic or political status of an individual or a group which leads to change of their position.
(ii) Under this type of social mobility a person changes one’s occupation but the overall social position remains the same.	(ii) It stands for change of social position either upward or downward.
(iii) Certain occupation like doctor, engineer and teacher may enjoy the same status hence when an engineer changes one’s occupation from engineer to teaching engineering, there is a horizontal shift but no change takes place in his social position.	(iii) A person who works hard as a salesman, earns money and starts his own business successfully. In such position there is a clear change in the position of the individual.
(iv) A change in the social hierarchy does not take place.	(iv) Change in the social hierarchy takes place.

Question 2.
Closed stratification and Open Stratification.
Answer:

Closed stratification	Open stratification
(i) Closed stratification is one in which individuals or groups do not enjoy the freedom of changing their social strata.	(i) Open stratification is one in which individuals or groups enjoy the freedom of changing their social strata.
(ii) In this type of social stratification there is no scope for social mobility.	(ii) In this type of social stratification there is scope for social mobility.
(iii) Ascribed status – The individual who gets a social strata by birth can never change it in one’s lifetime.	(iii) Achieved status – Individuals or groups move from one strata to another on the basis of their achievement.
(iv) Example : The varna system and the caste system in India are examples of close stratification.	(iv) Example : The class system in modern industrial society is an example of open stratification.

Explain the following concept with suitable examples.

Question 1.
Intragenerational Mobility
Answer:

1. This type of mobility takes place in the lifespan of one generation.
2. Here the individual moves up and occupies a higher social position than previously.

Example : A person may start one’s career as a clerk and after acquiring more education, becomes an IFS Officer.

Question 2.
Horizontal Mobility
Answer:

1. It refers to change of residence or job without status change.
2. Under this type of social mobility, a person changes one’s occupation but the overall social standing remains the same.

Example : Certain occupation like doctor, engineer and teacher may enjoy the same status but when an engineer changes one’s occupation from engineer to teaching engineering there is a horizontal shift from one occupational category to another but no change has taken place in the system of social stratification.

Question 3.
Closed stratification
Answer:

1. Closed stratification is one in which individuals or groups do not enjoy the freedom of changing their social strata.
2. The individual who gets a social strata by birth can never change it in one’s lifetime.
3. In this type of social stratification there is no scope for social mobility.
   Example : The Varna system and the caste system in India are examples of closed stratification.

Question 4.
Prestige
Answer:

1. It refers to the respect and admiration with which an occupation is regarded by society.
2. Prestige is independent of the particular person who occupies a job.
3. Sociologists have tried to assign prestige rankings to various occupations.
4. Besides wealth, occupation and education, there are certain other criteria which help a person to gain prestige and subsequent higher social status in the society.
   Example : Family background, kinship, place of residence, etc.

Question 5.
Gender and sex
Answer:

1. Sex refers to the biological distinction between females and males.
2. In contrast the term gender refers to the social aspects of differences and hierarchies between male and female.
3. Sex may be male or female whereas gender refers to the social meaning of masculinity and femininity. Gender determines how one should behave in society.

Example : Men are supposed to behave in a masculine manner and certain attributes are assigned to men such as courage, bravery, physical strength. On the other hand, women are assigned with attributes like nurturance, care, love, sacrifice which help them to behave in a feminine manner.

Complete the concept maps.

Question 1.

Answer:

Question 2.

Answer:

Question 3.

Answer:

Question 4.

Answer:

Question 5.

Answer:

Question 6.

Answer:

State whether the following statements are true or false with reasons.

Question 1.
Occupation is determinant of class status
Answer:
This statement is True.

1. Occupation is an important aspect of social class and it is another determinant of class status.
2. It is a well-known fact that some kinds of work are more honourable than others, e.g., doctors, engineers, professors and lawyers hold a higher position than people who are in labour-intensive professions.
3. Occupation is also one of the best clues to one’s way of life, and therefore to one’s social class membership.

Question 2.
In most countries, societies allocate equal resources to women and men.
Answer:
This statement is False.

1. In most countries throughout the world, societies allocate fewer resources to women than to men.
2. Almost all societies are characterized by sexism. Sexism is the belief that one sex is superior that the other.
3. All through, societies have been believing in the superiority of men over women and therefore have been dominating women which is further supported by patriarchy.

Question 3.
Horizontal mobility can be labelled as ascending or descending type of mobility.
Answer:
This statement is False.

1. It refers to change of residence or job without status change.
2. Under this type of social mobility, a person changes one’s occupation but the overall social standing remains the same.
3. Certain occupations like doctor, engineer, and teacher may enjoy the same status but when an engineer changes one’s occupation from engineer to teaching engineering, there is horizontal shift from one occupational category to another but no actual change takes place in the system of social stratification.

Question 4.
Social stratification is consequential.
Answer:
This statement is True.

1. Social stratification is consequential as it affects every aspect of life of all individuals.
2. Some individuals experience positive consequences, while others face negative consequences of the hierarchy in a particular society.
3. It leads to two important consequences – life chances and life styles.

Question 5.
One’s class position is directly proportionate to one’s income.
Answer:
This statement is False.

1. One’s class position is not directly proportionate to one’s income.
2. For example, a car mechanic has a lower social status than a teacher, though the income may be greater than the teacher.
3. Income is not always the determinant of one’s class position.

Question 6.
Gender and sex are interchangeable term.
Answer:
This statement is False.

1. Gender and sex are not interchangeable terms. Sex refers to the biological distinction between males and males.
2. In contrast, the term gender refers to the social aspects of differences and hierarchies between male and female. Gender is result of socialization and a social construct.
3. Sex may be male or female whereas gender refers to the social meaning of masculinity and femininity. It determines how one should behave in society.

Give your personal response.

Question 1.
Women prohibited by certain gatherings, spaces or positions is a result of gender stratification.
Answer:
Gender stratification leads to discrimination which affects many aspects in the lives of woman. Gender stratification results into gender inequality can be analysed on the bases of prestige, style of life, privileges, and opportunities, association with social groups, income, education, occupation, and power. These highly discriminatory practices are still taking place at an alarming rate, affecting the lives of many women today.

Question 2.
There is a close reciprocal relationship between social class and education. Explain how education is one of the main levers of social class.
Answer:
Education is a means to help develop ideas and skills, generate knowledge and help people to seek employment or self employment which further helps to change one’s social position. Higher education gives opportunities for upward mobility, one’s amount and kind of education affects the class rank he will secure. Thus, education is one of the main levers of a man’s social class.

Question 3.
Membership of the caste is not voluntary or not by selection but is obligatory and accidental. Explain how caste system is the closed form of stratification.
Answer:
In a caste stratification system, an individual’s position depends on the status attributes ascribed by birth. Each position in the caste structure is defined in terms of its ‘purity and pollution’. The individual who gets a social strata by birth can never change it in one’s lifetime. There is no scope for social mobility. Therefore, caste is closed form of social stratification.

Question 4.
Caste discrimination exists in India despite special laws.
Answer:
Despite legislation caste discrimination and caste-based crimes persist throughout India. Scheduled Castes (SC), have been the victims of the Hindu caste system for centuries. They are subjected to numerous forms of caste discrimination.

Answer the following in detail (About 150-200 words).

Question 1.
Discuss caste as a form of social stratification.
Answer:
In traditional Indian society different castes formed a hierarchy of social preference. Each position in the caste structure is defined in terms of its purity and pollution. In a caste stratification system, an individual’s position depends on the status attributes ascribed by birth. Therefore, caste is the closed form of social stratification. Caste is hereditary and thus the status of the person in caste based. Society is not determined by the wealth one owns but it depends on the status of the caste in which one is born.

Each caste has its own traditional social status , occupations, customs, rules and regulations. In a caste society, there is an unequal distribution of privileges and disabilities among its members. Choice of occupation is not free under the caste system as occupations are hereditary. The members of a caste are expected to follow their traditional occupation. Caste are divided into sub-castes and each sub-caste is an endogamous group. Hence, a caste is a rigid social class into which members are born.

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Class 11 Sociology Important Questions Chapter 6 Socialization Important Questions and Answers.

Maharashtra State Board 11th Sociology Important Questions Chapter 6 Socialization

Choose the correct alternative and complete the statements.

Question 1.
Socialization is a ………………….. process.
(lifelong / learning / transitional)
Answer:
Life-long/earning

Question 2.
………………….. is a study of genes and heredity.
(Socialization / Genetics / Biology)
Answer:
Genetics

Question 3.
The process of ………………….. signifies the role of‘nurture’ in human development.
(culture / stratification / socialization)
Answer:
socialization

Question 4.
Socialization transforms the individual self into a ………………….. self.
(political / primary / social)
Answer:
social

Question 5.
………………….. transforms the biological organism into a social being.
(Culture / Art / Socialization)
Answer:
Socialization

Question 6.
………………….. is the first stage of the process of socialization, according to Mead.
(Play Stage / Imitation / Game Stage)
Answer:
Imitation

Question 7.
In ………………….. stage, a child internalises the attitudes of others, significant to him/her.
(imitation / game / play)
Answer:
play

Question 8.
In ………………….. stage, children learn to behave according to the impressions of others.
(imitation / play / game)
Answer:
game

Question 9.
The ………………….. is formed through our interactions with others and our understanding of others responses.
(self / imitation / role)
Answer:
self

Question 10.
The learning which happens in the early years is termed as ………………….. socialization.
(secondary / primary / tertiary)
Answer:
primary

Question 11.
………………….. socialization involves intense cultural learning and takes place in childhood.
(Secondary / Primary / Tertiary)
Answer:
Primary

Question 12.
Family is the ………………….. agency of socialization.
(formal / informal / non-formal)
Answer:
informal

Question 13.
………………….. are friendship groups made up of people of similar age.
(Family / Peer groups / Neighbour)
Answer:
Peer groups

Question 14.
Peer groups use ………………….. sanctions.
(informal / formal / egalitarian)
Answer:
informal

Question 15.
In peer groups, the interactions are ………………….. when compared to family or school.
(dependent / formal / egalitarian)
Answer:
egalitarian

Question 16.
………………….. are the means for delivering impersonal communication directed to a vast audience.
(Family / Peer groups / Mass media)
Answer:
Mass media

Question 17.
One of the significant agents of adult socialization is the …………………..
(school / family / workplace)
Answer:
workplace

Question 18.
………………….. is the process of unlearning and relearning new norms and values.
(Adult socialization / Re-socialization / Socialization)
Answer:
Resocialization

Question 19.
………………….. is credited for having popularized the term ‘total institution’.
(Erving Goffman / Max Weber / George Mead)
Answer:
Erving Goffman

Question 20.
………………….. involves a process of tearing down and rebuilding an individual’s role.
(Adult socialization / Re-socialization / Socialization)
Answer:
Re-socialization

Question 21.
………………….. is often a deliberate and an intense social process.
(Socialization / Adult socialization / Re-socialization)
Answer:
Re-socialization

Question 22.
The term ………………….. Institution refers to new ways of life in controlled and regulated manner.
(Social / Total / Political)
Answer:
Total

Question 23.
…………………. is the second stage of the process of socialization, according to Mead.
(Imitation / Play stage / Game stage)
Answer:
Play stage

Question 24.
…………………. indicates continuous process of learning.
(Socialization / Adult socialization / Re-socialization)
Answer:
Adult socialization

Question 25.
A ………………….. is a ereoeraohicallv localized community within a larger city, town etc.
(neighbourhood / family / school)
Answer:
neighbourhood

Correct the incorrect pair.

Question 1.
(a) Senior citizen group – Peer Group
(b) Cultural festivals, sports activities – Neighbourhood
(c) Professional networks – Informal Groups
(d) Newspaper, television – Mass Media
Answer:
(c) Professional networks – Formal Groups

Question 2.
(a) A Prison sentence – Adult socialization
(b) Role play – Game Stage
(c) A significant other – Play Stage
(d) Lack of understanding – Imitation
Answer:
(a) A Prison sentence – Resocialization

Question 3.
(a) Family, peer group – Primary Socialization
(b) School, professional networks – Secondary Socialization
(c) It enabled media and social media – School
(d) Military camps, prisons – Total Institution
Answer:
(c) It enabled media and social media – Mass Media

Identify the appropriate term from the given options.

(Internet, Peer Group, Childhood, Socialization, Unsocialization, The Self, Imitation, Play Stage, Game Stage, Primary Socialization, Secondary Socialization, Positive Sanctions, School, Technology, Negative Sanctions, Mass Media, Neighbourhood, Workplace, Adult Socialization, Re-socialization.)

Question 1.
Well documented cases of Feral, Mogli, Genies.
Answer:
Unsocialization

Question 2.
It emerges through communication and interactions with others.
Answer:
The Self

Question 3.
A little boy helping his parents clean the floor.
Answer:
Imitation

Question 4.
It extends over the entire life of a person.
Answer:
Secondary Socialization

Question 5.
Grades, prizes, praise.
Answer:
School

Question 6.
It has increased the speed of mass media.
Answer:
Technology

Question 7.
It has wider reach and can spread information in a more democratic manner.
Answer:
Mass Media

Question 8.
It helps a person to broaden his/her horizons in terms of social acceptance and tolerance towards the others.
Answer:
Workplace

Question 9.
It involves complete alteration of the easier life style and thinking.
Answer:
Re-socialization

Correct the underlined words and complete the sentence.

Question 1.
Instincts study the inheritance patterns in traits that are handed down from parents to off-spring.
Answer:
Genetics study the inheritance patterns in traits that are handed down from parents to off¬spring.

Question 2.
Cases like Genies suggest that animal contact is necessary for the basic social and physical development.
Answer:
Cases like Genies suggest that human contact is necessary for the basic social and physical development.

Question 3.
Institution transforms the individual self into a social self.
Answer:
Socialization transforms the individual self into a social self.

Question 4.
George Mead has elaborated on the process of building political self.
Answer:
George Mead has elaborated on the process of building social self.

Question 5.
In the game stage, responses are not organised.
Answer:
In the play stage, responses are not organised.

Question 6.
A child at play stage is likely to be aware of the different responsibilities of people.
Answer:
A child at game stage is likely to be aware of the different responsibilities of people.

Question 7.
A child gets acquainted with values, customs, behavioural norms and manners through secondary socialization.
Answer:
A child gets acquainted with values, customs, behavioural norms and manners through primary socialization.

Question 8.
Planned curriculum refers to things we learn from attending the school such as obedience to authority.
Answer:
Hidden curriculum refers to things we learn from attending the school such as obedience to authority.

Question 9.
Radio has an influence on children from a very young age and affects their cognitive and social development.
Answer:
Television has an influence on children from a very young age and affects their cognitive and social development.

Question 10.
Neighbourhood also sometimes helps in changing the notions of‘right and wrong’.
Answer:
Workplace also sometimes helps in changing the notions of ‘right and wrong’.

Question 11.
Adult socialization is the process of unlearning old norms.
Answer:
Re-socialization is the process of unlearning old norms.

Question 12.
Socialization leads to rehabilitation of one’s behaviour.
Answer:
Re-socialization leads to rehabilitation of one’s behaviour.

Question 13.
Prisons, military camps, private boarding schools, are examples of social institution.
Answer:
Prisons, military camps, private boarding schools, are examples of total institution.

Write suitable examples of the given concepts and justify your answer.

Question 1.
Socialization in family.
Answer:
Example : Children learn basic responsibilities and duties from parents and other family members. The learning involves using sanctions which are mainly informal. The family teaches the child basic discipline and inculcates good habits in his or her mind by using positive or negative sanctions. Positive sanctions involving physical expressions, verbal approval, physical rewards. Negative sanctions ranging from negative remark to physical punishment may be used.

Socialization as a learning process is lifelong. The learning which happens in the early years is termed as primary socialization. A child gets acquainted with values, customs, behavioural norms and manners. Primary socialization takes place in infancy and childhood and involves intense cultural learning. During this phase, family is the main agent of socialization.

Question 2.
Resocialization.
Answer:
Example : The person may be in a jail, hospital, in religious organization, police, army etc. In such institutions there is total break up from the normal social life outside. A prison sentence is a good example. The individual not only has to change and rehabilitate one’s behaviour in order to return to society but must also accommodate the new norms required for living, while in prison. The process of unlearning old norms, roles, values and behavioural patterns and learning new patterns is called re-socialization.

Sometimes an individual is caught in a situation where one has to break away from past experience and internalise different norms and values. Re-socialization can also be defined as a process which subjects an individual to new values, attitudes and skills according to the norms of a particular institution and the person has to completely re-engineer one’s sense of social values and norms.

Question 3.
Total Institution as a form of resocialization.
Answer:
Example : Total institutions are prisons, military camps, mental health facilities and private boarding schools.
The term ‘Total Institution’ was popularised by Erving Goffman. A total institution is usually set apart from the society and are organise by strict rules and norms determined and enforced by a single authority. The fundamental purpose of these institutions is to re-socialise people into changed identities and roles.

Question 4.
Adult socialization at workplace.
Answer:
Example : At the workplace, a person meets people of different age groups, belonging to different social and cultural backgrounds. Through various mechanisms like-on job training, orientation and formal meetings, individuals get familiarized with each other and learns new roles.
Socialization is a life long process. Adult socialization indicates this continuous process of learning. One of the significant agents of adult socialization is the workplace.

Adult individuals spend significant amount of time at the workplace. Socialization through workplace involves acquiring new skills, knowledge and behaviour patterns suitable to the requirements of the job. Social interactions at the workplace, help individuals to broaden their horizons in terms of social acceptance and tolerance towards the others. It also sometimes helps in changing the notions of right and wrong. Workplace thus servers as an important agent of Adult socialization.

Question 5.
Socialization.
Answer:
Example : Cases of Feral, Mogli, Genies, unsocialized children are evident enough to show how human behaviour is largely learnt. The real account of the ‘Wolf-Children of Midnapore’ two small girls reportedly found in a wolf den in 1920. They howled like wolves, preferred raw meat, could not walk upright and lacked many basic human skills due to lack of socialization. Such stories and cases like Genies suggest the human contact is necessary for the basic social and physical development.

Socialization transforms the biological organism into a social being. It is a life long social experience by which human beings are transformed into social beings.
Socialization can be understood as-

1. A process of learning various forms of behaviour acceptable in a particular culture: Through socialization children learn the ways of their elders and perpetuate the cultural values and social practice.
2. An ongoing process of continuous learning: The birth of a child gives a new experience of parenting for a couple.
3. A process through which an individual gradually becomes a member of the society. Socialization facilitates learning the collective way of life.

Write short notes.

Question 1.
Nature versus Nature in Human Development.
Answer:
Genetics suggests that people are born with certain abilities derived from biological imperatives. Instincts or the fixed human traits play a significant role in shaping human behaviour. From this viewpoint, we are born with certain abilities that are integral to our ‘human nature’. The process of socialization on the other hand signifies the role of ‘nurture’ in human development. Sociologists use the term socialization to refer to the lifelong social experience by which human beings are transformed into social beings.

Differentiate between.

Question 1.
Primary Socialization and Secondary Socialization.
Answer:

Primary Socialization	Secondary Socialization
(i) The learning which happens in the early years is termed as primary socialization.	(i) The learning which extends over the entire life of a person is termed as secondary socialization.
(ii) It occurs when a child learns the attitudes, values, customs, behavioural norms and manners as a member of primary group.	(ii) It occurs when an individual learns appropriate behaviour, attitudes, norms as a member of a group.
(iii) Family, peer groups, neighbourhood are the main agents of primary socialization.	(iii) Schooling and education are considered as secondary agencies.
(iv) It is an informal process of socialization.	(iv) It is a formal process of socialization.

Question 2.
Re-socialization and Adult Socialization
Answer:

Re-socialization	Adult Socialization
(i) The process of unlearning old norms, roles and values, behavioural patterns and learning new patterns is called as re-socialization.	(i) Adult socialization is a life long process and indicates continuous process of learning.
(ii) A prison sentence or a total institution is a good example of re-socialization.	(ii) One of the significant agents of adult socialization is the workplace.
(iii) Re-socialization involves a process of tearing down and re-building an individual’s role and socially constructed sense of self.	(iii) Socialization through workplace involves acquiring new skills knowledge and behaviour patterns suitable to the requirements of the job.
(iv) It re-socializes people into changed identities and role.	(iv) It helps in changing the notions of right and wrong.

Explain the following concept with an example.

Question 1.
Significant Others
Answer:
It is a term used by George Herbert Mead to refer to those individuals who are most important in the development of the ‘self.

A significant other is someone whose opinions matter to us and who is in a position to influence our thinking, especially about ourselves.
Example : A significant others can be anyone such as parents, siblings, friends and teachers.

Question 2.
Hidden Curriculum
Answer:
1. Sociologists also discuss about hidden curriculum for conditioning children’s learning.

2. Hidden curriculum refers to things we learn from attending the school such as respect for the system and obedience to authority. It also indicates unquestioned acceptance of the system. Example : While distributing co-curricular tasks, girls and boys are expected to do campus cleaning. Through this, children learn the sexual division of labour. Many schools are making efforts to counter this by allotting similar tasks to boys and girls.

Question 3.
Game Stage
Answer:

1. According to G. H. Mead, formation of self occurs in three distinct stages.
2. Game stage is the third stage of the process of socialization.
3. As a child matures, and as the self gradually develops, the child learns to behave according to the impressions of others.
4. They learn to understand interactions involving different people with a variety of purposes.
5. They understand that ‘role play’ in each situation involves following a consistent set of rules and expectations.

Example : A child at this stage is likely to be aware of the different responsibilities of people in a restaurant who together, make for a smooth dining experience.

Complete the concept maps.

Question 1.

Answer:

Question 2.

Answer:

Question 3.

Answer:

Question 4.

Answer:

State whether the following statements are true or false with reasons.

Question 1.
Neighbourhood have negligible influence on shaping social behaviour of the growing child.
Answer:
This statement is False.

1. Adults in the neighbourhood exert an influence on shaping social behaviour of the growing child. Children often take inputs from people living very closely around.
2. Neighbourhood community provides the base for an individual to extend social relations and interactions beyond the narrow limits of the home.
3. Neighbourhood, social networks provide great source of learning for children through the celebration of cultural festivals, organisation of sports activities, taking up of social issues such as environment or traffic.

Question 2.
A total institution is set apart from the society and organized by strict rules and norms.
Answer:
This statement is True.

1. A total institution is usually set apart from the society by distance, laws, and physical attributes like high walls, barbed wire fences, and locked gates.
2. They are organised by strict rules and norms determined and enforced by a single authority.
3. The fundamental purpose of these institutions is to re-socialize people into changed identities and roles, hence it is set apart and organized by strict rules and norms.

Question 3.
The function of all children’s stories is to create a sense in the children of the right and wrong.
Answer:
This statement is True.

1. The moral of honesty, courage, non-violence, etc., is narrated to children in an effective manner.
2. For centuries together moral stories are transmitted from one generation to another. It gives them a sense of growing up in their own world and a notion of right or wrong.
3. Thus, the function of all children’s stories is to create a sense in the children of the right/ wrong, acceptable/non-acceptable, is prevalent in a particular society. Through this process vulnerable infants become self-aware, skilled individuals.

Question 4.
Cases of Feral/unsocialised children denote the significance of socialization.
Answer:
This statement is True.

1. Cases of Feral like Genie’s suggest that human contact is necessary for the basic social and physical development.
2. For example, simple skills such as walking upright or using language were missing in Genie. Such examples denote the significance of socialization.
3. What we think and how we act is taught to us by the larger culture.

Question 5.
Human behaviours are governed only by instinct.
Answer:
This statement is False.

1. If human behaviours were governed only by instinct, there would be very few differences between societies. Human behaviour would be much the same regardless of place and time.
2. Different cultures develop different ways of doing things.
3. What we think and how we act is taught to us by the larger culture that we inherit and share. Thus, human behaviours acquired, of the many diverse ways of living and not governed only by instinct.

Question 6.
Peer groups are considered as important primary agencies of socialization.
Answer:
This statement is True.

1. They are considered as important primary agencies of socialization because personal interactions with our peers influences our behaviour from how we dress to what we like and what we hate.
2. In peer groups, the interactions are reasonably egalitarian as there is a greater amount of give and take, when compared to family or school.
3. We carry the value of friendship with us throughout our lives.

Question 7.
Socialization through family is varied.
Answer:
This statement is True.

1. Socialization through family is varied because there is no single uniform pattern to do so. A child brought up in a nuclear family will undergo different patterns of socialization than one in an extended family. In nuclear family, parents may be key socializing agents but in the other in the extended family grandparents, an aunt, a cousin may play a significant role.
2. Patterns of child-rearing vary across families with different caste, class, and ethnic backgrounds
3. The influence of different family backgrounds can be seen on a child growing up in a poor, marginalized household and a child growing up in an upper caste/upper class family background.

Question 8.
Socialization in family always means unquestioned acceptance of everything that elders say.
Answer:
This statement is False.

1. Socialization in family does not always means unquestioned acceptance of everything that elders say.
2. Children can also negotiate, question and develop outlooks contradictory to their elders.
3. This is more so in the contemporary world in which diverse socializing agencies influence social learning.

Question 9.
Schools project a wider range of values and roles.
Answer:
This statement is True.

1. Schooling involves learning values and norms at a step higher than those learnt in family.
2. Skills and values like teamwork, competitive spirit, discipline, conformity to authority are learnt in schools and this helps prepare students for the adult world.
3. School indicates unquestioned acceptance of the system thus, projecting a wider range of values and roles.

Question 10.
Resocialization involves complete alteration of the easier lifestyles.
Answer:
This statement is True.

1. Sometimes an individual is caught in a situation where one has to break away from past experience and earlier way of life and internalise radically different norms and values.
2. Hence, it involves complete alteration of the earlier lifestyle and thinking. The new way of life is not only different but also incompatible with the earlier one.
3. The basic of re-socialization is to unlearn and then relearn. The individual has to completely re-engineer one’s sense of social values, beliefs and norms.

Give your personal response.

Question 1.
We can come to think of ourselves funny because people laugh at the things we say.
Answer:
‘Significant others’ is a term used by G. H. Mead to refer to those individuals who are most important in the development of the self. A significant other can be anyone such as parents, friends, teachers etc. Their opinions matter to us and influence our thinking especially about ourselves. So, when people laugh at the things we say makes us think of ourselves as funny.

Answer the following question in detail (About 150 words).

Question 1.
Explain the process of socialization with suitable examples and discuss any one agency of socialization you are member of.
Answer:
Process of socialization – Human behaviour and skills have to be taught and learnt. This learning process is called as socialization. According to Mead, formation of self occurs in three distinct stages.
Stage 1 – Imitation : In this stage, children imitate behaviour of adults without understanding it. For example, A little boy might drive his mother to her office by driving his toy car.

Stage 2 – Play stage : A child plays, sometimes as being a mother or a teacher etc. In this stage, responses are not organised. A child internalises the attitudes of others who are significant to her/ his through enacting the roles of others.

Stage 3 – Game stage : As a child matures, and as the self gradually develops, one internalises the expectations of a large number of people . For example, a child at this stage is likely to be aware of the different responsibilities of people in a restaurant .Socialization, in this sense is a process of self-awareness.

I am member of various social groups which are agencies of my socialization like family, peer- group, school, neighbourhood etc.

Family as an agency of socialization I have learnt a range of roles in family-like learning responsibilities and duties from my parents and other family members. Family has played a significant role in developing acceptable behaviour patterns in me thus the process of learning attitudes, norms and behaviour patterns takes place in family.

Maharashtra State Board HSC 12th Secretarial Practice Important Questions and Answers

• Chapter 1 Introduction to Corporate Finance Important Questions
• Chapter 2 Sources of Corporate Finance Important Questions
• Chapter 3 Issue of Shares Important Questions
• Chapter 4 Issue of Debentures Important Questions
• Chapter 5 Deposits Important Questions
• Chapter 6 Correspondence with Members Important Questions
• Chapter 7 Correspondence with Debentureholders Important Questions
• Chapter 8 Correspondence with Depositors Important Questions
• Chapter 9 Depository System Important Questions
• Chapter 10 Dividend and Interest Important Questions
• Chapter 11 Financial Market Important Questions
• Chapter 12 Stock Exchange Important Questions

Maharashtra Board 12th HSC Important Questions

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Class 11 Sociology Important Questions Chapter 5 Culture Important Questions and Answers.

Maharashtra State Board 11th Sociology Important Questions Chapter 5 Culture

Choose the correct alternative and complete the statements.

Question 1.
The term ‘culture’ was used first by ……………….
(Bronislaw Malinowski / Edward Tylor / Max Weber)
Answer:
Edward Tylor

Question 2.
………………. culture is concrete and tangible in nature.
(Non-material / Folk / Material)
Answer:
Material

Question 3.
………………. culture refers to the ideas created by human beings.
(Material / Non-Material / Cognitive)
Answer:
Non-Material

Question 4.
The ………………. aspects consist of folkways, mores, customs, conventions and laws.
(cognitive / normative / knowledge)
Answer:
normative

Question 5.
The ………………. aspects refer to understanding.
(normative / knowledge / cognitive)
Answer:
cognitive

Question 6.
The gap between material and non-material culture is known as ……………….
(cultural lag / language / folkways)
Answer:
cultural lag

Question 7.
………………. culture is considered as the epitome of the highest levels of human creativity.
(Folk / High / Mass)
Answer:
High

Question 8.
………………. culture refers to the culture of ordinary people.
(High / Folk / Popular)
Answer:
Folk

Question 9.
………………. culture is essentially a product of mass media.
(High / Popular / Mass)
Answer:
Mass

Question 10.
A ………………. is anything that is used to stand for something else.
(knowledge / symbol / language)
Answer:
Symbol

Question 11.
A group of words or ideas having common meaning is called ……………….
(language / value / symbol)
Answer:
Language

Question 12.
Direct knowledge is ………………. knowledge.
(mediated / immediate / indirect)
Answer:
Immediate

Question 13.
Indirect knowledge is ………………. knowledge.
(practical / logical / mediated)
Answer:
mediated

Question 14.
………………. involve standards of what is good or bad.
(Beliefs / Values / Language)
Answer:
Values

Question 15.
………………. are rules and behavioural expectation by which a society.
(Mores / Norms / Values)
Answer:
Norms

Question 16.
………………. are mildly enforced social expectations.
(Mores / Language / Folkways)
Answer:
Folkways

Question 17.
………………. are strictly held beliefs about behaviours.
(Mores / Values / Knowledge)
Answer:
Mores

Question 18.
Migration and ………………. leads to a mixing of culture.
(globalization / traditions / customs)
Answer:
globalisation

Question 19.
………………. is a sum-total of the ideal patterns and norms of behaviour of a group.
(Values, Folkways, Culture)
Answer:
Culture

Question 20.
………………. is one of the most important vehicles for perpetuating cultural patterns.
(Customs / Language / Symbols)
Answer:
Language

Question 21.
………………. activities bring people together and build social solidarity.
(Social / Cultural / Political)
Answer:
Cultural

Question 22.
………………. is the view that one’s own culture is better than anyone else’s culture.
(Relativism / Ethnocentrism / Hybridisation)
Answer:
Ethnocentrism

Question 23.
Cultural ………………. refers to the parts of one culture get recombined with the cultures of another.
(hybridisation / relativism / ethnocentrism)
Answer:
hybridisation

Question 24.
Interaction of global process with local processes is known as ……………….
(glocalisation / globalization / migration)
Answer:
glocalisation

Question 25.
………………. and globalisation leads to a mixing of cultures.
(Industrialisation / Migration / Digitisation)
Answer:
Migration

Correct the incorrect pair.

Question 1.
(a) The Indian flag — Symbol
(b) Norms and values – Non-material culture
(c) Recorded pop music – Popular culture
(d) Computers and airplanes – Material culture
Answer:
(c) Recorded pop music – Mass culture

Question 2.
(a) Direct knowledge Immediate knowledge
(b) Folkways – Mildly enforced
(c) Mores – Serious norms
(d) Norms – Group of ideas
Answer:
(d) Norms – Behavioural expectation

Question 3.
(a) Globalisation – Global restaurant chain
(b) Arts – Identity formation
(c) Emojis / Smileys – Symbols
(d) Normative – Ideas and beliefs
Answer:
(d) Normative – Folkways and mores.

Question 4.
(a) Aesthetically superior culture – High culture
(b) Culture of ordinary people – Folk culture
(b) Product of mass media – Mass culture
(b) No cultural expertise Sub-culture
Answer:
(d) No cultural expertise – Popular culture

Question 5.
(a) What we shouldn’t do – Proscriptive norms
(b) What we should do – Prescriptive norms
(c) Strictly held beliefs – Mores
(d) Mildly enforce – Customs
Answer:
(d) Mildly enforced – Folkways

Identify the appropriate term from the given options.

(Symbols, High Culture, Folk Culture, Mass Culture, Prescriptive Norms Popular Culture, Subculture, Values, Folkways, Language)
Question 1.
Culture shared by ethnic group.
Answer:
Subculture

Question 2.
Bhangada in Punjab.
Answer:
Folk Culture

Question 3.
Poems of Kabir Das.
Answer:
High Culture

Question 4.
Emojis / Smileys.
Answer:
Symbol

Question 5.
Desirable or Undesirable
Answer:
Values

Question 6.
Customary and habitual ways of life.
Answer:
Folkways

Question 7.
It is the method to mould behaviour.
Answer:
Language

Question 8.
Parents expect obedience from children.
Answer:
Prescriptive Norms

Correct underlined words and complete the sentence.

Question 1.
Possession of culture distinguishes animals from non-humans.
Answer:
Possession of culture distinguishes humans from non-humans.

Question 2.
Culture is the social legacy the individual acquired from one’s ability.
Answer:
Culture is the social legacy the individual acquired from one’s group.

Question 3.
Non-material culture are man-made objects.
Answer:
Material culture are man-made objects.

Question 4.
The Non-material aspect of culture changes very fast.
Answer:
The material aspect of culture changes very fast.

Question 5.
Some symbols are types of verbal communication.
Answer:
Some symbols are types of non-verbal communication.

Question 6.
Knowledge is the chief vehicle of culture.
Answer:
Language is the chief vehicle of culture.

Question 7.
Values are statements that people hold to be true.
Answer:
Beliefs are statements that people hold to be true.

Question 8.
Folkways are more serious norms.
Answer:
Mores are more serious norms.

Question 9.
Mores are customary practices.
Answer:
Folkways are customary practices.

Question 10.
Culture is learnt through globalization.
Answer:
Culture is learnt through socialization.

Question 11.
The use of mobile phones has brought significant changes in traditional customs of communication.
Answer:
The use of mobile phones has brought significant changes in traditional etiquettes of communication.

Question 12.
Participation in the debates can promote inter cultural understanding.
Answer:
Participation in the arts can promote inter cultural understanding.

Question 13.
Cultural activities foster social exclusion.
Answer:
Cultural activities foster social inclusion.

Question 14.
Relativism consists of evaluating other culture from the perspective of one’s own.
Answer:
Ethnocentrism consists of evaluating other culture from the perspective of one’s own.

Question 15.
Arrogance is positive side of ethnocentrism.
Answer:
Arrogance is negative side of ethnocentrism.

Question 16.
Confidence and assurance to the culture is a negative side of ethnocentrism.
Answer:
Confidence and assurance to the culture is a positive side of ethnocentrism.

Question 17.
Language mixing, fusion music are examples of globalisation.
Answer:
Language mixing, fusion music are examples of cultural hybridisation.

Question 18.
The first element that exists in every culture is a variety of language.
Answer:
The first element that exists in every culture is a variety of symbols.

Write suitable examples of given concepts and justify your answer.

Question 1.
Cultural hybridisation.
Answer:
Example : Today we prefer Italian pizza with tandoori paneer as a topping which indeed is very Indian. It is convergence of Italian and Indian culture of food by modifying menus. Celebration of Valentine’s Day, language mixing, fusion music are examples of cultural hybridisation.

1. Cultural hybridization refers to the ways in which parts of one culture get recombined with the cultures of another.
2. Cultural hybridization is a universal process which is seeded up through globalization.
3. In the globalization process, some forms of new and different cultural practice or behaviour develops from the mixing of different cultural traditions. The groups do not necessarily give up their own but participate in various ways in each other’s cultural activities. We see hybridization in many aspects of culture.

Question 2.
Ethnocentrism.
Answer:
Example : Throughout Asia the way of eating is to use chopsticks with every meal. These people may find that people in other societies using forks, spoons, knives, etc. to eat are foolish. Demeaning other cultures can enhance one’s feeling of pride in their own culture.

1. Ethnocentrism is the view that one’s own culture is better than anyone else’s culture.
2. It consists of evaluating other cultures from the perspective of one’s own.
3. It refers to the tendency to assume that one’s own culture and way of life are superior to all others.
4. The ethnocentric person sees his or her own culture as the most important.

Question 3.
Glocalisation.
Answer:
Example : A global restaurant chain modifying their menus based on the unique culture they are in but maintaining their brand. Indian spices are incorporated in the differently flavoured burger of McDonald’s.

1. Glocalisation is a combination of the words “globalisation” and “localisation”, used to describe a product or service that is developed and distributed globally,
2. Glocalisation is a global process interacting with local processes.
3. In the contemporary society, global styles are given a unique flavour.

Question 4.
Popular Culture.
Answer:
Example : Some sporting events, such as World Cup and Olympics are enjoyed by a world community. For example, mass market films such as Star Wars or Titanic, Harry Potter books, Chandoba, Chhota Bheem etc.,
Popular culture includes any cultural product appreciated by a large number of ordinary people with no great pretentions of cultural expertise.

Write short notes.

Question 1.
Types of Culture.
Answer:
Culture is divided into two types :
1. Material Culture : Material culture are man-made. These are concrete and tangible in nature. It consists of manufactured objects like clothing, roads, jewellery, computers, airplanes, television, etc.

2. Non-material Culture : Non-material culture refers to the ideas created by human beings. The nature of non-material culture is abstract and intangible. For example, norms, values, signs and symbols, knowledge, beliefs etc. Non-material culture is further divided into cognitive and normative aspects of culture. The material aspect of culture changes very fast.

It is convenient or easy to adapt to new fashion, eating habits, new technology. On the other hand, non-material culture is very difficult to change and accept. Knowledge, ideas, and beliefs are rooted in society and change in these aspects is not easily accepted by the society. A gap between material culture and non-material culture is known as Cultural Lag.

Question 2.
Classification of Culture.
Answer:
1. High Culture : High culture refers to cultural creations that have high status. For example, work of classical composers like Bhimsen Joshi, Hariprasad Chourasia, Ravi Shankar or the literature of Shakespeare.

2. Folk Culture: Folk culture refers to the culture of ordinary people, particularly those living in pre-industrial societies. For example, folk music, folk tales which are handed down from generation to generation. Bhangada in Punjab and Lavani in Maharashtra.

3. Mass Culture : Mass culture is a product of industrial societies and essentially a product of mass media. For example, popular feature films, TV soap-operas and recorded pop music.

4. Popular Culture : Popular culture includes any cultural product appreciated by a large number of ordinary people with no great cultural expertise. For example, mass market films such as Star Wars, Titanic, Harry Potter books and Chhota Bhim etc.

5. Subculture : Subcultures refer to groups of people that have something in common with each other which distinguishes them from other social groups. For example, culture shared by religious or ethnic groups.

Question 3.
Components of Culture.
Answer:
1. Symbols : Culture is a system of symbols. Every culture is filled with symbols that signifies something and often evoke various reactions and emotions. People who share a culture often attach a specific meaning to an object, sound or image. For example, with the extensive use of mobile, emoji’s emotions are widely used to express and communicate various emotions.

2. Language : Language is a set of socially sound patterns, words and sentences having specific meaning and terminology common to the same culture. Language is a source of communication to transmit messages from one person to another. Language is like a vehicle through which we can carry out our complex social activities.

3. Knowledge : With the help of knowledge an individual knows how to cope with the existing social situation. It is one of the most important elements of culture. Knowledge could be direct or indirect. Direct knowledge is immediate knowledge whereas indirect knowledge is mediated knowledge.

4. Values and Beliefs : Values involves standards of what is good or bad, and desirable or undesirable. Values depend upon culture. Some values are hereditary which we gain from our elders and parents. Culture is full of values which are transmitted from one generation to another. Beliefs are statements that people hold to be true. While beliefs are specific, particular matters that individual consider to be true or false, values are abstract standards of goodness.

5. Norms : Norms are rules and behavioural expectations by which a society guides the behaviours of its members. Norms tell us how we should believe in specific situation. Some norms are prospective and some are perspective norms.

Explain the following concept with suitable examples.

Question 1.
Cultural Lag
Answer:

1. The material aspect of culture changes very fast. It is convenient to adapt to new fashion, eating habits, new technology.
2. On the other hand, non-material culture which is abstract, is very difficult to change. Knowledge, ideas and beliefs are rooted in society for many decades and centuries. Change in these aspects is not readily accepted by society.
3. Over a period of time there is a gap between material and non-material culture. This gap is known as cultural lag.

Example : Medical technology has advanced at such a pace so as to put it in conflict with several moral and ethical beliefs.

Question 2.
Symbols
Answer:

1. A symbol is anything that is used to stand for something else. People who share a culture often attach a specific meaning to an object, gesture, sound or image.
2. Every culture is filled with symbols, or things that stand for something else and that often evoke various reactions and emotions.
3. The first element that exists in every culture is a variety of symbols. Culture is a system of symbols.

Example : Use of mobile emoji’s emotions to express and communicate various emotions. The Indian flag represents our entire country. An amber light at a traffic intersection is used to convey the message that one can be ready to stop/start one’s vehicle.

Complete the concept maps.

Question 1.

Answer:

Question 2.

Answer:

Question 3.

Answer:

Question 4.

Answer:

Question 5.

Answer:

Question 6.

Answer:

Question 7.

Answer:

State whether the following statements are true or false with reasons.

Question 1.
Folkways are strictly held beliefs about behaviours.
Answer:
This statement is False.

1. Folkways are mildly enforced social expectations.
2. Folkways are customary normal and habitual ways of a group to meet certain needs or to solve day to day problems and don’t have serious binding on groups.
3. The manner of speech; dressing; forms of etiquette and numerous other practices of daily life are some of examples of customary practices to which individuals conform in their personal habits. They have very serious binding on groups.

Question 2.
Culture is man-made.
Answer:
This statement is True.

1. Culture is not a force, operating by itself but it’s a creation of society through interaction.
2. Culture is a creation of society through interaction and depends for its existence upon the continuance of society. Culture, in short, is a human product; it is not natural.
3. Culture consists of the intellectual, artistic and social ideals and institutions which the members of the society profess and to which they strive to conform. Hence culture is man made.

Question 3.
Culture is stagnant.
Answer:
This statement is False.

1. Culture is continually changing : With the passing of time, some beliefs change, certain traditions or rituals are eliminated, language and mannerisms of people change, and thus, their culture.
2. Migration and globalisation leads to contribute to the formation of a multicultural society and sometimes, even new cultures develop.
3. Due to education and increased awareness, newer generations become flexible to change So some rituals or customs become less rigid or some are discontinued. Hence all cultures change in time

Question 4.
Ethnocentrism has positive as well as negative side.
Answer:
This statement is True.
Ethnocentrism has positive as well as negative side according to many scholars-

1. According to conflict theorists, ethnocentrism denies equal opportunities. On the other hand functionalist sociologists, claim that ethnocentrism serves to maintain a sense of solidarity.
2. The negative side is that the ethnocentrism can lead to arrogance towards other culture leading to a biased understanding of the same.
3. The positive side is that it offers confidence to the culture thus helping a group remain cohesive and centred.

Question 5.
Cultural hybridisation is delayed through globalisation.
Answer:
This statement is False.
Cultural hybridisation is sped up through globalisation.

1. Easy flow of migration, information, goods and services and exchanges of traditions has made the hybridisation process quick.
2. In this process, two originally distinct cultures come together and create something new and exciting.
3. We see hybridisation in many aspects of culture like food, language, wedding practices, dressing.

Give your personal response.

Question 1.
Emoji’s emotions are widely used to express and communicate various emotions.
Answer:
Emojis emotions are an example of a symbol which is anything that is used to stand for something
else. Emojis / Smileys are combinations of keyboard characters that may use to represent their feelings online or through texting. They are early identified thought or feeling and help us to add clarity to our communication.

Question 2.
Indian woman owns much to the western in one direction, she is still much the same as she was in another.
Answer:
This is an example of cultural lag where the material aspect, as compared with the non-material tends to progress rapidly. It is not true that there has been no transformation but it is the fact that the change is very little when compared with the change that has occurred in other directions.

Question 3.
Creativity and cultural engagement have shown to improve both mental and physical health.
Answer:
Participation in culture contributes to a healthy population in several ways. Inter cultural understanding and identity formation can be promoted by participation in arts which can further relieve isolation. It gives a common ground for people to assimilate.

Answer the following in detail (About 150 words).

Question 1.
In contemporary society global styles are given a unique local flavour. Explain the concept of cultural hybridisation with examples.
Answer:
Cultural hybridisation refers to the ways in which parts of one culture get recombined with the cultures of another. In the globalisation process, some forms of new and different cultural practice or behaviour develops from the mixing of different cultural traditions. The groups do not necessarily give up their own culture but participate in various ways in each other’s cultural activities.

Easy flow of migration, information, goods and services and exchanges of traditions has made the hybridisation process quick. In this process, two originally distinct cultures come together and create something new and exciting. We see hybridisation in many aspects of culture like food, language, wedding practices, dressing habits so on and so forth. Today we prefer Italian pizza with tandoori paneer as topping which indeed is very Indian. Celebration of Valentine’s Day, language mixing, fusion music are examples of cultural hybridisation.

In order to understand cultural hybridisation, one needs to understand the process of glocalisation. Global processes interact with local processes. In contemporary society, global styles are given a unique local flavour, e.g. A global restaurant chain modifying their menus based on the unique culture they are in but maintaining their brand. For example, Indian spicy taste is incorporated in the otherwise differently flavoured burger of McDonald’s or Indianization of Chinese food.

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Class 11 Sociology Important Questions Chapter 4 Social Institutions Important Questions and Answers.

Maharashtra State Board 11th Sociology Important Questions Chapter 4 Social Institutions

Choose the correct alternative and complete the statements.

Question 1.
A social ……………….. is a structure of society that is organized to meet the needs of people.
(association / institution / marriage)
Answer:
institution

Question 2.
The ……………… perspective looks at social institutions as playing the number of specific roles in facilitating human social life.
(conflict / functionalist / Marxist)
Answer:
functionalist

Question 3.
The ……………… perspective holds that social institutions operate in the interest of the dominant sections of society.
(functionalist / conflict / gender)
Answer:
conflict

Question 4.
……………… is the most important primary unit of human society.
(Neighbour / Family / School)
Answer:
Family

Question 5.
………………. forms the basic micro social institutions.
(School / Fatuity / Marriage)
Answer:
Family

Question 6.
……………….. is a group of people related by blood or marriage.
(Marriage / School / Family)
Answer:
Family

Question 7.
………………. refers to a family form which developed in Israel after the Second World War.
(Marxism / Kibbutzism / Monogamy)
Answer:
Kibbutzism

Question 8.
According to Talcott Parsons, family fulfils the basic need of ……………….. socialization.
(secondary / tertiary / primary)
Answer:
Primary

Question 9.
………………. family is considered as a very strong feature of rural society in India.
(Nuclear / Joint / Egalitarian)
Answer:
Joint

Question 10.
…………….. families are commonly seen in urban areas.
(Joint / Nuclear / Matriarchal)
Answer:
Nuclear

Question 11.
In a …………….. family authority rests at the hands of the mother.
(matriarchal / patriarchal / neo-local)
Answer:
matriarchal

Question 12.
In a …………….. family authority rests at the hands of the male head.
(matriarchal / nuclear / patriarchal)
Answer:
patriarchal

Question 13.
In matriarchal family, residence after marriage is ……………..
(matrilocal / patrilocal / matrilineal)
Answer:
matrilocal

Question 14.
The name of the father’s side continues to the next generation is known as ……………..
(matronymic / matrilineal / patronymic)
Answer:
patronymic

Question 15.
…………….. is a social institution through which family relations are formed.
(Family / Education / Marriage)
Answer:
Marriage

Question 16.
……………… is a relatively permanent bond between permissible mates.
(Marriage i Family / Social)
Answer:
Marriage

Question 17.
…………………. denotes marriage to one spouse at a time.
(Polygamy / Monogamy / Polyandry)
Answer:
Monogamy

Question 18.
…………….. denotes marriage to more than one partner at a given time.
(Polygamy / Monogamy / Polyandry)
Answer:
Polygamy

Question 19.
…………….. is a form of marriage wherein one woman marries more than one man at a given time.
(Polygyny / Polyandry / Monogamy)
Answer:
Polyandry

Question 20.
…………….. is a form of marriage wherein one man has two or more wives at a time.
(Polygyny / Polyandry / Monogamy)
Answer:
Polygyny

Question 21.
…………….. denotes marriage within a culturally defined group.
(Endogamy / Exogamy / Monogamy)
Answer:
Endogamy

Question 22.
…………….. denotes marriage outside individual’s own group.
(Endogamy / Exogamy / Monogamy)
Answer:
Exogamy

Question 23.
In …………….. a man marries a woman of a lower social group.
(hypogamy / hypergamy / endogamy)
Answer:
hypergamy

Question 24.
In …………….. a man marries a woman of a higher social status.
(hypogamy / hypergamy / endogamy)
Answer:
hypogamy

Question 25.
…………….. became the first country to formally recognize homosexual marriages.
(Japan / Denmark / Munich).
Answer:
Denmark

Question 26.
…………….. ties are connections between individuals that connect blood relatives.
(Marriage / Kinship / Family)
Answer:
Kinship

Question 27.
The family of birth is called the family of ……………..
(procreation / orientation / kinship)
Answer:
orientation

Question 28.
The family in which a person is married is called a family of ……………..
(procreation / orientation / kinship)
Answer:
procreation

Question 29.
…………….. involved using technology of large-scale farming.
(Pastoral / Agriculture / Hunting)
Answer:
Agriculture

Question 30.
Industrial revolution first took place in ……………..
(Europe / America / England)
Answer:
England

Question 31.
The steam engine was invented by …………….. in 1765.
(John Stevens / James Watt / Guglielmo Marconi)
Answer:
James Watt

Question 32.
The …………….. reduced the use of animal and human muscle energy.
(hydroelectric / machine / steam engine)
Answer:
steam engine

Question 33.
Use of machinery gave rise to a new workplace called ……………..
(factory / office / labour)
Answer:
factory

Question 34.
…………….. economy developed the manufacturing sector very fast.
(Domestic / Industrial / Small-scale)
Answer:
Industrial

Question 35.
…………….. created huge economic gaps in the society.
(Urbanisation / Industrialisation / Modernisation)
Answer:
Industrialisation

Question 36.
By the middle of …………….. century, the nature of production started to change.
(18th, 19th, 20th)
Answer:
20th

Question 37.
The …………….. revolution demands a new set of skills.
(Industrial / Information / French)
Answer:
Information

Question 38.
The first Barbie doll was made in …………….. in 1959.
(China / Japan / Arabia)
Answer:
Japan

Question 39.
The term …………….. refers to the actualisation of potentials of an individual.
(economy / education / information)
Answer:
education

Question 40.
In …………….. societies, education was part of the larger process of socialization and enculturation.
(modern / primitive / traditional)
Answer:
primitive

Question 41.
…………….. societies are characterised by complex division of labour.
(Modern / Primitive / Traditional)
Answer:
Modern

Question 42.
…………….. education is planned with a specific end in view.
(Formal / Informal / Non-formal)
Answer:
Formal

Question 43.
…………….. education is a process by which an individual imbibes attitude.
(Formal / Informal / Non-formal)
Answer:
Informal

Question 44.
…………….. education takes place outside the realm of formal education.
(Formal / Informal / Non-formal)
Answer:
Non-formal

Question 45.
…………….. education requires flexibility in design of the curriculum and scheme of evaluation.
(Formal / Informal / Non-formal)
Answer:
Non-formal

Question 46.
The …………….. requires a certain level of knowledge and skills.
(family / school / workplace)
Answer:
workplace

Question 47.
…………….. instil the value of individual achievement in children.
(Family / Schools / Marriage)
Answer:
Schools

Question 48.
…………….. corporations play a crucial role in creating a flexible economy.
(Transnational / National / Inter-national)
Answer:
Transnational

Correct the incorrect pair.

Question 1.
(a) The principles of communal living – Kibbutz
(b) Regulation of sexual activity – Family
(c) Fulfils material needs – Economy
(d) Disseminate ideas and knowledge – Marriage
Answer:
(d) Disseminate ideas and knowledge – Education

Question 2.
(a) Limited to a specific period – Formal Education
(b) No fix curriculum – Distance Education
(c) Designs curriculum – Schools
(d) Design to serve learning needs of an identified homogeneous group – Non-formal Education
Answer:
(b) No fix curriculum – Informal Education

Question 3.
(a) New forms of energy – Industrial Revolution
(b) Increase in food production – Agricultural Education
(c) Expansion of service sectors – The Information Age Revolution
(d) Division of labour – Stone Age
Answer:
(d) Division of labour – Industrial Revolution

Question 4.
(a) Descent through mother’s line – Matriarchal
(b) Descent through father’s line – Patrilineal
(c) The name through mother’s line – Matronymic
(d) The name through father’s line – Patronymic
Answer:
(a) Descent through mother’s line – Matrilineal

Question 5.
(a) Garo and Khasi – Matriarchal System
(b) Sharing of a household by an unmarried couple – Cohabitation
(c) Extended family – Joint Family
(d) Consist of two generations – Patriarchal Family
Answer:
(d) Consists of two generations – Nuclear Family

Question 6.
(a) Elevates position of woman – Hypergamy
(b) Elevates position of man – Endogamy
(c) Gotra – Exogamy
(d) Caste, sect, tribe – Endogamy
Answer:
(b) Elevates position of man – Hypogamy

Identify the appropriate term from the given options.

(Monogamy, Polygamy, Polygyny, Polyandry, Economy, Consanguinal Kin, Orientation, Affines, Procreation, Global Commodity, Education, Industrialization)

Question 1.
Extreme poverty is one of the reasons for this form of marriage.
Answer:
Polyandry

Question 2.
The most accepted form of marriage.
Answer:
Monogamy

Question 3.
This form of marriage can be seen as a strategy which allows powerful males to control reproductive resources.
Answer:
Polygyny

Question 4.
The kin related through blood.
Answer:
Consanguinal kin

Question 5.
The kin related through marriage.
Answer:
affines

Question 6.
The family of birth.
Answer:
Orientation

Question 7.
Barbie doll.
Answer:
Global commodity

Question 8.
A system of production.
Answer:
Economy

Question 9.
Mass production and distribution.
Answer:
Industrialization

Question 10.
A process that broadens an individual’s cognitive horizons.
Answer:
Education

Correct underlined words and complete the sentence.

Question 1.
A brahmin boy marrying a girl from his Brahmin caste group is an example of exogamy.
Answer:
A brahmin boy marrying a girl from his Brahmin caste group is an example of endogamy.

Question 2.
In Hindus, marriage outside Gotra is practised, is an example of endogamy.
Answer:
In Hindus, marriage outside Gotra is practised, is an example of exogamy.

Question 3.
The eldest female is the head in patriarchal family.
Answer:
The eldest female is the head in matriarchal family.

Question 4.
School provides social identity to its members.
Answer:
Family provides social identity to its members.

Question 5.
Nair’s of south India follow patriarchal family.
Answer:
Nair’s of south India follow matriarchal family.

Question 6.
Step-parenting is the sharing of household by an unmarried couple.
Answer:
Cohabitation is the sharing of household by an unmarried couple.

Question 7.
Family is sanctioned by society to enter sex relations and procreate.
Answer:
Marriage is sanctioned by society to enter sex relations and procreate.

Question 8.
The educational system is based on large-scale capital investment.
Answer:
The industrial system is based on large-scale capital investment.

Question 9.
The development of computer and industrial technology is a third technological revolution.
Answer:
The development of computer and information technology is a third technological revolution.

Question 10.
Coca-Cola, Colgate, Palmolive are example of National Corporations.
Answer:
Coca-Cola, Colgate, Palmolive are example of Transnational Corporations.

Question 11.
In industrial societies there was no economic need for education.
Answer:
In pre-industrial societies there was no economic need for education.

Question 12.
Increased urbanization has led to demand for literate and numerate workforce.
Answer:
Increased industrialization has led to demand for literate and numerate workforce.

Question 13.
The curriculum of informal education is designed to meet the needs of society.
Answer:
The curriculum of formal education is designed to meet the needs of society.

Question 14.
Learning through work experience, travel or mass media is an example of non-formal education.
Answer:
Learning through work experience, travel or mass media is an example of informal education.

Question 15.
Children learn self-discipline through workplace.
Answer:
Children learn self-discipline through school.

Question 16.
The society inequalities are mirrored in the organization of schools.
Answer:
The workplace inequalities are mirrored in the organization of schools.

Question 17.
Bowles and Gintis analysed the relationship between education and economy.
Answer:
Bourdieu analysed the relationship between education and economy.

Write suitable examples of given concepts and justify your answer.

Question 1.
Residence after marriage.
Answer:
On the basis of authority two broad forms of family can be identified, matriarchal family and patriarchal family.
Example : The Garo and Khasi tribes of North East India and the Nair’s of south India follow the matriarchal system. In case of Matriarchal family residence after marriage is matrilocal i.e., the bridegroom lives with the wife’s, family.
Example: It is most widespread form of family in India and most parts of the world. In Patriarchal system, residence after marriage is patrilocal. The married couple live with the husband’s family.

Question 2.
Non-formal education program.
Answer:
Example : Literacy and basic education for adults and young people.
Health education, gender education, swimming sessions etc.
Non-formal education refers to any systematic educational activity carried outside the framework of the established formal system.
It is designed to serve the learning needs of an identified, homogeneous group. It requires flexibility in design of the curriculum and scheme of evaluation.

Question 3.
Informal Education.
Answer:
Example: The child learns language and other basic behavioural patterns in family. Neighbourhood also provides a great source of learning for children. All incidental and spontaneous learning through various possibilities such as work experience, travel or mass media.

Informal education is a process by which an individual imbibes attitudes, develops skills, cultivates values and acquires knowledge without any systematic organization.

There is no fixed curriculum, timetable or deliberate agency to impart informal education. In this sense, informal education is a continuous process and would include all incidental and spontaneous learning.

Question 4.
Monogamy a popular form of marriage.
Answer:
Example : Many societies have laws to uphold the practice of monogamy, India and many other countries strictly promote monogamy. It is more accepted and popular form of marriage. Monogamy denotes marriage to one spouse at a time. In this form, a man can have only one wife, and woman can have only one husband at a time. Monogamy is the most familiar pattern of marriage for most of us.

Question 5.
Changing nature of work.
Answer:
Example : The manufacturing of the most popular Barbie doll, is one illustration of the global commodity chain and changing nature of work.
Changing nature of work and advanced industrialization has led to the decline in the proportion of population engaged in agriculture.
There is an expansion of service sector and an enormous expansion of economic interdependence. Today, the world economy operates through the exchange of capital, labour, raw material and technology. We are all dependent on an immense number of workers – stretching all across the world. Show less

Write short notes.

Question 1.
Types of family based on structure.
Answer:
Family is broadly classified into two forms based on its structure.
Joint family : Joint family consists of two or more generations living under the same roof and sharing a common kitchen. Joint family is considered as a very strong feature and backbone of rural society in India. Joint family is sometimes called extended family.

Nuclear family : Nuclear family consists of two generations, parents and their children. Nuclear families are commonly seen in urban areas.

Question 2.
Education and social division.
Answer:
Scholars like Bowles and Gintis argue that workplace inequalities are mirrored in the organisation of schools and that the education system reproduces these inequalities.

Schools are usually organised in such a way that students perceived to be destined for lower levels of work are expected to follow rules and are given simple, repetitive tasks, while for those students destined for higher level tasks, there is an emphasis on independent thinking and working. Schools routinely design curriculum according to the social background of students. We go to different kinds of schools depending upon our socio-economic background and we acquire different kinds of privileges and opportunities.

Many studies have pointed out that education as a system also perpetuates gender differences. For instance, preference for a boy’s schooling over a girl’s, or high school drop out rate among girls, or soft subject choices for girls, displays gender difference through education.

Question 3.
Forms of Marriage.
Answer:
The forms of marriage exist on the basis of the number of partners and rules governing who can marry whom. On the basis of the number of partners, two major forms of marriage are observed.

Monogamy : Monogamy denotes marriage to one spouse at a time. Monogamy is the most familiar pattern of marriage for most of us. It is more popular and accepted form of marriage. Many societies have laws to uphold this practice.

Polygamy : Polygamy denotes marriage to more than one partner at a given time. Polygamy exists in two different forms:
1. Polyandry : It is a form of marriage wherein one woman marries more than one man at a given time. Extreme poverty may be one of the reasons for the practice of polyandry where a single man cannot support a wife and children adequately.

2. Polygyny : It is a form of marriage wherein one man has two or more wives at a time. Polygyny can be seen as a strategy which allows powerful males to control reproductive resources and to tactically manipulate kin ties.

On the basis of rules governing who can marry whom, two major forms of marriage are observed:

1. Endogamy denotes marriage within a culturally defined group, (e.g. caste, sect, tribe).
2. Exogamy, on the other hand, denotes marriage outside individual’s own group e.g. Gotra.

On the basis of status, two major forms of marriage are observed. Marriages usually take place between partners having similar social status.
Hypergamy : In hypergamy, a man marries a woman of a lower social group or a woman marries ‘up’ which elevates her position in society.
Hypogamy : In hypogamy a man marries ‘up’ or marries a woman of a higher social status group. This type of marriage offers a man from lower rank an entry into the higher rank.
In 1989, Denmark became the first country to formally recognise homosexual marriages.

Differentiate between.

Question 1.
Polyandry and Polygyny.
Answer:

Polyandry	Polygyny
(i) It is a form of marriage wherein one woman marries more than one man at a given time.	(i) It is a form of marriage wherein one man has two or more wives at a time.
(ii) Polyandry can be a social response to harsh economic conditions and extreme poverty when a single man cannot adequately support a wife and children.	(ii) Polygyny can be seen as a strategy which allows powerful males to control reproductive resources and to manipulate kin ties.
(iii) Polyandry is divided into fraternal and non-fraternal polyandry.	(iii) Polygyny is divided into sororal and non- sororal polygyny.
(iv) Polyandry is practiced among Todas, Kotas, Khasas, Ladakhis, Tibetans.	(iv) Polygyny is practised among the Bhil tribe, Muslims, Gonds, Nagas.

Question 2.
Hypergamy and Hypogamy.
Answer:

Hypergamy	Hypogamy
(i) In hypergamy, a man marries a woman of a lower social status group or a woman marries a man of higher social group.	(i) In Hypogamy, a man marries a woman of a higher social status group, or a woman marries a man of a lower social group.
(ii) This type of marriage elevates position of the woman in society.	(ii) The type of marriage elevates position of the man in society.

Question 3.
Formal Education and Informal Education.
Answer:

Formal Education	Informal Education
(i) Formal education is planned with a specific end in view.	(i) Informal education is a process by which an individual imbibes and acquires knowledge without any systematic organisation.
(ii) Formal education has a well-defined and systematic curriculum.	(ii) There is no fixed curriculum, timetable or deliberate agency to impart informal education.
(iii) Formal education is provided to fulfill specific ends, hence, it is limited to a specific period.	(iii) Informal education is a continuous process.
(iv) Formal education include curriculum based on aims designed according to the needs of society acquiring education through school.	(iv) Informal education involves efforts by parents and elders to help young one to adapt to the environment.

Explain the following concept with suitable examples.

Question 1.
Kinship
Answer:
1. Kinship ties are connections between individuals, established either through marriage or through the lines of descent that connect blood relatives.

2. The family of birth is called the family of orientation and the family in which a person is married is called a family of procreation. The kin related through blood are termed as consanguinal kin while the kin related through marriage are called affines.
Example : Parent, child, sibling, grandparent, grandchild, uncle, cousin etc.

Question 2.
Endogamy and Exogamy
Answer:

1. Endogamy denotes marriage within a culturally defined group. Example : caste, sect, tribe
2. Exogamy denotes marriage outside individual’s own group. Example : Gotra, Pravara, Sapinda

Question 3.
Hypergamy and Hypogamy
Answer:
1. In hypergamy, a man marries a woman of a lower social status group or a woman marries a man of higher social group which elevates her position in society.
Example : Anuloma practiced within varna system.

2. In hypogamy a man marries a woman of a higher social status group. This type of marriage offers a man from lower rank an entry into the higher rank.
Example : Prahiloma practiced in varna system.

Complete the concept maps.

Question 1.

Answer:

Question 2.

Marriage to one spouse at a time.	———–
More than one partner at a given time.	———–
One man has two or more wives at a time.	———–
One woman marries more than one man at a given time.	———–

Answer:

Marriage to one spouse at a time.	Monogamy
More than one partner at a given time.	Polygamy
One man has two or more wives at a time.	Polygyny
One woman marries more than one man at a given time.	Polyandry

Question 3.

Answer:

Question 4.

Answer:

Question 5.

Answer:

Question 6.

Answer:

Question 7.

Answer:

State whether the following statements are true or false with reasons.

Question 1.
Computer technology has resulted into centralization of work.
Answer:
This statement is False.

1. Just as industrialization organised and centralized work under one roof called factories, computer technology is allowing for decentralization of work.
2. Laptops, mobiles and accessibility of new information technology can turn any space into a virtual office.
3. The Information Revolution demands a new set of individual skills such as the ability to communicate, to write, to present and use computer technology.

Question 2.
The term education refers to the actualization of potentials of an individual.
Answer:
This statement is True.
1. It involves a learning process to gain knowledge and skills not just to survive but to live life more meaningfully.

2. Modern societies have evolved a distinct institution of education to fulfil basic goals-

• To create and disseminate ideas and knowledge.
• To develop skills to use existing knowledge for the betterment of society.

3. Education is thus a broad process of learning that broadens an individual’s cognitive horizons and develops the skills to choose, evaluate and add to existing knowledge which leads to actualization of potentials of an individual.

Question 3.
There is a fixed curriculum, timetable to impart informal education.
Answer:
This statement is False.

1. There is no fixed curriculum timetable to impart informal education.
2. Informal education involves efforts by parents and elders to help the young ones to adapt to learning.
3. Informal education is a continuous process and includes all spontaneous learning through various possibilities such as work experience, travel or mass media.

Question 4.
The education system reproduces social inequalities.
Answer:
This statement is True.

1. Scholars like Bourdieu criticize the education system for functioning as the means through which higher classes reproduce their economic domination.
2. Schools are usually organised in such a way that students destined for lower levels of work
   are expected to follow rules and are given simple, repetitive a tasks, while for those destined for higher level tasks, there is an emphasis on independent thinking and working.
3. We go to different kinds of schools depending upon our socio-economic background and we acquire different kinds of privileges and opportunities.

Question 5.
Gender still remains a challenge for equal access to educational opportunities.
Answer:
This statement is False.

1. Education as a system also perpetrates gender differences
2. Although the ‘gender gap’ in education has narrowed, it still remains as a challenge : for equal access to educational opportunities.
3. Gender difference is evident enough when we consider issues like, preference for a boy’s schooling over a girl’s or high school drop out rate among girls, or soft subject choices for girls.

Question 6.
The Supreme Court of India, on September 6, 2018 decriminalised section 377.
Answer:
This statement is True.

1. The Supreme Court of India on September 6, 2018 decriminalised section 377 of the I. P. C. and allowed gay relation among consenting adults in private.
2. The SC ruled out that consensual adult gay sex is not a crime saying that such sexual orientation is natural and people have no control over it.

Question 7.
The conflict perspective holds that all individuals are placed equally in society.
Answer:
This statement is False.

1. The conflict perspective holds that all individuals are not placed equally in society. The distribution of privileges and opportunities is skewed and mostly in favour of the affluent section of society.
2. Social institutions, from this perspective, contributes to social divisions and inequalities.
3. They operate in the interest of the dominant sections of society.

Question 8.
Economic interdependence is one of the main features of industrial societies.
Answer:
This statement is False.

1. Economic interdependence is one of the main features of modern societies. In modern societies the world economy operates through the exchange of capital, labour, raw material and technology.
2. It is dependent on an immense number of workers – stretching all across the world – for the goods and services.
3. Industrial production was centralized. Workers were stationed at fixed positions. Globalized economy work is decentralized hence interdependent.

Give your personal response.

Question 1.
Family is changing in structure and composition, express your views about it.
Answer:
Family system has undergone some change in the late 20th century due to variety of reasons including the need for some members to move from village to city, or from one city to another for employment opportunities. Indian family has to be well prepared for growing challenges to face the changing societal norms to overcome several socio-psychological problems.

Answer the following in detail (About 150-200 words).

Question 1.
Explain how changing nature of work has led to global commodity chain’s or production flexible?
OR
Explain changing nature of work with global economy.
Answer:
One of the main features of modern societies is an enormous expansion of economic interdependence. Today the world economy operates through the exchange of capital, labour, raw material and technology. We all are dependent on large number of workers from all over the world for the s. goods and services we consume. In a globalised economy work is decentralised. It is the growing competition between firms and countries that makes it essential to keep production flexible. This means creation of a global chain of production in which different activities of the production take place in different parts of the world.

For example, raw material may be processed in one country, where it is cheaper and the product may be marketed for consumption in a totally different country. Transnational corporation like Coca- Cola, Colgate, Palmolive, Kodak, General Motors play a crucial role in creating a flexible economy which operation across the globe.

One illustration of the global commodity chain can be found in the manufacturing of the most popular Barbie doll. The first doll was made in Japan in 1959 when wages were low, as wages rose in Japan, Barbie moved to other low wage countries in Asia. Ethylene needed for Barbies plastic body is created in Saudi Arabia. Ethylene is converted to PVC pellets which are shipped to factories in China, Malaysia and Indonesia where actual moulding of the body takes place. Barbies gets her nylon hair from Japan and cotton dresses are made in China.

Barbie is designed in United States where most of the profits are made . But only physical aspects of Barbie that is made in USA is her cardboard packaging along with some of the paints and oils that are used to decorate the doll.

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Class 11 Sociology Important Questions Chapter 3 Basic Concepts in Sociology Important Questions and Answers.

Maharashtra State Board 11th Sociology Important Questions Chapter 3 Basic Concepts in Sociology

Choose the correct alternative and complete the statements.

Question 1.
An ………………… is a group or category to which people feel they do not belong.
(in-group / out-group / voluntary group)
Answer:
out-group

Question 2.
…………………. membership is based on deliberate choice.
(Involuntary group / Small group / Voluntary group)
Answer:
Voluntary group

Question 3.
In ……………………. group the relations among its members are normally indirect.
(secondary / primary / voluntary)
Answer:
secondary

Question 4.
A group that guides our behaviour and attitudes, is called as …………………
(reference group / voluntary group / primary group)
Answer:
reference group

Question 5.
………………. laws are not written but orally transmitted.
(Enacted / Customary / External)
Answer:
Customary

Question 6.
…………….. are more rigid than folkways.
(Customs / Rules / Mores)
Answer:
Mores

Question 7.
A process of disengagement from a role that is central to one’s self identity is role ………………..
(conflict / exit / performance)
Answer:
Exit

Question 8.
By social ……………….. we mean the position of a person.
(status / role / group)
Answer:
status

Question 9.
Along with the likeness, society is also based on ………………….
(awareness / differences / age)
Answer:
differences

Question 10.
Different types of social relationships are required for the of society.
(reciprocity / likeness / existence)
Answer:
existence

Question 11.
Social behaviour of the people is evaluated by a mechanism of social …………….. in society.
(area / control / nature)
Answer:
control

Question 12.
…………………. known as ‘standards of group behaviour’.
(Norms / Culture / Society)
Answer:
Norms

Question 13.
No society is ……………………
(static / dynamic / normative)
Answer:
static

Question 14.
A definite territory to fulfil common objectives of a group of people is known as ………………..
(Society / Social group / Community)
Answer:
community

Question 15.
People living in a community establish their ………………..
(social role / interest / social relationships)
Answer:
social relationships

Question 16.
……………. is the physical basis of community.
(Locality / Group / Status)
Answer:
Locality

Question 17.
Social group is a system of …………………..
(social status / social group / social interaction)
Answer:
social interaction

Question 18.
‘We feeling’ leads to …………………. consciousness.
(collective / political / religious)
Answer:
collective

Question 19.
………………….. is the smallest of all social groups.
(Dyad / Primary Group / Triad)
Answer:
Dyad

Question 20.
The term ………………… was coined by Charles Horton Cooley.
(Primary Group / Secondary Group / Triad)
Answer:
Primary Group

Question 21.
………………… is the first sociologist to emphasise the importance of interaction processes within groups.
(Charles Elwood / George Simmel / Charles Horton)
Answer:
George Simmel

Correct the incorrect pair.

Question 1.
(a) Political parties, trade unions – Voluntary group
(b) Family, caste, race – In-Voluntary Industrial
(c) Dyad-triad, kin group – Small group
(d) Nation, State – Reference group
Answer:
(d) Nation, State – Large group

Question 2.
(a) Secondary Group – Large
(b) Primary Group – Small
(c) Reference Group – Mutual Co-operation
(d) Voluntary Group – Based on Choice
Answer:
(c) Reference Group – Guide our behaviour

Question 3.
(a) Different ways of wearing a sari – Folkways
(b) The Hindu Marriage Act, 1955 – Statutory law
(c) Tribal laws – Customary law
(d) Sexual relations before marriage are not permitted – Mores
Answer:
(b) The Hindu Marriage Act, 1955 – Enacted law

Question 4.
(a) Physical proximity – Primary group
(b) Indirect relations – Secondary relations
(c) Comparing oneself to – Reference group
(d) Membership based on choice – Involuntary group
Answer:
(d) Membership based on choice – Voluntary group

Question 5.
(a) ‘We Group’ – In-group
(b) Small in size – Small group
(c) ‘They Group’ – Primary group
(d) Large in size – Large group
Answer:
(c) ‘They-Group’ – Out group

Identify the appropriate term from the given options.

(Secondary Group, Ascribed Status, Role Conflict, Locality, Status, Social Group)
Question 1.
Occupation determined on the basis of caste.
Answer:
Ascribed Status

Question 2.
Formal, impersonal temporary relations.
Answer:
Secondary Group

Question 3.
A particular position, occupied by an individual in the society.
Answer:
Status

Question 4.
Difficulty of a working woman to pay attention to her sick baby and her at the same time.
Answer:
Role Conflict

Question 5.
It is the physical basis of community.
Answer:
Locality

Question 6.
Number of people with same goals and expectations.
Answer:
Social Group

Correct underlined words and complete the sentence.

Question 1.
Eating food with fork and spoon is an example of mores.
Answer:
Eating food with fork and spoon is an example of folkways.

Question 2.
When a person experiences difficulties in performing the duties it is called role conflict.
Answer:
When a person experiences difficulties in performing the duties it is called role strain.

Question 3.
Status determined on the basis of age, sex, caste, etc., are achieved status.
Answer:
Status determined on the basis of age, sex, caste, etc., are ascribed status.

Question 4.
In primary group the relations of members are formal in nature.
Answer:
In secondary group the relations of members are formal in nature.

Question 5.
Laws that are important and obligatory in nature are called customary law.
Answer:
Laws that are important and obligatory in nature are called enacted law.

Question 6.
Customs are more rigid than folkways.
Answer:
Mores are more rigid than folkways.

Question 7.
Locality means a shared sense of belonging.
Answer:
Community sentiment means a shared sense of belonging.

Write suitable examples of given concepts and justify your answer.

Question 1.
Achieved status in economic life.
Answer:
Example : An achieved status is something we accomplish in the course of our lives. To some extent, achieved status reflects our work and effort. College student, college dropout, CEO, doctors, athlete, professor are examples of achieved statuses.

It is attained by a person largely through her or his own effort. In achieved status, individuals or groups have the freedom to change their social status. Through this, social mobility is possible. On the basis of a person’s unique talent it is achieved. It appears in different fields in society such as politics, sports, education, and industry and helps an individual to change his economic status.

Question 2.
Role conflict as a student.
Answer:
Example : In today’s society, students have a lot of burden in addition to which, there are unsatisfying and unlimited wants of their parents. In today’s world, competition is so high that only the academic subjects are not enough and students have to prepare for other professional courses. In this manner a student has to play different roles by which they experience role conflict. Where two or more roles cannot be performed at the same time, it is called role conflict. Role conflict is the tension caused due to trying to balance two or more statuses.

Question 3.
Secondary group as a impersonal group.
Answer:
Example: Nation, political party and trades union, etc.
The secondary group refers to a formal, impersonal group. There is limited proximity and closeness among members in the secondary group. Persons in secondary groups may not be known to each other personally. Due to its large size, there is limited personal interaction. According to Horton and Hunt, ‘Secondary groups are goal-oriented’ and intentionally formed to fulfil the objectives of its members.

Question 4.
Enacted Law in a modern society.
Answer:
Example : The Hindu Marriage Act, 1955. The Domestic Violence Act, 2005.
This law is in a written form. It is important as well as obligatory in a modern, complex and dynamic society. It is applicable to all persons in that particular society.

Question 5.
Role set.
Answer:
Example : A university professor frequently gets involved in teaching, research, consultancy, administration, publishing, examining etc.
Role set also known as a role complex is a set of roles that centres around a particular social status.

Write short notes.

Question 1.
Elements of Community.
Answer:
A community is a territorial group. It always occupies some geographical area. It has its own definite territorial boundaries. Locality is the physical basis of community. The nomadic community also has locality though they have changing habitation.
1. Locality – A group of people form a community only when they begin to reside in a definite locality. Living together helps people to develop social contacts. Togetherness also gives people protection, safety and security. It helps members to fulfil their common interests.
Living together helps people to develop social contacts. Togetherness also gives people protection, safety and security. It helps members to fulfil their common interests.

2. Community Sentiment means a shared sense of belonging. Members must be aware of staying together and sharing common interests. People living in a community must have awareness of sharing a way of life. Due to this community sentiment, individuals are emotionally attached to their community.

Question 2.
Social Status and its types.
Answer:
1. Social status means the position in society. Ralph Linton has given two types of status on the basis of given status and achieved status. A person occupies different types of status at different place. For example, a parent at home may occupy the status of teacher in school, or as customer in a market and so no.

2. Ascribed status : It is assigned to a person by society. Generally, this assignment takes place at birth. It is determined on the basis of age, sex, kinship, race etc. These determinants are biological in origin but are significant mainly because of the social meanings that they have in our culture.

3. Achieved status : It is attained by a person largely through her or his own effort. On the basis of a person’s unique talent it is achieved. It appears in different fields in society such as politics, sports, education, and industry.

Question 3.
Social Role and related concepts.
Answer:
The functional aspect of status is known as ‘role’. It is also a behavioural aspect of duties which are associated with a status. When a person behaves in accordance with one’s position in society, it is termed as ‘role’.

1. Role performance : The way a person actually plays one’s role in a situation.
2. Role set : A set of roles (a role complex) that centres around a particular social status. For example, a University professor frequently gets involved in teaching, research, consultancy, administration, publishing, examining etc.
3. Role strain : A feeling of difficulty or stress in fulfilling the demands of one’s role obligations.
4. Role conflict: Incompatibility between two or more roles that an individual is expected to perform in a given situation. For example, the role of a working women, who also manages the home.
5. Role exit: According to Helen Rose, role exit is a process of disengagement from a role that i is central to one’s self identity, in order to establish a new role and identity.

Characteristics of social group:

1. A social group consists of two or more persons e.g., two friends, wife and husband.
2. Social group is a system of social interaction.
3. Group life involves mutual awareness.
4. ‘We feeling’ promotes group unity.
5. Groups are formed for the fulfilment of certain common interests, e.g., political groups, religious groups, caste groups, sports groups
6. Each group has its own norms, rules to regulate behaviour of its members.
7. Social groups are dynamic in nature, i.e. they change from time to time.

Differentiate between.

Question 1.
Role and Status.
Answer:

Role	Status
(i) Role is defined as the function assumed or part played by a person or thing in a particular situation.	(i) Status is defined as the official classification given to a person, country or organisation, determining their rights or responsibilities.
(ii) A role is the part our society expects us to play in a given status.	(ii) Status is our relative social position within a group.
(iii) The person behaves in accordance with one’s position in the society.	(iii) The status of a person is known according to their prestige and power in society.
(iv) Roles are of different types, example, role strain, role conflict, role performance, etc.	(iv) Status are of two types, example, ascribed status and achieved status.

Question 2.
Small Group and Large Group.
Answer:

Small Group	Large Group
(i) Informal in nature and unpatterned.	(i) Formal in nature and patterned.
(ii) Based on informal nature of interaction.	(ii) Based on formal nature of interaction.
(iii) There is personal interaction.	(iii) Personal interaction is difficult.
(iv) Small in size.	(iv) Large in size.
(v) Examples – Family, Dyad-Triad, Kin group.	(v) Examples-Race, Nation, State, University.

Question 3.
Ascribed Status and Achieved Status.
Answer:

Ascribed Status	Achieved Status
(i) It is based on birth.	(i) Obtained on merit or effort by an individual.
(ii) Related with individual’s biological factors such as age, sex and kinship relations.	(ii) Individuals intelligence, skill, ambition, merit, effort are the bases of this status.
(iii) Absence of mobility as it is static in nature.	(iii) It is more mobile in nature.
(iv) Less significant in modern society.	(iv) More important in modern society.

Explain the following concept with suitable examples.

Question 1.
Community
Answer:
1. The term community denotes uniformly and permanently shared lives of people over a region.

2. When a group of people live in a definite territory to fulfil their common objectives and needs we call it a community. Locality and community sentiments are two elements of community locality -A group of people form a community only when they begin to reside in a definite locality and community sentiment Community sentiment means a shared sense of belonging.
Example : Hindu community, Muslim community, Rural community, Tribal community, etc.

Question 2.
Social Norms
Answer:

1. They are generally known as standards of group behaviour.
2. It is related to conformity in society. Conformity gives stability to society and creates peace and order in society.
3. No society and no social group can exist without norms.
4. Norms have made possible the orderly interaction of people in society.
5. Everywhere, norms serve the individual as a guide for conduct.
6. They are generally known as ‘standards of group behaviour.
7. The word norm is used to represent folkways, mores, laws, customs etc.
   Example : Obedience from children, the manner of speech, the time of meals, not telling lies etc.

Question 3.
In and out group
Answer:

1. An in-group can be defined as any group or category to which people feel they belong.
2. It compresses of everyone who is regarded as “we” or “us”.
3. An out-group is a group or category to which people feel they do not belong.
4. Out-group means “They group”. The very existence of an In-Group implies that there is an ‘Out-group’.
5. Members of an in-group sometimes are threatened by another group, known as out group.
   Example : In-group – Family, religion, race, gender we belong to.
   Out-group – Race, culture, gender, age, religion, which we do not belong to.

Question 4.
Society
Answer:
(i) The society is the aggregate of people living together in a more or less ordered community. The most important component of society is social relationships among people.

(ii) For a relationship to be social, certain conditions must exist:

1. The persons involved in the social relationship must be aware of each other.
2. There must be some form of reciprocity between the individuals concerned. Society is dynamic as it changes continuously. Society includes likeness and differences
   Example : Peoples Education Society, Ideal Housing society, Tribal society, Co-operative society, etc.

Complete the concept maps.

Question 1.

Answer:

Question 2.

Answer:

Question 3.

Answer:

Question 4.

Answer:

Question 5.

Answer:

Question 6.

	Types of group
‘We group’	——–
Membership based on choice	——–
Membership based on birth	——–
‘They group’	——–
Dyad	——–
Large in size	——–
Intimate face to face relations	——–
Distant relationship	——–

Answer:

	Types of group
‘We group’	In-group
Membership based on choice	Voluntary group
Membership based on birth	Involuntary group
‘They group’	Out-group
Dyad	Small group
Large in size	Large group
Intimate face to face relations	Primary group
Distant relationship	secondary group

Question 7.

Answer:

Question 8.

Answer:

State whether the following statements are true or false with reasons.

Question 1.
Society includes likeness and not differences.
Answer:
This statement is False.
Along with the likeness, society is also based on differences.

1. Though the principle of likeness is essential for society as people have similarities with regard to their needs, aims, ideals, values, outlook towards life and so on, differences is an important factor for a healthy society.
2. To satisfy different types of needs in society, different type of personalities are essential.
3. These differences are based on sex, age, physical strength, intelligence, talent, personality and unequal possessions of material objects and wealth.

Question 2.
Primary groups are inclusive and permanent in nature.
Answer:
This statement is True.

1. Physical proximity is essential for a primary group. Permanent close relations and smallness of the primary group create more solidarity among the members.
2. The relationship in a primary group is not a means to fulfil any kind of objective and is based on emotional bonds.
3. There is similarity of objectives, goals among the members of primary group which leads to group solidarity hence Primary groups are inclusive and permanent in nature

Question 3.
The relations of members of secondary group are informal in nature.
Answer:
This statement is False.

1. The relations of members of secondary group are formal in nature. They are based on rules, laws, functioning etc.
2. There is limited proximity and closeness among members in secondary groups.
3. As a Special Interest Group’ secondary groups are intentionally formed to fulfil the objectives of its members.
4. Persons in secondary groups may not be known to each other personally, it is goal oriented hence formal in nature.

Question 4.
Members of an in-group sometimes are threatened by another group
Answer:
This statement is True.

1. Members of an in-group sometimes feel antagonistic to, or are threatened by another group, especially if the group is perceived as being different culturally or racially and are known as out group.
2. An out-group consists of those persons towards whom we feel a sense of indifference, avoidance, disgust, competition or conflict.
3. An ‘Out-Group’ is a group or category to which people feel they do not belong.

Give your personal response.

Question 1.
Do you think ascribed status is less significant in modern society?
Answer:
Yes, Ascribed status is less significant in modern society because it is determined on the basis of age, sex, kinship, race etc., which are biological in origin. It is static in nature hence lacks of mobility. Achieved status are more important in modern society which is attained by a person though his or her own effort. People with achieved status can improve their position within the social system on their own merit and achievements.

Answer the following in detail (About 150-200 words).

Question 1.
Explain the diverse nature of social groups by giving various classifications of groups with suitable examples.
Answer:
(i) In-Group and Out-Group : An In-Group can be defined as any group or category to which people feel they belong. It comprises everyone who is regarded as ‘we’ or ‘us’.

An Out-Group is a group or category to which people feel they do not belong. In-Group simply means ‘we group’ and Out-Group means ‘They-Group’. The members of an in-group identify themselves with one another and have a sense of belongingness to the group.

Example : One’s race, gender, favourite sports team, college. Members of an in-group sometimes feel antagonistic to, especially if the group is perceived as being different culturally or racially.

Example : Fans of opposing sports teams, people of different religion, race, caste etc.

(ii) Voluntary and Involuntary group : According to Charles Elwood voluntary group is a group in which membership is based on deliberate choice.
The members may join or resign from the said group.
Example : Political parties, trade unions, youth organisations, cultural associations etc.
An Involuntary Group is a group in which membership is based on birth or compulsion, rather than on choice.
Example : Groups like family, caste, religious group, race etc.

(iii) Small and Large Group : The term small group is used to refer to a group small enough for all members to interact simultaneously, and is informal in nature.
Example : Certain primary groups such as families.
Small groups include Dyad, Triad and other small groups. The smallest of all small social groups is the “Dyad” or two-member group.
Example : A married couple. Triad is a three member small group.
Example : When the married couple has their first child, the Dyad becomes a “Triad”.
Large Group is large in size and formal in nature.
Example : Nation, State, University.

(iv) Primary and Secondary Group : The groups in which individuals work through mutual co-operation and are very closely related are called primary groups.
Example : Family, peer group, kin group, neighbourhood.
The secondary group refers to a formal, impersonal group, where mutual relations of persons are not very close.
Example : Political party, Nation, Commercial companies, Labour Union etc.

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Class 11 Psychology Important Questions Chapter 7 Nervous System Important Questions and Answers.

Maharashtra State Board 11th Psychology Important Questions Chapter 7 Nervous System

1A. Complete the following statements with appropriate options.

Question 1.
__________ of the neuron absorbs the food and keeps the cell alive.
(A) Nucleus
(B) Axon
(C) Cell body
Answer:
(A) Nucleus

Question 2.
__________ plays a role mainly in cognition, reward, learning and memory.
(A) Acetylcholine
(B) Dopamine
(C) Serotonin
Answer:
(C) Serotonin

Question 3.
The brain plays an important role in __________ mental processes like thinking, reasoning, and emotions.
(A) higher-order
(B) lower order
(C) neutral
Answer:
(A) higher-order

Question 4.
Cerebellum consists of __________ parts.
(A) two
(B) three
(C) four
Answer:
(A) two

Question 5.
__________ is a vital centre of the brain.
(A) Medulla oblongata
(B) Pons
(C) Forebrain
Answer:
(A) Medulla oblongata

Question 6.
__________ is a bridge between forebrain and hindbrain.
(A) Pons
(B) Midbrain
(C) Cerebrum
Answer:
(B) Midbrain

Question 7.
Cerebrum is the __________ part of the brain.
(A) largest
(B) smallest
(C) insignificant
Answer:
(A) largest

Question 8.
Each hemisphere of the brain is divided into __________ lobes.
(A) four
(B) six
(C) two
Answer:
(A) four

Question 9.
__________ is called as relay station of the brain.
(A) Hippocampus
(B) Thalamus
(C) Amygdala
Answer:
(B) Thalamus

Question 10.
__________ is called as the pleasure centre of our body.
(A) Hypothalamus
(B) Occipital lobe
(C) Spinal cord
Answer:
(A) Hypothalamus

Question 11.
A protein in the brain called __________ is related to Alzheimer’s disease.
(A) beta-amyloid plaque
(B) thyroxin
(C) gonad
Answer:
(A) beta-amyloid plaque

Question 12.
The spinal cord is connected to the periphery through __________ pairs of spinal nerves.
(A) 25
(B) 13
(C) 31
Answer:
(C) 31

Question 13.
The chemical substances secreted by endocrine glands are called __________
(A) hormones
(B) neurons
(C) axons
Answer:
(A) hormones

Question 14.
Hyposecretion of thyroxin leads to cretinism among __________
(A) old people
(B) children
(C) adults
Answer:
(B) children

Question 15.
In the case of __________, a person loses his weight and experiences irritated mood, sleeplessness as well as sweaty palms.
(A) Myxedema
(B) Acromegaly
(C) Grave’s disease
Answer:
(C) Grave’s disease

Question 16.
__________ is secreted by the pancreas.
(A) Glycogen
(B) Cortisone
(C) Progesterone
Answers:
(A) Glycogen

1B. Match the following pairs.

Question 1.

A	B
i. Spinal cord	a. PNS
ii. Autonomic Nervous system	b. Telodendria
iii. Terminal Button	c. Cerebrum
iv. Reticular Formation	d. CNS
	e. The Alarm clock of the body

Answer:

A	B
i. Spinal cord	d. CNS
ii. Autonomic Nervous system	a. PNS
iii. Terminal Button	b. Telodendria
iv. Reticular Formation	e. The alarm clock of the body

1C. State whether the following statements are true or false.

Question 1.
The human nervous system is amongst all living creatures.
Answer:
True

Question 2.
The autonomic nervous system internal activity of the human body.
Answer:
True

Question 3.
Dendrite is a gap between two neurons.
Answer:
False

Question 4.
Glutamate is the chief inhibitory neurotransmitter.
Answer:
False

Question 5.
The brain consists of five major parts.
Answer:
False

Question 6.
The brain stem is divided into medulla oblongata and pons.
Answer:
True

Question 7.
Medulla oblongata receives messages from higher centers of the brain.
Answer:
True

Question 8.
The reticular activation system is a bridge between two hemispheres.
Answer:
False

Question 9.
Midbrain consists of the superior and inferior colliculus.
Answer:
True

Question 10.
Two hemispheres of the brain are connected by a bundle of fibers called the corpus callosum.
Answer:
True

Question 11.
If a person’s left side of the body is paralyzed, neurons from the left side of his body stop functioning.
Answer:
False

Question 12.
The temporal lobe is in the cortex, just above the ears.
Answer:
True

Question 13.
People who exercise regularly have a higher risk of developing Alzheimer’s disease.
Answer:
False

Question 14.
The human brain consumes 40% of the body’s total energy.
Answer:
False

Question 15.
The spinal cord extends from neck to waist.
Answer:
True

Question 16.
Exocrine glands are also called ductless glands.
Answer:
False

Question 17.
In myxedema, a person becomes very huge, lacks motivation, and complains about weakness.
Answer:
True

Question 18.
The adrenal gland is also known as the sex gland.
Answer:
False

1D. Identify which hormones with hyposecretion or hypersecretion would lead to the following conditions.

Question 1.
Grave’s disease
Answer:
Hypersecretion – Thyroxin

2A. Explain the following concepts.

Question 1.
Nervous system
Answer:
The nervous system is the complex network of neurons that carry signals from brain to body and body to brain. Our nervous system consists of two major parts, viz, the central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system.

Question 2.
Cerebral cortex
Answer:
The cerebral cortex is the grey coloured outside cover of the cerebrum. It controls higher-order mental processes such as attention, perception, learning, and memory.

Question 3.
Reflex action
Answer:
Reflex action is an involuntary and nearly instantaneous movement in response to stimulus, e.g. salivation, sneezing, knee jerk, blinking of eyes. These are quick and simple patterns of behaviour without the involvement of the brain.

Question 4.
Glands
Answer:
Glands are specialized groups of cells or organs that secrete chemical substances. There are many glands. All glands fall into two categories, viz. endocrine and exocrine.

3. Answer the following questions in 35-40 words.

Question 1.
Explain the classification of the somatic nervous system.
Answer:

• The somatic nervous system is divided into sensory and motor systems of the body.
• It consists of sensory nerves (afferent nerves) and motor nerves (efferent nerves). Sensory nerves send messages from the body to the brain and motor nerves send messages from the brain to the body.

Question 2.
Why do we get different reactions to every situation?
Answer:

• When a neural message passes from end buttons to the dendrite of another neuron, it has to cross the chemical gap between two neurons (synapse).
• As neurons are not directly connected to each other, we don’t have fixed reactions to every situation.

Question 3.
State any two functions of the brain.
Answer:

• The brain helps to adapt to the environment and tries to analyze, store and synthesize the information it receives.
• The brain plays a crucial role in every aspect of our lives like decision making, emotional experience, and social interactions.

Question 4.
Why are we supposed to wear helmets while riding a bike?
Answer:

• If someone meets with an accident while riding a bike, the person falls back on his head.
• Most of the time, his Medulla oblongata is damaged which will lead to instant death.
• Hence, we are supposed to wear helmets while riding a bike.

Question 5.
Explain the impact of hypersecretion of any four hormones.
Answer:

• Parathyroxin: An individual experiences a feeling of nausea, vomiting sensation. He also feels sleepy and relaxed.
• Cortin or cortisone: An individual experiences increased sexual drive. Females start looking like males.
• Adrenalin and noradrenaline: An individual experiences increased heartbeat, blood pressure, and breathing rate.
• Androgen and testosterone: An individual shows a tendency towards sexual behaviour. He feels very energetic and engages in aggressive behaviour.

Question 6.
Explain the impact of the hyposecretion of any three hormones.
Answer:

• Parathyroxin: An individual lacks motivation and energy. He experiences weakness, muscle cramps, and spasms.
• Cortin or cortisone: An individual feels very lazy, lacks sexual drive, and experiences loss of hunger and weight.
• Androgen and testosterone: Males do not have a desire for sex and their voice remains childlike.

4. Write short notes.

Question 1.
Nervous system
Answer:

• The nervous system is the complex network of neurons that carry signals from brain to body and body to brain.
• The human nervous system is the most complicated yet highly developed among all living creatures.
• Our nervous system consists of two major parts, viz, the central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system.
• The central nervous system consists of the brain and spinal cord while the peripheral nervous system consists of the somatic and autonomic nervous systems.

Question 2.
Brain and nutrition
Answer:

• Nutrition plays an important role in brain functioning. Nutritional deficiency may lead to neurological problems.
• Despite representing only 2% of the body’s total mass, the human brain consumes 20% of the body’s total energy due. to the increased metabolic needs of human beings.
• Nutrition plays a crucial role during developing years so to optimize the functions of the brain. It is also essential during old age to avoid the degeneration of cells.
• Nutrition enhances brain functioning. It prevents as well as helps in treating neurological disorders.
• As evolution took place, human life became more complicated and demanding. As a result, the need for nutrition by the brain kept on increasing.
• Today human brain is exposed to a high level of stress which results in oxidation, Any food which is high in antioxidants (almonds, dark chocolate, onions, berries, mangoes, seafood) helps to control the ill effects of oxidation.

Question 3.
Spinal Cord
Answer:

• The spinal cord is an important part of the central nervous system. It extends from neck to waist.
• Its main function is to send information from the brain to the body and from to the body to the brain.
• It controls reflex actions like salivation, knee jerk, blinking of eyes.
• The spinal cord is connected to the periphery through 31 pairs of spinal nerves.
• Each spinal nerve is joined to the spinal cord through two routes: the dorsal and ventral routes.
• If dorsal routes are injured, we will not have sensations while if ventral routes are injured, we will not be able to move our body and control reflex actions.

5. Answer in 150-200 words.

Question 1.
Write a note on neurons.
Answer:

• Neurons are specialized networks of cells that transmit messages from the brain to the body and from the body to the brain. They are the basic units of the nervous system.
• A neuron consists of dendrites, axon, cell body, and terminal button or telocentric.
• The cell body is the body of neurons. The nucleus of the neuron absorbs the food and keeps the cell alive.
• The neural message comes in through the dendrites. These are branch-like structures.
• The neural message goes out from the axon of the neuron.
• At the end of the axon, there are end buttons. It is a bulb-like structure containing chemicals known as neurotransmitters.
• Neurotransmitters are chemical messengers. The neural message jumps across the synapse in order to reach the dendrite of another neuron.
• When the neural message is passing through, it excites or inhibits the neurotransmitter in it. This chemical reaction decides our reaction to various situations in life.

Question 2.
Explain any five pillars of better brain functioning.
Answer:

• Physical and mental exercise: Exercise improves blood flow and memory. It also stimulates chemical changes in the brain that improve learning, mood, and thinking.
• Tackling medical problems: Hypertension, diabetes, obesity, depression, head trauma, higher cholesterol, and smoking increase the risk of dementia. One can control and reduce this risk by going for regular health check-ups and taking medication if required.
• Sleep and relaxation: Sleep energizes the brain, improves mood and immune system by clearing wastage and toxins from the body. Practicing meditation and managing stress will help to control the age-related decline in brain health.
• Mental fitness: It improves the brain’s functioning and promotes new brain cell growth. This helps to decrease the chances of developing dementia. A person can keep his brain stimulated by solving puzzles, watching stimulating movies, or learning something new.
• Social interaction: It is good for brain health to spend time with others, participate in stimulating conversation, and stay connected with family and friends. Studies have shown that those who interact more show less decline in their memory.

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Class 11 Psychology Important Questions Chapter 6 Stress Important Questions and Answers.

Maharashtra State Board 11th Psychology Important Questions Chapter 6 Stress

1A. Complete the following statements.

Question 1.
_____________ stress is referred to as a physical or psychological reaction that may lead to illness.
(A) Medical
(B) Emotional
(C) Psychological
Answer:
(A) Medical

Question 2.
_____________ is the base of four Kleshas.
(A) Avidya
(B) Dvesha
(C) Abhinivesha
Answer:
(A) Avidya

Question 3.
In Sanskrit, mental health is explained as _____________
(A) swasthya
(B) avidya
(C) arogya
Answer:
(A) swasthya

Question 4.
According to the _____________ prefix, ‘EU’ means good.
(A) Greek
(B) Latin
(C) Italian
Answer:
(A) Greek

Question 5.
_____________ is known as good stress.
(A) Hypo stress
(B) Distress
(C) Eustress
Answer:
(C) Eustress

Question 6.
_____________ increases the heart rate, elevates blood pressure and boosts energy supplies.
(A) Adrenaline
(B) Dopamine
(C) Cortisol
Answer:
(A) Adrenaline

Question 7.
Hans Selye’s General Adaptation Syndrome Model consists of _____________ stages.
(A) four
(B) five
(C) three
Answer:
(C) three

Question 8.
Conflict is a _____________ word which means ‘striking two things at the same time’.
(A) Latin
(B) Greek
(C) French
Answer:
(A) Latin

Question 9.
Lewin talked about _____________
(A) valance
(B) psychoanalysis
(C) conflicts
Answer:
(A) valance

Question 10.
In _____________ focused coping strategy, stress is reduced by resolving the conflict through work on the task at hand.
(A) emotion
(B) problem
(C) thought
Answer:
(B) problem

Question 11.
At times, a lack of capacity to achieve the goal urges individuals to readjust their goals. This is known as _____________
(A) withdrawal
(B) compromise
(C) attack
Answer:
(B) compromise

Question 12.
_____________ theory of Psychoanalysis is the base of defence mechanisms.
(A) Freud’s
(B) Selye’s
(C) Webster’s
Answer:
(A) Freud’s

Question 13.
_____________ operates on two energies.
(A) Ego
(B) ID
(C) Superego
Answer:
(B) ID

Question 14.
_____________ is an indirect way to deal with stress.
(A) Psychoanalysis
(B) Problem-focused coping
(C) Defence mechanism
Answer:
(C) Defence mechanism

Question 15.
In _____________, the material can be recalled up to a certain extent.
(A) suppression
(B) repression
(C) sublimation
Answer:
(A) suppression

1B. Match the following pairs.

Question 1.

A	B
i. Avidya	a. Ego
ii. Asmita	b. Repulsion
iii. Raga	c. Ignorance
iv. Dvesha	d. Lust for life
v. Abhinivesha	e. Attraction

Answer:

A	B
i. Avidya	c. Ignorance
ii. Asmita	a. Ego
iii. Raga	e. Attraction
iv. Dvesha	b. Repulsion
v. Abhinivesha	d. Lust for life

1C. State whether the following statements are true or false. If false, correct them. If true, explain why?

Question 1.
Different people deal with stress in different ways.
Answer:
True
Explanation: Different people deal with stress in different ways depending upon their genetic predisposition and environmental conditions.

Question 2.
Dopamine and oxytocin hormones are associated with negative feelings.
Answer:
False
Reason: Dopamine and oxytocin hormones are associated with positive feelings.

Question 3.
Depression is an example of chronic distress.
Answer:
True
Explanation: Depression is an example of chronic distress as it causes constant changes in moods for a long period of time. A depressed person experiences recurrent negative stress.

Question 4.
Hans Selye asserted that stress is always harmful.
Answer:
False
Reason: Hans Selye asserted that the stress of creative and successful work is beneficial whereas that of failure and humiliation is harmful.

Question 5.
External stressors result in peace of mind.
Answer:
False
Reason: External stressors result in frustration, anger, and disappointment.

Question 6.
The value of the goal differs from person to person.
Answer:
True
Explanation: The value of the goal is subjective. A goal may be attractive or unattractive based on whether an individual wants to achieve it or avoid it.

Question 7.
In avoidance-avoidance conflict, an individual is repelled by both goals.
Answer:
True
Explanation: Avoidance-Avoidance conflict involves two unattractive goals with negative values.

1D. Identify the odd item from the following.

Question 1.
Avidya, Arogya, Asmita, Abhinivesha
Answer:
Arogya

Question 2.
Fatigue, Burn out, Depression, Irritability, Anxiety
Answer:
Irritability

Question 3.
Noise, crowding, Strict parents, Weak economic condition, Hunger
Answer:
Hunger

1E. Identify the conflict of motive that is experienced by the person in the following situation.

Question 1.
Ajit likes two cars but he has enough money to buy only one of them.
Answer:
Approach – Approach conflict

Question 2.
Nishant must do his mathematics homework which he dislikes or get a beating from his parents.
Answer:
Avoidance – Avoidance conflict

Question 3.
Sartaj has to choose between two girls for marriage. One is good-looking but boring. The other one is fun but short.
Answer:
Double Approach – Avoidance conflict

Question 4.
Ami would love to buy a new house but it will create a burden on the family’s financial budget.
Answer:
Approach – Avoidance conflict

Question 5.
Shreya has to decide between two appealing destinations for her vacation.
Answer:
Approach – Approach conflict

Question 6.
Rita either has to be late for work or break traffic rules by driving during the red light.
Answer:
Avoidance – Avoidance conflict

Question 7.
Nisha has a choice between two jobs. One is far away but pays well. The other one is close to her house but has no room for advancement.
Answer:
Double Approach – Avoidance conflict

1F. Identify the defense mechanism used in each of the following examples.

Question 1.
Alisha, who was sexually abused as a child, cannot remember the abuse at all.
Answer:
Repression

Question 2.
Ritesh dresses and acts like Spiderman, his favourite superhero.
Answer:
Identification

Question 3.
Suresh hates his neighbour but believes that his neighbour hates him.
Answer:
Projection

Question 4.
Rajesh, who is very aggressive, becomes a football player.
Answer:
Sublimation

Question 5.
Sanjana gets reprimanded by her boss and goes home and fights with her husband.
Answer:
Displacement

Question 6.
Sanket who is cut off from a sports team fantasizes about winning the Olympics.
Answer:
Daydreaming

Question 7.
Shruti is attracted to her sister’s husband but denies this and believes that her sister’s husband is attracted to her.
Answer:
Projection

Question 8.
After being rejected by a prestigious university, Harshil explains that he is glad because he would be happier at a smaller, less competitive college.
Answer:
Rationalization

Question 9.
Neha really admires Priya, the most popular girl in school and tries to copy her behaviour and dressing style.
Answer:
Identification

Question 10.
Three years after being hospitalized, Sonali can remember only vague details about the event.
Answer:
Repression

Question 11.
Angered by her neighbour’s hateful comment, Ekta spanks her daughter for accidentally spilling milk.
Answer:
Displacement

2A. Explain the following concepts.

Question 1.
Stress
Answer:
The word stress is derived from the Latin word ‘stringi’ which means ‘to be drawn tight’. Stress refers to the discomfort experienced by an individual in demanding situations. It arises when an individual is able to mobilize lesser resources than the situation demands.

Question 2.
Leisure
Answer:
Leisure is quality time spent away from work, domestic duties, studies, after a heavily exhausting period. It has relaxing and recreational qualities. We have choice and freedom in our leisure time.

Question 3.
Cortisol
Answer:
Cortisol is the primary stress hormone. It increases sugar (glucose) in the bloodstream, enhancing the brain’s use of glucose and increases the availability of substances that repair tissues.

Question 4.
Stressors
Answer:
Stressors are environmental conditions, external stimuli, or events that cause stress to an organism. There are two types of stressors, viz. internal stressors and external stressors.

Question 5.
Frustration
Answer:
Frustration is a common emotional response related to anger and disappointment. When an individual is highly motivated to achieve something and when his goal-directed behaviour is blocked by an obstacle, it results in frustration.

Question 6.
Id
Answer:
Id is the most primitive storehouse of our biological energy. Id has psychic energy. It operates on the pleasure principle and demands immediate gratification of desires.

Question 7.
Defense mechanisms
Answer:
Defense mechanisms are an indirect way to combat stress. These are the unconscious strategies used to protect the ego from shattering due to unacceptable and harsh reality. It is a stop-gap arrangement that provides some time for the person to come to terms with reality. It is a face-saving device.

2B. Compare and contrast with examples.

Question 1.
Acute distress and Chronic distress
Answer:

• Acute distress is an intense, short-term negative stress while chronic distress is a long-lasting, recurrent negative distress.
• Acute distress occurs when there is a sudden change in routine or when we experience panic or threat, e.g. traffic jam, accident. Chronic distress is the worst type of stress-causing constant changes in routine for a long period of time. e.g. illness of a family member, death of a spouse.

3. Answer the following questions in around 35-40 words each.

Question 1.
What are the effects of hypo stress?
Answer:
Hypo stress is an insufficient amount of stress which is caused when a person has nothing to do at all. Its effects are as follows:

• It leads to boredom.
• It causes feelings of restlessness.
• People become demotivated and unenthusiastic.

Question 2.
What are the ill effects of distress?
Answer:
Distress is a negative type of stress. Its ill effects are as follows:

• Our body is flooded with emergency response hormones such as adrenaline and cortisol.
• It can cause physical conditions like headaches, digestive issues, and sleep disturbances.

Question 3.
Identify the possible reactions to Approach-Avoidance conflict.
Answer:
The three possible reactions to Approach-Avoidance conflict are:

• One may give importance to the positive value.
• One may be very cautious about the negative value.
• One may leave the goal altogether to avoid the situation.

Question 4.
Explain the impact of excessive use of defense mechanisms.
Answer:

• Excessive use of defense mechanisms leads to a habit of escaping from reality and indulgence in falsehood about one’s own self.
• However, reality chases, and sooner or later one has to face it.
• At such a point, the ego is no longer protected and it may lead to symptoms of mental disorders.

4. Write short notes in 35-40 words each.

Question 1.
Anxiety
Answer:

• Anxiety is a state where a person may feel that something is wrong and will experience symptoms like palpitation, rapid heart rate, sweaty palms, and dry throat.
• Two types of anxiety in Freud’s theory are:
  • Neurotic anxiety: Here, id and ego are in conflict with each other
  • Moral anxiety: Here, the superego and ego are in conflict with each other

For your understanding

• Neurotic anxiety comes from the unconscious fear that the basic impulses of the id will take control of the person, leading to eventual punishment from expressing the id’s desires.
• Moral anxiety comes from the superego. It appears in the form of fear of violating moral codes or values, leading to feelings of guilt and shame.

Question 2.
Defense mechanisms
Answer:

• Defense mechanisms are an indirect way to combat stress.
• They are unconscious strategies used to protect the ego from breaking due to unacceptable/harsh reality. It functions as a shock absorber.
• It should be used moderately as its excessive use leads to a habit of escaping from reality.
• Some commonly used defense mechanisms are projection, displacement, and daydreaming.

6. Answer the following questions in 150-200 words each.

Question 1.
Elaborate on the General Adaptation Syndrome model proposed by Hans Selye.
Answer:

• Hans Selye, the father of stress research, introduced the General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS) model in 1936 showing the effects of stress on the human body.
• He asserted that stress is a major cause of disease since chronic distress causes long term chemical changes.
• The GAS model may be defined as the manifestation of stress in the whole body. It consists of three stages:

a. Alarm stage: It is the first reaction to stress. The organism recognizes that there is a danger and prepares to deal with the threat by a ‘fight or flight response. This natural reaction provides energy to the body to deal with stressful situations.

b. Resistance stage: After the initial shock, the body begins to repair itself. In this phase, it remains on high alert for a while. If one overcomes the stress, the body continues to repair itself until the hormone level, heart rate, and blood pressure come to normal. Signs of this stage include irritability, frustration, poor concentration.

c. Exhaustion stage: If stress is not resolved in the resistance stage, a person enters the exhaustion stage. Here, the body’s ability to cope up becomes less. The individual may collapse quickly and the body’s immune system, as well as the ability to resist stress, diminishes. Signs of the exhaustion stage include fatigue, burnout, depression, and anxiety.

Question 2.
Explain aspects of Freud’s psychoanalysis theory.
Answer:
According to Freud’s theory of psychoanalysis, our personality is controlled by three aspects. They are:

• Id: It operates on the pleasure principle and demands immediate gratification of desires. It operates on primary process thinking where logical rules are not applied. It operates on two energies: Libido (sexual energy) and Thanatos (destructive energy).
• Ego: It operates on the reality principle and has better problem-solving abilities as compared to Id. Ego indulges in secondary process thinking and it knows how and when to satisfy desires.
• Superego: It internalizes the moral values of society (do’s and don’ts) and also includes the ‘rights’ and ‘wrongs’ we unknowingly learn from our role models. It helps us to control impulses coming from the Id and makes our behaviour less selfish and more virtuous. According to this theory, our reactions to situations depend upon the interaction of these three systems.

Question 3.
Explain the different types of defense mechanisms.
Answer:
Some of the defense mechanisms described by Dr. Sigmund Freud are as follows:

• Repression: It is an unconscious mechanism employed by the ego to keep disturbing or threatening thoughts outside our conscious awareness. These are the thoughts that would result in feelings of guilt from the superego.
• Displacement: It is the redirection of an impulse onto a less powerful target. A person cannot retaliate against the actual source of anger and so, redirects his anger on a less threatening object.
• Projection: It involves the individual attributing his own thoughts, feelings, and motives to another person.
• Sublimation: It is one of the most adaptive defense mechanisms as it can transform negative anxiety into positive energy. A person uses sublimation to redirect his motivation into more acceptable and productive tasks.
• Identification: Flere, by adopting another person’s mannerisms, language, patterns, etc., a person tries to imitate his character traits and starts behaving like another person.
• Daydreaming: When life appears to be distressing, people often use fantasy as a way of escaping reality. This is called daydreaming.
• Rationalization: It occurs when a person attempts to explain or create excuses for his failure. In doing so, an individual is able to avoid accepting the true cause or reason for his failure.

Some other important defense mechanisms are:

• Denial: It is an outright refusal to admit or recognize that something has occurred or is currently occurring. e.g. alcoholics often deny that their behaviour is problematic.
• Compensation: It means people overachieve in one area to compensate for failures in another. e.g. a student who fails in studies may compensate by becoming a champion in athletics.
• Intellectualization: It works to reduce anxiety by thinking about events in a cold and clinical way. e.g. a person diagnosed with a terminal illness might focus on learning everything about the disease in order to avoid distress and remain distant from the reality of the situation.

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Class 11 Sociology Important Questions Chapter 2 Contribution of Western and Indian Sociologists Important Questions and Answers.

Maharashtra State Board 11th Sociology Important Questions Chapter 2 Contribution of Western and Indian Sociologists

Choose the correct alternative and complete the statements.

Question 1.
At the age of 14 expressed the need for ‘reconstruction of society.’
(Karl Marx / Auguste Comte / Emile Durkheim)
Answer:
Auguste Comte

Question 2.
Auguste Comte described sociology with its ‘static’ and ………………….. aspects.
(stable / rigid / dynamic)
Answer:
dynamic

Question 3.
According to …………………, human knowledge passes through three stages of evolution.
(Iravati Karve / Auguste Comte / Karl Marx)
Answer:
Auguste Comte

Question 4.
The ‘Theory of suicide’ is developed by …………………..
(Emile Durkheim / Karl Marx / Dr. M. N. Srinivas)
Answer:
Emile Durkheim

Question 5.
When the repressive feeling is created due to extreme control of society ……………….. suicide takes place due to extreme control of society.
(fatalistic / anomic / egoistic)
Answer:
fatalistic

Question 6.
……………….. suicide takes place in situation where one is unable to cope with circumstances, cropped up suddenly.
(Fatalistic / Altruistic / Anomic)
Answer:
Anomic

Question 7.
The persons who are concerned with their own interests and have nothing to do with other member of the society, commit …………….. suicide.
(egoistic / anomic / fatalistic)
Answer:
egoistic

Question 8.
………………… is also known as the architect of communism.
(Iravati Karve / Auguste Comte / Karl Marx)
Answer:
Karl Marx

Question 9.
According to Marx, it is the ……………….. factor that formed the basis of class.
(political / economical / social)
Answer:
economical

Question 10.
The tendency towards the radical polarization of classes is inherent in ………………. society.
(capitalist / democratic / modern)
Answer:
capitalist

Question 11.
Capitalists accumulate profit through the ……………….. of labour.
(accumulation / manipulation / exploitation)
Answer:
exploitation

Question 12.
According to Marx. ………………… is the result of exploitation and not of scarcity.
(poverty / unemployment / beggary)
Answer:
poverty

Question 13.
……………… is the Father of Indian Sociology.
(Dr. G. S. Ghurye / Dr. Iravati Karve / Dr. M. N. Srinivas)
Answer:
Dr. G. S. Ghurye

Question 14.
………………. formed the ‘Indian Sociological Society’ in 1952.
(Dr. M. N. Srinivas / B. K. Sarkar / Dr. G. S. Ghurye)
Answer:
Dr. G. S. Ghurye

Question 15.
Dr. G. S. Ghurye wrote a book ………………… in 1932.
(Caste and Race in India / Kinship Organisation in India / Positive Philosophy)
Answer:
Caste and Race in India

Question 16.
The concept of ‘Dominant Caste’ is introduced by …………………
(Dr. Iravati Karve / Dr. G. S. Ghurye, / Dr. M. N. Srinivas)
Answer:
Dr. M. N. Srinivas

Question 17.
The book ‘Kinship Organisation in India’ is published in 1953 by ………………..
(Dr. Iravati Karve / Dr. G. S. Ghurye / B. M. Seal)
Answer:
Dr. Iravati Karve

Correct the incorrect pair.

Question 1.
(a) Durkheim – Theory of Suicide
(b) Karl Marx – Theory of Class Conflict
(c) Auguste Comte – The Study of Race and Racism
(d) Abdul Rahman Ibn – Khaldun – Study of social institutions and their interrelationships
Answer:
(c) Auguste Comte – Theory of ‘Law of Three Stages’

Question 2.
(a) Positive Philosophy – Auguste Comte
(b) Caste and Race in India – Dr. M. N. Srinivas
(c) Kinship Organisation in India – Dr. Iravati Karve
(d) The Philadelphia Negro – William Du Bois
Answer:
(b) Caste and Race in India – Dr. G. S. Ghurye

Question 3.
(a) Le Suicide – Auguste Comte
(b) Communist Manifesto – Karl Marx
(c) Sociological Bulletin – G.S. Ghurye
(d) Kinship Organisation in India – Iravati Karve
Answer:
(a) Le Suicide – Durkheim

Question 4.
(a) Social isolation – Altruistic suicide
(b) Normlessness – Anomic suicide
(c) Value oriented – Altruistic suicide
(d) Repressive feeling – Fatalistic suicide
Answer:
(a) Social isolation – Egoistic suicide

Question 5.
(a) Abolition of private property – Communist society
(b) Economic exploitation – Alienation
(c) Accumulation of profits – Surplus values
(d) Workers poverty – Antagonism
Answer:
(d) Workers poverty – Pauperization

Identify the appropriate term from the given options.

(Dr. G. S. Ghurye, Dr. Iravati Karve, Altruistic suicide, Dominant caste)
Question 1.
Marx argues that classes will become hostile towards each other.
Answer:
Polarization

Question 2.
The Indian sociologist who coined the term westernisation.
Answer:
M. N. Srinivas

Question 3.
He started an independent Department of Sociology in the University of Bombay.
Answer:
Dr. G. S. Ghurye

Question 4.
Her concept of Kinship relations in India in basically a socio-cultural concept.
Answer:
Dr. Iravati Karve

Question 5.
This type of suicide is value-oriented.
Answer:
Altruistic suicide

Question 6.
Enjoyment of maximum economical and political power.
Answer:
Dominant caste

Question 7.
According to Marx, poverty is the result of exploitation.
Answer:
Pauperization

Question 8.
The theory of class conflict.
Answer:
Karl Marx

Question 9.
It is result of economic exploitation and inhuman conditions.
Answer:
Alienation

Question 10.
In this stage one seeks to establish laws which govern social life.
Answer:
Positive stage

Correct the underlined words and complete the sentence.

Question 1.
Some writers honour Dr. Iravati Karve as the first female sociologist.
Answer:
Some writers honour Harriet Martineau as the first female sociologist.

Question 2.
Emile Durkheim was the first black man to receive a Ph.D. from Harvard University.
Answer:
William Du Bois was the first black man to receive a Ph.D. from Harvard University.

Question 3.
Dr. Iravati Karve introduced the concept of Sanskritisation.
Answer:
Dr. M.N. Srinivas introduced the concept of Sanskritisation.

Question 4.
Dominant caste is primarily socio-cultural concept related to factors of family, caste and language in India.
Answer:
Kinship is primarily socio-cultural concept related to factors of family, caste and language in India.

Question 5.
According to Marx, accumulation of Profit through the exploitation of labour is polarization.
Answer:
According to Marx, accumulation of Profit through the exploitation of labour is surplus value.

Question 6.
Reason and examination were basic planks of knowledge at Metaphysical stage.
Answer:
Reason and examination were basic planks of knowledge at Positive/Scientific stage.

Write suitable examples of given concepts and justify your answer.

Question 1.
Egoistic suicide.
Answer:
Example: It is committed by people who become introvert and have less desires to live in the company of others, suicide rates are higher for those widowed, single and divorced.

Egoistic suicide is when an individual finds no reason to exist in life such people have nothing to do with other members of the society. Such people are socially isolated and they think that they have no place in society.

Question 2.
Dominant caste.
Answer:
Example: Marathas in Maharashtra, are the dominant caste, landowners and cultivators that make up about 50% of the population, Reddys and Kammas in Andhra Pradesh.
1. Dominant caste is a caste large in member and exercises more economical, social and political privileges over other people.

2. In Maharashtra, Marathas are large in number and play a very important role as far as social, economical and political policies are concerned.

3. Attributes or determinants of dominant caste are as follows:

1. Sizeable amount of arable land locally available.
2. Strength of numbers.
3. High place in the local hierarchy.
4. Western education.

Question 3.
Theological stage.
Answer:
Example: For example, ancient people actually believed that planets were God. This is a stage in which people have faith on supernatural power and considered God as a supreme authority. During ancient period; people of India had blind faith on many things, were following various evil practices etc. According to them God was the highest, authority and everything took place as per His wishes.

Question 4.
Anomic suicide.
Answer:
Example: In the Indian context, the farmers’ suicides fall under anomic suicide. Because of economic instability farmers tend to commit suicide.

Anomie is a condition of normlessness, a moral vacuum, the suspension of rules, a state sometimes referred to as deregulation. This type of suicide takes place in situations where one is not able to cope with circumstances which have cropped up suddenly.

Question 5.
Altruistic suicide.
Answer:
Example: Sati committed by Indian women in the past or Hara-kiri committed by Japanese. Here an individual commits suicide with the object of doing well for others. This type of suicide is value- oriented. An individual commits suicide due to extreme loyalty to one’s group and readiness to die.

Question 6.
Fatalistic suicide.
Answer:
Example: A prisoner, commits suicide due to oppressed feelings of the prison system, (or) A terminally ill patient commits suicide.
Fatalistic suicide takes place, when the repressive feelings is created due to extreme control of society.

Write short notes.

Question 1.
The Development of Sociology
Answer:

1. The foundations of sociology were laid down by Auguste Comte and Emile Durkheim in France.
2. The legacy of sociology was later on continued in other countries in Europe and the western world. Sociology has also developed in India.
3. Sociologist like Auguste Comte, Emile Durkheim and Karl Marx from the west and G. S. Ghurye, M. N. Srinivas and Iravati Karve have worked on specific areas within the broad scope of Sociology as a discipline.
4. Many of them have developed specific concepts and developed theories through which they explain human social behaviour.

Question 2.
Contribution of Dr. M. N. Srinivas.
Answer:
1. Dr. M. N. Srinivas completed his education in Mysore and joined the Department of Sociology in Mumbai University. He was a student of Dr. G. S. Ghurye.

2. Different concepts like, Brahminisation, Sanskristisation, Westernisation and Secularisation, Dominant caste, etc., were introduced by him.

3. According to him each caste in India differ from the other as far as strength and influences are concerned. Some castes enjoy higher privileges. In this respect he developed the concept of ‘Dominant Caste’. He prescribed different determinants of dominant cast. On the basis of these attributes and determinants, some caste in India are considered as ‘Dominant Caste’.

4. Examples of dominant castes given by Dr. Srinivas are:

• Lingayats and Okkaligas in Karnataka
• Reddys and Kammas in Andhra Pradesh.

Question 3.
Contribution of Dr. Iravati Karve to Indian sociology.
Answer:
1. Dr. Iravati Karve has immense contributors in sociology and Anthropology. She has done pioneering work in her book “Kinship organisation in India” published in 1953. In this book, she presents a micro analysis of the major kinship systems in India.

2. The book gives us a list of kinship terms in major Indian languages, their linguistic content, corresponding behaviour and attitudes rules of descent and inheritance and patterns of marriage and family.

3. Kinship is primarily a socio-cultural concept and subsequently it is related to factors of family, caste and language in India.

4. She has presented kinship organisation on the basis of geographical regions – Northern, Central, Southern and Eastern, and linguistic regions like Indo-European and Dravidian kinship is a primarily socio-cultural concept and subsequently it is related to factors of family, caste and languages in India.

Question 4.
Contribution of Karl Marx.
Answer:
1. Karl Marx, is also known as the architect of Communism.

2. The Theory of ‘class conflict’ is central to Marxian thought. In his ‘Communist Manifesto’ Marx has said that, at every stage in history, there is a war between the classes.

3. According to Marx, ‘it is the economic factor that forms the basis of class’.

4. Marx’s analysis of class conflict in capitalist society is as following:

1. The importance of property
2. Polarization of classes
3. Surplus value
4. Alienation
5. Pauperization
6. Class solidarity and antagonism
7. Revolution
8. Dictatorship of proletariat
9. Emergence of the communist society

Question 5.
Contribution of Harriet Martineau.
Answer:

1. Some writers honour Martineau as the first female sociologist.
2. Martineau introduced Comte to the English-speaking world by translating his book written in French to English, as ‘The Positive Philosophy of Auguste Comte.
3. According to Martineau, “When one studies a society, one must focus on all its aspects which includes political, religious, and social institutions”
4. She was the first sociologist to study issues such as marriage, children, religious life, and race relations. She believed that comprehensive social analysis was crucial to understand women’s secondary status in the society.

Question 6.
Hinduisation of the tribes.
Answer:

1. Ghurye referred to the long process of Hinduisation of the tribes from different parts of India.
2. Tribal deities like Ganesh, Kali, Shiva were getting equal space in Hinduism with Aryan deities like, Indra, Vishnu and Brahma for establishing synthesis between multiple cultures present in Indian society.
3. As a result the tribes of India considered Hindu society and its cultural tradition, a new home for them, referred as Hinduisation of the tribes by Ghurye.
4. Many tribal leaders like Tana Bhagat, Vishnu Bhagat, Kabir Panthi and others successfully carried Hindu cultural attributes to tribal life.

Complete the concept maps.

Question 1.

Answer:

Question 2.

Answer:

Question 3.

Answer:

Question 4.

Answer:

Question 5.

Answer:

Question 6.

Answer:

Question 7.

Answer:

State whether the following statements are true or false with reasons.

Question 1.
Auguste Comte formulated the theories of‘Law of Three Stages’.
Answer:
This statement is True.

1. According to Comte every individual develops as per his stages of development in childhood, in adolescence and in adulthood.
2. The evolution of human mind takes place along with the evolution of the individual mind.
3. Human knowledge passes through these three stages of evolution, theological stage Comte is of the view that in the first stage, ideas and views were influenced by spiritual and supernatural factors, metaphysical stage. In this stage, explanations based on faith in supernatural beings were replaced by those based on abstract power, positive stage this is an improved and scientific form of human thinking.
4. Comte wanted Sociology to develop through these stages. Hence, Auguste Comte formulated the theories of ‘Law of Three Stages’.

Question 2.
Sociology is a western phenomenon.
Answer:
This statement is False.

1. Though there is a tendency to think of sociology as a western phenomenon, but scholars like Abdul Rahman Ibn-Khaldun were doing Sociology long ago in different parts of the world.
2. Abdul Rahman Ibn-Khaldun was born in Tunis in North Africa and was committed to the scientific study of society, empirical research and the search for the causes of social phenomena.
3. He devoted attention to various social institutions and their interrelationships. He was interested in comparing primitive and modern societies.

Give your personal response.

Question 1.
Do you think farmer’s suicide is a burning issue and has emerged as a social problem? Give reasons for your response?
Answer:
Yes, farmers suicide is a burning issue and a social problem. Heavy indebtedness, irregular monsoon, rising cost of cultivation are various reasons that have led to a series of suicides committed by farmers. The action of killing oneself deliberately is suicide.

When an individual becomes unstable and enters in the state of dilemma and commits suicide it is an anomic suicide. In the Indian context the farmers suicides fall under the type of anomic suicide. Because of economic instability marginal farmers tend to commit suicide.

Answer the following in detail (About 150-200 words).

Question 1.
Bring out the contribution of any two sociologist and relate it to Indian society.
Answer:
1. Dr. G. S. Ghurye-Govind Sadashiv Ghurye is known as the ‘Father of Indian Sociology’, Ghurye’s work on tribes were general as well as specific. In his work on Scheduled Tribes, he dealt with the historical, administrative and social dimensions of Indian tribes. He also wrote on specific tribes such as the Mahadev Kolis in Maharashtra. Ghurye referred to the long process of Hinduization of the tribes from different parts of India which helped them to assimilate themselves within the folds of Hindu society. His book, ‘Caste and Race in India’ which was published in 1932 is historical, anthropological and sociological perspectives to understand caste and kinship system in India. Ghurye regards endogamy as a principal feature of caste.

2. Dr. Iravati Karve- has done pioneering work in her book ‘Kinship Organization in India’, published in 1953.The book on Kinship attempts to present a comparative picture of Kinship organisation in different parts of India. The book gives us a list of kinship terms in major Indian languages, their linguistic content, corresponding behaviour and attitudes, rules of descent and inheritance and patterns of marriage and family. Kinship is primarily a socio-cultural Iravati concept and related to factors of family, caste and language in India.