Class 9

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Class 9 English Solutions My English Coursebook Chapter 2.5 A Play Notes, Textbook Exercise Important Questions and Answers.

Maharashtra State Board Class 9 My English Coursebook Solutions Chapter 2.5 A Play

My English Coursebook Std 9 Digest Chapter 2.5 A Play Textbook Questions and Answers

Warming up!

Chit-chat:

• Do you like to watch plays?
• Which is the last play you saw?
• Do you watch TV serials? Which ones?
• Do you like slow-moving serials?
• Do you like stories from the past?
• What type of stories do you like?

Two Truths, One Lie

Make groups of 10-15. In this game, each person writes three sentences about himself/herself, two of which are true and the third one is a lie. Read aloud your sentences, while others guess which two are true and which is a lie.
Examples: Hello, everyone! I am Sonali. I have a brother and a sister. I live in Amalner. We have a pet dog at home.

Question 1.
Make groups of 10-15. In this game, each person writes three sentences about himself/herself, two of which are true and the third one is a lie. Read aloud your sentences, while others guess which two are true and which is a lie.
Examples: Hello, everyone! I am Sonali. I have a brother and a sister. I live in Amalner. We have a pet dog at home.
Answer:
1. Hello everyone!
I am Sahil.
I live in Pune at Shivaj inagar.
I am one of the most studious students of our class.
I visited Sri Lanka last month with my parents.

2. Hello everyone!
I am Ruta.
I am Bharat Natyam dancer.
I have won many dance competitions.
But I want to be a classical singer.

Lost and Found

Question 1.
Divide the students into groups of five. They sit in a circle. They choose one object of daily use such as a bag, wallet, box, etc. The group leader writes four sentences about it.
Answer:
I have found a water bottle.
It’s pink.
It’s cylindrical in shape.
It’s transparent.
It has a steel cap.
I found it in our school library.

Others, too, write four sentences each.

• I have lost a tiffin box.
• It’s colour is pink.
• It’s square in shape.
• I lost it in our school canteen.

They all open and read their lines, beginning with the group leader. The player whose description matches the group leader’s the most gets the object.

Part I

1. List the characters that have appeared so far in the play.

Question 1.
List the characters that have appeared so far in the play.
Answer:
Fourth Guard Messenger, Thief, Thiefs friend, King, Merchant, Bricklayer, Mortar-maker.

2. List all the different titles they use to address the King.

Question 1.
List all the different titles they use to address the King.
Answer:
First Guard, Second Guard, Disciple, King Chaupat.

3. Copy the exclamations from the play. (At least 5)

Question 1.
Copy the exclamations from the play. (At least 5)
Answer:
1. How boring!
2. Oh, Most Great King!
(Students can copy such examples from the play on their own.)

4. Copy the orders (imperative sentences) from the play.

Question 1.
Copy the orders (imperative sentences) from the play.
Answer:

1. Spare my daughter.
2. Bring the money-lender’s daughter.
3. Summon the mortar-maker at once.
4. Show mercy to this humble potter.

5. Use your imagination and the details from the play and draw a map of Andher Nagari.

Question 1.
Use your imagination and the details from the play and draw a map of Andher Nagari.
Answer:
(Students can draw the map using their imagination.)

6. Write what each of the following should have said after listening to the complaint against him/her:

Question 1.
Write what each of the following should have said after listening to the complaint against him/her:
(a) Daughter …………………
(b) Potter …………………….
(c) Mortar-maker …………………
(d) Bricklayer ………………..
(e) Merchant ………………………….
Answer:
(a) Daughter: Daughter should have said that, she was going to get married next week, so she should be excused from being punished.
(b) Potter: I never make defective pots. Mortar- maker might have brought it from somewhere else.
(c) Mortar-maker: I always use a bottle-necked pot to pour water, it is the bricklayer’s idea to blame me.
(d) Bricklayer: Extremely sorry to say, My Lord. I have never worked carelessly in my entire life. I am faithful to my profession.
(e) Merchant: If I had been the merchant, I would have asked the king to punish the thieves as they were trying to break in my house when my whole family was not there at home and it is a crime. So they should be punished.

7. What should the king have said to the thief ?

Question 1.
What should the king have said to the thief ?
Answer:
The king should have said to the thief that it was the fault of him and his friend and not of the merchant. As they had entered his house with the intention of stealing when his family was away. So he and his friend were totally responsible for what had happened.

8. Will a thief appear in a court on his own? Why does this Thief dare to do so?

Question 1.
Will a thief appear in a court on his own? Why does this Thief dare to do so?
Answer:
A thief will never appear in a court on his own. This thief dares to do so because the king of his kingdom was not powerful and the rules and regulations of his kingdom were not so strict.

Language study:

9. Read the following sentences and find the subject and the verb in each.

Question 1.
Read the following sentences and find the subject and the verb in each.

Answer:

10. Read the following sentences. Tick the ones in passive voice. Copy them correctly.

Question 1.
Read the following sentences. Tick the ones in passive voice. Copy them correctly.

1. I have heard amazing stories [ ]
2. I am especially impressed by the fact [ ]
3. I am quite happy about it. [ ]
4. I beg for justice. [ ]
5. ……. and my friend was instantly killed [ ]
6. My house has been recently built [ ]
7. It is the fault of the bricklayer [ ]

Answer:

1. I have heard amazing stories …. [ ]
2. I am especially impressed by the fact…. [✓]
3. I am quite happy about it. [ ]
4. I beg for justice. [ ]
5. … and my friend was instantly killed ….. [✓]
6. My house has been recently built …. [✓]
7. It is the fault of the bricklayer …. [ ]

Part II

1. List the characters that appear for the first time in this part of the play. Write one or two lines about each of them.

Question 1.
List the characters that appear for the first time in this part of the play. Write one or two lines about each of them.
Answer:

1. Goldsmith: He was dutiful and tried to follow the king’s order by setting aside all his work.
2. Hangman: He was also faithful towards his duties. He tried to follow the King’s order. He was an executioner who hangs the culprits.
3. Sage: A wise man from a neighbouring forest who smartly saved his disciple from the J punishment given by King Choupat.

2. Say whether the following sentences are true or false:

Question 1.
Say whether the following sentences are true or false:
(a) The Goldsmith blamed the King for the delay in his work.
(b) The King thought that the Goldsmith had a good reason to delay the Daughter’s work.
(c) The Goldsmith was hanged.
(d) The noose did not fit the Goldsmith’s neck.
(e) The noose did not fit the disciple’s neck.
(f) The Sage wanted to die on that day.
(g) The Sage wanted to save his Disciple.
(h) The King wanted to be King again in his next birth.
Answer:
(a) The Goldsmith blamed the King for the delay in his work. – True
(b) The King thought that the Goldsmith had a good reason to delay the Daughter’s work. – False
(c) The Goldsmith was hanged. – False
(d) The noose did not fit the Goldsmith’s neck. – True
(e) The noose did not fit the disciple’s neck. – False
(f) The sage wanted to die on that day. – True
(g) The sage wanted to save his disciple. – True
(h) The king wanted to be king again in his next birth. – True

3. Write any three instances of funny rules and twisted logic used in Andher Nagari.

Question 1.
Write any three instances of funny rules and twisted logic used in Andher Nagri.
Answer:
Example:

1. The disciple came to Andher Nagari to pay respects to the mighty King Choupat but to his surprise the king ordered the Hangman to hang him without delay.
2. The blame game continued one after another and the king ordered the Hangman everytime to hang the person without verifying his/her mistake.
3. The king requested the guards to take him to the gallows and hang him without any delay to become the next king of the same kingdom in his next life.

4. List the proverbs and sayings used in the play.

Question 1.
List the proverbs and sayings used in the play.
Answer:
1. Justice delayed is justice denied.
2. Our actions speak louder than words.

5. Read the entire play and complete the following blame game flow chart.

Question 1.
Read the entire play and complete the following blame game flow chart.

Answer:

6. Form groups. Translate one page of the play into your mother tongue as a group activity. Gather the pages translated by different groups and prepare a translated script of the entire play.

Question 1.
Form groups. Translate one page of the play into your mother tongue as a group activity. Gather the pages translated by different groups and prepare a translated script of the entire play.

Langauge Study:

7. Divide the play (Part I as well as Part II) into sections.
Form groups and assign roles. Practise your lines in groups.
Hold play reading sessions in the classroom.
Which group/student presents the most effective reading?
Note the features that make an oral presentation effective. Some of them are :

• Meaningful reading – taking proper pauses
  (breaking the speech into meaningful chunks)
• Using suitable intonation
• Speaking clearly
• Good pronunciation – using English sounds and stress patterns
• Pleasant and confident appearance of the speakers.

8. Look up the following entries in the Language Study pages given at the end.

• stress
• intonation
• sound
• consonant
• vowel

Question 1.
Look up the following entries in the Language Study pages given at the end.

• stress
• intonation
• sound
• consonant
• vowel

9. Note the way the dialogue in the play is presented. Look up the word ‘colon’ in the ‘Language Study’ pages and note how ills used in the play.

Question 1.
Note the way the dialogue in the play is presented. Look up the word ‘colon’ in the ‘Language Study’ pages and note how ills used in the play.

10. Listen carefully and write the verbs in the appropriate column.

Question 1.
Listen carefully and write the verbs in the appropriate column.

Teacher: can, give, following, commanded, get, has, been, spare, does, take, hand, have, fall, forgive, let, drag, return, will, is, try, has, must, be, resist, force, speak, are, were, should, had, thought, lost, would, says, was, are, does, may, cannot, demand, shall, shouldn’t, become, reign
Answer:

My English Coursebook 9th Class Solutions Chapter 2.5 A Play Additional Important Questions and Answers

Read the following passage and do the activities:

Simple Factual Activities:

Question 1.
Name the following:
Answer:

1. Name of the kingdom – Andher Nagari
2. Name of the king – Chaupat
3. The person who was not – Second guard alert
4. The forest from where a – Ghangor visitor came

Question 2.
State whether the following statements are Right or Wrong:
Answer:

1. The first guard was at ease, all day. – Wrong
2. The visitor was a disciple of the Wise Sage from the Ghangor forest. – Right
3. Taka ser bhaji, taka ser khaja is an Indian proverb. – Right
4. The disciple wanted to attend the court to pay his respects to the mighty King Chaupat. – Right

Question 3.
Complete the following sentences:
(Answers are directly given.)
Answer:

1. The thieves were hard working and honest.
2. Both the thieves were true to their profession.
3. The house in which the thief peered through the hole belonged to a merchant.
4. According to the merchant, brick layer had carelessly built the wall of his house.

Question 4.
Complete the following sentences:
(Answers are directly given.)
Answer:
1. The mortar-maker’s family comprised of his wife and two young children.
2. According to the mortar-maker excess water poured down into the mortar mixture because the pot had an extraordinary large mouth.

Question 5.
Who said to whom:
1. “I was merely following your Highness’s order.”
2. “Take him to the gallows without further delay.”
Answer:
1. The goldsmith said to the King.
2. The King commanded the Hangman and guards.

Choose the correct alternative to answer the following questions:

Question A.
Who was the old man?
(a) a king
(b) a sage
(c) a guard
(d) a stranger
Answer:
(b) a sage

Question B.
Who had a wonderful fate in his next life?
(a) the king
(b) the disciple
(c) the sage
(d) the hangman
Answer:
(a) the king

Question C.
Who was going to be hanged?
(a) the young stranger
(b) the hangman
(c) the guard
(d) the sage
Answer:
(a) the young stranger

Question D.
According to the sage how was the king?
(a) holy
(b) wise
(c) generous
(d) great
Answer:
(c) generous

Question 6.
State whether the following statements are True or False:
(Answers are directly given.)
Answer:
The old man was a wise and learned sage. – True

Complex Factual Activities:

Question 1.
Why did a disciple of the Wise Sage from the Ghangor forest come to Andher Nagari?
Answer:
A disciple of the Wise Sage from the Ghangor forest had heard amazing stories about Andher Nagari and the great King Chaupat. He was impressed by the fact that everything in the market is sold at the same price. So it was a good idea to settle in that land. So to pay his respects to the mighty King Chaupat, the disciple had come to Andher Nagari.

Question 2.
Arrange the following sentences in chronological order:
1. The wall collapsed while entering the house and the thief’s friend was instantly killed.
2. One day they made a hole in the wall of a merchant’s house.
3. There were two hardworking and honest thieves in the great land of Andher Nagari.
4. They were very true to their profession from the last several years.
Answer:
3. There were two hardworking and honest thieves in the great land of Andher Nagari.
4. They were very true to their profession from the last several years.
2. One day they made a hole in the wall of a merchant’s house.
1. The wall collapsed while entering the house and the thief’s friend was instantly killed.

Question 3.
List the characters that have appeared so far in the passage :
Answer:
Mortar-maker, Fourth Guard Messenger, Potter, Money-lender and his daughter.

Question 4.
What is the Mortar-maker’s excuse? Is it believable?
Answer:
According to the Mortar-maker, he poured water with an extraordinary large mouth-pot into
the mortar mixture. The excess water was poured down because of a useless pot made by the potter. It was not a believable excuse as pouring water can be controlled by us.

Question 5.
Is the Daughter’s complaint about the Goldsmith true?
Answer:
Yes, it is true the daughter was going to get married the next week and her jewellery was not ready. She had to leave the house to request the Gold¬smith to work faster and hand over her ornaments on time for her marriage. She wouldn’t have gone out of her house if there wouldn’t be such an urgency.

Question 6.
What is the goldsmith’s excuse?
Answer:
The king commanded the goldsmith to set aside all his work and get the Queen’s ornaments ready before Her Highness’s birthday. So there had been a delay in making the lady’s (the money lender’s daughter’s) bridal ornaments. This was the goldsmith’s excuse for not making the lady’s ornaments.

Question 7.
What was the sage’s request? Why did he make such a strange request?
Answer:
The sage’s request was that he should be hanged instead of his disciple because he wanted to save his disciple at any cost by using some tricks.

Question 8.
What does the King want to know?
Answer:
The King wants to know why the sage, being a wise and holy man wishes to obstruct the course of justice. He also wants to know why the sage wanted to be hanged in place of his disciple.

Question 9.
Why did the King want to die?
Answer:
The sage told the King that, the great prophets had foretold that one who would be hanged on that day, in that kingdom, would become the next king and conquer many more nations. The King wanted to become the next great king of Andher Nagari. He also wanted to be a famous royal monarch. So he wanted to die to become the king of Andher Nagari.

Activities based on vocabulary:

Question 1.
Make a list of describing words used for King Chaupat in the form of a web:
(Answers are directly given.)
Answer:

Question 2.
Find out synonyms from the extract for the following:
(Answers are directly given.)
Answer:

1. delicious – delectable
2. awesome – amazing
3. knowledgeable – learned
4. make – enliven

Question 3.
Find out the adverbs which are used along with the following verbs:
(Answers are directly given.)
Answer:

1. instantly killed
2. recently built
3. immediately bring
4. recently collapsed

Question 4.
Pick out the verbs and state their kind:
1. My friend peered through the hole.
2. The merchant was living in a house.
Answer:
1. peered – Past Tense
2. was living – Past Continuous.

Question 5.
Find out minimum four infinitives from the passage:
Answer:
Infinitives – to blame, to pour, to urge, to work.

Question 6.
Find out a suitable word from the extract and complete the following sentences:
(Answers are directly given.)
Answer:

1. If you disturb the class, your teacher will give you punishment.
2. Most of the women are crazy for ornaments.
3. King Shibi was very generous.
4. It is our duty to follow our parent’s orders.

Question 7.
Arrange the following words in the following columns as per their meanings:
Words: force, excuse, order, apologise, forgive
Answer:

Question 8.
Match the following words in Column ‘A’ with their meaning in Column ‘B’ :

Answer:

Question 9.
Write any suitable noun from the passage for the given adjectives to make correct combination!

1. generous ………………..
2. wonderful ………………..
3. great ………………..
4. learned ………………..

Answer:

1. king
2. prophet
3. fate
4. sage.

Activities based on contextual grammar:

Question 1.
Identify the types of the following sentences:

1. Give your identity.
2. How boring!
3. You have heard right.
4. What brings you here?

Answer:

1. Imperative sentence (order)
2. Exclamatory sentence
3. Statement (simple sentence)
4. Interrogative sentence (wh-question)

Question 2.
Frame Verbal Questions:
1. There was too much of water mixed in it.
2. My friend was instantly killed.
Answer:
1. Was there too much of water mixed in it?
2. Was my friend instantly killed?

Question 3.
It is the fault of the bricklayer. He carelessly built such a weak wall.
(Combine the sentence with ‘who’)
Answer:
It is the fault of the bricklayer who carelessly built such a weak wall.

Question 4.
Pick out the subject and object in the following sentences:
1. The guards dragged the goldsmith.
2. You commanded me
3. he Hangman forced the disciple.
4. The Hangman overpowers them.
Answer:

Question 5.
Add a tail tag to the following sentences:
(Answers are directly given.)
Answer:

1. You have not carried out my orders, have you?
2. Your excuse does not hold good, does it?
3. This noose does not fit the goldsmith’s neck, does it?
4. Take him to the gallows, will you?

Question 6.
Make the following sentences Assertive :
(Answers are directly given.)

Question a.
What a strange appeal!
Answer:
It was indeed a strange appeal.

Question b.
What a wonderful fate in my next life – a king once again!
Answer:
A king once again in my next life is really a wonderful fate.

Question 7.
Rewrite using ‘as well as’ :
1. He is a wise and learned sage from the forest.
2. The old man begged and pleaded that he should be hanged instead of the young stranger.
Answer:
1. He is a wise as well as learned sage from the forest.
2. The old man begged as well as pleaded that he should be hanged instead of the young stranger.

Personal Response:

Question 1.
Do you think this is a good land to settle in? why?
Answer:
Yes, I think the land of Andher Nagari is a good land to settle in because it is the only land where everything is sold at the same price. There will be no complications. We can settle there very well even if our income is low.

Question 2.
Can we call the thieves truly hard-working and honest?
Answer:
No, not at all. Thieves cannot be hard ; working and honest as they rob the possessions | earned by others by working hard. If they are honest, they would not do such crimes.

Question 3.
Do you think the potter is telling the truth? Why?
Answer:
The potter said when he was shaping the mouth of the pot he heard the sweet, delicate tinkling of anklets of money-lender’s daughter. I think he must be telling the truth as it might have disturbed his work and the mouth of pot became too wide.

Question 4.
Why is the daughter so confident that the king will not hang her? Does her prediction come true?
Answer:
The daughter was very much confident that the king will not hang her because she knew that she was not guilty and she also knew the king very well. Yes, her prediction came true.

Question 5.
Is the Goldsmith telling the truth? Give reasons for your answer.
Answer:
Yes, I think the Goldsmith was telling the truth. After making that ladies ornaments the Goldsmith could have received the money from her. But he did not think about the money whereas he thought about the respect and honour of the King. So he started making the Queen’s ornaments instead of that lady’s bridal ornaments.

Question 6.
What is your opinion about the king is he ? wicked, greedy, stupid or all of these? Which of his actions/words show that?
Answer:
I think the king is stupid. He believes every person of his kingdom without any proof. “Guards! Take me to the gallows and hang me at once without any delay.” This action shows that he was really stupid. Being a king he should have thought of his action.

Question 7.
Was the King willing to hang the Sage? Why?
Answer:
No, the King was not willing to hang the sage because the sage told him that the one who would be hanged on that day, in that kingdom, would become the next king. So to become the next great king of Andher Nagari, he didn’t want to hang the sage whereas he wanted himself to be hanged.

Activities Based on Language study

Do the following as instructed:

Question 1.
Complete the words by using correct letters:

1. c o _ r t
2. g u _ r d
3. g _ e a t
4. f a u _ t

Answer:

1. c o u r t
2. g u a r d
3. g r e a t
4. f a u l t.

Question 2.
Copy the following sentences correctly in your notebook:
Answer:
1. Why have you not carried out my orders?
2. What a wonderful fate in my next life a king once again!

Question 3.
Put the following words in alphabetical order:
1. forgive, excess, mercy, guilty.
2. moulding, mortar, Majesty, measure.
Answer:
1. excess, forgive, guilty, mercy.
2. Majesty, measure, mortar, moulding.

Question 4.
Punctuate the following sentences:
1. oh do not fret father the king will not hang me said daughter
2. the king said ah justice at last take him to the gallows without further delay
Answer:
1. “Oh, do not fret, father. The king will i not hang me,” said daughter.
2. The King said, “Ah! Justice at last! Take him to the gallows without further delay.”

Question 5.
Write four small words (minimum 3 letters each) using the letters in the given word:
‘explanation.’
Answer:

1. explain
2. nation
3. plain
4. plant.

Question 6.
Spot the error and rewrite the correct sentences:
1. O Noble King, you were most generous.
2. The great prophets has foretold that the one who will be hanged on this day shall become the next king and conquer many more nations.
Answer:
1. O Noble King, You are most generous.
2. The great prophets have foretold that the one who will be hanged on this day shall become the next king and conquer many more nations.

Question 7.
Write related words as shown in the
example:
(Answers are directly given.)
Answer:

Question 8.
Complete the following word-chain of adjectives. Add four words, each beginning with the last letter of the previous word:
young → ……………. → ……………. → ………….. → ………….. .
Answer:
young → great → terrible → equal → lovely

Do as directed:

Question 1.
Make your own meaningful sentence by using the phrase ‘to say goodbye’.
Answer:
It is quite difficult to say goodbye to our school.

Question 2.
Add a prefix or suffix to make new
words and use any one of the root words in your own sentence: 2
1. mercy
2. complicate.
Answer:
1. mercy – merciful
2. complicate – complication.
Sentence: The bricklayer begged for mercy.

Question 3.
Add a clause to expand the sentence meaningfully:
The teacher suggested …………………..
Answer:
The teacher suggested that we should follow the rules and regulations of our country.

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Class 9 English Solutions My English Coursebook Chapter 4.5 The Last Lesson Notes, Textbook Exercise Important Questions and Answers.

Maharashtra State Board Class 9 My English Coursebook Solutions Chapter 4.5 The Last Lesson

My English Coursebook Std 9 Guide Chapter 4.5 The Last Lesson Textbook Questions and Answers

Warming up!
Chit-chat

1. How was this year for you?
2. Are you happy with what you could study this year?
3. What did you miss, or could not do ?
4. What do you plan to do about it-about the things you could not do /study well?
5. What was the best moment for you this year?

Growing sentences

Form pairs/groups and do the following activities:

1. Form pairs. Write two sentences of two words each.
Examples:
1. Stand up.
2. Don’t disturb.

2. Form groups of three. Write three sentences of three words each.
Examples:

1. Please come here.
2. Open your books.
3. You can go.

3. Form groups of four. Write four sentences of four words each.
Examples:

1. Complete your notebooks now.
2. Is it your book?
3. I like my school.
4. Mother cooks nice food.

4. Continue to write as many sentences as the number of students in the group, till you reach the number 10.

5. After that, go on forming bigger groups and writing sentences with as many words as the number of students in the group. However, you may write only one or two sentences at each step after 10.
Examples:

• Sentence of 5 words: Can you please help me? Sentence of 6 words : Avanish works hard for his future.
• Sentence of 7 words: You are free to choose your career.
• Sentence of 8 words: I got this gift on my tenth birthday.
• Sentence of 9 words: My mother corrects me when I make a mistake.
• Sentence of 10 words: We should follow the rules and regulations of our society.

6. See if you can make a sentence with as many words in it as there are students in your classroom.

7. Write the sentence in big letters on chart paper and display it in the classroom.

English Workshop:

1. Find the meaning of the following words from a good dictionary:

Question 1.
Find the meaning of the following words from a good dictionary:
Answer:

1. Sawmill – a factory where wood is cut with machinery
2. Prussian – German inhabitant of Prussia
3. Apprentice – a person who learns some skill needed in his/her job.
4. nuisance – annoyance
5. cranky – irritable
6. hold fast to something – to possess something (here language) firmly despite of many difficulties.
7. at one stroke – with a single immediate action.
8. might – strength.

2. List the people and their occupation in the passage.

Question 1.
List the people and their occupation in the passage.
Answer:
1. M. Hamel – French teacher
2. Franz – the narrator student

3. Find five words ending with ‘-ing’ and five words ending with ‘-ed’ from the lesson.

Question 1.
Find five words ending with ‘-ing’ and five words ending with ‘-ed’ from the lesson.
Answer:

4. Find five examples of commonly used past participles from the story. For example, said, learnt.

Question 1.
Find five examples of commonly used past participles from the story. For example, said, learnt.
Answer:
Commonly used past participles from the passage:

1. got
2. saw
3. wore
4. came
5. put

5. What is the meaning of the following words and phrases in the passage? Choose the correct alternative.

Question (a)
…………….. was in great dread of
1. was in a great hall
2. was in great demand
3. was afraid of
4. was angry with.
Answer:
3. was afraid of

Question (b)
……………….. did not know the first word about them
1. did not know anything about them
2. did not care about them
3. knew all the words except the first word
4. had not learnt them by heart.
Answer:
1. did not know anything about them

Question (c)
…………………… terrible iron ruler
1. a great king
2. a ruler made of poor quality iron
3. a magic ruler
4. ruler with which the master hit the student hard.
Answer:
4. ruler with which the master hit the student hard.

Question (d)
…………… got a little over my fright
1. got very frightened
2. got something because I was frightened
3. became little
4. got less frightened
Answer:
4. got less frightened

Question (e)
What a thunderclap these words were to me!
1. The words came as a shock.
2. He shouted the words at me.
3. There was thunder and lightning.
4. The words were accompanied by claps.
Answer:
1. The words came as a shock.

Question (f)
……………… she put off learning tomorrow
1. she prepare for learning
2. she did not learn at that time
3. she cancelled tomorrow’s learning
4. she studied the word ‘tomorrow’.

6. Fill in the following blanks using proper words from ‘who’, ‘when’, ‘what’, ‘how’ or I ‘why’:

Question 1.
Fill in the following blanks using proper words from ‘who’, ‘when’, ‘what’, ‘how’ or I ‘why’:
(a) She started jumping for joy ……………… she heard the news.
(b) You must tell ………………… I mustn’t do it.
(c) The person ……………… is making the speech is my friend.
(d) They wondered ……………….. had happened to him.
(e) You must show me ………………….. to mix the solutions.
(f) I’ll tell you …………………… it is time to leave.
Answer:
(a) She started jumping for joy when she heard the news.
(b) You must tell why I mustn’t do it.
(c) The person who is making the speech is my friend.
(d) They wondered what had happened to him.
(e) You must show me how to mix the solutions.
(f) I’ll tell you when it is time to leave.

Question 2.
Write a letter of thanks to your English teacher. Thank him/her for everything that he/she did for you:
Answer:
Ishan More
16, Gnyaneshwari,
Aarey Road,
Goregaon (East),
Mumbai – 400 063.
30th April, 2020.

Dear Gogate madam,

I take this opportunity to thank you from my bottom of heart for whatever you have done for me and to improve my English skills. I think words fail me toexpress my gratitude.

Madam, when I saw this new book for the first time, I was worried as I didn’t understand how to study it and improve my writing and speaking skills. But while taking activities of every lesson and poem you not only boosted our courage but also made us confident to write and speak English fluently.

While taking activities, you gave opportunity to every one, so that we could think, imagine and express. At the same time by, taking activities based on vocabulary and grammar you laid a good foundation of it. Now, each and every student of our class wishes to learn English on their own. You created interest in learning the language.

I am really proud to say that throughout the journey of my life, I will be thankful for your efforts taken for the development of our language. I am sure, only because of your support and help I can now speak and write English fluently.

Thank you for the guidance you have given throughout the year and for making it so wonderful. I will forever be obliged to you.

Yours obediently,
Ishan More

7. Write a short note on your mother tongue and the attempts you make to study it well.

Question 1.
Write a short note on your mother tongue and the attempts you make to study it well.
Answer:
My mother tongue is Marathi. It is spoken all over Maharashtra. Konkani, Malvani, Ahirani, Varhadi are some of the dialects of Marathi. According to many writers and philosophers, it is the most beautiful language in India.

The moment when I heard the first Marathi word ‘Aai’, I have been learning this language till today. I learnt it from my parents, grandparents, neighbours and my Marathi teachers. I read a lots of books including novels of renowned authors in Marathi. People say Marathi is rich in its literature. By reading Marathi newspapers, magazines and by listening Marathi news bulletins I improved my vocabulary and even the beauty of structure. Being my mother tongue, I haven’t taken any special efforts to learn this language as I learnt it from my surroundings.

8. Write points and counter points on the following topics:

Question 1.
You should study all subjects in your mother tongue:
Answer:
Points:
1. Language is a symbol that reflects the culture of one’s community and ethnic identity and speaking in one’s own mother tongue can create a sense of personal identity for the students across the globe.
2. When students don’t understand the instructions given by the teachers in English they lose their confidence and they either choose to sit silently or repeat mechanically, leading to frustration and ultimately repetition, failure and school drop out.

Counterpoints:

1. India is a country with too many languages with some being state specific and Hindi being the national language. English being an international language has now become language connecting the whole of India. On the other hand, we have our mother tongues which teach the kids about our culture and about our past.

2. If the instructions are given in mother tongue then the question arises, “How will they cope up with English later on? The educationists and policy makers need to give it a thought.

Question 2.
You must memorise the rules of grammar : Points:
Answer:
1. Language is the base of almost everything we do as human beings. We cannot communicate without language. If we want to understand linguistic dimension of our existence we need to learn the rules and regulations of grammar as it is fundamental organizing principle of language.
2. It has been observed that the explicit teaching of grammar rules leads to better learning and understanding and this lasts over time. Learning about grammar provides basic knowledge for learning other languages.
Counterpoints:
1. The difference between a literate and educated person is that an educated person knows to read and write. Anyone who knows to read and write knows grammar. It is a part of learning a language. Why to take it up as a separate thing to learn and add to the stress level of the students.
2. Language is a means of communication, people have been communicating with each other for ages. Functional grammar is still acceptable but learning rules looks like wastage of time and energy. There are pros and cons of everything and so is of learning grammar rules. I think that at least the basics of grammar should be taught till primary level and then we can shift to functional grammer.

9. Why was Franz sad?

Question 1.
Why was Franz sad?
Answer:
When Franz came to know that M. Hamel was leaving, he realized that he had not learned a single word of French, his own language and now they will start teaching German. He was also sad thinking about the condition of M. Hamel who was leaving the school after forty years of faithful service.

10. What should people never lose even when they lose freedom?

Question 1.
What should people never lose even when they lose freedom?
Answer:
Even when the people lose their freedom, they should not lose their own language.

My English Coursebook 9th Class Solutions Chapter 4.5 The Last Lesson Additional Important Questions and Answers

Simple Factual Activities:

Question 1.
State whether you Agree or Disagree with the following statements:
Answer:

1. A little boy Franz is narrating the story. – Agree
2. Mr. Hamel is the teacher in Franz’s school. – Agree
3. Franz had learnt all his participles well. – Disagree
4. All bad news had come from the bulletin board which was kept in front of Franz’s school. – Disagree

Question 2.
List the profession/occupation of the people mentioned in the passage:
Answer:

1. Little Franz: student/narrator
2. M. Hamel: teacher
3. Watcher: blacksmith
4. Classmates: students studying in the same class.
5. Prussians: Soldiers
6. Villagers: former mayor former postmaster.

Question 3.
Complete the following sentences:
Answer:

1. The story takes place in Alsace and Loraine.
2. The order from Berlin forced on teaching German instead of French in the schools of Alsace and Loraine.
3. Franz studies grammer, French and history of the saints in school.

Question 4.
Complete the following sentences by using one word: (Answers are directly given.)
Answer:

1. According to M. Hamel, French was the most beautiful language in the world.
2. M. Hamel had put on his Sunday clothes.
3. M. Hamel had put in forty years of faithful service.
4. Franz had not studied participles.

Question 5.
State whether the following statements are True or False: (Answers are directly given.)
Answer:

1. The people of the village gathered in the school to thank M. Hamel. – True
2. Franz can neither speak nor write French. – True
3. Franz’s parents were very much anxious in his studies. – False
4. Franz had never listened M. Hamel so carefully before. – True

Question 6.
Complete the following sentences:
Answer:

1. M. Hamel lived above the school room.
2. His sister lived with him.
3. M. Hamel wrote “VIVE LA FRANCE”! on the blackboard with all his might.
4. M. Hamel wrote France, Alsace, France, Alsace on the grammar copy.

Complex Factual Activities:

Question 1.
Complete the following sentences:
Answer:
1. The iron ruler is said to be terrible because M. Hamel hit the students with this ruler.
2. The narrator was thinking not to go to school because he thought M. Hamel would question him about participles and scold him for not doing the participles.

Question 2.
Describe the scene usually like when school begins?
Answer:
Usually, when school begins there was a great bustle which could be heard out in the street – the opening and closing of desks, lessons repeated in unison, very loud, and the teacher’s great ruler rapping on the table.

Question 3.
In what time period does the story take place?
Answer:
During the France-Prussian war 1870-1871.

Question 4.
How did M. Hamel dress up on special occasions?
Answer:
On special occasions, M. Hamel dressed up in his beautiful green coat, frilled shirt and a little black embroidered silk cap.

Question 5.
Is the school closing down?
Answer:
No, the school is not closing down whereas a German teacher is going to take the place of M. Hamel who teaches French in that school.

Question 6.
Why were the old men of the village attending school that day?
Answer:
The old men of the village were sorry that they had not gone to school in their life. They also wanted to thank M. Hamel for his selfless service of forty years and show their respect for their country which did not belong to them now. So they were attending the school that day.

Question 7.
Why did M. Hamel not scold Franz?
Answer:
Franz was feeling guilty for not learning French properly even though he had a good chance to learn. He also knew that it was not his fault. Whereas his parents were also responsible for the same so M. Hamel did not scold Franz.

Question 8.
According to M. Hamel, who are the people that did not take education seriously? What examples does he give to support his view?
Answer:
According to M. Hamel, the people of Alsace did not take education seriously. He gave the example of Franz’s parents who wanted Franz to work on a farm or at the mill instead of going to school and learn.

Question 9.
Why does Franz understand his lesson well?
Answer:
Being the last lesson of French, Franz was serious. He heard it more carefully that day. He also realized that M. Hamel was teaching patiently as if he wanted to give everything he knew, before going away. So Franz understands his lesson well.

Question 10.
Why does the author say, “I never saw him look so tall”?
Answer:
The author was always afraid of his French teacher M. Hamel. He also did not understand what he taught. But on the last day of his lecture, the narrator understood and remembered that last lesson. He also developed respect and love for M. Hamel seeing his patriotism. So he says. “I never saw him look so tall.”

Question 11.
Complete the following sentences:
Answer:

1. The only sound in the classroom was the scratching of the pens over the paper.
2. M. Hamel’s sister moved in the room above to pack their trunks.
3. The gesture to students with his hand by M. Hamel was school is dismissed – you may go.
4. Only the desks and benches had been worn smooth.

Activities based on vocabulary:

Question 1.
Make a Word Register related with “School” based on the given passage.
Answer:
School: desks, participles, lessons, questions, teacher, classmates, table, ruler.

Question 2.
Complete the following table with the help of the passage given:
Answer:

Question 3.
Find out examples of commonly used past participles from the passage.
Answer:
Commonly used past participles from the passage:
1. knew
2. forgot.

Question 4.
Write the meaning of the following words :
(Answers are directly given.)
Answer:

1. bustle – busy and noisy activity
2. attentive – thoughtful
3. solemn – sincere.

Question 5.
Find out opposites from the passage for the following : (Answers are directly given.)
Answer:

1. disrespect × respect
2. unfaithful × faithful
3. carefree × anxious
4. best × worst

Question 6.
Arrange the following words in alphabetical order:
prison, patience, people, poor, participles, plenty, pretend, parents.
Answer:
Alphabetical order:
parents, participles, patience, people, plenty, poor, pretend, prison.

Question 7.
Find out synonyms from the passage for –
(Answers are directly given.)
Answer:

1. awesome – beautiful
2. flapping – fluttering
3. intone – chant
4. discharged – dismissed

Activities based on contextual grammar:

Frame a Wh-question to get underlined answer:

Question 1.
The birds were chirping at the edges of the woods.
Answer:
Where were the birds chirping?

Question 2.
The blacksmith was there with his apprentice.
Answer:
Who was there with his apprentice?

Question 3.
The narrator was blushed and frightened.
Answer:
How was the narrator?

Question 4.
The morning was warm and bright.
Answer:
What was warm and bright?

Question 5.
Find out two imperative and two exclamatory sentences from the passage:
Answer:
1. Imperative sentences:

• Don’t go so fast, boy.
• Go to your place quickly.

2. Exclamatory sentences:

• It was so warm, so bright!
• But now it was all so still!

Pick out the infinitive from the sentence and use it in your own sentence:

Question 1.
The order has come from Berlin to teach only German in the schools.
Answer:
Infinitive – to teach
Sentence: I don’t like to teach the people, I like to learn from the people.

Question 2.
So heavy to carry my grammar and my history of the saints.
Answer:
Infinitive – to carry
Sentence: Most of the youngsters don’t like to carry anything with them.

Question 3.
M. Hamel said, “My children, this is the last lesson I shall give you. The order has come from Berlin to teach only German in the schools of Alsace and Loraine.” (Rewrite it in indirect narration.)
Answer:
M. Hamel told his children that, it was the last lesson he would give them. He further told them that the order had come from Berlin to teach only German in the schools of Alsace and Loraine.

Question 4.
Add a question tag given.
Answer:

1. They had not gone to school, had they?
2. Your parents were not anxious enough to have you learn, were they?
3. You are not the worst, are you?
4. I had never listened so carefully, had I?

Make it affirmative without changing the meanings:

Question 1.
He had never explained everything with so much patience.
Answer:
He had hardly explained everything with so much patience.

Question 2.
I had not learnt my participles so I could not say a single word.
Answer:
I had hardly learnt my participles so I was unable to say a single word.

Question 3.
I thought to myself, “Will they make them sing in German, even the pigeons?”
(Rewrite it in indirect narration.)
Answer:
I thought to myself that they would make them sing in German, even the pigeons.

Do as directed:

Question 1.
He could not go on. (Use ‘to be able to’)
Answer:
He was not able to go on.

Question 2.
He took a piece of chalk, he wrote as large as he could. (Begin the sentence with ‘After taking …’)
Answer:
After taking a piece of chalk, he wrote as large as he could.

Question 3.
Complete the words by using correct letters:

1. s _ old
2. fie_d
3. pr _ ze
4. t_ach

Answer:

1. scold
2. field
3. prize
4. teach

Question 4.
Copy the following sentences in your notebook:
Answer:
1. “Don’t go so fast, boy; you’ll get to your school in plenty of time!”
2. I thought myself “What can be the matter now?”

Question 5.
Put the following words in alphabetical order:
1. wondering, participles, mayor, bustle.
2. scolding, solemn, scratching, soldiers.
Answer:
1. bustle, mayor, participles, wondering.
2. scolding, scratching, soldiers, solemn.

Question 6.
Punctuate the following sentences:
1. I thought to myself will they make them sing in german even the pigeons
2. this is your last french lesson I want you to be very attentive m hamel said
Answer:
1. I thought to myself, “Will they make them sing in German, even the pigeons?”
2. “This is your last French lesson. I want you to be very attentive,” M. Hamel said.

Question 7.
Write four small words (minimum letters each) using the letters in the given word:
‘thunderclap’
Answer:

1. thunder
2. clap
3. under
4. tune

Question 8.
Spot the error and rewrite the correct sentences:
1. Through the window I see my classmates, already in their place.
2. They were sorry because they has not gone to school more.
Answer:
1. Through the window I saw my classmates, already in their place.
2. They were sorry because they had not gone to school more.

Question 9.
Write related words as shown in the example: (Answers are directly given.)
Answer:

Question 10.
Complete the following word-chain of verbs. Add four words each beginning with the last letter of the previous words:
chirp → ………………… → ……………….. → ……………… →…………….. .
Answer:
chirp → ping → grow → watch → heal.

Do as directed:

Question 1.
Make your own meaningful sentence by using the phrase “Once in a blue moon”.
Answer:
My uncle lives in Australia, so I see him only once in a blue moon.

Question 2.
Add a prefix or suffix to make new words and use any one of the root words in your own sentence:
1. motion
2. faith
Answer:
1. motion – motionless
2. faith – faithful.
Sentence: My grandmother was sitting without any motion in her chair.

Question 3.
Add a clause to expand the sentence meaningfully:
The people realized …………….. .
Answer:
The people realized that trees should be protected at any cost.

Personal Response:

Question 1.
What is the scene like when your own school begins? Describe it in short.
Answer:
When my school begins, students are busy in different activities. There is chaos everywhere, students rush to their classes hurriedly. They meet and greet each other. They run laugh, chat and enjoy the beginning of the school.

Question 2.
How do your teachers punish you when you make a mistake in the class?
Answer:
I never give any chance to my teachers to punish me. Being studious and serious in studies, I always do my work on time. I participate in all the activities in the class. So my teachers always praise me and my work. So even if I make a mistake they never punish me.

Question 3.
Why is it the last lesson?
Answer:
An order had come from Berlin to teach only German in the schools of Alsace and Loraine. M. Hamel used to teach French there. By order a new German teacher was supposed to come the next day to teach German in that school. It was the last lesson of French and the French teacher.

Question 4.
We should be grateful to our teachers – support your views.
Answer:
We should be grateful to our teachers because whatever they do, they do it for the development of their students. They do it selflessly. They want every student to be successful. By telling us what is good and what is bad they always show us the right path. They always lead like a ‘torch bearer’ to us.

Question 5.
Why M. Hamel was leaving the country?
Answer:
M. Hamel was extremely patriotic towards I France and had a deep love for the French language. The Prussians had taken over Alsace and Loraine. He might be leaving the country as he did not want to live under the Prussians’ rule where even teaching the French language was prohibited.

Question 6.
With the coming of Prussians, will language be the only thing that will change? What other changes may take place?
Answer:
With the coming of Prussians not only language but also the whole life of the people of France will be changed because they will be bound by German laws. They will not get their fundamental rights. They will have to obey their orders and live like slaves. They will squeeze money out of them and leave them financially bankrupt.

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Class 9 Science Solutions Chapter 8 Useful and Harmful Microbes Notes, Textbook Exercise Important Questions and Answers.

Maharashtra State Board Class 9 Science Solutions Chapter 8 Useful and Harmful Microbes

Class 9 Science Chapter 8 Useful and Harmful Microbes Textbook Questions and Answers

1. Complete the statements using the proper option from those given below. Explain the statements. (mycotoxins, budding, rhizobium)

a. Yeast reproduces asexually by the …………………….. method.
Answer:
The yeast cells develop small round bodies on the parent cell. These are called buds. New daughter cells develop from these buds.

b. Toxins of fungal origin are called …………………….. .
Answer:
Mycotoxins are poisonous chemicals released into the food by fungi. This makes the food poisonous.

c. Leguminous plants can produce more proteins due to …………………….. .
Answer:

• (i) Nitrogenous compounds are required to produce proteins.
• (ii) Rhizobia produce nitrogenous compounds by fixing atmospheric nitrogen and make it available for their host plants like leguminous plants.

2. Write the names of microbes found in the following food materials.
yogurt, bread, root nodules of leguminous plants, idli, dosa, spoiled potato curry.
Answer:

3. Identify the odd word out and say why it is the odd one?

a. Pneumonia, diphtheria, chicken pox, cholera.
Answer:
Chickenpox. It is caused by a virus, whereas others are caused by bacteria.

b. Lactobacilli, rhizobia, yeast, clostridia.
Answer:
Yeast. It is a fungus, whereas the rest are bacteria.

c. Root rot, rust (tambura), rubella, mozaic.
Answer:
Rubella. It is a disease of humans, whereas the rest are diseases of plants.

4. Give scientific reasons.

a. Foam accumulates on a the surface of ‘dal’ kept for a long time in summer.
Answer:

• Dal is rich in proteins.
• During summer, bacteria attack the dal and cause fermentation resulting in the production of carbon dioxide gas.
• Therefore, foam accumulates on the surface of the ‘dal’ kept for long time in summer.

b. Why are naphthalene balls kept with clothes to be put away.
Answer:

• Naphthalene balls are balls of chemical pesticide and deodorant.
• They help to kill or repel insects such as moths, cockroaches, mice etc.
• Therefore, naphthalene balls are kept with clothes to be put away to prevent clothes from getting damaged.

5. Write down the modes of infection and the preventive measures against fungal diseases.
Answer:

• Mode of infection: Contact with infected person or his/her belongings like clothes.
• Preventive measure: Personal hygiene and avoid contact with infected person.

6. Match the pairs.

‘A’ group ‘B’ group
1. Rhizobium a. Food poisoning
2. Clostridium b. Nitrogen fixation
3. Penicillium c. Bakery products
4. Yeast d. Production of antibiotics
Answer:
(1 – b),
(2 – a),
(3 – d),
(4 – c)

7. Answer the following questions.

a. Which vaccines are given to infants? Why?
Answer:

• Hepatitis A and B, DTP (Diphtheria, Tetanus, Pertussis.) Polio, MMR (Measles, Mumps, Rubella), Chicken pox, Influenza, Tetanus, BCG, Rotavirus, etc.
• Vaccines consist of dead or weakend microbes. When these are swallowed or injected, the body produces antibodies to fight them.
• These antibodies remain in the body and protect it from any future attack of the disease causing microbes.
• Therefore, vaccines are given to infants for preventing diseases.

b. How is a vaccine produced?
Answer:

• Vaccines are made using the disease causing bacteria or virus but in a form that will not harm the human beings.
• Vaccine is made from dead or weakened microbes or their toxins.
• Vaccine stimulates the immune system to produce antibodies which give life-long protection against the disease.
• There are specific vaccines for specific diseases.

c. How do antibiotics cure disease?
Answer:
Antibiotics cure diseases by destroying or preventing the growth of harmful micro-organisms.

d. Are the antibiotics given to humans and animals the same? Why?
Answer:

• Generally, antibiotics work against any harmful bacteria, whether it is attacking humans or animals.
• But some of them are better suited to humans while some are better for animals. This is due to the adverse effects they show in different species.
• Also, the dosages of antibiotics for humans and animals differ.

e. Why is it necessary to safely store the pathogens of a disease against which vaccines are to be produced?
Answer:

• Pathogens are microbes which can cause diseases in us.
• For the preparation of a vaccine, a particular pathogen is cultured and grown in a laboratory.
• If these pathogens are not safely stored, they many get modified due to environmental factors, resulting in decrease in the efficiency of the vaccine.
• Also, the live pathogens may escape and cause diseases in us.

8. Answer the following questions in brief.

a. What are ‘broad-spectrum antibiotics’?
b. What is fermentation?
Answer:

• Yeast uses sugar for food.
• Yeast grows and multiplies rapidly due to the carbon compounds in the sugar solution.
• In the process of obtaining nutrition, yeast cells convert the carbohydrates in the food into alcohol and carbon dioxide.
• Also, the bacteria Lactobacilli convert lactose, the sugar in milk into lactic acid.
• This process is called fermentation.

c. Define ‘Antibiotic’.
Answer:

• Carbon compounds obtained from some bacteria and fungi for destroying or preventing the growth of harmful micro -organisms are called antibiotics.
• Antibiotics, a discovery of the 20th century, have brought a revolution in the field of medicine.
• Antibiotics mainly act against bacteria. Some antibiotics can destroy protozoa.
• Some antibiotics are useful against a wide variety of bacteria they are called broad-spectrum antibiotics. Examples – Ampicillin, amoxicillin, tetracycline, etc.
• When the pathogen cannot be identified even though the symptoms of the disease are visible, broad-spectrum antibiotics are used.
• Whenever a pathogenic micro-organism is definitely known, then narrow-spectrum antibiotics are used. Examples: Penicillin, gentamycin, erythromycin, etc.

Class 9 Science Chapter 8 Useful and Harmful Microbes Intext Questions and Answers

Can you recall?

Question 1.
What is meant by microbes? What are their characteristics?
Answer:
Microbes are tiny microscopic organisms which cannot be seen with the unaided eye.

Characteristics of Microbes.

• They are the smallest organisms on earth.
• They are composed of prokaryotic or eukaryotic cells.
• They can be seen only with the help of a microscope.
• They are found in any kind of environment ranging from coolest polar regions to hottest of deserts. Also found in soil, water and air.
• Some of them are useful, whereas some of them are harmful micro-organisms.

Question 2.
How do you observe microbes?
Answer:
Microbes are observed using a microscope.

Answer the following.

Question 1.
Why are wineries located near Nashik in Maharashtra?
Answer:

• Nashik in Maharashtra is the leading grape producer in the country as it has the soil suitable for the production of grapes.
• Glucose and fructose, the sugars present in grape juice are fermented with the help of yeast to produce wines. Therefore, wineries are located near Nashik in Maharashtra.

Question 2.
Find out the uses of fungi to plants and animals?
Answer:

• Fungi decompose the bodies of dead animals and convert them into simple carbon compounds. These substances easily mix with air, water and soil from where they are again absorbed by plants and enter the food chain.
• Some fungi living in symbiotic association with plants help to absorb water and inorganic compounds like nitrate and phosphate.
• Fungi are also used to derive antibiotics like penicillin which are useful to animals.
• Ants grow fungi in their anthill and obtain food from it.
• Some species of wasps and insects lay their eggs in the fungal bodies growing on trees, thus ensuring a food supply for their larvae.

Question 3.
What is the structure of lichen, a condiment? Where else is it used?
Answer:

• Lichen is a symbiotic association between a fungus and an algae (Cyanobacterium).
• Lichens are sensitive to environmental disturbances and are used in assessing air pollution in an area.
• Lichens are also used in making dyes, perfumes and in traditional medicines.
• A few lichen species are eaten by insects or animals such as reindeer.

Open-ended questions

Answer the following questions:

Class 9 Science Chapter 8 Useful And Harmful Microbes Exercise Question 1.
How is yoghurt made from milk? What exactly happens in this process?
Answer:

• Milk contains sugar called lactose which is broken down with help of Lactobacilli.
• Lactobacilli converts lactose into Lactic Acid. This process is called fermentation. As a result, the pH of milk decreases causing coagulation of milk proteins.
• Thus, milk proteins are separated from other constituents of milk and milk changes to yoghurt.

Useful And Harmful Microbes Class 9 Exercise Question 2.
Sometimes, you may notice a black powder or white discs floating on the pickle or murabba, when a jar is opened after a long time. What exactly is this? Why are such food items not good to eat?
Answer:

• A black powder or white disc floating on the pickle or murabba are fungi.
• Different fungal species depend on host (pickle and murabba) for their growth and reproduction.
• During this process, fungi secretes mycotoxins which are poisonous chemicals; which ultimately spoil the food. Consuming such food can cause food poisoning.
• Therefore, such food items are not good to eat.

8 Useful And Harmful Microbes Class 9 Question 3.
How many different industries depend upon the Lactobacilli bacteria?
Answer:
Industries like milk products, cider, cocoa, pickles, pharmaceuticals depend on Lactobacilli bacteria.

Useful And Harmful Microbes Class 9 Question 4.
Which types of cottage industries and factories can be started in areas with abundant milk production?
Answer:
Cottage industries like the manufacture of milk products like ghee, cheese, paneer, curd, shrikhand, etc. and chocolate making can be started in areas with abundant milk production.

9th Class Science Chapter 8 Useful And Harmful Microbes Exercise Question 5.
Which changes do you notice in leather articles and gunny (jute) bags during the rainy season?
Answer:
In rainy season we can notice whitish-green cotton-like growth or black powder or white discs on leather articles and gunny (jute) bags during the rainy season as these articles are infected by fungus.

Class 9th Science Chapter 8 Useful And Harmful Microbes Exercise Question 6.
For how long afterwards can you use those articles?
Answer:
Those articles cannot be used for long as they wear out and do not last long.

Question 7.
Why do these articles not get spoilt during the summer or winter?
Answer:

• Spores of fungi can germinate when there is sufficient moisture.
• During summer or winter the weather is hot and dry and so fungus cannot grow in such weather.
• Also microbes cannot survive extreme hot or cold temperatures of summer or winter. Therefore, these articles do not get spoilt during summer or winter.

Question 8.
Why do doctors advise you to take yoghurt or buttermilk if you have indigestion or abdominal discomfort?
Answer:

• The Lactobacilli present in yoghurt or buttermilk help to restore the natural microbial flora in the intestine, thus helping in digestion and absorption of nutrients.
• Also buttermilk helps to cool down the stomach and works as a laxative to ease the congestion during abdominal discomfort.

Question 9.
Sometimes, yoghurt becomes bitter and froths up. Why does this happen?
Answer:

• Sometimes yoghurt becomes bitter due to excess fermentation by bacteria.
• Excess amount of lactic acid is produced making the curd bitter.

Question 10.
Which different milk products are obtained at home by fermentation of the cream from the milk?
Answer:
Yoghurt, buttermilk, ghee, cheese, shrikhand, sour cream, etc.

Question 11.
Recently, it has been made compulsory in India and some other countries to mix 10% ethanol with fuels like petrol and diesel. What is the reason for this?
Answer:

• Ethanol is a smokeless and high quality fuel. So it helps to reduce pollution when mixed with petrol or diesel.
• As petrol or diesel is a fossil fuel less consumption of it will lead to resourceful use of it and making the country self-efficient by moving towards sustainable fuel like ethanol.

Question 12.
Chapattis made from wheat only swell up but bread becomes spongy, soft and easy to digest. Why is it so?
Answer:

• The chapatti dough has water, which on heating converts into steam and tries to escape.
• While doing so, it lifts up the upper layer of the chapatti. Therefore, the chapatti swells up.
• Bread is made by adding yeast to the flour.
• In the process of obtaining nutrition, the yeast cells convert the carbohydrates into alcohol and carbon dioxide.
• When this dough is baked, the carbon dioxide escapes out making the bread spongy, soft and easy to digest.

Question 13.
Salt is applied on the inner surface of pickle jars and the pickle is covered with oil. Why is this done?
Answer:

• Salt acts as a preservative. It prevents the growth of bacteria by forcing the microbes to lose water by osmosis. Hence, salt is applied on the inner surface of pickle jars.
• Pickle is covered with oil as oil acts as preservative. It seals off the air from the item that is being pickled and provides an environment in which microbes cannot grow.

Question 14.
Which preservatives are mixed with ready to eat foods to prevent them from spoiling?
Answer:
Common salt, sugar, sodium benzoate, citric acid, sodium meta-bi-sulfite etc. are some 1 of the preservatives mixed with ready-to-eat foods to prevent them from spoiling.

Question 15.
Which plant and animal diseases are caused by micro-organisms and what are the 1 measures to be taken against them? Answer:
Plant diseases:

• Citrus canker is a bacterial disease that affects 1 trees of citrus fruits.
• Rust of wheat is a fungal disease that affects wheat crops.
• Yellow vein mosaic is a viral disease which affects vegetables like bhindi (okra).

Preventive Measures:

• Seeds which are healthy and disease-free should be selected for sowing.
• Infected plants should be removed.
• Plants should be sprayed with fungicides and germicides to prevent diseases.

Animal diseases:

• Anthrax is a disease that affects cattle. It is caused by a bacterium.
• Foot and mouth is a dangerous disease in cattle caused by a virus.
• Rabies is a viral disease that affects animals.

Preventive Measures:

• The place where animals are kept should be washed with germicides.
• Animals should be dewormed regularly.
• The animals should be treated with necessary antibiotics for infectious diseases.
• They should be regularly vaccinated.
• Take the animals to a veterinary hospital for proper treatment and vaccination.

Answer the following questions:

Question 1.
Bring ‘active dry yeast’ from the market. Mix a spoonful of yeast, two spoonfuls sugar with a sufficient quantity of lukewarm water in a bottle. Fix a colourless, transparent balloon on the mouth of that bottle.

What changes do you observe after 10 minutes? Mix limewater with the gas accumulated in the balloon. Collect that limewater in a beaker and observe it. What do you notice?

Answer:

• After 10 minutes, the balloon is filled with a gas and gets inflated.
• Lime water turns milky thus proving that the gas accumulated is carbon dioxide.

Class 9 Science Chapter 8 Useful and Harmful Microbes Additional Important Questions and Answers

Select the correct option:

Question 1.
The rod-shaped bacteria found in milk or buttermilk are called ……………………. .
(a) Rhizobium
(b) Clostridium
(c) Lactobacilli
(d) Saccharomyces
Answer:
(c) Lactobacilli

Question 2.
Yoghurt has a specific sour taste due to ……………………. .
(a) lactic acid
(b) citric acid
(c) acetic acid
(d) alcohol
Answer:
(a) lactic acid

Question 3.
Bacteria found in the root nodules of leguminous plants are ……………………. .
(a) clostridium
(b) streptococcus
(c) Lactobacilli
(d) Rhizobium
Answer:
(d) Rhizobium

Question 4.
A mutually beneficial relationship is called ……………………. .
(a) symbiosis
(b) parasitism
(c) autotropism
(d) none of these
Answer:
(a) symbiosis

Question 5.
Carbon compounds obtained from bacteria and fungi for destroying or preventing the growth of harmful micro-organisms are called ……………………. .
(a) probiotics
(b) antibiotics
(c) antibodies
(d) antigens
Answer:
(b) antibiotics

Question 6.
Fungi release ……………………. into the food, making the food poisonous.
(a) cyanotoxins
(b) dinotoxins
(c) mycotoxins
(d) cytotoxins
Answer:
(c) mycotoxins

Question 7.
……………………. produce bottle-shaped endospores in adverse conditions.
(a) Lactobacilli
(b) Clostridium
(c) Yeast
(d) Rhizobium
Answer:
(b) Clostridium

Question 8.
……………………. conducted important research on the toxin responsible for gas gangrene and the antitoxin responsible for treating it.
(a) Ida Bengston
(b) Van Ermengem
(c) Louis Pasteur
(d) Alexander Fleming
Answer:
(a) Ida Bengston

Question 9.
……………………. is a smokeless and high quality fuel.
(a) Methanol
(b) Ethanol
(c) Petrol
(d) Diesel
Answer:
(b) Ethanol

Question 10.
Antibiotics mainly act against ……………………. .
(a) bacteria
(b) viruses
(c) algae
(d) fungi
Answer:
(a) Bacteria

Question 11.
……………………. is a broad-spectrum antibiotic.
(a) Gentamycin
(b) Penicillin
(c) Amoxicillin
(d) Erythromycin
Answer:
(c) Amoxicillin

Question 12.
……………………. is a narrow-spectrum antibiotic.
(a) Ampicillin
(b) Amoxicillin
(c) Tetracyclin
(d) Penicillin
Answer:
(d) Penicillin

Question 13.
Antibiotic penicillin was discovered by ……………………. .
(a) Louis Pasteur
(b) Alexander Fleming
(c) Ida Bengston
(d) Van Ermengem
Answer:
(b) Alexander Fleming

Question 14.
……………………. proved that the anaerobic bacterium Clostridium botulinum is responsible for food poisoning.
(a) Louis Pasteur
(b) Ida Bengston
(c) Alexander Fleming
(d) Van Ermengem
Answer:
(d) Van Ermengem

Question 15.
AIDS is caused by ……………………. .
(a) virus
(b) bacteria
(c) protozoa
(d) fungi
Answer:
(a) Virus

Question 16.
Dengue is caused by ……………………. .
(a) droplets spread in air
(b) contact with infected person
(c) mosquito bite
(d) contaminated water and food
Answer:
(c)mosquitobite

Question 17.
Pneumonia is caused by ……………………. .
(a) virus
(b) bacteria
(c) fungi
(d) protozoa
Answer:
(b) bacteria

Question 18.
……………………. can be prevented by vaccination.
(a) Malaria
(b) AIDS
(c) Leprosy
(d) Chicken pox
Answer:
(d) Chicken pox

Question 19.
Malaria is caused by ……………………. .
(a) protozoa
(b) bacteria
(c) fungi
(d) virus
Answer:
(a) protozoa

Question 20.
Bird flu (H₇N₉) and swine flu (H₁N₁) are caused by ……………………. .
(a) bacteria
(b) protozoa
(c) fungi
(d) virus
Answer:
(d) virus

Question 21.
The Lactobacilli convert lactose, the sugar in the milk, into ……………………. .
(a) lactic acid
(b) acetic acid
(c) alcohol
(d) citric acid
Answer:
(a) lactic acid

Question 22.
The ……………………. destroys harmful microbes present in the milk.
(a) high pH
(b) neutral pH
(c) low pH
(d) none of these
Answer:
(c) low pH

Question 23.
Lactobacilli kill the harmful bacteria like ……………………. present in the alimentary canal.
(a) Rhizobium
(b) Saccharomyces
(c) Clostridium
(d) Alcanivorax
Answer:
(c) Clostridium

Question 24.
During fermentation, yeast cells convert carbohydrates into ……………………. .
(a) glucose and fructose
(b) alcohol and carbon dioxide
(c) proteins and fats
(d) fatty acids and amino acids
Answer:
(b) alcohol and carbon dioxide

Question 25.
Molasses is fermented with the help of yeast called ……………………. .
(a) Yarrowia lipolytica
(b) Alcanivorax
(c) Rhizobia
(d) Saccharomyces
Answer:
(d) Saccharomyces

Question 26.
A yeast ……………………. is used to absorb the toxins released during the production of palm oil.
(a) Yarrowia lipolytica
(b) Alcanivorax
(c) Saccharomyces cerevisiae
(d) Penicillium
Answer:
(a) Yarrowia lipolytica

Question 27.
The bacteria which spoil cooked food are ……………………. .
(a) Saccharomyces
(b) Lactobacilli
(c) Clostridium
(d) Rhizobium
Answer:
(c) Clostridium

Question 28.
……………………. can grow and reproduce only in living cells.
(a) Bacteria
(b) Viruses
(c) Fungi
(d) Protozoa
Answer:
(b) Viruses

Find the odd man out:

Question 1.
AIDS, Hepatitis, Leprosy, Dengue.
Answer:
Leprosy. It is caused by bacteria, whereas the rest are caused by viruses.

Question 2.
Cholera, Leprosy, Pneumonia, Influenza.
Answer:
Influenza. It is caused by a virus, whereas the rest are caused by bacteria.

Question 3.
Ampicillin, Amoxycillin, Penicillin, Tetracycline.
Answer:
Penicillin. It is a narrow-spectrum antibiotic, whereas others are broad-spectrum antibiotics.

Question 4.
Tetracycline, Penicillin, Gentamycin, Erythromycin.
Answer:
Tetracycline. It is a broad-spectrum antibiotic, whereas others are narrow-spectrum antibiotics.

Complete the analogy:

Question 1.
(1) Dengue : Virus :: Malaria : …………………………. .
(2) Hepatitis : Virus :: Pneumonia : …………………………. .
(3) Cholera : Bacteria :: Swine flu : …………………………. .
(4) Swine flu : HJNJ : : Bird Flu : …………………………. .
(5) Measles : Virus :: Ringworm : …………………………. .
(6) Yoghurt: Lactobacilli : : Bread : …………………………. .
(7) Oil spills: Alcanivorax :: Absorption of arsenic : …………………………. .
(8) Rhizobium : Nitrogen fixation : : Clostridium : …………………………. .
Answer:
(1) Protozoa
(2) Bacteria
(3) Virus
(4) HyN9
(5) Fungi
(6) Yeast
(7) Saccharomyces cerevisiae
(8) Food poisoning.

Match the columns:

Question 1.

Answer:
(1 – d),
(2 – b),
(3 – a),
(4 – c)

State whether the following statements are true or false. Correct the false statements:

(1) Lactobacilli are aerobic bacteria.
(2) Lactobacilli converts lactose sugar into alcohol.
(3) Yoghurt has a specific sour taste due to acetic acid.
(4) The bacteria Clostridium are present in the root . nodules of leguminous plants.
(5) Yeast cell is a prokaryotic cell.
(6) The use of Rhizobium has helped to reduce the use of chemical fertilizers.
(7) Ethanol is a smokeless and high quality fuel.
(8) A yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae is used for absorbing toxins released during palm oil production.
(9) Gentamycin is a narrow-spectrum antibiotic.
(10) Antibiotics mainly act against bacteria.
(11) Oil spills in oceans are cleared with the help of Clostridium bacteria.
(12) Tetracycline is a narrow-spectrum antibiotic.
(13) Amoxicillin is a broad-spectrum antibiotic.
(14) Penicillin is a group of antibiotics obtained from a fungus Saccharomyces.
(15) Antibiotic Penicillin was discovered by Alexander Fleming.
(16) The bacteria Lactobacilli cause food-poisoning.
(17) Clostridium bacteria grow in aerobic conditions.
(18) AIDS is caused by a virus.
(19) Influenza is caused by a bacteria.
(20) Antibiotics useful to one person can be suggested to others also.
(21) Dengue is caused by a bacteria.
(22) Dandruff and ringworm are caused by fungi.
(23) Pneumonia is spread through droplets spread in air by infected person.
(24) Chicken pox spread due to contaminated food and water.
(25) Ida Bengston was honoured with the Typhoid Medal’ in 1947.
Answer:
(1) False. Lactobacilli are anaerobic bacteria.
(2) False. The Lactobacilli converts lactose sugar into lactic acid.
(3) False. Yogurt has a specific sour taste due to lactic acid.
(4) False. The bacteria Rhizobium are present in the root nodules of leguminous plants.
(5) False. Yeast cell is a eukaryotic cell.
(6) True.
(7) True.
(8) False. A yeast, Yarrowia lipolytic is used to absorb the toxins released during the production of palm oil.
(9) True.
(10) True.
(11) False. Oil spills in oceans are cleared with the help of Alcanivorax bacteria.
(12) False. Tetracycline is a broad-spectrum antibiotic.
(13) True.
(14) False. Penicillin is a group of antibiotics obtained from a fungus Penicillium.
(15) True.
(16) False. The bacteria Clostridium cause food? poisoning.
(17) False. Clostridium bacteria grow in anaerobic conditions.
(18) True.
(19) False. Influenza is caused by a virus.
(20) False. Antibiotics useful to one person cannot be suggested to others as different diseases require different antibiotics.
(21) False. Dengue is caused by a virus.
(22) True.
(23) True.
(24) False. Chicken pox spread due to contact with infected person.
(25) False. Ida Bengston was honoured with the ‘Typhus Medal’ in 1947.

Complete the statements using the proper option from those given below. Explain the statements: (mycotoxins, budding, Rhizobium, molasses, endospores, broad-spectrum, Lactobacilli)

Question 1.
Lactobacilli bacteria are used for making yoghurt.
Answer:
The lactobacilli convert lactose, the sugar in the milk, into lactic acid. As a result, the pH of milk decreases causing a coagulation of milk proteins. Milk changes into yogurt.

Question 2.
The use of Rhizobium has helped to reduce the use of chemical fertilizers.
Answer:
Rhizobium bacteria are found in the root nodules of leguminous plants. They help to convert atmospheric nitrogen into nitrogen compounds and provide it to the plants. This helps to reduce the use of chemical fertilizers and their adverse effects.

Question 3.
Amoxicillin is a broad-spectrum antibiotic.
Answer:
This antibiotic is useful against a wide variety of bacteria. It is used against pathogens which cannot be identified during symptoms of a disease.

Question 4.
Ethanol is produced by the fermentation of molasses.
Answer:
Molasses is produced from sugarcane juice. It is rich in carbohydrates. When it is fermented with the help of the yeast called Saccharomyces, ethanol (C2H5OH) is produced.

Question 5.
Clostridium bacteria produce bottle-shaped endospores.
Answer:
These endospores help them to survive in adverse conditions.

Give scientific reasons:

Question 1.
Lactobacilli are used for making yoghurt from milk.
Answer:

• Lactobacilli convert lactose, the sugar in the milk, into lactic acid. This process is called fermentation.
• As a result, the pH of milk decreases causing coagulation of milk proteins.
• Thus, milk proteins are separated from other constituents of milk and milk changes into yoghurt.
• Yoghurt has a specific sour taste due to lactic acid. The low pH destroys harmful microbes present in the milk. Therefore, Lactobacilli are used for making yoghurt from milk.

Question 2.
Antibiotics should be taken only when prescribed by a doctor.
Answer:

• Antibiotics are a group of medicines used to kill disease-causing bacteria and certain protozoa.
• The doctor selects and prescribes the antibiotic best suited for our disease.
• If taken in extra dose, they can kill the useful bacteria present in our body.
• If the course of antibiotics is not completed, the bacteria develop resistance to that antibiotic making it ineffective.
• Therefore, antibiotics should be taken only when prescribed by a doctor.

Question 3.
Nowadays, seeds are coated with Rhizobial solution or powder before sowing.
Answer:

• When seeds coated with Rhizobial solution or powder are sown, Rhizobia enter the plantlets.
• This is called Rhizobial inoculation.
• Rhizobia can produce nitrogenous compounds from atmospheric nitrogen.
• This experiment has helped in the supply of nitrogen to cereal and other crops, besides leguminous crops.
• Therefore, nowadays seeds are coated with Rhizobial solution or powder before sowing.

Question 4.
Antibiotics are not effective against common cold or influenza.
Answer:

• Antibiotics are a group of medicines used to control inflections caused by bacteria.
• Common cold or influenza is caused by a virus.
• Antibiotics are not effective against viruses.
• Therefore, antibiotics are not effective against common cold or influenza.

Question 5.
Cotton fabrics, gunny bags, leather items and wooden items do not last long.
Answer:

• Microscopic spores of fungi are present in the air.
• If there is sufficient moisture, spores germinate on cotton fabric, gunny bags, leather, wooden items etc.
• The fungal hyphae (fibres of the fungus) penetrate deep into the material to obtain nutrition and to reproduce.
• This causes the materials to wear and become weak.
• As a result, cotton fabric, gunny bags, leather and wooden items do not last long.

Question 6.
Food on which fungi has grown cannot be eaten.
Answer:

• Various species of fungi grow on food items like pickles, murabba, jam, sauce, chutney etc.
• They use the nutrients in these food items for growth and reproduction.
• During this activity, fungi release mycotoxins, certain poisonous chemicals, into the food and thus food becomes poisonous.
• Hence, the food on which fungi have grown cannot be eaten.

Write short notes:

Question 1.
Rhizobial inoculation.
Answer:

• Nowadays, seeds are coated with rhizobial solution or powder before sowing.
• After sowing, Rhizobia enter the plantlets.
• This is called Rhizobial inoculation.
• This experiment has helped in the supply of nitrogen to cereal and other crops, besides leguminous crops.

Question 2.
Bio-remediation.
Answer:

• Bio-remediation is a technique that involves the use of organisms to break down environmental pollutants.
• Generally, fungi like yeast and bacteria are used for bio-remediation.
• A yeast, Yarrowia lipolytica is used to absorb the toxins released during the production of palm oil and the heavy metals and minerals released in some other industrial processes.
• Saccharomyces cerevisiae is used for absorption of a pollutant, arsenic.
• Oil spills in oceans are cleaned with the help of Alcanivorax bacteria.

Question 4.
Clostridium.
Answer:

• Clostridium are the bacteria that spoil food.
• Out of about 100 different species of this bacterium, some are free living in the soil whereas some live in the alimentary canals of humans and other animals.
• These bacteria are rod-shaped and produce bottle-shaped endospores in adverse conditions.
• One special characteristic of these bacteria is that they cannot withstand the normal oxygen level of the air because they grow in anaerobic conditions.

Write down the mode of infection and preventive measures for the following:

Question 1.
Write down the causative pathogen, mode of infection and preventive measures of AIDS.
Answer:

• Causative Pathogen: Virus.
• Mode of infection: Through blood and semen of infected person and milk of mother suffering from AIDS.
• Preventive measure: Safe sexual contact, avoid resuse of needles and injections.

Question 2.
Write down the modes of infection and preventive measures against Bird Flu (H7N9) and Swine Flu (HjN.,).
Answer:

• Mode of infection: Contact with infected birds and animals.
• Preventive measure: Personal hygiene, properly cooked meat.

Question 3.
Write down the modes of infection and preventive measures against Malaria and dengue.
Answer:

• Mode of infection: Mosquito bite, unclean surroundings.
• Preventive measure: Cleanliness of surroundings, preventing stagnation of water, controlling mosquitoes.

Question 4.
Write down the modes of infection and preventive measures against Pneumonia.
Answer:

• Mode of infection: Droplets spread in air by infected person.
• Preventive measure: Vaccination, avoiding contact with infected person.

Question 5.
Write down the modes of infection and preventive measures for leprosy.
Answer:

• Mode of infection: Long term contact with infected person.
• Preventive measure: Avoiding contact with infected persons and their belongings.

Question 5.
What are the modes of infection and preventive measures for Hepatitis?
Answer:

• Mode of infection: Contaminated water and food.
• Preventive measure: Use clean and filtered water, proper storage of food.

Question 6.
What are the modes of infection and preventive measures for Influenza.
Answer:

• Mode of infection: Contact with infected person.
• Preventive measure: Personal hygiene and avoiding contact with infected person.

Answer the following questions:

Question 1.
How is bread made?
Answer:

• Bread is made using flour, yeast, salt and water. The yeast uses sugar as food.
• In the process of obtaining nutrition, yeast cells convert the carbohydrates into alcohol and carbon dioxide. This process is called fermentation.
• The bubbles of carbon dioxide given off cause the dough to rise.
• This dough can be used to make bread.
• When this dough is baked, more bubbles of carbon dioxide reformed due to heat. As the gas escapes, the bread rises and becomes soft and fluffy.

Question 2.
What is the advantage of Rhizobium to farmers?
Answer:

• The use of Rhizobium has helped to reduce the use of chemical fertilizers and thereby their adverse effects.
• It has also helped to reduce expenses on fertilizers and thus benefited the farmers.

Question 3.
How can we observe Lactobacilli in buttermilk?
Answer:

• Smear a drop of fresh buttermilk on a glass slide.
• Stain it with methylene blue and put a coverslip over it.
• Observe the smear under the 10X objective of a compound microscope and then with the more powerful 60X objective.
• The blue rod-shaped organisms moving about are Lactobacilli.

Question 4.
What is symbiosis? Give example.
Answer:

• Symbiosis is a mutually beneficial relationship.
• Example: Rhizobium living in root nodules of leguminous plants supply nitrates, nitrites and amino acids to that plant and in exchange get energy in the form of carbohydrates.

Complete the following table:

Question 1.
The spread and prevention of disease
Answer:

Question 2.
Different species of Clostridium bacteria and the diseases caused by them.
Answer:

Answer in detail:

Question 1.
How is alcohol produced?
Answer:

• Alcohol is often produced along with sugar in sugar factories.
• Molasses is produced from sugarcane juice. It is rich in carbohydrates.
• Molasses is fermented with the help of the yeast Saccharomyces.
• In this process, ethanol (C₂H₅OH) alcohol is produced as a primary product and ester and other alcohols are produced as secondary products.
• Besides molasses, maize, barley and other grains are also used for industrial production of alcohol.
• Glucose and fructose, the sugars present in grape juice are also fermented with the help of yeast to produce alcohol which is used to make wines.

Question 2.
Give the uses of Lactobacilli.
Answer:
Uses of Lactobacilli:

• Various milk products like yoghurt, buttermilk, ghee, cheese, shrikhand, etc. can be obtained by fermentation of milk.
• Lactobacilli fermentation is useful for large scale production of cider, cocoa, pickles of vegetables etc.
• Lactobacilli and some other useful microbes taken together are used to treat abdominal discomfort.
• Leavened fodder offered to domestic cattle like cows and buffaloes is fodder fermented with the help of lactobacilli.
• The Lactobacilli fermentation process is used to make wine and some types of bread.

Question 3.
What is Penicillin? What is it used for?
Answer:

• Penicillin is a group of antibiotics obtained from a fungus, penicillium.
• It is used for controlling the infections caused by bacteria like Staphylococci, Clostridia, Streptococci, etc.
• Medicines containing Penicillin are useful to treat certain bacterial infections of the ear, nose, throat and skin as well as diseases like Pneumonia and scarlet fever.

Question 4.
How was the antibiotic penicillin discovered?
Answer:

1. Alexander Fleming, a professor of microbiology at St. Mary’s Hospital had cultured varieties of bacteria and fungi in petri dishes in his laboratory.
2. On 3rd September 1928, while observing Staphylococci cultures, he made an interesting observation in one petri dish.
3. In that petri dish, fungal colonies had grown but the area around those colonies was clean and clear, i.e. the bacteria had actually been destroyed.
4. After further studies, he confirmed that the fungus growing there was Penicillium and its secretion had destroyed the bacterial colonies.
5. Thus, the first antibiotic – penicillin had been discovered accidentlly and this formed the basis to find cures for incurable diseases.

Question 5.
What are the precautions to be followed while taking antibiotics?
Answer:

• Antibiotics should be taken only when prescribed by a doctor.
• Don’t purchase any antibiotic from medical stores without a prescription from a doctor.
• Don’t consume antibiotics on your own to treat common diseases like a throat infection, common cold or influenza.
• Even if you feel well before completing of the prescribed course of the antibiotics, you must continue and complete it.
• Don’t suggest to others the antibiotics which were useful to you.

Question 6.
How can we observe Rhizobium bacteria in the roots of leguminous plant?
Answer:

• Take a plantlet of fenugreek, groundnut or any other bean and sterilize it with a 3 to 5% solution of hydrogen peroxide.
• Afterwards, keep it in a 70% solution of ethyl alcohol for 4 to 5 minutes.
• Clean the roots with sterile water and take thin sections of the root nodules.
• Select a good section and place it an a solution of saffranin for 2 to 3 minutes.
• Place the stained section on a glass slide, cover it with a coverslip and observe it under the compound microscope. The pinkish rod-shaped organisms are the Rhizobium bacteria.

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Class 9 Science Solutions Chapter 12 Study of Sound Notes, Textbook Exercise Important Questions and Answers.

Maharashtra State Board Class 9 Science Solutions Chapter 12 Study of Sound

Class 9 Science Chapter 12 Study of Sound Textbook Questions and Answers

1. Fill in the blanks and explain.

a. Sound does not travel through ……………………….……….. .
b The velocity of sound in steel is ……………………….………… than the velocity of sand in water.
c. The incidence of ……………………….………… in daily life shows that the velocity of sound is less than the velocity of light.
d. To discover a sunken ship or objects deep inside the sea, ……………………….………… technology is used.

2. Explain giving scientific reasons.

a. The roof of a movie theatre and a conference hall is curved.
Answer:

• Sound waves get reflected from the walls and roof of a room multiple times. This causes a single sound to be heard not once but continuously. This is called reverberation.
• Due to reverberation, some auditoriums or some particular seats in an auditorium have inferior sound reception. This can be compensated with curtains.
• Ceilings of these halls are made curved so that sound after reflecting from the ceiling, reaches all parts of the hall and the quality of sound improves.

b. The intensity of reverberation is higher in a closed and empty house.
Answer:

• Reverberation occurs due to multiple reflections of sound.
• The furniture in the house acts as a sound-absorbing material.
• So if the house is closed and empty, a reflection of sound will be maximum and hence, intensity of reverberation is higher.

c. We cannot hear the echo produced in a classroom.
Answer:

• For distinct echoes, the minimum distance of the reflecting surface from the source of sound must be 17.2 m.
• Benches in the classroom are sound absorbing materials which prevent echo of sound.
• Because of these two reasons echo is not heard in a classroom.

3. Answer the following questions in your own words.

a. What is an echo? What factors are important to get a distinct echo?
Answer:

• An echo is the repetition of the original sound because of reflection by some surface.
• At 22°C, the velocity of sound in air is 344 m/s.
• Our brain retains a sound for 0.1 seconds Thus, for us to be able to hear a distinct echo, the sound should take more than 0.1 seconds after starting from the source to get reflected and. come back to us.
• We know that,
  Distance = speed x time
  = 344 m/s x 0.1 s
  = 34.4 m
• Thus, to be able to hear a distinct echo, the reflecting surface should be at a minimum distance of half of the above, i.e. 17.2 m.
• As the velocity of sound depends on the temperature of air, this distance depends on the temperature.

b. Study the construction of the Golghumat at Vijapur and discuss the reasons for the multiple echoes produced there.
Answer:

• Goighumat with a height of 51 metres and diameter of 37 metres with 3 metres thick walls is spread over approximately 1700 square metres.
• This meets the conditions for echo i.e. : 17.2 metres minimum.
• The dome of the golghumat is curved and hence, sound reflects multiple times before reaching the observer.
• This is the reason for multiple echoes being produced.

c. What should be the dimensions and the shape of classrooms so that no echo can be produced there?
Answer:

1. Dimensions: The distance between opposite walls in a classroom must be less than 17.2 m so that the reflected sound returns to the observer within 0.1 s.
2. Shape: The classrooms should have curved ceilings and walls so that the reflected sound is directed towards the observer instantly within 0.1 s

4. Where and why are sound-absorbing materials used?
Answer:
The sound absorbing materials are used in :

• School, cinema hall, concert hall, houses or places where quality of sound is important.
• In the absence of sound absorbing material the sound will undergo multiple reflection causing reverberation of sound.

5. Solve the following examples.

a. The speed of sound in air at O °C is 332 m/s. If it increases at the rate of 0.6 m/s per degree, what will be the temperature when the velocity has increased to 344 m/s?
Answer:
Given:
Initial speed of sound at 0°C 332 m/s.
Final speed of sound -344 m/s.
Rate of increase per degree rise in temp. = 0.6m/s
To find:
Temperature when speed is 344m/s
Formulae:
Increase in temperature

Temperature when the speed of sound is 344 m/sis 20°C

b. Nita heard the sound of lightning after 4 seconds of seeing it. What was the distance of the lightning from her? (The velocity of sound in air is 340 m/s?)
Answer:
Given : Speed of sound (v) = 340 m/s
Time taken (f) = 4 sec
To find : Distance (s) = ?

The lightning has struck at a distance of 1360 m from the observer.

c. Sunil is standing between two walls. The wall closest to him is at a distance of 360 m. If he shouts, he hears the first echo after 4 s and another after another 2 seconds.
1. What is the velocity of sound in air?
2. What is the distance between the two walls? (Ans: 330 m/s; 1650 m)
Answer:
Given:
Distance of the closer wall (S₁) = 660 m
Time of echo from closer wall = 4 sec
∴ Time taken (t₁) = 4/2 sec = 2 sec
Time of echo from distant wall = 6 sec
∴ Time taken (t₂) = 6/2 sec = 3 sec
To find :
Velocity of sound in air (y) =?
Distance between two walls (S₁ + S₂) = ?

The velocity of sound in air is 330 mIs and the distance between two walls is 1650 m.

d. Hydrogen gas is filled in two identical bottles, A and B, at the same temperature. The mass of hydrogen in the two bottles is 12 gm and 48 gm respectively. In which bottle will sound travel faster? How may times as fast as the other? (Ans: In A; Twice)
Answer:
In A; Thrice

e. Helium gas is filled in two identical bottles A and B. The mass of the gas in the two bottles is 10 gm and 40 gm respectively. If the speed of sound is the same in both bottles, what conclusions will you draw? (Ans: Temperature of B is 4 times the temperature of A.)
Given:
Mass of Helium in bottle A = (mA) = 10gm
Mass of Helium in bottle B = (mB) = 40gm


The temperature of B is 4 times the temperature of A

Class 9 Science Chapter 12 Study of Sound Intext Questions and Answers

Study Of Sound Class 9 Notes Maharashtra Board Question 1.
How does the velocity of sound depend on its frequency?
Answer:
The velocity of sound is directly proportional to its frequency
ν = υ λ
when ν = velocity
υ = frequency
λ = wavelength

9th Class Science Chapter 12 Study Of Sound Exercise Question 2.
The molecular weight of oxygen gas (O₂) is 32 while that of hydrogen gas (H₂) is 2. Prove that under the same physical conditions, the velocity of sound in hydrogen is four times that in oxygen.
Answer:
Given:
Molecular wt of Oxygen (M_o) =32
Molecular wt of hydrogen (M_H) = 2
To Find:
V_H = 4 v_o


Hence, proved that velocity of sound in hydrogen is four times that in oxygen.

Answer the following:

Study Of Sound Class 9 Maharashtra Board  Question 1.
How will you reduce reverberation in public halls or buildings?
Answer:
(i) Reverberation in public halls or buildings will be reduced by using sound absorbing materials like curtains on wall, carpets on the floor.
(ii) By keeping the windows open, as sound will not get reflected.

12 Study Of Sound 9th Class Exercise  Question 2.
How is ultrasound used in medical science?
Answer:

• Sonography: Sonography technology uses ultrasonic sound waves to generate images of internal organs of the human body.
• Echocardiography: Echocardiography is a test that uses ultrasonic sound waves to produce live images of your heart.

9th Science Chapter 12 Study Of Sound Exercise Question 3.
To hear the echo distinctly, will the distance from the source of sound to the reflecting surface be same at all temperatures? Explain your answer.
Answer:

• No,the distance from the source of sound to the reflecting surface will not be the same at all temperatures.
• Velocity of sound is directly proportional to the square root of temperature.
• One of the conditions of echo is that the time interval between the original and reflected sound should be more than 0.1 sec.
• So if the temperature increases, the velocity of sound increases and the reflected sound reaches in less than 0.1 sec.
• So for echo to be heard the distance between the observer and the reflecting surface has to increase.

9th Science Chapter 12 Study Of Sound Question 4.
When is the reflection of sound harmful?
Answer:

• Reflected sound of high intensity called as noise is disturbing and harmful to the ears.
• When sound reverberates i.e it undergoes multiple reflections, poor quality of sound is produced.

9th Class Science Chapter 12 Study Of Sound Question Answer Question 5.
What kind of waves are created when a stone is dropped in water ?
Answer:

• When a stone is dropped in water, the particles of water oscillate up and down.
• These oscillations are perpendicular to the direction of propagation of the wave, such waves are called transverse waves.

Answer the following question:

12 Study Of Sound 9th Class Question 1.
Observe the graph/ diagram and discuss your observation.
Answer:

1. Fig. A shows changes in density. The region where particles are crowded is called compression and where they are far apart are rarefaction.
2. Fig. B show change in pressure. The lines represent layers of air. The regions when lines are crowded are high pressure regions while when they are far apart are of low pressure.
3. Fig. C shows changes in density or pressure. The crest represents high pressure region while trough represents low pressure region.

Answer the following question:

Study Of Sound Class 9 Question Answer Question 1.
How are the frequencies of notes sa, re, ga, ma, pa, dha, ni related to each other?
Answer:
The frequencies of notes sa, re, ga, ma, pa, dha, ni are related in the ratio.

i.e if first Sa is 240Hz then the next Sa will be 240 x 2 = 480Hz

Class 9 Science Chapter 12 Study Of Sound Exercise Question 2.
What is the main difference between the frequencies of the voice of a man and that of a woman?
Answer:

• Voice of a woman is high pitch i.e shorter wavelength and higher frequency
• Voice of man is low pitch i.e larger wavelength and smaller frequency.

Question 3.
Try this;

(a) In the above activity, what will happen if you lift one of the tubes to some height?
Answer:
If one of the tubes is lifted, angle of incidence will not be equal to angle of reflection, hence, the sound will not be clearly audible.

(b) Measure the angle of incidence 01 and the angle of reflection 02. Try to see if they are related in any way.
Answer:
Angle of incidence is same as the angle of reflection.

Class 9 Science Chapter 12 Study of Sound Additional Important Questions and Answers

Can you recall?

12.Study Of Sound Question 1.
How is the direction of the oscillation of the particles of the medium related to the direction of propagation if the sound wave?
Answer:

• Sound travels as a longitudinal wave.
• In a longitudinal wave, the particle of the medium oscillate parallel to the direction of propagation of the wave.

Choose and write the correct option:

Class 9 Science Chapter 12 Study Of Sound Question 1.
The unit of frequency is ……………………………… .
(a) Hertz
(b) m/s²
(c) Decibels
(d) m/s
Answer:
(a) Hertz

Study Of Sound Class 9 Exercise Question 2.
The normal hearing range for humans is ……………………………… .
(a) 0 Hz to 20 Hz
(b) greater than 20,000 Hz
(c) 20 Hz to 20,000 Hz
(d) none of these
Answer:
(c) 20 Hz to 20,000 Hz

Class 9th Science Chapter 12 Study Of Sound Question Answer  Question 3.
Sound will not travel through ……………………………… .
(a) Vacuum
(b) Liquid
(c) Solid
(d) Gases
Answer:
(a) vacuum

Class 9 Science Chapter 12 Study Of Sound Question Answer Question 4.
SI unit of ………………………………. is Hertz (Hz).
(a) Wavelength
(b) Frequency
(c) Speed of wave
(d) Velocity
Answer:
(b) frequency

Reflection Of Sound Class 9 Question 5.
The velocity of sound is inversely proportional to the ……………………………… .
(a) Pressure
(b) Square root of temperature
(c) Square root of density
(d) Humidity
Answer:
(c) square root of density

Question 6.
Sound waves with frequency greater than 20 kHz are called ……………………………… .
(a) Infrasound
(b) Ultrasound
(c) Sonic
(d) Damped sound
Answer:
(b) ultrasound

Question 7.
The loudness of a sound depends upon ……………………………… .
(a) Amplitude
(b) Speed
(c) Density
(d) Wavelength
Answer:
(a) Amplitude

Question 8.
……………………………… are used in sonography.
(a) High frequency ultrasound
(b) Stationary waves
(c) High frequency infrasound
(d) High frequency micro waves
Answer:
(a) High frequency ultrasound

Question 9.
The ……………………………… receives the vibrations coming from the membrane and converts them into electrical signals which are sent to the brain through the nerve.
(a) Cochlea
(b) Tympanic cavity
(c) Stapes
(d) Pinna
Answer:
(a) Cochlea

Find the odd one out:

Question 1.
Bats, rats, cats, dolphins
Answer:
Cats: cannot produce ultrasonic sound.

Question 2.
Clothes, paper, curtains, mirror
Answer:
Mirror: is a good reflector of sound, while others are poor reflectors.

Question 3.
Submarines, icebergs, internal organ, sunken ships.
Answer:
Internal organ: sonography is used , while for others sonar system is used.

Question 4.
Temperature, density, molecular weight, pressure
Answer:
Pressure: for a fixed temperature, the speed of sound does not depend on the pressure of the gas, all other factors affect speed of sound.

Answer in one sentence:

Question 1.
How can one produce sound?
Answer:
Vibration set up in an object produces sound (or) sound is produced when an object is disturbed and starts vibrating.

Question 2.
What is velocity of sound wave ?
Answer:
The distance covered by a point on the wave in unit time is the velocity of the sound wave.

Question 3.
What is the minimum distance of the reflecting surface to hear an echo ?
Answer:
To be able to hear a distinct echo, the reflecting surface should be at a minimum distance of 17.2 m.

Match the columns:

Question 1.

Answer:
(1-b- iii),
(2– a- i),
(3 – d – v),
(4 – e – ii),
(5 -c- iv)

Question 2.

Answer:
(1 -b – ii),
(2 -c – i),
(3-d – iv),
(4 – a – iii)

Name the following:

Question 1.
A form of energy which produces sensation of hearing in our ears.
Answer:
Sound energy

Question 2.
Repetitions of sound due to reflection .
Answer:
Echo

Question 3.
The audible range of sound for human being.
Answer:
20 Hz to 20,000 Hz

Question 4.
A method to obtain images of internal organs of the human body.
Answer:
Sonography

Question 5.
The matter or substance through which sound gets transmitted.
Answer:
Solid, liquid, gases

Question 6.
Three major parts of the ear.
Answer:
External ear, the middle ear and the inner ear.

Question 7.
Any two examples in which infrasound is produced.
Answer:
Pendulum, earthquake.

Question 8.
Name the living beings that can produce ultrasound.
Answer:
Bats, dolphins, mice.

Give scientific reasons:

Question 1.
Bats can navigate in dark.
Answer:

• The ultrasonic sound produced by bats, gets reflected on hitting an obstacle.
• This reflected sound is received by their ears and they can locate the obstacle and estimate its distance even in the dark.
• Hence, bats can navigate in dark.

Question 2.
A SONAR system is installed in a ship.
Answer:

• A SONAR system determines the depth of the sea.
• It locates underwater hills, valleys, icebergs, submarines and sunken ships. It also locates the positions of other ships or submarines.
• Hence a SONAR system is installed in a ship.

Question 3.
Sound travels faster in iron than in air.
Answer:

• Sound requires a material medium for its propagation and travels in the form of a longitudinal wave.
• The denser the medium, faster is the propagation of sound.
• Hence, sound travels faster in iron than in air.

Solve the following:

Type – A

Formula:
\(\text { (i) Velocity }=\frac{\text { distance }}{\text { time }}\)

Question 1.
Ultrasonic waves are transmitted downwards into the sea with the help of a SONAR. The reflected sound is received after 4 s. What is the depth of the sea at that place? (Velocity of sound in seawater = 1550 m/s)
Answer:
Given:
Time to hear echo = 4 sec
Time taken by sound waves to reach the bottom 4 of sea (t) = 4/2 sec = 2 sec
Velocity of sound in sea water (v) = 1550 m/s
To find:
Depth of sea(s) = ?

The depth of the sea at that place is 3100 m.

Question 2.
A person standing near a hill fires a gun and hears the echo after 1 second. If speed of sound in air is 340 m/s. Find the distance between the hill and the person.
Answer:
Given:
Time to hear echo = 1 sec 1
Time taken (t) = 1/2 sec
Velocity of sound (v) = 340 m/s
To find:
Distance (s) = ?

Distance between the person and hill is 170 m.

Numerical For Practice

Question 3.
If you hear the thunder 20 seconds after you see the flash of lightning, how far from you has the lightning occurred? (Speed of sound in air = 340 m/s)
Answer:
6800m

Question 4.
Aboy observes smoke from a cannon 3 seconds before he hears the bang. If the cannon is 1020 m from the observer, find the velocity of sound.
Answer:
340 rn/s

Question 5.
A soldier standing between the two buildings fires a gun. He heard the echo of the sounds from the first building after 2 seconds and echo from the second building after 3 seconds. Find the distance between two buildings. (Speed of sound in air = 340 m/s)
Answer:
850m

Type – B

Question 1.
Sound waves of wavelength 1 cm have a velocity of 340 mIs in air. What is their frequency? Can this sound be heard by the human ear?
Answer:
Given:
wave length (λ) = 1cm = 1/100
Velocity of sound (v) = 340 m/s
To fInd :
frequency (u) = ?
Formulae:
ν = υ λ
Solution:

The frequency of the sound waves is 34000 Hz. The frequency is higher than 20000 Hz and therefore, this sound cannot be heard by the human ear.

Question 2.
How long will it take for a sound wave of 25 cm wavelength and 1.5 kHz frequency, to travel a distance of 1.5 km?
Answer:
Given:
frequency (u) = 1.5 kHz = 1500 Hz

\(\begin{array}{l}
=\frac{1500}{375} \\
=4 \mathrm{sec}
\end{array}\)
The sound wave takes 4 sec to travel the distance of 1.5 km.

Question 3.
Calculate distance travelled by a sound wave having frequency 1000 Hz and wavelength 0.25 m, if it travels for 5 seconds in a certain medium.
Answer:
Given:
frequency (u) = 1000 Hz
wavelength (λ) = 0.25 m
time (t) = 5 seconds
To find :
Distance (d) =?
Formulae:
ν = υ λ
Solution:

The distance travelled by the sound wave is 1250 m.

Question 4.
The audible range of sound is 20 Hz to 20000 Hz. At 22°C in air speed of sound is 344 mIs. Express the range of sound in terms of wavelength by calculating the respective values.
Answer:
Given:
frequency (u₁) 20 Hz
frequency ( u₂) = 20,000 Hz
velocity (v) = 344 rn/s
To find :
Wavelengths λ₁ and λ₂ = ?
Formulae:
ν = υ λ
Solution:


Audible range of wavelength of sound is from 17.2 x 10^-3 m to 17.2 m.

Numerical For Practice

Question 5.
A sound wave has frequency 320 Hz and wavelength 0.25 m. How much distance will it travel in 10 second?
Answer:
The distance travelled is 800 m.

Type – C

Question 1.
Hydrogen gas is filled in two identical bottles, A and B, at the same temperature. The mass of hydrogen in the two bottles is 12 gm and 48 gin respectively. In which bottle will sound travel faster? How many timés as fast as the other?
Answer:
Given:
Mass of hydrogen in bottle A (m_A) = 12gm
Mass of hydrogen in bottle B(m_B) = 48gm
To find:
In which bottle sound travels faster.
Formulae:


Since both bottles are identical hence, the volume is the same, i.e. v
Dividing (j) and (ii),

(i) Vivacity of sound will be more in bottle A.
(ii) Velocity of sound in bottle A (V_A) is twice of that in bottle B (v_B)

Numerical For Practice

Question 2.
Argon gas is filled in two identical bottles X and Y. The mass of the gas in the two bottles is 5 gm and 25gm respectively. If the speed of sound is the same in both bottles, what conclusions will you draw?
Answer:
(Temperature of Y is 5 times the temperature of X.)

Type – D

Numerical For Practice

Question 1.
Velocity of sound in air at 0°C is 332nVs. It increases by 0.6ni/s for each °Celsius rise in temperature. At what temperature of ait the velocity will be 359m1s?
Answer:
45°C

Question 2.
Velocity of sound In air at 0°C is 332m/s It increases by 0.6mIs for each degree Celsius rise In temperature. What will be the velocity of sound at 60°C?
Answer:
368 rn/s

Define the following:

Question 1.
Wave length (λ)
Answer:
The distance between two consecutive compressions (or crests) or two consecutive rarefactions (or troughs) is called the wavelength.

Question 2.
Amplitude (A)
Answer:
The maximum value of pressure or density is called amplitude.

Question 3.
Frequency (υ)
Answer:
The frequency of a sound wave is defined as the number of complete oscillations of density (or pressure of the medium) per second.

Question 4.
Time Period (T)
Answer:
The time taken for one complete oscillation of pressure or density at a point in the medium is called the time period.

Question 5.
Echo
Answer:
An echo is the repetition of the original sound because of reflection by some surface.

Question 6.
Transverse waves
Answer:
Oscillations of the particles of the medium vibrate at right angles to the direction of propagation of the wave are called transverse waves.

Question 7.
longitudinal waves
Answer:
The particles of the medium oscillate about their central or mean position in a direction parallel to the propagation of wave is called as longitudinal waves.

Question 8.
Velocity of wave
Answer:
The distance covered by a point on the wave (for example the point of highest density or lowest density) in unit time is the velocity of the sound wave.’

Distinguish between:

Question 1.
Infrasound and Ultrasound
Answer:

Question 2.
Transverse waves and Longitudinal waves
Answer:

Question 3.
Consider two cases
(A) whistle of train (B) roar of a lion

(I) In which case the sound is high pitch?
Answer:
Whistle of a train is high pitch as compared to roar of a lion, as the frequency is higher.

(II) What is the real cause of sound production? Explain with examples.
Answer:

• Vibrations in the object are responsible to produce a sound.
• Vibration is a rapid to and fro motion of an object.
• Sometimes the vibrations may be strong enough to be seen by eyes, e.g. string vibrations in string instruments, vibration on mobile phone, blowing air in the cap of your pen by holding it near the lips.

(III) Three sounds 5 Hz, 500 Hz and 50,000 Hz are produced by different sources.
(a) Which sound will be heard by humans?
(b) Which sounds may be produced by bats?
(c) Which sounds may be produced by elephants?
Answer:
(a) 500 Hz – Humans can hear sounds in the range of 20 Hz-20,000 Hz
(b) 50,000 Hz – Bats produce ultrasonic sounds above 20,000 Hz
(c) 5 Hz – Elephants can produce infrasonic sounds below 20 Hz

Question 6.
Suppose you and your friend are on the moon. Will you be able to hear any sound
Answer:
Sound waves need a material medium for their propagation. Since there is no atmosphere on the moon, we cannot hear any sound on the moon.

Answer in detail:

Question 1.
What are the factors on which velocity of sound in gaseous medium depend?
Answer:
The velocity of sound in a gaseous medium depends on the physical conditions i.e. the temperature, density of the gas and its molecular weight.

1. Temperature (T): The velocity of sound is directly proportional to the square root of the temperature of the medium. This means that increasing the temperature four times doubles the velocity.
   \(\text { v } \alpha \sqrt{\mathrm{T}}\)
2. Density(p): The velocity of sound is inversely proportional to the square root of density. Thus, increasing the density four times, reduces the velocity to half its value.
   \(\mathrm{v} \alpha \frac{1}{\sqrt{\rho}}\)
3. Molecular weight (M): The velocity sound is inversely proportional to the square root of molecular weight of the gas. Thus, increasing the molecular weight four times, reduces the velocity to haff its value.
   \(\mathrm{v} \alpha \frac{1}{\sqrt{\mathrm{M}}}\)

Question 2.
What are the uses of ultrasonic sound?
Answer:
Uses of ultrasonic sound are as follows:

• For communication between ships at sea.
• To join plastic surfaces together.
• To sterilize liquids like milk by killing the bacteria in it so that the milk keeps for a longer duration.
• Echocardiography which studies heartbeats, is based on ultrasonic waves (Sonography technology).
• To obtain images of internal organs in a human body.
•  In industry to clean intricate parts of machines where hands cannot reach.
• To locate the cracks and faults in metal blocks.

Question 3.
Explain with the help of a neat labelled diagram the working of human ear.
Answer:

• The ear is an important organ of the human body.
• When sound waves fall on the eardrum, it vibrates and these vibrations are converted into electrical signals which travel to the brain through nerves.
• The ear can be divided into three parts:
  (a) Outer ear
  (b) Middle ear
  (c) Inner ear.

(a) Outer ear or Pinna
The outer ear collects the sound waves and passes them through a tube to a cavity in the middle ear. Its peculiar funnel like shape helps to collect and pass sounds into the middle ear.

(b) Middle ear
There’ is a thin membrane in the cavity of the middle ear called the eardrum. When a compression in a sound wave reaches the eardrum, the pressure outside it increases and it gets pushed inwards. The opposite happens when a rarefaction reaches there. The pressure outside decreases and the membrane gets pulled outwards. Thus, sound waves cause vibrations of the membrane.

(c) Inner ear
The auditory nerve connects the inner ear to the brain. The inner ear has a structure resembling the shell of a snail. It is called the cochlea. The cochlea receives the vibrations coming from the membrane and converts them into electrical signals which are sent to the brain through the nerve. The brain analyses these signals.

Question 4.
Write a short note on SONAR
Answer:

(i) SONAR is the short form for Sound Navigation and Ranging. It is used to determine the direction, distance and speed of an underwater object with the help of ultrasonic sound waves. SONAR has a transmitter and a receiver, which are fitted on ships or boats.

(ii) The transmitter produces and transmits ultrasonic sound waves. These waves travel through water, strike underwater objects and get reflected by them. The reflected waves are received by the receiver on the ship.

(iii) The receiver converts the ultrasonic sound into electrical signals and these signals are properly interpreted. The time difference between transmission and reception is noted. This time and the velocity of sound in water give the distance from the ship, of the object which reflects the waves.

(iv) SONAR is used to determine the depth of the sea. SONAR is also used to search underwater hills, valleys, submarines, icebergs, sunken ships etc.

Question 5.
Write a short note on Sonography. How is it misused?
Answer:

• Sonography technology uses ultrasonic sound waves to generate images of internal organs of the human body.
• This is useful in finding out the cause of swelling, infection, pain, condition of the heart, the state of the heart after a heart attack as well as the growth of foetus inside the womb of a pregnant woman.
• This technique makes use of a probe and a gel.
• The gel is used to make proper contact between the skin and the probe so that the full capacity of the ultrasound can be utilized.
• High-frequency ultrasound is transmitted inside the body with the help of the probe.
• The sound reflected from the internal organ is again collected by the probe and fed to a computer which generates the images of the internal organ.
• As this method is painless, it is increasingly used in medical practice for correct diagnosis.
• This technique is used by many people to find out gender of an unborn baby and this often leads to the incidence of female foeticide.

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Class 9 English Solutions My English Coursebook Chapter 2.4 Please Listen! Notes, Textbook Exercise Important Questions and Answers.

Maharashtra State Board Class 9 My English Coursebook Solutions Chapter 2.4 Please Listen!

My English Coursebook Std 9 Digest Chapter 2.4 Please Listen! Textbook Questions and Answers

Warming up!

Chit-chat:

• What makes you laugh?
• What makes you angry?
• What makes you sad?
• What makes you happy?

Twenty Questions:

Form groups of 6-8. One person (leader) chooses one item – a picture, a paragraph or a lesson from any one of the 9th standard textbooks and writes the reference on a slip of paper and folds it. Others ask him/her questions and try to guess what it is, from his/her answers. Follow the rules given below.

• The maximum number of questions the rest of the group can ask is 20.
• You cannot ask a direct question like ‘What do you have in mind?’
• You can ask ‘Wh-’ questions or ‘Yes/no’ questions.
• The leader has to give truthful answers.

Agreements and Disagreements:

Form pairs. list the things on which you have the same opinion and also the ones on which you have different opinion Prepare a list of ten things In all and see how far you agree or disagree with your friend. Some useful phrases are given alongside.
You could talk about:

• Clothes, latest fashion.
• Performance of sportsmen and women.
• Trafflcfrransport In your area.
• Cleanliness and hygiene In your area.
• Future occupatIons/Careers.
• Latest news Items.
• TV programmes
• Mobile Apps
• Any subject of your choice.

Question 1.
Form pairs. List the things on which you have some opinion and also the ones on which you have different opinions. Prepare a list of ten things in all and see how far you agree or disagree with your friend. Use the phrases given in the margin of the textbook page no. 50:
Answer:
Performance of sportsmen and sportswomen

English Workshop:

1. Complete the following with the help of the lines of the poem.
When I ask you to listen to me, you start doing –
…………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………

Question 1.
Complete the following with the help of the lines of the poem.
Answer:

1. Abby and Billy Graham will get advice in the same newspaper.
2. I may be discouraged and faltering but not helpless according to the poet.
3. If you accept a simple fact that I feel what I feel, I can stop trying to convince you.
4. When you do something for me that I need to do for myself, you contribute to my fear and inadequacy.
5. The poet is aware that God is mute and he doesn’t give advice or try to fix things.
6. Irrational feelings make sense when we understand what is behind them.

2. Write the opposites (antonyms) of the following.

Question 1.
Write the opposites (antonyms) of the following.
(a) cheap × …………..
(b) discouraged × …………..
(c) inadequacy × …………..
(d) accept × …………..
(e) simple × …………..
(f) irrational × …………..
(g) understand × …………..
(h) clear × …………..
Answer:
(a) cheap × costly
(b) discouraged × encouraged
(c) inadequacy × adequacy
(d) accept × reject
(e) simple × hard
(f) irrational × rational
(g) understanding × misunderstanding
(h) clear × unclear

3. Use the following charts to prepare meaningful dialogues.
Use your ideas to fill in the blanks.

Question a.

Prepare a similar conversation about a film.
Answer:

Question b.

Answer:

4. Maintain a diary at least for a week. Write about your interactions with other people in your surroundings in 3-4 lines. Also write whether you find the interactions happy- unhappy, satisfactory-unsatisfactory, enjoyable-stressful, etc.

Question 1.
Maintain a diary at least for a week. Write about your interactions with other people in your surroundings in 3-4 lines. Also write whether you find the interactions happy- unhappy, satisfactory-unsatisfactory, enjoyable-stressful, etc.
Answer:
Diary For a week
Day one – Today I met our new neighbour. I was happy to know that their son is of my age and studying in Std. IX.
Now continue the same diary writing for the remaining days.

5. Write an informal letter from a teenager to his/her parent, expressing a few thoughts from the poem.
(My dear /Dearest /Hit Are you surprised to see this letter? I wanted talk to you about this, but then I thought I will be able to express myself better in a letter…. Love jYours lovingly/Yours ……… )

Question 1.
Write an informal letter from a teenager to his/her parent, expressing a few thoughts from the poem.
(My dear /Dearest /Hit Are you surprised to see this letter? I wanted talk to you about this, but then I thought I will be able to express myself better in a letter…. Love jYours lovingly/Yours …….. )
Answer:
A3, Gala Residency,
Prabhadevi,
Mumbai – 400 028.
22nd July, 2019
Dearest Papa,
Are you surprised to see this letter? I wanted to talk to you directly about this, but then I thought I will be able to express myself better in a letter.

I am still upset over our argument which took place yesterday. I was a little bit rude with you. But I just wanted you to listen to my concern. Instead of listening to me completely, you started advising me. That really hurt me a lot.

I always wish, that I should share my thoughts with someone. Sharing makes me happy and feel lighter. But whenever, I try to share something with you, you start advising me instead of listening to me. I hope you will try to understand my feelings.

Yours lovingly,
Sahil

My English Coursebook 9th Class Solutions Chapter 2.4 Please Listen! Additional Important Questions and Answers

Read the following extract and do the activities:

Simple Factual Activities:

Question 1.
Complete the following web:
(Answer is directly given.)
Answer:

Question 2.
State whether the following statements are True or False:
Answer:

1. You do not do what I asked you to do. – True
2. Whenever you do not listen to me, I feel you are trampling on my feelings. – True
3. The speaker of this poem is an elderly man. – False
4. When I ask you to listen me, you start giving me advice. – True

Question 3.
State whether you agree or disagree with the following statements:
(Answers are directly given.)
Answer:

1. If the feeling is clear, the answers are obvious. – Agree
2. Rational feelings make sense when we understand what’s behind them. – Disagree
3. God always gives advice or tries to fix things. – Disagree
4. Prayer works sometimes for some people because God is mute. – Agree

Complex Factual Activities:

Answer in 1-2 words:

Question 1.
How old is the speaker in the poem?
Answer:
around 14-15 years

Question 2.
Who is he/she talking to?
Answer:
his/her parent

Question 3.
What must have happened before the speaker says all this?
Answer:
His/Her parent might have not heard him/ her.

Question 4.
Who is not listening to whom?
Answer:
A parent is not listening to his child.

Question 5.
Match the following:

Answer:

Question 6.
What does the poet say about God?
Answer:
The poet says God is mute. He doesn’t give advice or try to fix things. God just listens to your ) prayer and observes how do you work.

Question 7.
Is the poet willing to listen to others?
Answer:
Yes, the poet is willing to listen to others but he says if you want to listen to him, you should wait till your turn comes. Then only he will be able to listen to others.

Poetic Device Activity:

Question 1.
Write down rhyming words from the extract for the following:
(Answers are directly given.)
Answer:
1. peel – feel
2. dream – seem

Question 2.
Find out rhyming word from the extract for “dear”
Answer:
dear – clear.

Activity-based on Poetic Device:

Question 1.
Are there any rhyming words? Why?
Answer:
There are no any rhyming words because the poem is an example of ‘free verse’.

Appreciation of Poem

1. Title: ‘Please Listen!’
2. Poet: The poem is by an anonymous (unknown) poet.
3. Theme/Central Idea: The central idea of the poem is the need of an adolescent to be heard patiently. The poem also reflects on our habit of giving advice or offering help without hearing out the problems of teenagers fully.
4. Rhyme Scheme: There is no rhyme scheme. This poem is an example of ‘free verse’.
5. Figure of Speech: Repetition, alliteration.
6. Special Features: This poem is a soliloquy. Soliloquy is a dramatic speech uttered by one character. The soliloquist thus reveals his or her inner thoughts and feelings to the listener.
7. Favourite Line: My favourite lines from the poem are:
1. “Listen! All I ask is that you listen.”
2. God just listens and lets you work it out for yourself.
8. Why I like the poem: I like the poem because I can personally relate to the poem. I have undergone the speaker’s plight many a time. So I can identify with the speaker’s feelings very easily.

Vocabulary Focus:

Question 1.
What is the difference between ‘hear’ and ‘listen’?
Answer:
‘To hear’ means to receive with the ear the sound made by someone or something; to be aware of some sound.
‘To listen’ means to consciously give one’s attention to a sound and try to understand it.
E.g. -1 was trying to listen to their conversation but the audio was so bad that I couldn’t even hear what they were saying.

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Class 9 Geography Solutions Chapter 1 Distributional Maps Notes, Textbook Exercise Important Questions and Answers.

Maharashtra State Board Class 9 Geography Solutions Chapter 1 Distributional Maps

Class 9 Geography Chapter 1 Distributional Maps Textbook Questions and Answers

1. Give reasons why the following sentences are right or wrong:

Geography Class 9 Chapter 1 Distributional Maps Question 1.
The main aim of distributional maps is to show location.
Answer:
Wrong The main aim of distributional maps is to show the distribution of variables like temperature, rainfall, population, etc.

• Distribution maps are type of thematic maps.
• These maps are prepared with special themes like the distribution of various variables in a particular region.
• They make use of different methods to show the distribution of variables like temperature, rainfall, population, etc.

Thus, the main aim of distributional maps is to show the distribution of variables in a particular region.

Distributional Maps Class 9 Question 2.
In choropleth maps, only one value is assigned to the sub-administrative unit.
Answer:
Right

1. In choropleth maps, the data regarding various geographical variables is shown by shading or using tints of various colours.
2. After gathering the data for a selected variable, five to seven classes are made considering the smallest and the largest values.
3. Each class is assigned a tint of the same colour or black-and-white patterns.
4. A particular value shown by a predecided tint of colour can represent only a particular region or group of region.

Thus, in choropleth maps, only one value is assigned to sub administrative unit.

Distributional Maps Questions And Answers Question 3.
In choropleth maps, colours/tints do not change according to the values of the variables.
Answer:
Wrong.
In choropleth maps, colours/tints change according to the values of variables.

• In choropleth maps, the smallest and the largest values are taken into consideration and after that 5-7 classes are made.
• Each class is assigned a unique tint of the same colour or black and white pattern.
• In other words, each class is used to show the distribution of a particular variable in sub- administrative unit.

Distributional Map Question 4.
Choropleth maps are used to show altitudes.
Answer:
Wrong.
Isopleth maps and not the choropleth maps are used to show altitude.

• When the distribution of a variable is continuous like the altitude, the isopleth method map is used.
• Isopleth maps use lines joining the locations having equal values and hence are useful to show the change in altitude in the region.
• When the distribution of a variable is discontinuous, the choropleth method map is used to show its distribution, eg. distribution of population, domestic animals, etc.

Question 5.
Isopleth maps are used to show population distribution.
Answer:
Wrong.
Dot method maps or choropleth method maps are used to show population distribution

• Distribution of a population is discontinuous.
• Isopleth method maps are used to show the distribution of variables which are continuous. For eg. altitude, temperature etc.
• Thus, isopleth method maps are not used to show population distribution.

Question 6.
In dot method, every dot should have an appropriate scale.
Answer:
Right.
The size of the dot is decided as per the value of a variable that is freely scattered across the region.

Question 7.
Isopleth maps are not made using isolines.
Answer:
Wrong.
Isopleth maps are made using isolines.

• Isolines are lines joining places of same values of a given variable in a map.
• Since, isopleth maps are also prepared in the same method, we can say that they are made using isolines.

Question 8.
Distribution of various geographical elements can be shown using dot method.
Answer:
Wrong.
Distribution of various geographical elements cannot be shown using dot method.

• Distribution of geographical elements which are freely scattered across a region can be shown using a dot method.
• Distribution of variables like population, minerals, cattles etc., are freely scattered hence can be shown on a dot method map.
• Whereas the distribution of variables like rainfall, altitude, temperature etc. which are continuous, cannot be shown using a dot method map.

2. Answer in brief.

Question 1.
Explain the use and types of distributional maps.
Answer:
(a) Use of distributional maps: The distributional maps are useful for explaining the patterns of distribution of a particular geographical variable.
(b) The types of distributional maps : The following are the types of distributional maps.

1. Dot Method: The distributional map based on statistical data, made by this method, make use of dots of a pre-decided size to show the distribution of a particular variable, e.g. Dot method map is used to show the population of a region, distribution of cattle etc.
2. Choropleth Method: The distributional map made by this method makes use of shades or tints of various colours, to show the distribution of a particular variable, e.g. Choropleth method map is used to show population density, types of forest cover, uses of land.
3. Isopleth Method: The distributional map made by this method makes use of lines joining locations or places having same or equal values of a particular variable, e.g. Isopleth method map is used to show altitude, temperature, rainfall.

Question 2.
Differentiate between choropleth and isopleths methods.
Answer:

Question 3.
Explain with reasons the method which is best suited to show the distribution of population in a region.
Answer:

• The dot method of making a distributional map is best suited to show the distribution of the population in a region.
• The dots used in this method, are given a particular value which is determined by selecting a proper scale considering the spread of the values of the variables in the given region.
• This method is best suited to show the distribution of the variables which are freely scattered as in the case of population distribution.

3. Which method will you use for the following information?

Question 1.
Talukawise wheat production in the district
Answer:
Dot method

Question 2.
Distribution of the altitude of the land in the district.
Answer:
Isopleth method

Question 3.
Distribution of domestic animals in the State
Answer:
Dot method

Question 4.
The distribution of population density in India
Answer:
Choropleth method

Question 5.
Temperature distribution in Maharashtra State.
Answer:
Isopleth method

4. Study the population distribution map of Kolhapur district and answer the following questions:

Question 1.
Which method has been used to show the distribution of population in the district?
Answer:
The dot method has been used to show the distribution of population in the district.

Question 2.
Explain the direction wise distribution of the population from dense to sparse.
Answer:
The distribution of the population is dense in the Eastern part of the district, whereas the western part of the district has low density of population.

Question 3.
What is the population shown by the largest circle? Which place is that?
Answer:
The population shown by the largest circle is nearly 20 lakhs. That place is Kolhapur city (Karvir Taluka)

Question 4.
Which Taluka has the least population?
Answer:
Gaganbavada Taluka has the least population.

Class 9 Geography Chapter 1 Distributional Maps Intext Questions and Answers

Make friends with maps!
Read the map given below and answer the Questions:

Question 1.
What is the population of the Amravati town?
Answer:
The population of the Amravati town is nearly 5 lakhs.

Question 2.
Name the place having population of 1 lakh on the map.
Answer:
Achalpur has a population of 1 lakh

Question 3.
Which part of the map shows sparse distribution of population?
Answer:
The northwestern part of the map shows sparse distribution of population

Read the map given below and answer the Questions:

Question 1.
Name the talukas having population density between 301 and 400 persons per sq km.
Answer:
Anjangao Surji has population density between 301 and 400 persons per sq km

Question 2.
What is the density of the Amravati taluka?
Answer:
Amravati taluka has the population density of more than 400 persons per sq km

Question 3.
Name the talukas having population density less than 300 persons per sq km.
Answer:
Dharini, Chikaldhara, Daryapur, Chandur Bazar, Morshi, Varud, Tivsa, Dhamangaon Railway, Nandgaon Khandeshwar and Bhatkuli have population density less than 300 persons per sq km.

Question 4.
Which taluka has a population density of less than 100 persons per sq km?
Answer:
Chikaldhara has population density of less than 100 persons per sq km.

Question 5.
Which Talukas have a population density of more than 400 persons per sq km?
Answer:
Amravati and Achalpur have the population density of more than 400 persons per sq km.

Read the map given below and answer the Questions:

Question 1.
In which part of the district is the rainfall more?
Answer:
Rainfall is more in the Northern part of the district.

Question 2.
In which direction is the rainfall decreasing?
Answer:
Rainfall is decreasing towards the west

Question 3.
What is the lowest value of the rainfall in the district?
Answer:
The lowest value of the rainfall in the district is less than 800 mm.

Question 4.
What is the highest value of the rainfall in the district?
Answer:
The highest value of the rainfall in the district is more than 1300 mm.

Question 5.
What is the amount of rainfall in the central part of the district?
Answer:
The amount of rainfall in the central part of the district is 900 mm.

Read the map given below and answer the Questions:

Question 1.
In which direction is the density of population decreasing?
Answer:
The density of population is decreasing towards the North and South direction.

Question 2.
Name the talukas with a population density less than 200.
Answer:
Shahuwadi, Gaganbavada, Ajra and Chandgad have a population density of less than 200.

Question 3.
Name the talukas having population density between 200 and 400.
Answer:
Radhanagri and Gargoti have population density between 200 and 400.

Question 4.
Name the talukas with a population density more than 400.
Answer:
Kolhapur, Panhala, Hatkanangale, Shirol, Gadhinglaj and Kagal have population density more than 400.

Question 5.
In which direction are the talukas having a higher density of population located in the district?
Answer:
The Eastern part of Kolhapur has a higher density of population.

Question 6
Which method has been used in the making of this map?
Answer:
Choropleth method is used in making this map.

Read the map given below and answer the Questions:

Question 1.
In which direction is the rainfall more in the district?
Answer:
The rainfall is more in the Western part of the district.

Question 2.
In which direction is the rainfall decreasing?
Answer:
The rainfall is decreasing towards the East.

Question 3.
Which class shows low rainfall category in the district?
Answer:
O to 600 mm class shows low rainfall category in the district.

Question 4.
Which class shows high rainfall category in the district?
Answer:
More than 2400 (2400 to 3000 mm) class shows high rainfall category in the district.

Question 5.
Which method has been used in making this map?
Answer:
The Isopleth method has been used in making this map

Study the population distribution map of Kolhapur district and answer the following questions:

Question 1.
A field visit is an important study method in Geography.
Answer:
Right.

• Geographical concepts and elements can be directly experienced through field-visits.
• Field-visits are extremely useful for understanding the correlation between human beings and the environment.

Class 9 Geography Chapter 1 Distributional Maps Additional Important Questions and Answers

Complete the statements choosing the correct option:

Question 1.
The main aim of distributional maps is to show the location of the place and of variables.
(a) population
(b) statistics
(c) consumption
(d) distribution
Answer:
(d) distribution

Question 2.
Distributional maps are of types.
(a) two
(b) three
(c) four
(d) five
Answer:
(b) three

Question 3.
To draw distributional maps, we need data.
(a) statistical
(b) population
(c) colourful
(d) distance
Answer:
(a) statistical

Question 4.
The distribution of population is shown by method.
(a) dot
(b) choropleth
(c) isopleth
(d) isolines
Answer:
(a) dot

Question 5.
In maps, the data regarding various geographical variables are shown by shading or tints of various colours.
(a) dot
(b) choropleth,
(c) isopleth
(d) thematic
Answer:
(b) choropleth

Question 6.
When the distribution of a variable is discontinuous the map is used.
(a) isopleth
(b) physical
(c) choropleth
(d) dot
Answer:
(c) choropleth

Question 7.
In method, lines showing equal values are used.
(a) choropleth
(b) isopleth
(c) dot
(d) planar
Answer:
(b) isopleth

Question 8.
When the distribution of a variable is the isopleth method is used.
(a) continuous
(b) discontinuous
(c) sparse
(d) disjoint
Answer:
(a) continuous

Question 9.
While showing population distribution, urban population is shown by
(a) circles
(b) dots
(c) squares
(d) lines
Answer:
(a) circles

Question 10.
is an important study method in Geography.
(a) Maps
(b) Field visit
(c) Picnic
(d) farm visit
Answer:
(b) Field visit

Match the column.

Question 1.

Answer:
(1 – b),
(2 – c),
(3 – a)

Question 2.

Answer:
(1 – a),
(2 – c),
(3 – b)

Answer in one sentence:

Question 1.
What are distributional maps?
Answer:
Maps that show the distribution of various geographical variables are called ‘distributional maps’.

Question 2.
What are thematic maps?
Ans,
Maps that are prepared with special themes are called ‘thematic maps’.

Question 3.
What is a dot-method map?
Answer:
A dot method map is a map type, that shows the distribution of a variable using dot symbols.

Question 4.
What is a choropleth method map?
Answer:
A choropleth method map is a map type, in which the distribution of a variable is shown by shades or tint of various colours.

Question 5.
When do we use the isopleth method for showing the distribution of a variable on a map?
Answer:
We use the isopleth method for showing the distribution of a variable on a map, when the distribution of the variable is continuous.

Question 6.
What is an isopleth method map?
Answer:
An isopleth method map, is a map type, that shows distribution of a variable with the help of lines showing equal values.

Question 7.
What is point related data?
Answer:
The statistical data of particular variables with respect to various places is called ‘point-related data’.

Question 8.
Which elements are generally studied in a geographical field visit?
Answer:
The various elements which can be studied during geographical field visits include physical landforms, river banks, dams, coastal areas, tourism sites, offices or museums related to geographical elements, villages, forest areas etc.

Question 9.
Mention the list of things to be carried while going on a geographical field visit?
Answer:
The various things which one should carry to a geographical field visit include notebook, specimen Questionnaire, pen pencil, scale, tape, compass, bag for collecting samples, maps, camera, etc.

Question 10.
What is field report?
Answer:
The report written on the basis of the information obtained from a field visit is known as field report.

Which method will you use for the following information:

Question 1.
The distribution of rainfall in the district of Nandurbar.
Answer:
Isopleth Method

Question 2.
Cotton crop distribution in Maharashtra.
Answer:
Dot method

Question 3.
Draw a map using the Dot Method:
Answer:

Explain:

Question 1.
Choropleth method
Answer:

1. In the choropleth method various geographical variables are shown by shades or tints of various colours.
2. While making choropleth maps, the data used for different variables is obtained through various processes such as measurement, surveying and so on.
3. In this method, only one value is given to one sub – administrative unit in a region
4. The smallest and the largest values of the given data of the variables are taken into consideration and after that 5-7 classes are made.
5. Each class is assigned a tint of the same colour or black-and-white patterns. The shades or the patterns become darker with the increasing values of the given variable.

Question 2.
Preparations for field visit
Answer:

• Before going for a field-visit, decide the place and the purpose of the visit.
• The elements which will be observed in field visit should be decided.
• For a field visit, you should carry a notebook, specimen Questionnaire
• , pen, pencil, scale, tape, compass, a bag for collecting samples, maps, camera and any other item needed.

Question 3.
Selection of the study area
Answer:

1. Geographical field-visit is organised for study of various elements, for example physical 1 landforms, river banks, dams, coastal areas, tourism sites, offices or museums related to ! geographical elements, villages or forest areas.
2. Elements should be selected after studying : the local conditions and necessary permission letters should be obtained.

Question 4.
Report writing
Answer:

1. A field-report should be written on the basis of information obtained after the visit is complete.
2. Students should add photographs wherever necessary.
3. The following points should be used to make a field report:
   • Introduction
   • Location map and Route Map
   • Physiography¹
   • Climate
   • Population
   • Environmental problems and measures
   • Land utilisation
   • Conclusions

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Class 9 English Solutions My English Coursebook Chapter 4.4 The Tempest Notes, Textbook Exercise Important Questions and Answers.

Maharashtra State Board Class 9 My English Coursebook Solutions Chapter 4.4 The Tempest

My English Coursebook Std 9 Guide Chapter 4.4 The Tempest Textbook Questions and Answers

Warming up!
Chit-chat

1. Do you have a pet? What do you call it?
2. How old is it? What does it look like?
3. What does it eat? Who takes care of it?
4. Does it understand you? What does it do?
5. Have you taught it any tricks?
6. Do you refer to it as ‘it’ or as ‘he’/ ‘she’?

1. You must have seen and liked a play (in any language) on the stage. Write down the following details about it:

Question 1.
You must have seen and liked a play (in any language) on the stage. Write down the following details about it: (Answers are directly given.)
Answer:
(a) Name of the play: “All the best” – By Devendra Pem.
(b) Important Characters: A blind, A dumb, A deaf, and A girl.
(c) Its main theme: All the three best friends like the same girl and do not want her to know of their disabilities. They try to outdo each other to win her affection.
(d) Whether it was a Comedy/Tragedy/Social Theme or any other: It was a total comedy.
(e) Why you liked it: The play is a humorous take on three friends and the situation that arises when they fall in love with the same girl. It is presented in such a lively manner that one can’t stop laughing while watching it. So I liked it very much.
(f) Message of the play: A modern perspective towards love, especially the hardships in the love of physically challenged.
(g) Any other information about the play: The roles played by all characters are amazing and we never feel bored while watching it. Their ploy and plans to woo and win the girl are source of wit in the play.

2. The following are the different steps in a drama/play. They are in a mixed up order. Rearrange them in ‘a’ proper order. Just write the order numbers in brackets:

Question 1.
The following are the different steps in a drama/play. They are in a mixed up order. Rearrange them in ‘a’ proper order. Just write the order numbers in brackets:
Answer:
(a) Characters Enter (2)
(b) Climax (6)
(c) Curtain opens (1)
(d) Action begins (3)
(e) Scene of the play (5)
(f) Curtain closes (8)
(g) Finale (Final outcome) (7)
(h) Interaction of characters (4)

3. William Shakespeare was one of the greatest playwrights of all times. He lived in the 16th century. Many of Shakespearean plays have been written in the short-story form. Find out the names of at least 5 of Shakespearean plays:

Question 1.
William Shakespeare was one of the greatest playwrights of all times. He lived in the 16th century. Many of Shakespearean plays have been written in the short-story form. Find out the names of at least 5 of Shakespearean plays: Example: Romeo and Juliet.
Answer:

1. As you like it
2. Hamlet
3. Othello
4. Twelfth Night
5. The Taming of the Shrew.

English Workshop:

1. Write down the relation between the characters given below:

Question 1.
Write down the relation between the characters given below:
(Answers are directly given.)
Answer:
(a) Prospero and Miranda – Father and daughter
(b) Prospero and Antonio – Brothers
(c) Gonzalo and Prospero – Lord and Duke
(d) Sycorax and Caliban – mother and son
(e) Alonso and Sebastian – brothers
(f) Alonso and Ferdinand – father and son

2. Find two supporting points from the story to prove the following facts:

Question 1.
Antonio was a disloyal and dangerous man.
(a) …………………………………………………………..
(b) …………………………………………………………..
Answer:
(a) He wanted to become Duke of Milan in his brother’s place.
(b) Antonio wouldn’t have hesitated to kill his brother Prospero.

Question 2.
Gonzalo was loyal to the rightful Duke.
(a) …………………………………………………………..
(b) …………………………………………………………..
Answer:
(a) Among Prospero’s courtiers was a true and loyal Lord called Gonzalo.
(b) Out of love and loyalty for the rightful duke he had secretly placed in the boat fresh water, food and clothes, and along with them, Prospero’s most valued possessions, his books.

Question 3.
Prospero was a great magician.
(a) …………………………………………………………..
(b) …………………………………………………………..
Answer:
(a) Prospero was a great magician for his life had been devoted to the study of magic.
(b) The power of his art enabled him to set free “the imprisoned spirits of whom Ariel was the chief’.

Question 4.
Miranda was very kind-hearted.
(a) …………………………………………………………..
(b) …………………………………………………………..
Answer:
(a) Miranda, a kind-hearted girl begged her father to have pity on the people caught in the storm.
(b) Please, please quell the storm now! Save the poor souls on board!

Question 5.
Ariel was very faithful to Prospero.
(a) …………………………………………………………..
(b) …………………………………………………………..
Answer:
(a) Ariel appeared before Prospero to give an account of the storm.
(b) He gave lively story of the fears of the sailors, the anxiety of the lords and how Prince Ferdinand had leaped into the sea.

Question 6.
The story ‘The Tempest’ has a happy ending.
(a) …………………………………………………………..
(b) …………………………………………………………..
Answer:
(a) Prospero was happy and pleased to be I back in Milan and forgave his old enemies who had wronged him cruelly.
(b) Even though they had been at mercy, he did not take revenge on them, but very nobly forgave them.

3. Who said to whom and when?

Question 1.
Who said to whom and when?

1. ………. and you shall be my Queen.
2. “Follow me, I shall tie you up, neck and feet together.”
3. …………… “Please, please quell the storm now!”
4. “Remember, Master, I have served you joyfully all these years!”
5. “I have been duly punished for my sins.”
6. “What I have done now is in your interest!”
7. Most sure, she is the goddess of the island!

Answer:

1. Ferdinand said to Miranda when he fell in love with Miranda.
2. Ferdinand said to himself when he saw Miranda on the isolated island for the first time.
3. Miranda said to her father when she saw the ship struggling on the wild waves.
4. Ariel said to Prospero when Prospero told Ariel to bring Ferdinand at once.
5. Alonso said to Prospero, when he realized that he had lost his son.
6. Prospero told his daughter when she requested him to quell the storm.
7. Prospero said to Ferdinand when he pretended to be angry.

4. Match the paragraphs in Column A with their suitable title in Column B: (Only the first and last words of the paragraph are given in Column A to identify it.)

Question 1.
Match the paragraphs in Column A with their suitable title in Column B: (Only the first and last words of the paragraph are given in Column A to identify it.)

Answer:

1. Now Antonio was treacherous man … its wealth and power. – Prospero Loses his Dukedom.
2. In the woods nearby, Prospero … his tasks properly. – Caliban Serves Prospero
3. Knowing that his enemies were near … all people on board. – Prospero Creates a Storm
4. Having narrated this story, Prospero … down with the ship. – Ariel Reports about the Storm
5. Many more tricks did Ariel play … touched the food. – Ariel is a Mischievous Spirit
6. Thus after many years … very nobly forgave them! – Milan Welcomes Prospero’s Return

5. Activity: Live English: Tourism

Location: Sindhudurg fort is located on the southernmost edge of the Maharashtra coast.
History: A sea fort, built by Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj.
Languages: Marathi, Hindi, English
Best time to visit: Winter
Where to stay: MTDC Holiday Resort: The resort at Tarkarli has 10 cottages with 20 sea-facing double bedrooms and one house boat.
What to see: Temples of Maruti, Bhavani, Chhatrapati Shivaji
How to get there:
By Air: The nearest international airport is Chhatrapati Shivaji International Airport, Mumbai.
By Rail: The nearest railhead is Sindhudurg on the Konkan Railway. Kankawali and Kudal are the other important railway stations nearby.
By Road: Mumbai-Tarkarli: 540 km.
Sites nearby: Sawantwadi, Malwan City, Tarkarli Beach. Redi Ganesh Temple, Vijaydurg, Kunkeshwar Temple, Amboli.

Location: Located on the outskirts of Chandrapur district, Tadoba Andhari Tiger Reserve is Maharashtra’s oldest and largest national park.
Languages: Marathi, Hindi, English, Tribal
The best season to visit: 15th October to 15th June. Hot summers are the ideal time to view mammals near water sources.
Where to stay: MTDC Jungle Resort (Mohrali) offers self-contained rooms, ideal for families. The rooms are comfortable, and offer a fine lake view.
How to get there:
By Air: The nearest international airport is Chhatrapati Shivaji International Airport, Mumbai.
By Rail: The nearest railhead is Sindhudurg on the Konkan Railway. Kankawali and Kudal are the other important railway stations nearby.
By Road: Chandrapur-Tadoba 45km. State transport buses ply from Chandrapur to Tadoba.
Attractions: Tiger, Panther, Bison, Sloth Bear, Hyena, Jackal, Wild Dog, Sambar, Leopard and Barking Deer.
Sights nearby: Bhadrawati, Markanda, Bhamragarh, Anandwan

Chit – Chat

1. Do you like to travel?
2. How do you like to travel?
3. Which is the nearest place to which you have travelled?
4. Which is the farthest?
5. Have you ever travelled by ………….. ?
6. What do you like to carry with you when you travel?
7. What souvenirs do you like to bring back from your travels?

1. Observe the tourist leaflets given on page no. 114 of the textbook and answer the questions:

Question (a)
Which place do these leaflets describe?
Answer:
These leaflets describe ‘Sindhudurg’ and ‘Tadoba National Park’.

Question (b)
What are the main points given in each leaflet?
Answer:
The main points given in each leaflet are –

1. Location
2. History
3. Languages
4. Best time to visit
5. Where to stay?
6. What to see?
7. How to go there? (by air, by rail, by road)
8. Sites nearby.

Question (c)
How can one reach Tadoba? why?
Answer:
One can reach Tadoba by taking a plane to Nagpur. One can also reach Tadoba by going to Chandrapur in a train and then taking a bus for the 45 km journey to Tadoba National Park.

Question (d)
Which is the best season to visit Tadoba? Why?
Answer:
The best season to visit Tadoba is hot summers, from 15th October to 15th June, to view mammals near water resources.

Question (e)
List the words related to tourism, e.g. tourist, reservation, etc.
Answer:
Tourism-related words are –

1. tourist
2. booking
3. travel
4. ticket
5. flight
6. train
7. buses
8. forts
9. trek.
10. resort
11. mountains
12. hill stations
13. history
14. MTDC
15. ST

2. Prepare a tourist leaflet for a historical place or a hill station using the following points:

Question 1.
Prepare a tourist leaflet for a historical place or a hill station using the following points:

1. Place
2. Special features
3. Distance
4. How to go there
5. Accommodation
6. Food
7. Climate

Answer:
1. Place: Hill Station: Mahabaleshwar

2. Special features: The jungles of Mahabaleshwar are known for their density and a stunning array of birds and wildlife located in Western ghats at the elevation of approximately 353 metres. It offers appealing view of evergreen valleys and hills of the Konkan and the Deccan coast. The climate is cool and pleasant suitable for cultivation of strawberries.

3. Distance: Mumbai – Mahabaleshwar – 262 kms

• Pune – Mahabaleshwar – 125 kms
• Satara – Mahabaleshwar – 62 kms
• Mahad – Mahabaleshwar – 32 kms

4. How to go there:

• By Air: Pune airport lies 120 km from the place is the nearest airport.
• By Rail: Satara is the nearest railway station, about 62 km.
• By Road: Many ST buses run from Mumbai and Pune. Private buses and taxis are also available.

5. Accommodation: Mahabaleshwar has no dearth of accommodation options. There are many hotels ranging from deluxe to budget. Other options include tourist lodges, guest houses, private bungalows and MTDC Resort.

6. Food:

• Maharashtrian and any type of Indian and continental foods are available.
• Mahabaleshwar is famous for strawberry ice cream, milk shake, jam, jelly, etc.

7. Climate :

• Throughout the year the climate is mild and pleasing.
• It receives incessant showers from July to September when temperature ranges between 20 to 25 degree.

3. If you want to become a tourist guide at the following place, which languages will you need to learn?

Question 1.
If you want to become a tourist guide at the following place, which languages will you need to learn?

1. Ajanta
2. Belgavi
3. Delhi
4. Tarkarli

Answer:

1. Ajanta: Marathi, Hindi, English
2. Belgavi: Kannada, English
3. Delhi: Hindi, English
4. Tarkarli: Marathi, English, Hindi

4. Imagine you are a tourist guide at (1) Sindhudurg (2) Tadoba. Write two sentences each about the following points to help foreign tourists:

Question 1.
Imagine you are a tourist guide at
1. Sindhudurg
2. Tadoba.
Write two sentences each about the following points to help foreign tourists:
(a) About the place: History, languages spoken, special attractions.
(b) Food: speciality, local delicacies, options (Indian, continental)
(c) Shopping: authenticity of local artefacts, price, variety.
Answer:
1. Sindhudurg:
(a) About the place: The place is located in Sindhudurg district just off the coast of Maharashtra in Western India. The fortress lies on the shore of Malvan town of Sindhudurg district in Konkan region. It was built by Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj. It is believed that Shivaji personally selected the site for the construction of the fort. The languages spoken here are Marathi, Malvani, Hindi and English.

(b) Food: The place is famous for its sea food, kombdi vade and the local Malvani cuisine. It is also popular for Alphonso mangoes.

(c) Shopping: Local delicacies made by the people out of mangoes, jackfruits, kokam and cashewnuts can be bought from the city. Mangoes of good quality and taste are also available here.

2. Tadoba:

(a) About the place: Tadoba Andhari Reserve is the largest National Park in Maharashtra. It is a tiger reserve in Chandrapur district of Maharashtra. It was created in 1955. Marathi, Hindi, and some tribal languages are spoken here.
(b) Food: The local cuisine is the Vidarbha cuisine. Veg. and non veg. hotels and restaurants nearby area also provide Indian and continental food as well.
(c) Shopping: The Tiger Reserve souvenirs can be brought at reasonable rates from the shops around the reserve.

5. Prepare an attractive tourist leaflet for your native place, in English as well as in your mother tongue:

Question 1.
Prepare an attractive tourist leaflet for your native place, in English as well as in your mother tongue: [Note : The tourist leaflet of Kolhapur is given below, as an example. Students are expected to prepare leaflet of their own native place.]
Answer:
Kolhapur

1. Location: Kolhapur is an inland city located in South-west Maharashtra state, 228 km south of Pune. It is a historic city of Maharashtra, famous for temple of a Hindu Goddess – Mahalakshmi.

2. History: Kolhapur was established by Tarabai in 1707 during succession dispute over the Maratha Kingship. The state was annexed by the British in the 19th century. It was ruled by Bhosale Royal clan of the Maratha Empire.

3. Languages: Marathi, Kannada, Hindi, English.

4. Best time to visit: Summers here are very hot, hence the months between June and February are the best time to visit.

5. Accommodation: 2 star and 3 star hotels, private bungalows and MTDC Resorts. Tourists can choose from a wide range of hotels based on their budget and preferences.

6. How to go there:

• By Air: Belgaum is the nearest airport from Kolhapur, which is connected through airlines from Mumbai.
• By Rail: Kolhapur is connected by a good rail network to other cities like Mumbai, Bengaluru, Pune and Tirupati.
• By Road: It is 450 km from Mumbai. One can get direct buses (ST and Private) to Kolhapur from Mumbai, Pune, Bengaluru, Belgaum, Mangaluru and Hubli.

7. Attractions: The city has multiple options that can be explored. Mahalaxmi Temple, Rankala Lake. Panhala fort, Jyotiba Temple, Siddagiri Museum, Shahuji Maharaj Museum/palace, Kopeshwar Temple are some of the attractions in city. Kolhapur is famous for special mutton dishes especially Pandhara and Tambda Rassa, Kolhapuri Bhel and Misal.

6. Suppose a foreigner comes to visit your place and you have to accompany him for sight seeing. Prepare a dialogue between you and the foreigner:

Question 1.
Suppose a foreigner comes to visit your place and you have to accompany him for sight seeing. Prepare a dialogue between you and the foreigner:
Answer:

• Myself: So, you are here to visit our city. Would you like to accompany me for sight seeing?
• Foreigner: Being native of this city, I think you would be of great help to me. So from where shall we start?
• Myself: Better we start from the place out of the city, Verul caves, which is the main attraction of the tourists.
• Foreigner: How much time will it take? Can we see another place also along with it?
• Myself: It takes around 4-5 hours to see all the caves in detail. We can also visit Grishneshwar Jyotirling Temple nearby. It is believed to be an ancient temple of Hindus.
• Foreigner: Oh that’s great! So after lunch better we come back in the city.
• Myself: Yes, in city too in evening you can visit Bibi ka Maqbura, a replica of Taj Mahal and Pawan Chakki (wind mill).
• Foreigner: Very nice. We will go there in the evening. So what is left for tomorrow?
• Myself: Tomorrow we can go to Ajanta Caves. It takes a whole day for travelling and viewing it.
• Foreigner: I have heard about an ancient fort also.
• Myself: Yes, you are right. But it’s not possible to see at a time. We can go there day after tomorrow.
• Foreigner: That’s great idea. You have been a great help for me. Thanks a lot, dear.
• Myself: You are welcome!

7. Using the Internet, find the following information about a place you wish to visit using the following points:

Question 1.
Using the Internet, find the following information about a place you wish to visit using the following points:

1. Distance from your place
2. Available modes of transport
3. Accommodation facilities
4. Historical facts
5. Climate
6. Famous sites.

My English Coursebook 9th Class Solutions Chapter 4.4 The Tempest Additional Important Questions and Answers

Simple Factual Activities:

Question 1.
State whether the following statements are True or False: (Answers are directly given.)
Answer:

1. Prospero was the duke of Milan, in the kingdom of Naples. – True
2. Prospero’s brother Gonzalo was a very treacherous man. – False
3. Books were Prospero’s most valued possessions. – True
4. The king Antonio landed safely on an enchanted island. – False

Question 2.
Who were all sailing in the ship, close to the enchanted island ?
Answer:
The King of Naples – Alonso, his brother – Sebastian, Antonio, Prince Ferdinand of Naples, and the old, loyal courtier Gonzalo.

Question 3.
Who am I? (Answers are directly given.)
Answer:

1. I am a great magician. – Prospero
2. I am the chief of the imprisoned spirits. – Ariel
3. I am the twisted, ugly monster. – Caliban
4. I am the king of Naples. – Alonso

Question 4.
Complete the following sentences:
Answer:

1. Prospero led his daughter to the shore of the island.
2. Miranda begged her father to have pity on the people caught in the storm.
3. Prospero explained to his daughter that he had caused the tempest in order to bring his enemies Alonso and Sebastian, within his power.
4. Ariel gave a lively account of the fears of the sailors, the anxiety of the lords and how Prince Ferdinand had leaped into the sea.

Question 5.
Arrange the following sentences in chronological order:
Answer:

1. Prospero narrated the story of their past life to his daughter.
2. Prospero raised a great tempest with his power of magic.
3. He wanted to show how the ship was struggling on the wild waves due to his magic.
4. Being kind-hearted, Miranda requested her father to have pity on the people caught in the storm. Answer:
5. Prospero raised a great tempest with his power of magic.
6. He wanted to show how the ship was struggling on the wild waves due to his magic.
7. Being kind-hearted, Miranda requested her father to have pity on the people caught in the storm.
8. Prospero narrated the story of their past life to his daughter.

Question 6.
State whether you Agree or Disagree with the following statements: (Answers are directly given.)
Answer:

1. Miranda had never ever seen any human being except her father. – Agree
2. Prospero was not happy when his daughter saw Ferdinand. – Disagree
3. Miranda was the goddess of the island. – Disagree
4. Ariel was very faithful to Prospero. – Agree

Question 7.
Fill in the blanks with one word:
(Answers are directly given.)
Answer:

1. Prospero took the prince to a cave.
2. Ferdinand wanted to be the king of Naples.
3. Many more tricks were played on Prospero’s enemies by Ariel.
4. Antonio wanted to kill king Alonso.

Question 8.
State whether the following statements are Right or Wrong:
Answer:

1. People in Milan welcomed Prospero with great love and joy. – Right
2. Prospero nobly forgave his old enemies. – Right
3. Ferdinand and Miranda got married on the enchanted island. – Wrong
4. Ariel was as free as air at the end. – Right

Question 9.
Complete the following sentences with the help of the passage: (Answers are directly given.)
Answer:

1. Prospero decided to give up the practice of magic.
2. Ariel promised everyone calm seas and favourable winds while sailing.
3. Alonso was happy to see his lost son.
4. Prospero assured Alonso that their ship was safely anchored and each and every sailor was safe on board.

Complex Factual Activities:

Question 1.
What evil deed did Antonio do, to become a Duke himself ?
Answer:
Antonio conspired with the king of Naples, Alonso to take his brother’s Dukedom. They took Prospero and his baby daughter Miranda far away from land. They left them in a broken, old boat and sailed away.

Question 2.
What had the faithful Lord Gonzalo done to help Prospero?
Answer:
Out of his love and loyalty for the rightful duke, Prospero, Gonzalo had secretly placed fresh water, food and clothes and most valued possessions, his books in the boat to help Prospero.

Question 3.
Complete the difference between Prospero and Antonio:
Answer:

Question 4.
What good deed did Prospero do on the enchanted island?
Answer:
The enchanted island was under the spell of Sycorax, a dead witch. Prospero, set free all the imprisoned good spirits on that island and compelled them to follow his orders. Being a good magician, he could do it so all the spirits were grateful and obedient to him.

Question 5.
What did Prospero do when he saw Alonso, Sebastian and Antonio sailing in a ship close to enchanted island?
Answer:
When Prospero came to know that Alonso, Sebastian and Antonio were sailing in a ship close to enchanted island, he raised a great tempest with the power of his magic. The royal ship was turned and tossed on the stormy waves. It seemed as if it would sink any moment, along with all the people on board.

Question 6.
For what two reasons did Prospero raise a great tempest?
Answer:
1. Prospero raised a great tempest in his daughter’s interest.
2. He also wanted to bring his enemies, Alonso and Antonio within his power. So he raised a great tempest.

Question 7.
How did Ferdinand get separated from his father?
Answer:
When the ship was struggling in the waves, Ferdinand had jumped into the sea. So everyone on the ship thought that he was dead. But actually he got separated from his father and was left alone on a beach.

Question 8.
Who said to whom and when:
1. “Obey my commands now, and in two days I shall set you free!”
2. “All your troubles were merely trials of your love”.
Answer:
1. Prospero said to Ariel when Ariel reminded him of his promise.
2. Prospero said to Ferdinand when he was sure that Ferdinand loves his daughter.

Question 9.
How did Ferdinand and Miranda react on seeing each other?
Answer:
Miranda had never seen any other human being in her life beside her father so when she saw Ferdinand she was thrilled and thought that he was divine and noble. On the other hand Ferdinand was astonished to see a beautiful girl on an isolated island. Basically both of them gazed at each other in wonder, admiration and love.

Question 10.
What gave Prospero a secret pleasure?
Answer:
When Ferdinand was brought there, he and Miranda looked at each other in wonder, admiration and love. Actually Prospero brought him there for his daughter. So seeing his daughter get attracted to Ferdinand, Prospero was pleased.

Question 11.
How did Ariel save king Alonso’s life?
Answer:
Antonio and Sebastian had plotted to murder of king Alonso. Ariel saved his life by waking up the king from his sleep in the nick of time.

Question 12.
What tricks did Ariel play on Prospero’s enemies?
Answer:

1. He caused them to wander about.
2. He filled their ears with strange and frightful noises.
3. When they were faint with hunger, he set a huge banquet before them, only to take it away when they touched the food.

Question 13.
What surprise awaited king Alonso when Prospero drew back the curtain?
Answer:
When Prospero drew back the cmtain from the entrance of his cave, King Alonso saw Ferdinand, his lost son happily playing a game of chess with Miranda. That was a pleasant surprise for the king Alonso.

Find two supporting points from the story to prove the following fact:

Question 1.
King Alonso felt ashamed for his deed.
Answer:
(a) The king and other courtiers were ashamed.
(b) They begged Prospero’s forgiveness.

Activities based on vocabulary:

Question 1.
Find out adjectives used to describe the following nouns: (Answers are directly given.)
Answer:

1. enchanted island
2. evil witch
3. broken boat
4. freshwater.

Question 2.
Choose the correct alternative given for the synonym of the words given below:
(Answers are directly given.)
Answer:
1. studious: bookish
(a) outstanding
(b) concerned
(c) bookish
(d) clever.

2. treacherous: unreliable
(a) foolish
(b) tricky
(c) unreliable
(d) favourite.

3. witch: an ugly evil
(a) spirit
(b) an ugly evil
(c) ghost
(d) magician.

4. rightful: lawful
(a) lawful
(b) expert
(c) faithful
(d) true.

Question 3.
Find out antonyms for the following from the passage: (Answers are directly given.)
Answer:

1. disillusioned × enchanted
2. kindhearted × vicious
3. thankless × grateful
4. sympathetic × brutal

Question 4.
Give one word from the passage for the following description :
(Answers are directly given.)
Answer:

1. A minor nature goddess usually depicted as a beautiful maiden – sea nymph
2. Linear unit of measurement for water depth – fathom
3. Causing fear or terror – dreadful
4. a relative permanent state of worry and nervousness – anxiety

Question 5.
Make a word register related with “sea”.
Answer:
A word register related with “sea” – shore, island, ship, waves, storm, sailors, fathom, sea- nymphs.

Question 6.
Complete the following table by writing related words to the given mood:
(Answers are directly given.)
Answer:

Question 7.
Write down minimum four infinitives from the passage:
Answer:
to defend, to capture, to go, to see, to stand obey, remember, follow.

Question 8.
Match the words in Column ‘A’ with their meanings in Column ‘B’:

Answer:

Question 9.
Find out two words from the passage with suffix ‘ness’ and write your own two words with suffix ‘ness’.
Answer:
Words from the passage:
1. wickedness
2. kindness.
My own words:
1. happiness
2. sadness.

Question 10.
Complete the following table:
Answer:

Question 11.
Pick the odd man out:
Answer:

1. heir, cave, ship, old, wind – old
2. take, wander, safe, punish, hear – safe
3. happy, thrilling, calm, revenge, favourable – revenge
4. nobly, safely, happily, marry, duly – marry

Activities based on contextual grammar:

Question 1.
Add a question tag:
(Answers are directly given.)
Answer:

1. Prospero was the Duke of Milan, wasn’t he?
2. Antonio would not have hesitated to kill Prospero, would he?
3. You can imagine the hardships faced by Prospero, can’t you?
4. The spirits remained trapped in their prisons, didn’t they?

Make the following sentences exclamatory:

Question 1.
Antonio was a treacherous man.
Answer:
What a treacherous man Antonio was!

Question 2.
Gonzalo was a true and loyal courtier.
Answer:
What a true and loyal courtier Gonzalo was!

Question 3.
Identify the tense:

1. The ship was carrying Prince Ferdinand of Naples.
2. He had devoted his life to the study of magic.
3. They promised to be ever obedient to his will.

Answer:

1. Past Continuous Tense
2. Past Perfect Tense
3. Simple Past Tense.

Question 4.
Begin the sentence with the underlined word/words:
1. Prospero raised a great tempest with the power of his magic.
2. In the woods nearby, Prospero found Caliban, a twisted, ugly monster.
Answer:
1. A great tempest was raised with the power of his magic by Prospero.
2. Caliban, a twisted, ugly monster was found by Prospero in the woods nearby.

Use ‘As soon as’ in the following sentences:

Question 1.
Prospero touched Miranda with his magic stick and she fell fast asleep.
Answer:
As soon as Prospero touched Miranda with his magic stick, she fell fast asleep.

Question 2.
As the tempest raged, Prospero led his daughter to the shore of the island.
Answer:
As soon as the tempest raged, Prospero led his daughter to the shore of the island.

Question 3.
Rewrite the following sentences as per the instructions:
1. Prospero waved his magic stick.
(Rewrite the sentence in past continuous tense.)
2. Ariel informed Prospero that the ship, was safely anchored in one corner of the island.
(Rewrite the sentence in past perfect tense.)
Answer:
1. Prospero was waving his magic stick.
2. Ariel had informed Prospero that the ship was safely anchored in one corner of the island.

Question 4.
Rewrite the following sentences in polite request in form of question:
1. Obey my commands now!
2. Bring Ferdinand here at once.
Answer:
1. Will you please obey my commands now?
2. Can you please bring Ferdinand here at once?

Question 5.
Prospero said to Ferdinand, “All your troubles were merely trials of your love and you have nobly stood the test. Now, I give you my daughter, a priceless gift.”
(Rewrite the sentence in indirect narration.)
Answer:
1. Prospero told Ferdinand that all his troubles were merely trials of his love and he had nobly I stood the test. He further added that he gave him (Ferdinand), his daughter, a priceless gift.

Question 6.
Begin the sentences with the underlined object and rewrite it:
1. Ariel brought them before Prospero.
2. He thanked Gonzalo for his kindness.
Answer:
1. They were brought before Prospero by Ariel.
2. Gonzalo was thanked for his kindness by him.

Question 7.
Make them assertive:
1. How happy Alonso was to see his lost son!
2. How thrilled Alonso was to hear that Ferdinand was to marry the duke of Milan’s beautiful daughter.
Answer:
1. Alonso was very happy to see his lost son.
2. Alonso was very much thrilled to hear that Ferdinand was to marry the duke of Milan’s beautiful daughter.

Question 8.
Use ‘not only … but also’ :
1. Prospero was happy and pleased to be back in Milan.
2. Ariel promised them calm seas and favourable winds in their journey.
Answer:
1. Prospero was not only happy but also pleased to be back in Milan.
2. Ariel promised them not only calm seas but also favourable winds in their journey.

Do as directed:

Question 1.
Complete the words by using correct letters:

1. o_der
2. gre_t
3. ne_er
4. ma _ ic

Answer:

1. order
2. great
3. never
4. magic

Question 2.
Copy the following sentences correctly in your notebook:
Answer:
1. Prospero was the Duke of Milan in the kingdom of Naples.
2. “Obey my commands now,” Prospero said to him.

Question 3.
Put the following words in alphabetical order:
1. earthen, natural, different, leisure
2. renowned, rectangles, residing, recording
Answer:
1. different, earthen, leisure, natural.
2. recording, rectangles, renowned, residing.

Question 4.
Punctuate the following sentences:
1. every child is an artist the problem is how to remain an artist once we grow up said Picasso
2. oh i didn’t see you come in said the teacher to ritesh
Answer:
1. “Every child is an artist. The problem is how to remain an artist once we grow up?” said Picasso.
2. “Oh, I didn’t see you come in !” said the teacher to Ritesh.

Question 5.
Write four small words (minimum 3 letters each) using the letters in the given word:
“treacherous”
Answer:

1. teach
2. reach
3. each
4. hero.

Question 6.
Spot the error and rewrite the correct sentence:
1. Raza win many national and international awards.
2. Gond art have spread mainly in Central India.
Answer:
1. Raza won many national and international awards.
2. Gond art has spread mainly in Central India.

Question 7.
Write related words as shown in the example: (Answers are directly given.)
Answer:

Question 8.
Complete the following word-chain of nouns. Write four words each beginning with the last letter of the previous word:
wealth → …………….. → ………………. → …………….. → ……………..
Answer:
wealth → humour → reaction → nectar → rainbow.

Do as directed:

Question 1.
Make your own meaningful sentence by using the phrase ‘to look after’:
Answer:
It is our duty to look after our parents in their old age.

Question 2.
Add a prefix or suffix to make new
words and use any one of the root words in your own sentence:
1. regular
2. wicked.
Answer:
1. regular – irregular
2. wicked – wickedness.
Sentence: The wicked man was about to kill his own friend.

Question 3.
Add a clause to expand the sentence meaningfully:
She did not know ………………..
Answer:
She did not know how she would be able to come to the decision.

Personal Response:

Question 1.
What will you do if you are left alone on an isolated island by your friends?
Answer:
If I am left alone on an isolated island by my friends, first I will try to track the location with my mobile. Then I will send it to my parents and other faithful friends. If they get that location, they will definitely reach where I am and I would come out of that isolated island.

Question 2.
Why did Prospero raise a great tempest?
Answer:
Prospero was a great magician and staying on the enchanted island. When he saw a ship carrying his enemies near his island, he wanted to show them his power of magic without doing them any harm so that they would not come nearby his island again.

Question 3.
If you were given the power of magic for one day, what would you do? How would you use the power of magic?
Answer:
If I were given the power of magic for one day, I would do something for the society and for the nation. First, I would try to eradicate poverty from the society, I would give employment opportunities to each and every individual to raise the national income and to make my country developed.

Question 4.
Do you think the power of magic can make you successful? Why?
Answer:
I don’t believe in magic. As we are living in the 21st century, I believe to be at right place at right time. Luck, timing and magic, none of them will make you successful unless you work hard continuously. So I believe in hard work not in magic.

Question 5.
“Ariel was a faithful spirit” – why do you think so?
Answer:
Ariel was the chief of imprisoned good spirits. Prospero promised him that he would set him free with his power of magic. He was serving Prospero and helping him faithfully in every need of an hour to set himself free.

Question 6.
What could be the reason for Prospero to give up the practice of magic?
Answer:
After using the power of his magic at an enchanted island he was back to his own kingdom, Milan. He wanted a new beginning, he wanted to rule his kingdom with human values and virtues rather than magical spells. So he might have given up the practice of magic.

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Class 9 English Solutions My English Coursebook Chapter 2.3 Mark Twain Notes, Textbook Exercise Important Questions and Answers.

Maharashtra State Board Class 9 My English Coursebook Solutions Chapter 2.3 Mark Twain

My English Coursebook Std 9 Digest Chapter 2.3 Mark Twain Textbook Questions and Answers

Warming up!

Chit-chat:

• Who is your favourite comedian?
• What do you like better – to listen to a joke, or to tell a joke?
• Do you like cartoons and cartoon films?
• Which one do you like best?

Quick Thinkers:

Within one minute, write as many meaningful phrases as possible using the numbers given below. Do not repeat the ideas.

Question 1.
Within one minute, write as many meaningful phrases as possible using the numbers given below. Do not repeat the ideas.

Answer:

• One – one boy
• Two – two girls
• Three – three facebook accounts
• Four – four complaints
• Five – five gardens
• Six – six policemen
• Seven – seven roads
• Forty – forty feet
• A hundred – a hundred messages

Try to imagine a situation context where all the above items fit in. Describe it in 8 – 10 lines.
Think of a title for your passage.

Question 1.
Try to imagine a situation context where all the above items fit in. Describe it in 8 – 10 lines. Think of a title for your passage.
Answer:
Tit for tat
There was a boy in one city. He was studying in standard nine. He opened three fake Facebook accounts and started sending indecent messages to two girls from his class. The girls complained to their teacher four times but he continued sending ‘the same kinds of messages.

At last, the girls’ parents complained to Five gardens police station. Six policemen from the police station came to his school and took the boy to a remand home where seven roads meet. Now the boy is in a forty feet room and taking his punishment for sending hundreds of – indecent messages to the innocent girls.

Try to draw a map incorporating your phrases in a meaningful way. (Two examples are given below.) Write a key/index for your map.

Question 1.
Try to draw a map incorporating your phrases in a meaningful way. (Two examples are given below.) Write a key/index for your map.
Answer:

English Workshop:

1. Answer the following questions:

Question a.
Did Twain tell the barber who he was?
Answer:
Twain did not tell the barber who he was because he didn’t want to disclose his identity. But he told him that it was his first visit to that town.

Question b.
Was Twain particular about how he dressed when he was visiting friends?
Answer:
Yes, Twain was particular about his dress because when Mrs. Stowe saw him without any collar and tie she was surprised. She disapproved his dressing, it shows that he was always in formal, particular dress.

Question c.
Was Twain particular about what words he used?
Answer:
Yes, Twain was very much particular about what words he used.

Question d.
Do you think Twain approved of spelling reforms? Give reasons for your answer.
Answer:
Twain proposed a different plan for the improvement of English spellings. He wanted to convey that further changes and reformation in English spellings would be harmful for the language. So I think he did not approve of spelling reforms.

Question e.
How did Twain explain the spider in the paper? What did he want to highlight?
Answer:
Twain explained that the spider was on the paper to see which merchant was not advertising, so that he could go to that store; spin his web across the door and lead a life of undisturbed peace afterwards. He wanted to highlight that there was no logical reason behind superstitions as the spider just happened to be there on the newspaper by chance. He also wanted to highlight that we should not believe in superstitions.

2. Read the following and write the two meanings of ‘mind’ and ‘matter’ :
‘Age is an issue of mind over matter. If you don’t mind, it doesn’t matter.’

Question 1.
Read the following and write the two meanings of ‘mind’ and ‘matter’.
Age is an issue of mind over matter. If you don’t mind, it doesn’t matter.
Answer:
Here mind and matter both are used as a nouns first and then they are used as verbs.

3. Enact any one anecdote in the classroom.

Question 1.
Enact any one anecdote in the classroom.

4. Translate any five of the quotations you like.

Question 1.
Translate any five of the quotations you like.

5. Form groups of four to six.
Discuss whether and how you can improve English spelling.

Question 1.
Discuss whether and how you can improve English spelling.

6. Arrange a ‘Jokes’ session in the classroom where each student tells a joke. The jokes must be told in English.

Question 1.
Arrange a ‘Jokes’ session in the classroom where each student tells a joke. The jokes must be told in English.

Language Study:

7. Many actions involve two people/things – one that performs the action and one that is affected by the action. Example: Sonali ate the mango.
Here, the action of eating involves Sonali (who eats) and the mango (which gets eaten).
Sonali is the subject and ‘mango’ is the object of the verb ‘eat’. When you want to talk about who performed the action, the doer of the action is the subject.
Sometimes, you want focus on the object – the thing affected by the action. Then you make it the subject of that sentence. Example: The mango was eaten.
You may or may not mention the doer – here, Sonali or the person who ate it.
This is passive construction or passive voice. In this type of construction, the thing affected by the verb is the subject of the sentence, the verb is in the passive form (be + past participle), and the ‘doer’ of the action may or may not be mentioned.
In the following examples of passive voice, the ‘doer’ of action is not mentioned.
Examples :

• The plants are pruned.
• A cup of tea is offered to any guest …
• Many anecdotes related to Mark Twain are told …

If we wish to mention the ‘doer’ in passive sentences, we mention it by adding ‘by’
before it. Examples :
This pen was given to me by my Aunt.
Note that only transitive verbs can be used in the passive voice.

8. Refer to the Language Study pages and read the entries ‘irony’ and ‘pun’. Find one example of each from the passage or the quotations.

Question 1.
Find the examples of ‘irony’ and ‘pun’ from the lesson or the quotations.
Answer:
irony – use of words to imply the opposite of what they mean.
Examples:

1. A writer is working on his manuscript; and it’s a comedy.
2. ‘classic’ – A book which people praise and don’t read.

pun – a play on words based on their different meanings, for a humorous effect.
Examples:

1. A bicycle can’t stand on its own because it is two-tired.
2. Age is an issue of mind over matter. If you don’t mind, it doesn’t matter.

(2 examples of irony and pun are given here. Students are expected to find more examples from the lesson.)

8. Activity: Live English: Customer Care

Question a.
Read the following conversation.
Answer:

• Vaishali: Mother, how’s your new Zap3 mobile working?
• Mother: Oh It’s a fantastic piece and I’ve got a Bhramar simcard free with this mobile but somehow the Internet Is not working.
• Vaishali: Go to the settings and see if the mobile data is switched on.
• Mother: Yes, dear, I’ve done that so many times, but still I am not getting connected.
• Vaishali: Let’s contact the customer support at Bhramar and take their help. Look, the number Is given on the back of the simcard packet.
• Mother: Yes. I’ll contact them immediately.
• Vaishali: Put your mobile on speaker phone so that I can guide you.
  (Mother dials Bhramar Telecom customer care.)
• Bhramar CC: Hello. This is Bhramar customer care service. For information in English, press for Hindi, press 2, for Marathi, press 3, to talk to our customer care executive, press 4.
  (Mother presses 1.)
• Bhramar CC: For information regarding bills and your account, press 1 for internet queries and offers, press 2 for other services, press 3 to talk to our customer care executive, press 4.
  (Mother presses 2.)
• Bhramar CC: For different Internet plans, press: 1 to talk to our customer care executive, press 2.
  (Mother presses 2.)
• Bhramar CC: How can I help you?
• Mother: I bought a new Bhramar SIM yesterday. I have opted for the 349 rupees unlimited plan.
• Bhramar CC: Yes, it Is reflected against your number.
• Mother: But I am not getting connected to the Internet.
• Bhramar CC: Go to Settings’ and in APN type internet and save it. After that just switch off the phone and then switch it on again. The internet will start working. Any other queries, Madam?
• Mother: No, thank you. If I have any problem, I will call you back.
• Bhramar CC: Thanks for calling Bhramar Customer Care service. (Hangs up.)
• Vaishali: See, Mummy, It’s quiet simple.

Question b.
You have purchased some games CDs online through ChalaShikuya. corn (CSY). You are not able to access the CD. It is published by Cithuttigarnes. When you contact the customer care service of Chhuttigarnes. what questions will you ask?
Answer:
Questions to ask chalashikuya.com. customer care service of chhuttigames.

1. Is it customer care service of chhuttigames?
2. I want to talk to the person who deals with customer complaints, who is the right ¡erson to talk to?
3. Recently I have purchased some games CD online through your website. It’s not working properly. How can I resolve my problem?
4. Is it possible to exchange the CD?
5. How can I send it back to you?
6. How much time will you take to replace it?
7. What is the guarantee that new CD wifi work properly?
8. Will you return the money which I paid for CDs?

Question c.
Find out who the service provider is for your parents mobile. With your parents’ pennission. call the customer care service to get information regarding the active plans on your number. (For example. SMS plan, internet plan, etc. and share this information in your classroom.)
Answer:
Telephonic conversation with the customer care service.

• Myself: Hello, is it Airtel Service Centre?
• ServIceman: Yes, what can I do you for you, Sir?
• Myself: My mother’s number is 9867XXXX10 and I want to enquire about new plans for this number.
• Serviceman: Could you hold on for a moment please? I will just put you through to our expert.
• Myself: It’s all right.
• Serviceman: What do you want to ask, Sir? I can’t get through to him at the moment. If you tell me, I wifi definitely pass on your message to him.
• Myself: I want to ask about the active plan on my mobile. Especially about SMS plan and Internet plan.
• Serviceman: I think the operator has hung up. I will pass on your message to him, call you back in some time.
• Myself: 0k Sir, Thanks a lot!
• Serviceman: Welcome Sir, Have a good day.

Question d.
Prepare simple telephone conversations using the expressions below.
Some useful ‘telephone’ phrases
Hold on, please. (Wait): Could you hold on for a moment please?
Put (a call) through (Connect): I will just put you through to our expert.
Get through (Get connected): I can’t get through to him at the moment, could you call back later, please?
Hang up (End the call): I think the operator has hung up.
Call back: I’ll check your plan and call you back in some time.

• Pick up
• Answer the phone
• Call
• Give a ring

My English Coursebook 9th Class Solutions Chapter 2.3 Mark Twain Additional Important Questions and Answers

Read the following passage and do the activities:

Simple Factual Activities:

Question 1.
Complete the following sentences with the help of the given passage:
(Answers are directly given.)
Answer:

1. The real name of Mark Twain was Samuel Langhorne Clemens.
2. Mark Twain went to a local barber shop for a shave.
3. Many anecdotes related to Mark Twain are told and enjoyed even today.
4. The young Mark Twain ran over early to say goodbye to Mrs. Stowe.

Question 2.
Name the following:
Answer:

1. The popular American Writer – Mark Twain
2. The place where Mrs Stowe was going – Florida
3. The home country of Mark Twain – America
4. The person who was going to Florida – Mrs Stowe

Question 3.
Answer the following in words :
Answer:

1. How many times did Mark Twain hear the story. – Three times
2. Who was telling the story? – Henry Irving

Question 4.
Complete the following sentences :
(Answers are directly given.)
Answer:
1. Henry Irving asked Mark Twain if he had heard the story before “because he wanted to assure that he had not heard the story which he was telling him.”
2. Mark Twain could not lie the third time at any cost because he had not only heard the story but also invented it after hearing it for the third time.

Question 5.
State whether the following statements are True or False: (Answers are directly given.)
Answer:

1. Mark Twain received a letter from the editor of a small Missouri newspaper. – False
2. Finding a spider in a paper is good luck for the reader according to Mark Twain. – False
3. Mark Twain’s birth was heralded by the return of Halley’s comet. – True
4. Mark Twain died in November 1835. – False

Complex Factual Activities:

Question 1.
Describe Mark Twain.
Answer:
Mark Twain was a popular American writer who was famous for his humorous stories, novels and other writings. Many anecdotes related to Mark Twain are told and enjoyed even today. He was a great defender of human values like liberty, equality and fraternity.

Question 2.
Complete the following web describing Mark Twain:
(Answers are directly given.)
Answer:

Question 3.
Complete the following:
(Answers are directly given.) The two social activities that Mark Twain supported:
1. Being a great defender of human values like liberty, equality and fraternity, Mark Twain opposed wars and imperialism.
2. He also supported the cause of labourers and of the black people in his country.

Question 4.
Was Twain particular about what words he used?
Answer:
Yes, Twain was very much particular about what words he used.

Question 5.
Why was Henry Irving asking Mark Twain the same question again and again?
Answer:
While telling a humorous story to Mark Twain, Henry Irving noticed his friend’s face. He noticed some unknown gestures on his face. Thinking, he might have heard the story, Henry was reassuring whether Mark Twain had heard the story or not so to make it sure he was asking the same question again and again.

Question 6.
What did Mark Twain propose? What was his plan at the year 6-12?
Answer:
Mark Twain proposed a plan for the improvement of English Spelling. At the year 6-12 his plan was modifying vowels and the remaining voiced and unvoiced consonants.

Question 7.
How did Twain explain the spider in the paper? What did he want to highlight?
Answer:
1. Twain explained that the spider was on the paper to see which merchant was not advertising, so that he could go to that store spin his web across the door and lead a life of undisturbed peace afterwards.
2. He wanted to highlight that there was no logical reason behind superstitions as the spider just happened to be there on the newspaper by chance. He also wanted to highlight that we should not believe in superstitions.

Question 8.
Which episode shows that Mark Twain did not believe in superstitions?
Answer:
A letter was received by Mark Twain from a reader asking him whether finding a spider in his j paper portended good or bad luck. His reply to the reader shows that he did not believe in superstitions, whereas we should take such situations humorously.

Activities based on vocabulary:

Question 1.
Find out similar meaning words (synonyms) for the following from the passage :
(Answers are directly given.)
Answer:

1. freedom – liberty
2. protector – defender
3. brotherhood – fraternity
4. considered – regarded

Question 2.
Complete the following word-web with the words related to literature:
(Answers are directly given.)
Answer:

Question 3.
Find out any four wrongly spelled words and correct them:
Answer:

1. Iear – Year
2. konsonant – consonant
3. fainali – finally
4. lojikl – logical

Question 4.
Find out from the passage the words used for the following words:
Answer:

1. world – werld
2. replace – riplais
3. respectively – respective
4. modifying – modifaiing

Question 5.
Classify the following words in the given table:
reader, remind, wonder, spider, merchant, return, declare, comet.
Answer:

Activities based on contextual grammar:

Question 1.
Change the following sentences in indirect speech:
1. “You have chosen a good time to come,” the barber said to Mark Twain.
2. The barber said to Mark Twain, “Have you bought your ticket?”
Answer:
1. The barber told Mark Twain that he had chosen a good time to come.
2. The barber asked Mark Twain if he had bought his ticket.

Question 2.
Use ‘not only’ …. ‘but also’ and rewrite the sentences:
1. Many anecdotes related to Mark Twain are told and enjoyed even today.
2. Mark Twain opposed wars and imperialism.
Answer:
1. Many anecdotes related to Mark Twain are not only told but also enjoyed even today.
2. Mark Twain opposed not only wars but also imperialism.

Identify the mistakes in the following ( sentences and write the correct sentences:

Question 1.
Jenerally, then, the improvement would kontinue iear bai iear.
Answer:
Generally, then, the improvement would continue year by year.

Question 2.
it wud fainali bi possible to meik ius ov thi ( ridandant letez.
Answer:
It would finally be possible to make use of the redundant letters.

Identify the tense:

Question 1.
1. Henry Irving was telling a humorous story.
2. Mark Twain proposed a plan for the improvement of English Spelling
Answer:
1. Past Continuous Tense.
2. Simple Past Tense.

Make the sentences affirmative:

Question 1.
1. A man cannot be comfortable without his own approval.
2. Don’t be careless about reading health books.
Answer:
1. A man is (can be) uncomfortable without his own approval.
2. Be careful about reading health books.

Frame a wh-question to get the underlined part as an answer in each sentences:

Question 1.
Mark Twain received a letter from a reader.
Answer:
What did Mark Twain receive from a reader?

Question 2.
Mark Twain’s birth was heralded by the return of Halley’s comet.
Answer:
What was heralded by the return of Halley’s comet?

Personal Response:

Question 1.
What is the importance of humour in our life?
Answer:
Humour is the most effective and important ingredient, to spice up the dish of life. It is enjoyed by all irrespective of age, caste, gender, whatever. It is one thing which can bind us all and generate a positive and happy environment. Even the most difficult situations can be handled with ease, if we are armed with humorous mind and disposition.

Question 2.
What do you know about Mark Twain?
Answer:
Mark Twain, was an American writer, humorist, publisher and lecturer. He was born on 30th November, 1835 in Florida (U.S.). Twain earned a great deal of money from his humorous writings and lectures. He was lauded as the greatest American humorist of his age. The Adventures of Tom Sawyer and The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn were his two major classics of American literature.

Question 3.
Why should we avoid spelling mistakes while writing?
Answer:
Correct spelling improves the overall presentation of our work and helps with our confidence in writing. Incorrect spelling can be both embarrassing and damaging. It changes the meaning of the sentences. It also leaves a bad impression of the writer on the readers’ mind.

Question 4.
How can you improve English spellings?
Answer:
We can improve our English spellings in the following ways:

1. By learning a few rules of forming words.
2. By learning commonly misspelled words.
3. By checking word origins in the dictionary.
4. By separating words into chunks.
5. By using the words in its context.
6. By playing word games/solving puzzles.

Question 5.
Why should we take part in humorous sessions?
Answer:
Jokes can make people laugh and this impacts the blood circulation. Humorous sessions are often considered as good time for individuals with heart and other cardiovascular problems. It indirectly improves immune system by increasing infection-fighting antibodies. It reduces pains and takes us out from our problems.

Activities Based on Language study

Do as directed:

Question 1.
Complete the words by using correct letters:

1. t o _ a y
2. s _ a v e
3. a _ a i n
4. p _ i c e

Answer:

1. t o d a y
2. s h a v e
3. a g a i n
4. p r i c e.

Question 2.
Copy the following sentences correctly:
Answer:
1. “Have you bought your ticket yet?”
2. “You’ve chosen a good time to come,” he declared.

Question 3.
Put the following words In alphabetical order:
1. reader, spider, merchant, honour.
2. careless, classic, curiosity, cosmically.
Answer:
1. honour, merchant, reader, spider.
2. careless, classic, cosmically, curiosity.

Question 4.
Punctuate the following sentences:
1. are you quite sure you havent heard this he demanded suspiciously.
2. i not only heard the story invented it said mark twain.
Answer:
1. “Are you quite sure you haven’t heard this?” he demanded suspiciously.
2. “1 not only heard the story, I invented It!” said Mark Twain.

Question 5.
Write four small words (minimum 3 letters each) using the letters in the given word:
‘generalizations’
Answer:

1. general
2. gents
3. ration
4. lion.

Question 6.
Spot the error and rewrite the correct sentences:
1. A man does not be comfortable without his own approval.
2. Mark Twain will oppose wars and imperialism and supported the cause of labourers.
Answer:
1. A man cannot be comfortable without his own approval.
2. Mark Twain opposed wars and imperialism and supported the cause of labourers.

Question 7.
Write related words as shown in the example:
(Answers are directly given.)
Answer:

Question 8.
Complete the following word-chain of verbs. Add four words, each beginning with the last letter of the previous word:
find → ……………… → ……………. → …………….. → ……………… .
Answer:
find → drink → keep → play → yell.

Do as directed:

Question 1.
Make your own meaningful sentence by using the phrase ‘to wait for’.
Answer:
We should always wait for the right opportunity.

Question 2.
Add a prefix or suffix to make new words and use one of the root words in your own sentence:
1. advantage
2. agree.
Answer:
1. disadvantage
2. disagree.
Sentence: There are many advantages of reading good books.

Question 3.
Add a clause to expand the sentence meaningfully:
I bought a new mobile …………………. .
Answer:
I bought a new mobile which is not at all useful for me.

Activities:

Question 1.
Can you think of other examples of irregularities in English spelling?
(Few examples are given here. Students may think and write other examples.)
Answer:

• Name – Nikki, Nicky, Toni & Tony
• – centre, center
• – weight, height
• – headache, know

Question 2.
Write a few sentences according to the improvements suggested for each year:
Answer:

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Class 9 Science Solutions Chapter 1 Laws of Motion Notes, Textbook Exercise Important Questions and Answers.

Maharashtra State Board Class 9 Science Solutions Chapter 1 Laws of Motion

Class 9 Science Chapter 1 Laws of Motion Textbook Questions and Answers

1. Match the first column with appropriate entries in the second and third columns and remake the table.

2. Clarify the differences

A. Distance and displacement
Answer:

B. Uniform and non-uniform motion.
Answer:

3. Complete the following table.

4. Complete the sentences and explain them.

a. The minimum distance between the start and finish points of the motion of an object is called the ……….. of the object.
b. Deceleration is ………………………. acceleration
c. When an object is in uniform circular motion, its ………………………. changes at every point.
d. During collision ………………………. remains constant.
e. The working of a rocket depends on Newton’s ………………………. law of motion.

5. Give scientific reasons.

a. When an object falls freely to the ground, its acceleration is uniform.
Answer:

• When the body falls freely to the ground, there are equal changes in velocity of the body in equal intervals of time.
• Thus the acceleration of the body is constant, and it possesses uniform acceleration.

b. Even though the magnitudes of action force and reaction force are equal and their directions are opposite, their effects do not get cancelled.
Answer:

• Action and reaction forces act on different bodies.
• They don’t act on the same body, hence they cannot cancel each other’s effect.
• Hence, even though the magnitudes of action force and reaction force are equal, they do not cancel each other.

c. It is easier to stop a tennis ball as compared to a cricket ball, when both are traveling with the same velocity.
Answer:

• Momentum of an object depends on its mass as well as its velocity.
• Cricket ball is heavier than a tennis ball. Although they are thrown with the same velocity, cricket ball has more momentum than a tennis ball.
• The force required to stop a cricket ball is more than a tennis ball.
• Hence it is easier to stop a tennis ball than a cricket ball moving with same velocity.

d. The velocity of an object at rest is considered to be uniform.
Answer:

• When a body is at rest there is no change in velocity.
• A body with constant velocity is said to be in uniform motion.
• Hence, the state of rest is an example of uniform motion.

6. Take 5 examples from your surroundings and give an explanation based on Newton’s laws of motion.

7. Solve the following examples.

a) An object moves 18 m in the first 3 s, 22 m in the next 3 s and 14 m in the last 3 s. What is its average speed? (Ans: 6 m/s)
Answer:
Given:
Total distance (d) = 18 + 22 + 14 = 54 m
Total time taken (t) = 3 + 3 + 3 = 9 sec
To find:
Average speed = ?

The object moves with an average speed of 6 m/s.

b) An object of mass 16 kg is moving with an acceleration of 3 m/s². Calculate the applied force. If the same force is applied on an object of mass 24 kg, how much will be the acceleration? (Ans: 48 N, 2 m/s²)
Answer:

The force acting on the 1 body is 48 N and the acceleration of the 2” body is 2 m/s²

c) A bullet having a mass of 10 g and moving with a speed of 1.5 m/s, penetrates a thick wooden plank of mass 90 g. The plank was initially at rest. The bullet gets embedded in the plank and both move together. Determine their velocity. (Ans: 0.15 m/s)
Answer:


The plank embedded with the bullet moves with a velocity of 0.15 m/s.

d) A person swims 100 m in the first 40 s, 80 m in the next 40 s and 45 m in the last 20 s. What is the average speed? (Ans: 2.25 m/s²)

Answer:
Given:
Total distance (d) = 100 + 80 + 45 = 225 m
Total time taken (t) = 40 + 40 + 20 = 100 sec
To find:
Average speed =?

The person swims with an average speed of 2.25 m/s.

Class 9 Science Chapter 1 Laws of Motion Intext Questions and Answers

(i) Who will take less time to reach the school and why?
Answer:
Prashant will take less time as the path followed by him is the shortest.

(a) Every morning, Swaralee walks round the edge of a circular field having a radius of 100 m. As shown in figure (a), if she starts from the point A and takes one round, how much distance has she walked and what is her displacement?
Answer:
Radius (r) = 100 m
Distance covered = Circumference of the circle
= 2 nr
= 2 x 3.14 x 100
= 628 m
Displacement = 0 m (Shortest distance between initial and final position is zero)

(b) If a car, starting from point P, goes to point Q (see figure 1.9) and then returns to point P, how much distance has it travelled and what is its displacement?

Answer:
Distance covered = PQ + QP
= 360 + 360
= 720 m
Displacement = 0 m (The shortest distance between initial and final position is zero)

Class 9 Science Chapter 1 Laws of Motion Additional Important Questions and Answers

(A) Choose and write the correct option:

Laws Of Motion Class 9 Questions And Answers Maharashtra Board Question 1.
The displacement that occurs in unit time is called …………….. .
(a) displacement
(b) distance
(c) velocity
(d) acceleration
Answer:
(c) velocity

Laws Of Motion Class 9 Maharashtra Board Exercise Answers  Question 2
The unit of velocity in the SI system is …………….. .
(a) cm/s
(b) rn/s²
(c) um/s²
(d) rn/s
Answer:
(d) m/s

Laws Of Motion Class 9 Maharashtra Board  Question 3.
v² = u² + 2as is the relation between and …………….. .
(a) speed and velocity
(b) distance and acceleration
(c) displacement and velocity
(d) speed and distance
Answer:
(c) displacement and velocity

Class 9 Science Notes Chapter 1 Laws Of Motion Question 4.
…………….. is the relation between displacement and time.
(a) v = u + at
(b) v² = u² + 2as
(c) s = ut + 1/2 at²
(d) v = u + 2as
Answer:
(c) s = ut + 1/2 at²

Class 9 Science Chapter 1 Laws Of Motion Question Answer Question 5.
The force necessary to cause an acceleration of 1 m/s² in an object of mass 1 kg is called …………….. .
(a) 1 dyne
(b) 1 m/s
(c) 1 Newton
(d) 1 cm/s
Answer:
(c) 1 Newton.

9th Science Chapter 1 Laws Of Motion Question 6.
Even if the displacement of an object is zero, the actual distance traversed by it …………….. .
(a) may not be zero.
(b) will be zero
(c) will be constant
(d) will be infinity
Answer:
(a) may not be zero

Question 7.
If the velocity changes by equal amounts in equal time intervals, the object is said to be in …………….. .
(a) uniform acceleration
(b) uniform velocity
(c) non-uniform acceleration
(d) non-uniform motion
Answer:
(a) uniform acceleration

Question 8.
If an object is moving with a uniform velocity …………….. .
(a) its speed remains the same, but direction of motion changes
(b) its speed changes but direction of motion is same
(c) its speed and direction both change
(d) its speed and direction both remain the same
Answer:
(d) its speed and direction both remain the same

Question 9.
is an example of positive acceleration.
(a) A stone is thrown vertically upwards
(b) A stone falls freely towards the earth
(c) Brakes are applied by the truck driver
(d) The train arriving at the station
Answer:
(b) a stone falls freely towards the earth

Question 10.
An object continues to remain at rest or in a state of uniform motion along a straight line unless an …………….. acts on it.
(a) internal imbalanced force
(b) external unbalanced force
(c) internal balanced force
(d) external balanced force
Answer:
(b) external unbalanced force

Question 11.
The …………….. is proportional to the applied force and it occurs in the direction of the force.
(a) change of momentum
(b) rate of change of velocity
(c) change of velocity
(d) rate of change of momentum
Answer:
(d) rate of change of momentum

Question 12.
…………….. is a relative concept.
(a) Motion
(b) Direction
(c) Power
(d) Acceleration
Answer:
(a) Motion

Question 13.
A body is said to be in motion if it changes its …………….. with respect to its surroundings.
(a) position
(b) direction
(c) speed
(d) force
Answer:
(a) position

Question 14.
A body is said to be at …………….. if it does not change its position with respect to its surroundings.
(a) Motion
(b) Rest
(c) Gravity
(d) Force
Answer:
(b) Rest

Question 15.
…………….. is the length of the actual path travelled by an object in motion while going from one point to another.
(a) Distance
(b) Displacement
(c) Speed
(d) Velocity
Answer:
(a) Distance

Question 16.
The distance covered by a body in unit time is called its …………….. .
(a) velocity
(b) speed
(c) displacement
(d) rest
Answer:
(b) speed

Question 17.
S.I. unit of speed is …………….. and in C.G.S unit it is …………….. .
(a) m/s and cm/s
(b) km/s and cm/s
(c) m/s and mm/s
(d) m/s and nm/s
Answer:
(a) m/s , cm/s

Question 18.
The distance travelled in a particular direction by an object in unit time is called its …………….. .
(a) velocity
(b) speed
(c) displacement
(d) rest
Answer:
(a) velocity

Question 19.
Units of speed and velocity are the
(a) Same
(b) Different
(c) Greater than each other
(d) Unequal
Answer:
(a) same

Question 20.
…………….. . is related to distance, while …………….. is related to displacement.
(a) Gravity and magnetism
(b) Speed and force
(c) Speed and velocity
(d) Motion and rest
Answer:
(c) Speed, velocity

Question 21.
If an object covers equal distances in equal time intervals, it is said to be moving with …………….. speed.
(a) Uniform
(b) Non uniform
(c) Changing
(d) Random
Answer:
(a) uniform

Question 22.
If an object covers unequal distances in equal time Intervals, it is said to be moving with speed.
(a) Uniform
(b) Non uniform
(c) Changing
(d) Random
Answer:
(b) non uniform

Question 23.
The rate of change of velocity is called
(a) Speed
(b) Acceleration
(c) Velocity
(d) Rest
Answer:
(b) acceleration

Question 24.
Speed of light in dry air is …………….. m/s.
(a) 3 x 10⁷
(b) 3 x 10⁸
(c) 3 x 10⁹
(d) 3 x 10³
Answer:
(b) 3 x 10⁸

Question 25.
When velocity of a body increases, its acceleration is …………….. .
(a) Negative
(b) Zero
(c) Positive
(d) Equal
Answer:
(c) positive

Question 26.
When velocity of a body decreases, its acceleration is …………….. .
(a) Negative
(b) Zero
(c) Positive
(d) Equal
Answer:
(a) negative

Question 27.
Negative acceleration is also called or
(a) Deceleration or retardation
(b) Deceleration or acceleration
(c) acceleration or retardation
(d) Zero
Answer:
(a) deceleration or retardation

Question 28.
In case of motion, object travels equal …………….. in equal intervals of time.
(a) Uniform, distance
(b) Non-Uniform, distance
(c) Uniform, displacement
(d) Uniform, displacement
Answer:
(a) uniform, distances

Question 29.
Motion of an object was studied by …………….. .
(a) Sir Albert Einstein
(b) Sir Thomas Edison
(c) Sir Isaac Newton
(d) Sir Ravindranath Tagore
Answer:
(c) Sir Issac Newton

Question 30.
When an object moves in a circular path with uniform speed, its motion is …………….. motion.
(a) Non uniform circular
(b) Random circular
(c) Uniform circular
(d) Uniform linear
Answer:
(c) uniform circular

Question 31.
When a coin moves along a circular path, the direction of its motion at every point is …………….. .
(a) Circular
(b) Concave
(c) Tangential
(d) Convex
Answer:
(c) tangential

Question 32.
For all uniformly accelerated motions, the velocity-time graph is a …………….. .
(a) Curved line
(b) Straight line
(c) Negative line
(d) Positive line
Answer:
(b) straight line

Question 33.
In the distance-time graph, the slope of the straight line indicates …………….. .
(a) Acceleration
(b) Velocity
(c) Speed
(d) Rest
Answer:
(b) velocity

Question 34.
The first equation of motion gives relation between …………….. and time.
(a) Acceleration
(b) Velocity
(c) Speed
(d) Rest
Answer:
(b) velocity

Question 35.
Newton’s first law explains the phenomenon of
(a) Rest
(b) Inertia
(c) Speed
(d) Velocity
Answer:
(b) inertia

Question 36.
…………….. cause a change in the state of an object at rest or in uniform motion.
(a) Balanced forces
(b) Zero forces
(c) Unbalanced forces
(d) None of them
Answer:
(c) Unbalanced forces

Question 37.
To describe an object’s momentum, we must specify its …………….. and …………….. .
(a) Mass and displacement
(b) Mass and direction
(c) Mass and velocity
(d) Mass and acceleration
Answer:
(c) mass and velocity

Question 38.
…………….. is the product of mass and velocity of an object.
(a) Speed
(b) Acceleration
(c) Momentum
(d) Force
Answer:
(c) Momentum

Question 39.
The rate of change of momentum is proportional to the applied …………….. .
(a) Balanced force
(b) Unbalanced force
(c) Mass
(d) Velocity
Answer:
(b) unbalanced force

Question 40.
S.I. unit of momentum is
(a) kg cm/s
(b) kg m/s
(c) gm/s
(d) m/s
Answer:
(b) kg m/s

Question 41.
…………….. is always conserved in a collision.
(a) Force
(b) Power
(c) Speed
(d) Total momentum
Answer:
(d) Total momentum

Question 42.
When a bullet is fired from the gun, the gun moves in backward direction. This motion is called as …………….. .
(a) Momentum
(b) Velocity
(c) Acceleration
(d) Recoil
Answer:
(d) Recoil

Question 43.
In CGS system, the unit of force is …………….. .
(а) Newton
(b) Watt
(c) Horse power
(d) Dyne
Answer:
(d) Dyne.

 (B) 1. Find the odd man out:

Question 1.
Displacement, Force, Momentum, Mass
Answer:
Mass

Question 2.
Speed, Power, Energy, Acceleration
Answer:
Acceleration

Question 3.
Newton’s 1st law, Newton’s 2nd law, Newton’s 3rd law, Kepler’s laws of motion
Answer:
Newton’s 3rd law

(B) 2. Find out the correlation

Question 1.
Speed zero: Body at rest :: Negative acceleration : Retardation
Answer:
Retardation

Question 2.
Displacement : Vector quantity :: Distance : Scalar quantity
Answer:
Vector quantity

Question 3.
When body comes to rest at the end of the motion : Final velocity is zero :: When body is at rest at the starting of motion : Initial velocity is zero
Answer:
Initial velocity is zero

Question 4.
Uniform circular motion: Displacement is zero :: Uniform velocity : Acceleration is zero
Answer:
Displacement is zero

Question 5.
Inertia : Newton’s 1st law :: Rate of change of momentum : Newton’s 2nd law
Answer:
Newton’s 2nd law

Question 6.
Balanced force : Body at rest :: Force equation : Mass x acceleration
Answer:
Body at rest

(B) 3. Distinguish between:

Question 1.
Positive acceleration and Negative acceleration
Answer:

Question 2.
Scalar quantity and Vector quantity
Answer:

Question 3.
Balanced force and Unbalanced force
Answer:

(B) 4. State whether the following statements are true or false:

Question 1.
The velocity of a body is given by the distance covered by it in unit time in a given direction.
Answer:
True

Question 2.
Displacement is a scalar quantity.
Answer:
False

Question 3.
Uniform acceleration means that the body is moving with a uniform velocity.
Answer:
False

Question 4.
The direction of acceleration can be opposite to that of velocity.
Answer:
True

Question 5.
Work is a vector quantity.
Answer:
False

Question 6.
Displacement is always greater than distance.
Answer:
False

Question 7.
The distance and displacement are equal only if, motion is along a straight path.
Answer:
True

Question 8.
If an object experiences acceleration, a force is acting on it.
Answer:
True

Question 9.
A train pulling out from a station is in uniform motion.
Answer:
False

Question 10.
If a bus in motion is suddenly stopped, the passengers fall backwards.
Answer:
False

Question 11.
If a single force is acting on an object, it will always accelerate.
Answer:
True

Question 12.
In circular motion, direction of motion is tangential.
Answer:
True

Question 13.
The inertia of a body is measured in terms of its mass.
Answer:
True

(B) 5. Name the following:

Question 1.
The scientist who summarized motion in a set of equations of motion.
Answer:
Isaac Newton

Question 2.
Motion of an object along a circular path with uniform speed.
Answer:
Uniform circular motion

Question 3.
What is the backward motion of the gun called?
Answer:
Recoil

Question 4.
The motion in which the object covers equal distance in equal intervals of time.
Answer:
Uniform motion

Question 5.
S. I. unit of acceleration.
Answer:
m/s²

Question 6.
CGS unit of momentum
Answer:
g cm/s

(B) 6. Answer the following in one sentence:

Question 1.
When is acceleration said to be positive?
Answer:
When the velocity of a body increases, acceleration is said to be positive acceleration.

Question 2.
What is negative acceleration?
Answer:
When the velocity of a body decreases, acceleration is said to be negative acceleration.

Question 3.
What is the direction of velocity of an object performing uniform circular motion?
Answer:
The direction of velocity is along the tangential direction to its position.

Question 4.
Give the mathematical expression used to determine velocity of an object moving with uniform circular motion.
Answer:
is the expression used to determine velocity of a body moving with uniform circular motion.

Question 5.
What kind of force keeps the body at rest?
Answer:
Balanced force keeps the body at rest.

Question 6.
Which law of motion gives the measure of force?
Answer:
Newton’s second law of motion gives the measure of force.

Question 7.
What are vectors and scalars?
Answer:
Scalars are physical quantities having magnitude only whereas, vectors are physical quantities having both magnitude and direction.

Question 8.
Which of the quantities distance, speed, velocity, time and displacement are scalars and which are vectors?
Answer:
Distance, speed and time are scalars displacement and velocity are vectors.

Give formula:

Question 1.
Force =
Answer:
Mass x Acceleration = ma

Question 2.
Final velocity (v) =
Answer:
Initial Velocity + (Acceleration x Time) = u + at

Question 3.
Displacement (s) =
Answer:

Question 4.
Final velocity² (v²) =
Answer:
Initial Velocity² + 2 x Acceleration x Displacement = u² + 2as

Question 5.
velocity of an object moving with uniform circular motion =
Answer:

Give scientific reasons:

Question 5.
Motion is relative.
Answer:

• The motion of an object depends on the observer, hence a body may appear moving for one person and at the same time at rest for another one.
• Hence, motion is relative.

Question 6.
Newton’s first law of motion is called as law of inertia.
OR
Heavier objects offer more inertia.
Answer:

• Inertia is related to the mass of the object.
• As mass is the quantity of matter in a body, we need to exert more force to push a heavier body.
• Hence heavier objects offer more inertia.
• As the same property is described by Newton’s first law of motion, it is called as Law of Inertia.

Question 7.
The launching of a rocket is based on Newton’s third law of motion.
Answer:

• Newton’s third law of motion states that ‘Every action force has an equal and opposite reaction force which acts simultaneously.’
• When the fuel in a rocket is ignited, it bums as a result of chemical reaction.
• The exhaust gases escape with a great force in the backward direction.
• It exerts an equal and opposite reaction force on the rocket, due to which the rocket moves in the forward direction.
• Thus, the principle of launching of rocket is based on Newton’s third law of motion.

Solve the following numerical:

Question 1.
An athlete is running on a circular track. He runs a distance of 400 m in 25 s before returning to his original position. What is his average speed and velocity?
Answer:
Given:
Total distance travelled = 400 m
Total displacement = 0, as he returns to his original position.
Total time = 25 seconds.
To find:
Average speed = ?
Average velocity = ?

The athlete runs at an average speed of 16 m/s and velocity 0 m/s.

Question 2.
An aeroplane taxies on the runway for 30 s with an acceleration of 3.2 m/s² before taking off. How much distance would it have covered on the runway?
Answer:


The distance covered on the runway is 1440 m.

Question 3.
A kangaroo can jump 2.5 m vertically. What must be the initial velocity of the kangaroo?
Answer:
Given:
a = 9.8 m/s², s = 2.5 m, v = 0,
To find:
u = ?
Formula:
v² = u² + 2as
Solution:
v² = u² + 2as
0² = u² + 2 x (-9.8) (2.5) : (Negative sign is used as the acceleration is in the direction opposite to that of velocity.)
0= u² – 49 u²
= 49 u
= 7 m/s

The initial velocity of the kangaroo must be 7 m/s.

Question 4.
A motorboat starts from rest and moves with uniform acceleration, if it attains the velocity of 15 m/s in 5s, calculate the acceleration and the distance travelled in that time.
Answer:
Given:
Initial velocity, u = 0
Final velocity, v = 15 m/s time, t = 5 s.
To find:
Acceleration (a) = ?
Distance (s) = ?
Solution:
From the first equation of motion

From the second equation of motion, the distance covered will be

The acceleration is 3 m/s² and distance travelled is 37.5 m.

Question 5.
The mass of a cannon is 500 kg and it recoils with a speed of 0.25 m/s. What is the momentum of the cannon?
Answer:
Given:
mass of the cannon = 50 kg
recoil speed = 0.25 m/s
To find:
Momentum = ?
Formula:
Momentum = m x v
Solution:
Momentum = m x v
= 500 x 0.25
= 125 kg m/s

The momentum of cannon is 125 kg m/s

Answer the following in short:

Question 1.
Explain the three different ways to change the velocity.
Answer:
As velocity is related to speed and direction, it can be changed by :

• Changing the speed while keeping the direction constant.
• Changing direction while keeping speed constant.
• Changing both speed as well as direction of motion.

Question 2.
Explain what is positive, negative and zero acceleration.
Answer:

• Positive Acceleration: When the velocity of an object increases, the acceleration is positive. In this case, the acceleration is in the direction of velocity.
• Negative Acceleration: When the velocity of an object decreases with time, it has negative acceleration. Negative acceleration is also called deceleration. Its direction is opposite to the direction of velocity.
• Zero Acceleration: If the velocity of the object does not change with time, it has zero acceleration.

Question 3.
What inference do we draw from the velocity-time graph for a uniformly accelerated motion?
Answer:

• From velocity-time graph we can infer whether velocity changes by equal amounts in equal intervals of time or not.
• Thus, for all uniformly accelerated motion, the velocity – time graph is a straight line and slope of the line gives the acceleration.
• For non-uniformly accelerated motion, velocity-time graph can have any shape according to variation in velocity with respect to time.

Question 4.
State the three equations of motion and give the relationship explained by them.
Answer:

• v = u + at: This is the relation between velocity and time.
• s = ut + 1/2 at² : This is the relation between displacement and time
• v² = u² + 2as : This is the relation between displacement and velocity.

Question 5.
What are the implications of Newton’s Third Law of motion?
Answer:

• Action and reaction are terms that express force.
• These forces act in pairs. One force cannot exist by itself.
• Action and reaction forces act simultaneously.
• Action and reaction forces act on different objects. They do not act on the same object and hence cannot cancel each other’s effect.

Question 6.
Explain recoil and recoil velocity. Derive its expression.
Answer:

• Let us consider the example of a bullet fired from a gun. When a bullet of mass nij is fired from a gun of mass m₂, its velocity becomes v₂, and its momentum becomes m^. Before firing the bullet, both the gun and the bullet are at rest. Hence, total initial momentum is zero.
• According to Newton’s third law of motion, the total final momentum also has to be zero. Thus, the forward-moving bullet causes the gun to move backward after firing.
• This backward motion of the gun is called its recoil. The velocity of recoil, v₂ is such that,
  

Complete the flow chart:

(1) Types of force and their effects
Answer:

(2) Newton’s laws
Answer:

Distinguish between:

Question 1.
Speed and velocity.
Answer:

Question 2.
Balanced force and unbalanced force.
Answer:

Give examples:

Question 1.
Scalar quantities
Answer:
Time, Volume, Speed, Mass, Temperature, Distance, Entropy, Energy, and Work

Question 2.
Vector quantities
Answer:
Acceleration, Velocity, Momentum, Force, and Weight

Answer the following questions:

Observe the figure and answer the questions:

(a) Measure the distance between points A and B in different ways as shown in figure (I).
Answer:
Distances measured may be of different lengths depending on the path taken.

(b) Now measure the distance along the dotted line. Which distance is correct according to you and why?
Answer:
Dotted line shows the shortest way of reaching from A to B.

(c) Observe the following figures. If you increase the number of sides of the polygon and make it infinite, how many times will you have to change the direction? What will be the shape of the path?

Answer:
If we increase the number of sides of the polygon and make it infinite, then we will have to change the direction an infinite number of times. The shape of the path thus obtained will be a circle.

Observe the figure and answer the questions

Question 1.
What will be the effect on the velocity of the motorcycle if its speed increases or decreases, but its direction remains unchanged?
Answer:
If the speed is increased the velocity of the motorcycle will increase and if the speed is decreased the velocity of the motorcycle will decrease

Question 2.
In case of a turning on the road, will the velocity and speed be same?
Answer:
As speed is scalar quantity while velocity is vector quantity so by turning velocity will change while speed remains same

Question 3.
If, on a turning, we change the direction as well as the speed of the motorcycle, what will be the effect on its velocity?
Answer:
Its velocity will change because velocity depends on speed as well as direction and here both speed and direction are changed.

Numerical:

Question 1.
A person travels a distance of 72 km in 4 hours. Calculate average speed in m/s.
Answer:
Given :
Total distance (d)
= 72 km
= 72×1000
= 72000 m

Total time taken (t)
= 4 hours
= 4 x 3600 (v lhr = 3600 sec)
= 14400 s

To find:
Average speed = ?


The person travels with average speed of 5 m/s

Question 2.
balls have masses of 50 gm and 100 gm and they are moving along the same line in the same direction with velocities of 3 m/s and 1.5 m/s respectively. They collide with each other and after the collision, the first ball moves with a velocity of 2.5 m/s. Calculate the velocity of the other ball after collision.
Answer:

Final velocity of second ball after collision is 1.75 m/s.

Write laws and explain write implications:

Question 1.
Newton’s third law of motion
Answer:
‘Every action force has an equal and opposite reaction force which acts simultaneously’.

• Action and reaction are terms that express force.
• These forces act in pairs. One force cannot exist by itself.
• Action and reaction forces act simultaneously.
• Action and reaction forces act on different objects. They do not act on the same object and hence cannot cancel each other’s effect.

Question 2.
Explain Newton’s second law of motion and derive the formula.
Answer:
Newton’s second law explains about change in momentum. It states that The rate of change of momentum is proportional to the applied force and the change of momentum occurs in the direction of the force.

Suppose an object of mass ‘m’ has an initial velocity ‘u. When a force ‘F’ is applied in direction of its velocity for time ‘t’, its velocity becomes ‘y’. Then, the total initial momentum of the body = ‘mu’. Its final momentum after time t = ‘mv’.

So, the rate of change of momentum

Hence by Newtons second la of motion, 4he rate of change of momentum is proportional to the applied force.
∴ ma ∝ F
∴ F ∝ ma
∴ F ∝ kma (k = Constant of proportionaLity and value is 1).
∴ F = ma

Question 3.
State the law of conservation of momentum and derive the formula.
Answer:

Let mass of object A and B be m₁ and m₁ respectively
Let their initial velocity be u₁ and u₂ Let their final velocity be v₁ and v₂

We know,
P = mv
Let their initial momentum be m₁u₁ and m₂ u₂
Let their final momentum be m₁v₁ and m₂v₂

Total initial momentum = (m₁u₁ + m₂u₂)
Total final momentum = (m₁v₁ + m₂v₂)

If F₂ is the force that acts on object B,

i.e. The magnitude of total of total final momentum = the magnitude of total initial momentum

Complete the paragraph:

Question 1.
Moving Objects
Answer:
‘Distance’ is the length of the actual path travelled by an object in motion while going from one point to another, whereas displacement is the minimum distance between the starting and finishing points. The displacement that occurs in unit time is called velocity. The units of speed and velocity are the same. In the SI system, the unit is m/s while in the CGS system; it is cm/s. Speed is related to distance while velocity is related to the displacement. If the motion is along a straight line, the values of speed and velocity are the same, otherwise they can be different. The first scientist to measure speed as the distance /time was Galileo. The speed of sound in dry air is 343.2 m/s while the speed of light is about 3 x 108 m/s. The speed of revolution of the earth around the sun is about 29770 m/s.

Question 2.
Types of motion
Answer:
If an object covers unequal distances in equal time intervals, it is said to be moving with non-uniform speed. For example the motion of a vehicle being driven through heavy traffic. If an object covers equal distances in equal time intervals, it is said to be moving with uniform speed. The rate of change of velocity is called acceleration. If the velocity changes by equal amounts in equal time intervals, the object is said to be in uniform acceleration. If the velocity changes by unequal amounts in equal time intervals, the object are said to be non-uniform acceleration. The speed of the tip is constant, but the direction of its displacement and therefore, its velocity is constantly changing. As the tip is moving along a circular path, its motion is called uniform circular motion.

Question 3.
Newton’s laws and conservation of momentum
Answer:
An object continues to remain at rest or in a state of uniform motion along a straight line unless an external unbalanced force acts on it. The rate of change of momentum is proportional to the applied force and the change of momentum occurs in the direction of the force. Momentum has magnitude as well as direction. Its direction is the same as that of velocity. In SI system, the unit of momentum is kg m/s, while in CGS system, it is g cm/s. If an unbalanced force applied on an object causes a change in the velocity of the object, then it also causes a change in its momentum.

The force necessary to cause a change in the momentum of an object depends upon the rate of change of momentum. Every action force has an equal and opposite reaction force which acts simultaneously. As the mass of the gun is much higher than the mass of the bullet, the velocity of the gun is much smaller than the velocity of the bullet. The magnitude of the momentum of the bullet and that of the gun are equal and their directions are opposite. Thus, the total momentum is constant. Total momentum is also constant during the launch of a rocket.

Answer the following in detail:

Question 1.
What is speed? State its units and types. Explain instantaneous speed and average speed.
Answer:

The speed of a body is the distance travelled in unit time. The units of speed in CGS system is cm/s and in SI system is m/s.
There are two types of speed :

• • Uniform speed : When a body covers equal distance in equal intervals of time throughout its motion, it is said to have uniform speed.
  • Non-uniform or variable speed: When a body covers unequal distance in equal intervals of time it is said to have non-uniform speed.

The speed of the body at any instant is called instantaneous speed. Average speed is the ratio of total distance covered to total time taken.

Question 2.
What is velocity? State its units and types.
Answer:

The velocity of a body is the distance travelled by a body in a particular direction in unit time. Thus, rate of change of displacement is called velocity.

v = s/t
where: s = displacement; t = time taken; v = velocity
(MKS unit: m/s CGS unit: cm/s)
There are two types of velocities :

• • Uniform velocity: If there is equal displacement taking place in equal intervals of time, it is uniform velocity.
  • Non-uniform velocity or variable velocity: If there is unequal displacement in equal intervals of time, it is non-uniform velocity.

Question 3.
What is acceleration? State its units and types.
Answer:
(i) Acceleration is a rate of change in velocity. It is a vector quantity, \(a=\frac{v-u}{t}\)
where : v = final velocity; u = initial velocity;
a = acceleration
Units of acceleration in SI system is m/s2 and CGS system is cm/s2.

(ii) Types of acceleration: .
(a) Uniform acceleration : If the change in velocity is equal in equal intervals of time, the acceleration is uniform acceleration.
(b) Non-uniform acceleration : If the change in velocity is unequal in equal intervals of time, the acceleration is a non-uniform acceleration.

(iii) Kinds of acceleration:
Positive acceleration : When the velocity of an object goes on increasing, it is said to have Positive acceleration.
Negative acceleration : When the velocity of an object goes on decreasing, it is said to have negative acceleration or retardation or deceleration.
Zero acceleration : If the velocity of the object does not change with time, it has zero acceleration.

Question 4.
Explain Newton’s second law of motion and derive the formula.
Answer:
Newton’s second law explains about change in momentum. It states that ‘The rate of change of momentum is proportional to the applied force and the change of momentum occurs in the direction of the force.’

Suppose an object of mass’m’ has an initial velocity ‘u’. When a force ‘F’ is applied in the direction of its velocity for time’t’, its velocity becomes ‘v’. Then, the total initial momentum of the body = ‘mu’. Its final momentum after time t = ‘mv’.

So, the rate of change of momentum

Hence by Newton’s second law of motion, the rate of change of momentum is proportional to the applied force.
∴ ma ∝ F
∴ F ∝ ma
∴ F = kma (k = Constant of proportionality and value is 1).
∴ F = ma

Question 5.
State the law of conservation of momentum and derive the formula.
Answer:
(i) Let mass of objects A and B be and m₂ respectively
Let their initial velocity be m₁ and u₂
Let their final velocity be V₁ and v₂

(ii) We know,
P = mv
Let their initial momentum be m₁u₁ and m₂u₂
Let their final momentum be m₁v₁ and m₂v₂

(iii) Total initial momentum = (m₁u₁ + m₂u₂)
Total final momentum = (m₁v₁ + m₂v₂)

(iv) If F₂ is the force that acts on object B,

i.e. The magnitude of total final momentum = the magnitude of total initial momentum.

Question 6.
Obtain the equations of motion by graphical method:

(a) Equation for velocity-time relation.
Answer:
Velocity-time graph: shows the change in velocity with time of a uniformly accelerated object. The object starts from the point D in the graph with velocity v. Its velocity keeps increasing and after time t it reaches the point B on the graph.

The initial velocity of the object = u = OD

(b) Equation for displacement-time relation.
Answer:
Suppose that an object is in uniform acceleration ‘a’ and it has covered the distance ‘s’ within time’t’. From the graph the distance covered by the object during time’t’ is given by the area of quadrangle DOEB.

(c) Equation for displacement-velocity relation.
Answer:
We can determine the distance covered by the object in time t from the area of the quadrangle DOEB. DOEB is a trapezium. So we can use the formula for its area.

This is Newton’s third equation of motion.

Read the paragraph and answer the questions:

1. Paragraph

(a) When a bat strikes a ball, the ball exerts an equal and opposite force on the bat. The force : acting on the ball projects it with high velocity, Due to the large mass of bat compared to ball, reaction force on the bat slows down the bat’s motion.
(b) When a bullet is fired from a gun, the gun exerts a force on the bullet in the forward direction. This is the action force. The bullet also exerts an equal force on the gun in the backward direction. This is the reaction force. Due to the large mass of the gun, it j moves only a little distance backward. This backward movement of the gun is called the recoil of the gun.
(c) In a rocket, burning fuel creates a push on the front of the rocket pushing it forward. This creates an equal and opposite push on the exhaust gas backwards.

(i) Which of Newton’s law examples are given here?
Answer:
Newton’s 3rd law is stated by the above example

(ii) When a rifle is fired it is pushed back this movement is called what?
Answer:
Movement of rifle getting pushed back after firing is called recoil.

(iii) What does the ball acquire after it gets velocity?
Answer:
The ball acquires momentum after it gets velocity.

(iv) State newton’s 1st law of motion
Answer:
An object continues to remain at rest or in a state of uniform motion along a straight line unless an external unbalanced force acts on it.

(v) Which force is required to produce motion in an object?
Answer:
Unbalanced force is required to produce motion in an object.

2. Paragraph 2
constant velocity. If that velocity is zero, then the object remains at rest. If an external force is applied, the velocity will change because of the force. The second law explains how the velocity of an object changes when it is subjected to an external force. The law defines a force to be equal to changes in momentum (mass times velocity) per change in time. Newton also developed the calculus of mathematics, and the “changes” “expressed in j the second law are most accurately defined in differential forms. (Calculus can also be used to determine the velocity and location variations experienced by an object subjected to an external force.) For an object with a constant mass the second law states that the force F is the product of an objects mass and its acceleration a:
F = m * a
For an external applied force the change in velocity depends on the mass of the object.

A force will cause in velocity; and likewise, a change in velocity will generate a force. The equation works both ways.
The third law states that for every action (force) in nature there is an equal and opposite reaction. In other words, if object A exerts a force on object B, then object B also exerts an equal force on object: A. Notice that the forces are exerted on different objects. The third law can be used to explain the generation of lift by a wing and the production of thrust by a jet engine

(i) A chalk kept on the table remains in the position of rest until moved by the teacher. Which law of motion is followed in this situation?
Answer:
Newton’s 1st law is followed in this situation e

(ii) What will happen to momentum if the mass and acceleration both are doubled?
Answer:
If the mass and acceleration both are doubled then the momentum will be increased four times

(iii) What will happen to momentum if the mass and acceleration both are halved?
Answer:
If the mass and acceleration both are doubled then the momentum will be decreased one four times

(iv) A moving stone filled truck collides with a moving car coming from opposite direction. Why is it observed that only the car is pushed backward?
Answer:
A stone filled truck as more mass than a car hence it has more momentum thus it is observed that only the car is pushed backward

(v) What will happen to the force if the jet engines do not produce enough thrust to push the aeroplane in mid-air?
Answer:
If the jet engines do not produce enough thrust to push the aeroplane in mid-air the force of aeroplane and resistance of air will become balanced thus putting the aeroplane at rest which will result in a crash.

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Class 9 Science Solutions Chapter 9 Environmental Management Notes, Textbook Exercise Important Questions and Answers.

Maharashtra State Board Class 9 Science Solutions Chapter 9 Environmental Management

Class 9 Science Chapter 9 Environmental Management Textbook Questions and Answers

1. Match the items in column ‘A’ with the proper ones in coloum ‘B’ and explain their impact on the environment.

Column ‘A’ Column ‘B’
1. Harmful waste – a. Glass, rubber, carry bags, etc.
2. Domestic waste – b. Chemicals, pigments, ash, etc.
3. Biomedical waste – c. Radioactive material
4. Industrial waste – d. Left over food, vegetables, peelings of fruits.
5. Urban waste – e. Bandages, cotton, needles, etc.
Answer:
(1 – c),
(2 – d),
(3 – e),
(4 – b),
(5 – a)

2. Complete the statements using the given options and justify those statements. (Geographic favourability, climate, weather, observatory)

a. Of the abiotic factors that affect biodiversity by far the most important is ……………… .
Answer:
Climate.
Climate influences our basic needs like food, clothing and shelter as well as our occupations. Various factors of climate like temperature, atmospheric pressure, sunlight, rainfall, humidity etc. will decide which kind of plants and animals can survive there.

b. A description of the climatic conditions of short duration in a particular area is ……………… .
Answer:
Weather.
Atmospheric conditions at a specific time at a particular place are referred to as weather. Weather is related to a specific location and specific time whereas climate is related to a longer duration and larger area.

c. Irrespective of the progress of human beings, we have to think about ……………… .
Answer:
Geographical favourability.
Geographical favourability includes location, availability of water, availability of natural resources and climate of a region. This has a great impact on the progress of human beings. Countries that have more favourable factors will progress more.

d. Establishments where various climatic factors are recorded are called ……………… .
Answer:
Observatories
Most countries in the world have established meteorology departments for recording climatic factors. These departments have observatories which are equipped with modern instruments and technology.

3. Answer the following questions.

a. How is first aid provided to victims of disasters who are injured?
Answer:
(i) Bleeding: If the victim is injured and bleeding through the wound, the wound should be covered with an antiseptic pad and pressure applied on it for 5 minutes with either thumb or palm.

Fracture and impact on vertebrae: If any bone is fractured, it is essential that the fractured part be immobilized. It can be done with the help of any available wooden rods / batons / rulers. If there is an impact on the back or vertebral column; the patient should be kept immobile on a firm stretcher.

Bums: If victims have bum injuries, it is beneficial to hold the injured part under clean and cold flowing water for at least 10 minutes. How is Solid Waste classified? OR What are the sources of Solid Waste?

Domestic waste: Waste food, paper, plastic paper, plastic bags, vegetable waste, fruit skins, glass and sheet metal articles, etc.

Industrial waste: Chemicals, pigments, sludge, ash, metals, etc.

Hazardous waste: Chemicals generated in various industries, radioactive materials, explosives, infectious materials, etc. Farm/Garden waste: Leaves, flowers, branches of trees, crop residues like straw, animal urine and dung, pesticides, remains of various chemicals and fertilizers, etc.

Electronic waste: Non-functional TV sets, cell phones, music systems, computers and their parts, etc.

Biomedical waste: Bandages, dressings, gloves, needles, saline bottles, medicines, medicine bottles, test tubes, body parts, blood, etc. from clinics, hospitals, blood banks and laboratories. Urban waste: Waste generated through household industries and large commercial and industrial establishments, carry bags, glass, metal pieces and rods, threads, rubber, paper, cans from shops, vegetable and meat markets, construction waste, etc.

(viii) Radioactive waste: Radioactive materials like Strontium-10, Cerium-141, Barium-140 and heavy water, etc. generated from atomic energy plants, uranium mines, atomic research centres, nuclear weapons testing sites, etc.
(ix) Mining waste: Remains of heavy metals like lead, arsenic, cadmium, etc. from mines.

b. State the scientific and eco-friendly methods of waste management.
Answer:
Following are the scientific and eco-friendly methods of waste management:

• Waste separation: In this method, dry and wet wastes are separated, stored and later collected for proper use.
• Composting: Decomposition of degradable kitchen waste in small pits in the backyard, garden or terrace is called composting. Good quality manure can be produced by composting leftover food, peels of fruits, vegetables etc.
• Vermicomposting: Converting solid waste into manure or compost with the help of earthworms is called vermicomposting.
• Vermicompost manure is highly nutritious and can be used for agricultural purposes and garden plants.
• Secured landfill: Solid waste is disposed off in secured landfills.
• The site for secured landfill is selected minimum 2 km away from water bodies and human habitation.
• Care is taken to see that the site does not fall in sensitive zone.
• The landfills are layered with clay and plastic and then the garbage is spread and left to decompose naturally.
• Pyrolysis: In this method, the waste is heated to a high temperature to obtain gas and electricity.
• Semi-combustible waste is burnt in pyrolysis. It is suitable for municipal solid waste management.
• Incineration: Biomedical waste is burnt in incinerators to kill the pathogens. Disinfection and sterilization is also done while treating the biomedical waste.

c. Explain with suitable examples, the relationship between weather forecasting and disaster management.
Answer:

1. Depending upon the factors such as storms, clouds, rainfall, etc., weather forecasts are made. It is useful in aviation, shipping, fishing, industries as well as during natural calamities like dust storms, sand storms, heavy rainfall, tsunami etc where proper predictions are made with well equipped satellites and highclass technology.
2. Observatories at several locations are doing excellent work in the analysis of the information received from these satellites.
3. This data can be used in prevention of losses and danger, improving tolerance, providing relief from disaster, minimising the intensity and extent of harm as well as preparation to face the disaster.

d. Why is e-waste harmful? Express your opinion about this.
Answer:

• e-waste is electronic waste which includes non-functional TV Sets, cell phones, music systems, computers and their parts, etc.
• E-waste contains heavy metals like lead, beryllium, mercury and cadmium.
• These metals accumulate in the soil for long periods and thus affect the biodiversity of the soil.
• Many a times e-waste like battery etc. contain acids which make the soil acidic.
• e-waste can cause ground water pollution, which also affects living organisms when they drink this polluted water.
• Thus, e-waste affects human health and soil microorganisms directly or indirectly.

e. How will you register individual your participation in solid waste management?
Answer:
We can register our individual participation in solid waste management in the following ways:

• Following the 3R mantra: Reduce (reducing the waste), reuse (reuse of waste) and recycle (recycling of waste).
• Throwing plastic wrappers of chocolates, ice-creams, biscuits, etc. into dust bins. Avoid littering.
• Avoiding the use of plastic bags and instead using cloth bags or bags prepared from old sarees, bed-sheets, curtains, etc.
• Using both sides of a paper for writing. Reusing greeting cards and gift papers.
• Avoiding use of tissue paper and preferring to use one’s own handkerchief.
• Using rechargeable batteries instead of lead batteries.
• Implementing various programmes of solid waste management and educating, encouraging the family and society in this regard.
• Avoiding ‘use and throw’ type of articles like pens, canned cold drinks and tetra-packs etc.

4. Write notes.
Meteorology, Climatic factors, Monsoon model, Industrial waste, Plastic waste, Principles of first aid.

5. Give examples of the importance of climate in the living world with explanations, in your own words.
Answer:

1. Daily weather as also long term climatic conditions influence human lifestyle directly or indirectly.
2. Land, water bodies, plants and animals collectively form the natural environment on earth. This environment is responsible for the development of organisms.
3. The climate of a particular region helps to determine the diet, clothing, housing, occupations and lifestyle of the people of that region. For example, the characteristic lifestyle of Kashmiri and Rajasthani people.
4. Salinity of marine water, formation of oceanic currents, water cycle, etc. are all related to various weather and climatic factors.
5. Various climatic factors bring about the weathering of rocks in the earth’s crust.
6. Climate plays a very important role in the formation and enrichment of soil.
7. Microbes in the soil play an important role in formation of organic materials. This process depends upon various climatic factors.

6. Explain with suitable examples, the care to be taken when using the methods of transporting patients.
Answer:

• Cradle Method: This method is used for children and under-weight victims.
• Carrying piggy back: This method is used for carrying patients who are unconscious.
• Human crutch method: If one of the legs is injured, the victim should be supported with minimum load on the other leg.
• Pulling or lifting method: This method is used for carrying an unconscious patient, through a short distance.
• Carrying on four-hand chair: This method is used when support is needed for the part below the waist.
• Carrying on two-hand chair: This method is useful for those patients who cannot use their hands but can hold their body upright.
• Stretcher: In an emergency, if a conventional stretcher is not available, then a temporary stretcher can be made using bamboo, blanket, etc.

7. Explain the differences.

a. Weather and climate
Answer:

b. Degradable and non-degradable waste
Answer:

Class 9 Science Chapter 9 Environmental Management Intext Questions and Answers

Can you recall?

Environmental Management Class 9 Question 1.
Which natural calamities have you experienced? How did they affect the conditions in your surroundings?
Answer:
In July 2005, heavy rains caused flooding in many parts of Maharashtra including large areas of Mumbai.

They effects were as follows.

• Many people lost life.
• There was water clogging in most parts causing severe damage to private property and public property.
• Hospitals were submerged causing severe inconvenience to patients.
• The city incurred huge financial loss.

Environmental Management Class 9 Exercise  Question 2.
How will you make a plan to be safe from calamities or to minimize the damage?
Answer:

1. As a responsible citizen we can contribute by educating the people about all the precautions to be taken when such a calamity occurs.
2. We can also contribute by minimizing the occurrence of natural calamity like flood by taking measure to reduce land pollution, proper disposing waste material and recycling them.
3. We can plan to be safe by keeping the following things handy-torch, first-aid kit, ample food supply and water storage, emergency numbers list and extra pair of clothes.

Thus by taking appropriate measures, we can be safe from calamities

Class 9 Science Chapter 9 Environmental Management  Question 3.
How does the atmosphere affect our daily life?
Answer:
The atmosphere affect our daily life in following ways

• If protects us from harmfull radiations of sun.
• Atmosphere helps to sustain life on earth by providing oxygen for human beings and animal to breathe and carbon dioxide to plants.
• It helps in keeping us warm due to green house effect.

Environmental Management Class 9 Answers Question 4.
Forecasts about which weather related factors are given during the news bulletins on Doordarshan and Akashvani?
Answer:
Forecasts about different weather related factors such as cloud cover, rain, snowfall, wind speed and temperature are given during the news bulletins on Doordarshan and Akashvani.

9 Environmental Management Exercises  Question 5.
What is meant by pollution?
Answer:
Contamination of natural environment that can harmfully affect the ecosystem is called as pollution.

9th Class Science Chapter 9 Environmental Management Exercise Question 6.
What is meant by solid waste?
Answer:
The waste materials generated through the various daily human activities are called solid waste.

Maharashtra Board Class 9 Science Solutions Question 7.
What are the different things included in solid waste?
Answer:
Domestic waste, industrial waste, hazardous waste, electronic waste, biomedical waste, urban waste, radioactive waste and mining waste are the different things included in solid waste.

Question 8.
Why is it necessary to recycle non-degradable waste?
Answer:
(i) non-degradable waste cannot be easily degraded because it takes a very long period of time and the use of various techniques.
(ii) Therefore, non-degradable waste should be recycled so that it does not accumulate and cause hazards to the environment.

Question 9.
Which materials are included in solid dry waste?
Answer:
Solid dry waste includes paper, plastic, metals, glass, cardboard, thermocol etc.

Answer the following

Question 1.
In which different ways do our surroundings get polluted?
Answer:

• Air pollution is caused due to emissions from industries, vehicles, burning of fossil fuels, construction, mining and agriculture.
• Water pollution is caused by domestic sewage and industrial waste water released into the water bodies.
• Soil pollution is caused due to industrial wastes, domestic waste, chemical fertilizers, biomedical waste and pesticides.
• Noise pollution is caused by machines, vehicular traffic, loudspeakers and household appliances.

Question 2.
Which factors are affected favourably or unfavourably by climate? What must we do to minimize the effect?
Answer:

• Climate plays a very important role in our day to day life.
• It influences our basic needs like food, clothing and shelter as well as our occupations.
• Climate is especially important for an agrarian country like India. Also climatic factors like direction and speed of the winds, temperature, atmospheric pressure etc. are also considered during construction work.
• The science of meteorology helps in predicting climatic conditions by satellites in different ways such as prediction of rainfall, air pollution, dust storms, hot and cold waves tsunamic etc.
• so that all the citizens are well-equipped beforehand and can take preventive measures.

Question 3.
Into which two categories can the waste materials in the lists above be classified?
Answer:
The waste materials can be classified as biodegradable waste and non-biodegradable waste.

Answer the following:

Question 1.
Make a list of various waste materials and articles in your area and prepare a chart as follows:
Answer:

Question 1.
Nowadays, an electronic device – the cell phone – is very popular. From a mobile shop near your house, find out how they dispose off old and broken down cell phones.
Answer:
Old and broken down cell phones are sold to scrap dealers, who sell to a bigger dealer where reusable parts are taken out and useless parts are sent for recycling.

Question 2.
What are the different types of casualties that are seen to occur in different types of disasters?
Answer:

• Death.
• Injuries.
• Loss of limbs or body parts.
• Burns.
• Diseases.
• Fractures.
• Bleeding.
• People becoming unconscious.

Question 3.
Which waste management processes are used in your village/town / city?
Answer:
i. The Municipal Corporation or Municipality collects the various kinds of wastes like dry waste, solid waste, biomedical waste in different coloured containers and transports them to areas where they are treated and disposed off.

ii. Industrial waste is mostly recycled and biomedical waste is treated by the scientific methods mentioned below.

a. Solid waste is disposed off in secured land fills. The site for secured landfill is selected 2 km away from water bodies and away from human habitation. Care is taken to see that the site does not fall in sensitive zone. The landfills are layered with clay and plastic and then the garbage is spread and left.
b. Pyrolysis is done for semi combustible material. Semi combustible materials are heated to high temperature by gas arid electricity.
c. The municipality can also set up biogas plants where the solid waste is converted to biogas by anaerobic fermentation. The biogas can be used to generate power and also a good manure which can be used for agriculture.
(d) Biomedical waste is burnt in incinerators to kill the pathogens. Disinfection and sterilization is also done while treating biomedical waste by the Municipal Corporation.

These are some of the waste management processes used in village/town/city.

Answer the following questions:

Question 1.
Observe the garbage collected in the dustbin of your classroom and make a list of the various materials in it.
Discuss with your teacher, how these materials can be properly disposed off. Can we do the same with the garbage generated in our house? Think about it.

Answer:
(i) Garbage collected in classroom dustbin:

• Waste paper and paper bits.
• Pencil shavings
• Wrappers of chocolates, biscuits etc.
• Left over food from tiffins and fruit peels.
• Empty ball pen refills.

(ii) Out of these left over food from tiffins and fruit peels and pencil shaving can be used to make compost manure in school garden. The remaining waste can be sold to scrap dealers and sent for recycling.
(iii) Yes, we can do the same with the garbage generated in the house.

Question 2.
What is the main difference between what we see in the two pictures alongside (A and B).

Answer:

• We see that in picture A there is lot of garbage spread around making the place very dirty, whereas in picture B, there is no garbage and the place is absolutely neat and clean.

Question 3.
What should we do to permanently maintain the condition seen in picture B?
Answer:
To permanently maintain the condition seen in picture B, we should follow the 3R mantra (Reduce, Reuse, Recycle). Also, we must avoid littering, throwing plastic bags, wrappers of chocolates, ice-creams, biscuits etc.

Class 9 Science Chapter 9 Environmental Management Additional Important Questions and Answers

Choose and write the correct option

Question 1.
is a long term predominant condition of the atmosphere.
(a) Climate
(b) Weather
(c) Pressure
(d) Biosphere
Answer:
(a) Climate

Question 2.
Various climatic factors like are considered during construction of runways, seaports, huge bridges and skyscrapers, etc.
(a) Direction and speed of wind
(b) Temperature
(c) Atmospheric pressure
(d) All of these
Answer:
(d) All of these

Question 3.
The was established by the United Nations Organization on 23rd March 1950.
(a) World Health Organization
(b) National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration
(c) World Meteorological Organization
(d) Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology
Answer:
(c) World Meteorological Organization

Question 4.
is/are related to various weather and climatic factors.
(a) Salinity of marine water
(b) Formation of ocean currents
(c) Water cycle
(d) All of these
Answer:
(d) All of these

Question 5.
is the founder of IMD.
(a) Dr. Vasantrao Govarikar
(b) H.F. Blanford
(c) Sir Gilbert Walker
(d) Dr. Radhakrishnan Nair
Answer:
(b) H. F. Blanford

Question 6.
The monsoon model based upon 16 worldwide parameters was developed by the initiative of
(a) Dr. Vasantrao Govarikar
(b) H.F. Blanford
(c) Sir Gilbert Walker
(d) Virghese Kurien
Answer:
(a) Dr. Vasantrao Govarikar

Question 7.
In , forecasts are made taking into account the estimates of current weather related events and ongoing physical activity.
(a) Statistical model
(b) Holistic model
(c) Mathematical model
(d) All of these
Answer:
(c) Mathematical model

Question 8.
In , predictions are based upon those parameters used in other models which have the greatest effect on the monsoon.
(a) Holistic model
(b) Mathematical model
(c) Statistical model
(d) Scientific model
Answer:
(a) Holistic model

Question 9.
Radioactive materials, explosives and infectious materials are classified as waste.
(a) Industrial waste
(b) Biomedical waste
(c) Urban waste
(d) Hazardous waste
Answer:
(d) Hazardous waste

Question10.
are radioactive waste.
(a) Remains of heavy metals like arsenic, cadmium etc.
(b) Strontium-10, Cerium-141, Barium -140
(c) Waste from blood banks and laboratories
(d) All of these
Answer:
(b) Strontium-10, Cerium-141, Barium-140

Question 11.
Waste food, paper, plastic, vegetable and fruit waste etc. are classified as waste.
(a) Industrial waste
(b) Farm waste
(c) Domestic waste
(d) Urban waste
Answer:
(c) Domestic waste

Question 12.
is the 3 R mantra.
(a) Refuse, Research, Recycle
(b) Reduce, Reuse, Recycle
(c) Reduce, Reuse, Refuse
(d) Rethink, Recycle, Reuse
Answer:
(b) Reduce, Reuse, Recycle

Question 13.
is the largest producer of electricity from solid waste.
(a) India
(b) America
(c) Japan
(d) China
Answer:
(b) America

Question 14.
Chemicals, pigments, sludge, ash, metals, etc. are classified as waste.
(a) Domestic waste
(b) Industrial waste
(c) Urban waste
(d) Hazardous waste
Answer:
(b) Industrial waste

Question 15.
Period of natural degradation for banana peels is
(a) 1 month
(b) 1-2 weeks
(c) 3-4 weeks
(d) 2 months
Answer:
(c) 3-4 weeks

Question 16.
Period of natural degradation for cloth bags is
(a) 2-3 weeks
(b) 1 month
(c) 5 months
(d) 1 year
Answer:
(b) 1 month

Question 17.
Period of natural degradation for wood is
(a) 1 month
(b) 5 months
(c) 10-15 years
(c) 40-50 years
Answer:
(c) 10-15 years

Question 18.
Period of natural degradation for certain plastic bags is
(a) 50-100 years
(b) infinite duration
(c) 10 lakh years
(d) 1000 years

(c) 10 lakh years

Question 19.
Period of natural degradation for thermocol or Styrofoam cup is
(a) 10 lakh years
(b) infinite duration
(c) 200-250 years
(d) 1 year
Answer:
(b) infinite duration

Question 20.
If any bone is fractured, it is essential that the fractured part be
(a) mobilized
(b) immobilized
(c) pulled
(d) massaged
Answer:
(b) immobilized

Question 21.
For transporting children and under-weight victims, method is used.
(a) carrying piggy back
(b) human crutch method
(c) cradle method
(d) stretcher
Answer:
(c) cradle method

Question 22.
method is useful to carry patients who are unconscious.
(a) Cradle Method
(b) Carrying piggy back
(c) Human crutch
(d) Carrying on four-hand chair
Answer:
(b) Carrying piggy back

Question 23.
method is used for carrying an unconscious patient through a short distance.
(a) Carrying piggy back
(b) Cradle method
(c) Carrying on two-hand chair
(d) Pulling or lifting method
Answer:
(d) Pulling or lifting method

Question 24.
method is useful to carry patients who cannot use their hands but can hold their body upright.
(a) Carrying on four-hand chair
(b) Carrying on two-hand chair
(c) Carrying piggy back
(d) Cradle method
Answer:
(b) Carrying on two-hand chair

v 25.
method is used to carry patients when support is needed for the part below the waist.
(a) Carrying on four-hand chair
(b) Carrying on two-hand chair
(c) Stretcher
(d) Pulling or lifting method
Answer:
(a) Carrying on four-hand chair

Question 26.
For injuries like sprains, twisting and contusion, should be applied on the injured part.
(a) turmeric powder
(b) antiseptic pad
(c) ice-pack
(d) pressure
Answer:
(c) ice-pack

Find the odd man out:

Question 1.
Waste food, paper, plastic, bandages.
Answer:
Bandages: It is a biomedical waste whereas the others are domestic waste.

Question 2.
Pesticides, fertilizers, crop residue, sludge.
Answer:
Sludge: It is an industrial waste whereas the others are farm waste.

Question 3.
Strontium -10, Cerium – 141, Barium – 140, Cadmium.
Answer:
Cadmium: It is a mining waste whereas the others are radioactive waste.

Question 4.
Banana peels, cloth bag, food waste, plastic bag.
Answer:
Plastic bag: It is a non-biodegradable waste whereas the others are degradable wastes.

Question 5.
Fruits, ash, metals, vegetables.
Answer:
Metal: It is a non-biodegradable waste whereas the others are degradable wastes.

Complete the analogy:

(1) Specific duration and specific time: Weather : : Longer duration and longer time :
(2) Mumbai: 5000 tons solid waste :: Pune:
(3) Kitchen waste, parts of plants : Wet solid waste :: Plastic, metals :
(4) Largest producer of electricity from solid waste : America : : Production of useful materials from banana peelings :
(5) Cloth bags : 1 month : : Rags :
(6) Tin cans : 50-100 years : : Aluminium cans :
(7) Wood : 10-15 years :: Styrofoam :
Answer:
(1) Climate
(2) 1700 tons solid waste
(3) Dry solid waste
(4) Japan
(5) 5 months
(6) 200-250 years
(7) Infinite duration

Match the columns:

Question 1.

Answer:
(1 – b),
(2 – d),
(3 – a),
(4 – c)

Question 2.

Answer:
(1 – c),
(2 – a),
(3 – d),
(4 -b)

Question 3.

Answer:
(1 – b),
(2 – d),
(3 – a),
(4 – c)

State whether the following statements are true or false. Correct the false statements:

Question 1.
Climate is a long term predominant condition of the atmosphere.
Answer:
True.

Question 2.
Climate changes continuously.
Answer:
False. Climate does not change continuously. It remains constant in a region for a long duration.

Question 3.
If present climatic conditions are analysed with reference to the past climatic conditions, we can predict climatic changes of the future.
Answer:
True.

Question 4.
Forecasting is difficult for places where climatic changes are slow and of a limited nature.
Answer:
False. Forecasting is easy for places where climatic changes are slow and of a limited nature.

Question 5.
Climate plays a very important role in the formation and enrichment of soil.
Answer:
True.

Question 6.
Prediction maps are prepared once in 24 hours.
Answer:
False. Prediction maps are prepared twice in every 24 hours.