Class 11

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Class 11 Sociology Solutions Chapter 1 Introduction to Sociology Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

Maharashtra State Board Class 11 Sociology Solutions Chapter 1 Introduction to Sociology

1. (A) Choose the correct alternative and complete the statements.

Question 1.
The term ‘Socius’ means ………………..
(science / companion / social)
Answer:
companion

Question 2.
The term ‘logos’ means ………………..
(associate / science / methodology)
Answer:
science

Question 3.
…………………. is often regarded as the ‘Father of Sociology’.
(Durkheim / Weber/ Comte)
Answer:
Comte

Question 4.
When sociologist make an effort to understand practical problems of daily life it is a/an …………….. science.
(pure / application / theoretical)
Answer:
application

1. (B) Correct the incorrect pair.

Question 1.
(a) Study of role of biology in human life – Bio-Sociology
(b) Study of social words of Art and Aesthetics – Sociology of Art
(c) Theoretical of knowledge in sociology in marketing segmental division of customers, Needs analysis etc. – Sociology of Market Research
(d) Study of visual dimensions of social life – Diaspora Studies
Answer:
(d) Study of visual dimensions of social life – Visual Sociology

1. (C) Identify the appropriate term from the given options.

(Diaspora Studies, The Positive Philosophy, Theoretical Science)
Question 1.
Comte coined the term sociology in this book.
Answer:
Positive Philosophy

Question 2.
Sociology is concerned with developing sociological theory.
Answer:
Theoretical Science

1. (D) Correct underlined words and complete the sentence.

Question 1.
When sociological research is done for its own sake it makes sociology a/an applied science.
Answer:
When sociological research is done for its own sake it makes sociology a pure as well as a social science.

Question 2.
Rape, hate, crimes and terrorism are examples of social institutions.
Answer:
Rape, hate, crimes and terrorism are examples of social problems/ pathology.

2. Write short notes.

Question 1.
Nature of sociology
Answer:

1. Sociology is an empirical science : Sociology studies and analyses social facts on the basis of scientific method. Empiricism is it’s central feature as a science.
2. Sociology is a theoretical and applied science : Verification and formulation of new theories is a constant process in sociology. Also, many branches of sociology are based on the application of sociological knowledge to the field. Hence, it is a ‘pure’ as well as an ‘applied’ social science.
3. Sociology is a factual science : The aim of sociology of to find out the reality of society hence sociology studies the constructive part ans destructive elements in society.
4. Sociology is a holistic science : Sociology does not limit itself to the study of any specific or particular aspect of society. It studies society as a whole.

Question 2.
New emerging areas in sociology
Answer:
The subject matter of sociology is very wide. Hence, new areas emerging in sociology are:

1. Bio-sociology : Studies the role of biology in human social life.
2. Sociology of art : Helps to understand the social world of art and aesthetics.
3. Sociology of market research : It deals with the theoretical knowledge of sociology in marketing, segmental division of customers, needs analysis etc.
4. Visual sociology : Based on visual dimensions of social life.
5. Diaspora studies : Studies migration and its cultural, literacy, social, demographic, anthropological, political, economic impact and international of relations.

Question 3.
Enlightenment period
Answer:

1. The Europe produced a ‘Scientific Revolution’ in the Renaissance period. There was increased emphasis on science in society as a whole. The technological advancement influenced every sector of life.
2. The ideas and discoveries contributed by science led to emergence of sociology. This era is known as the enlightenment period.
3. The Enlightenment period saw the beginning of the scientific revolution. Science was considered in the social context and looked at as a tool for satisfying the needs of humanity.
4. New scientific discoveries helped in the eradication of blind beliefs. This period has made a significant contribution to shaping a scientific attitude in Sociology.

3. Differentiate between.

Question 1.
Natural Science and Social Science.
Answer:

Natural Science	Social Science
(i) A study of natural Sciences includes physical, chemical and biological factors of nature.	(i) Social sciences like economics, political science, sociology studies different aspects of society with major concerns of human beings.
(ii) It studies objectively and in very scientific manner because experimentation in the laboratory is possible.	(ii) It also studies objectively and adopts certain scientific methods but to conduct experiment in the laboratory is not possible at all times.
(iii) Results and findings are more accurate and exact.	(iii) Difficult to maintain accuracy and exact predictions about human behaviour.
(iv) Example : Biology, Chemistry, Physics, Botany etc.	(iv) Example : Sociology, Geography, History etc.

Question 2.
Theoretical Science and Applied Science.
Answer:

Theoretical Science	Applied Science
(i) Theoretical research is explanatory and leads to the advancement of knowledge.	(i) Applied science is for development purposes and solves practical problems of society.
(ii) Theoretical framework is the structure that can hold the theory.	(ii) Applied science means practical application of sociological theory.
(iii) The purpose of theoretical science is to increase understanding.	(iii) The purpose of applied science is to bring about social change.
(iv) Example – A study of the social structure of a slum.	(iv) Example – A study, to prevent delinquency in a slum.

4. Explain the following concept with suitable examples.

Question 1.
Diaspora
Answer:

1. Diaspora is he movement of the people from their original place to other geographical area.
2. Though people migrate they maintain their originality in the migrated area.
3. The people though they have migrated from their original place, follow their rituals, customs and maintain their original existence in areas where they have been migrated.
   Example: Migration of rural people to urban area.

Question 2.
Bio-Sociology
Answer:

1. Bio-Sociology is a subject that has emerged relatively recently in Sociology.
2. Researchers in the area use a variety of sociological methodologies to study the role of biology in human social life.
3. Biologically male and female are different. Both have different strength and capacity because of their body structure. But in society culture plays different role in nurturing them.
4. These discrimination and differences affected the society in a great way. Bio-Sociology helps to understand this concept.
   Example : Gender differences and discrimination.

5. (A) Complete the concept maps.

Answer:

5. (B) State whether the following statements are true or false with reasons.

Question 1.
The French revolution led to changes in society.
Answer:
This statement is True.

1. French Revolution was one of the best examples of struggle for freedom and equality.
2. Through this revolution feudal system had been overthrown. The new system came into existence which was based on the principles of liberty, fraternity and equality.
3. French revolution brought tremendous changes in the life of the people not only in France but all over Europe. Hence, French revolution led to changes in society.

Question 2.
The development in natural sciences has had an impact on sociology as a discipline.
Answer:
This statement is True.

1. Natural sciences are differentiated from other modes of knowledge, by method, not by subject matter.
2. The revolutionary concept that social phenomena are natural phenomena and therefore can be studied by natural – science methodology is being rapidly accepted.
3. Sociology uses scientific methods and research to solve the many problems of society like poverty unemployment etc. Hence, the development in natural science has had an impact on sociology as a discipline.

6. Give your personal response.

Question 1.
Is India in the ‘scientific’ stage of growth? Explain why you hold the view that you do.
Answer:
Yes, India is in the ‘scientific’ stage of growth.
During ancient period India faced many social problems like blind faith, illiteracy, child-infanticide etc. Many cultural, political differences etc., were followed. By adopting scientific method, sociologist have been trying to minimize the problems. They have suggested some measures to the government to find out certain solutions to solve the problems.

The technological and scientific advancement influenced every sector of life. India’s scientific stage of growth includes technical development, which have resulted in technological inventions for scientific growth.

Question 2.
Explain in brief the link between cinema and society.
Answer:
Cinema is one of the means of mass media. Cinema and society are inter related and inter connected with each other. Society influences the cinema and vice versa. But cinema has both positive and negative influences on the society. As far as India is concerned one can find diversity in each and every aspect of society. In such situations cinema plays important role in integrating the society. It also helps to inculcate certain values like honesty, hard work, sympathy, charity, brotherhood etc.

Society influences the cinema and its subject matter. Film makers give special attention on the interest and demand of the people of the society.

7. Answer the following in detail (About 150-200 words).

Question 1.
Discuss with suitable examples, the scope of sociology in today’s world.
Answer:
The following points explains the scope of sociology in today’s world.
1. Bio-Sociology – Example : Gender differences and discrimination. Researchers in the area* use a variety of sociological methodologies to study the role of biology in human social life.

2. Sociology of Art – Example : Warli paintings depicts their lifestyle or paintings related with Mohenjo Daro and Harappan Civilization. This area helps to understand the social world of art and aesthetics. This field seeks to understand the social context of the production and consumption of art.

3. Sociology of Market Research – Example : Advertising of bathing soap by convincing the people that they have used river Ganga’s water in that. This is an applied field that connects marketing and sociological strategies to understand the market in a meaningful way.

4. Visual Sociology – Example: A researcher takes help of newspaper, film, movie, photographs for their study or for the study of a particular society. Visual sociology is concerned with visual dimension of social life. With the help of film, movie, pictures one can visualize or imagine a particular problem, on the basis of which valid and relevant data can be collected.

5. Diaspora Studies – Example : Migration of rural people to urban area. Diaspora is one of the movements of the people from their original place to other geographical area. Though people migrate they maintain their originality in the migrated area. The people though they have migrated from their original place, follow their rituals, customs and maintain their original existence in areas where they have been migrated.

11th Sociology Digest Chapter 1 Introduction to Sociology Intext Questions and Answers

ACTIVITY (Textbook Page No. 6)

Question 1.
You have read about commercial, scientific, industrial and French revolutions which were responsible for the emergence of Sociology as a discipline. Identify the effects of industrial development on Indian society.
Answer:
The effects of industrial development on Indian society are:

1. The use of new tools, machinery and techniques have increased the production speed of goods.
2. Development of trade, new institutions like, banks, credit /debit card facilities emerged.
3. Industrialization lead to Urbanization leading to migration of people from rural to the urban areas.
4. Rise in the factory system of production which provided many new job opportunities in small and large scale industries.
5. Emergences of new organisation and industrial policy.
6. Increase in national income.
7. Improved living standards of the people.
8. Stimulation of progress in other sectors of the economy.
9. Promotes specialization of labour.
10. Provides large scope for technological progress.

Question 2.
Interview two people from your local area, who have migrated from another place. Find out the reasons for shifting and ask about their experiences and problems. (Textbook Page No. 8)
Answer:
Following is a case of inter-state migration in India.
Interview name : Mr. XYZ
Migrated from : Bihar
Migrated to : Mumbai.
Reasons : Advanced economic and social life. Advanced / better quality of education. Faster access to facilities and services like healthcare, education, etc. Higher job opportunities and better standard of living.

Experience : As time passes, a house on rent. Good education to children. Happy urban life.
Problems : Language barriers
Discrimination and inequality
Less paid
Difficulties in job hunting
Exploitation housing problems

Question 3.
Visit any nearby NGO and collect information about their work. Prepare a PPT and present it in your class. (Textbook Page No. 9)
Answer:
Akshara : Empowering Women and Girls.
Akshara is a society helping women live a violent free dignified life without discrimination. It focuses on empowering women and girls through education, productive works and resistance to violence in their lives, so they can be strong and independent contributing members to society.

Akshara has a three-dimensional vision for change:

1. Changing hearts and minds of young women and men.
2. Transforming public attitudes
3. Reforming systems that deny gender justice

Work – (a) Akshara provides scholarships for education, training in life and technical skills and job placements for socially, economically disadvantaged young women.
(b) Akshara trains young men to become support gender equality and take up personal and social action.
(c) Akshara caters gender oriented educational stuff, online a training material videos and documentaries.
(d) Akshara lobbies with the state.

Vision – To establish a gender equality and violence free society
Goods – (a) Enhance societal consciousness on gender inequality.
(b) Employment of women and youth.
(c) Prevent violence towards women.

Question 4.
Discuss the statement listed
(i) Sociology is practical and related to life
(ii) Careers in Sociology. (Textbook Page No. 11)
Answer:
(i) Sociology is practical and related to life : Practical sociology refers to a form of sociological practice that is concerned with using sociological theories and research to understand on going activities. It is the task of sociology to study the social problems through the methods of scientific research and to find out solutions to them.

Sociology studies everyday social life, human interaction, institutions, behaviour and its origins. Sociology helps us to understand our and other people’s culture and environment.

(ii) Careers in Sociology.

1. Human Resources
2. Journalism
3. Social Work / Public services
4. Academics
5. Consumers Relations
6. Lawyer
7. Guidance Counsellor (Guidance counsellor use knowledge of the Sociology of learning to help students navigate the academic world.)

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Class 11 History Solutions Chapter 10 Changing Times Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

Maharashtra State Board Class 11 History Solutions Chapter 10 Changing Times

1A. Choose the correct alternative and write complete sentences.

Question 1.
The history of Indo-Greeks is known through their _____________
(a) literature
(b) inscription
(c) coins
(d) pottery
Answer:
(c) coins

Question 2.
Gupta dynasty was founded by _____________
(a) Sri Gupta
(b) Ghatotkach
(c) Samudragupta
(d) Ramgupta
Answer:
(a) Sri Gupta

Question 3.
After accession by defeating the Shakas _____________ took up the title of ‘Vikramaditya’.
(a) Chandragupta II
(b) Ramgupta
(c) Chandragupta I
(d) Kumaragupta
Answer:
(a) Chandragupta II

1B. Find the incorrect pair from set B and write the correct ones.

Question 1.

Set ‘A’	Set ‘B’
(a) Kshaum	Linen Cloth
(b) Pushpaptta	Cotton Cloth
(c) Dukul	Silk Cloth
(d) Amshuka	Muslin Cloth

Answer:
(b) Pushpatta – Floral designs

2. Explain the following statements with reasons.

Question 1.
During the Gupta period, the power was concentrated in the hands of local landlords.
Answer:

• During the Gupta period, lands were granted to civil and military officers instead of salaries.
• The roots of the feudal system can be found in this period.
• It is believed that the feudal economy brought about the decline of urban centers.
• Because of revenue tax exemption on the donated land, the revenue too decreased and the royal treasury was depleted.
• It was concentrated in the hands of locals’ landlords. Because of this the king no longer remained in the center of power.

Question 2.
Every tide of the Huna invasion made the Gupta rule weaker.
Answer:

• During the period of Kumargupta son of Chandragupta II, the Huna in India began.
• Kumargupta withheld the attacks of Hunas.
• After Kumargupta, the succeeding kings proved to be incapable of protecting their kingdom.
• Finally, the Gupta empire disintegrated into many and small kingdoms.

3. State your opinion.

Question 1.
Samudragupta performed the Asvamedha sacrifice after Digvijaya.
Answer:

• Samudraguptas ambition was to rule entire India as a unified empire.
• Samudragupta first conquered neighbouring kingdoms.
• After the conquest in the North, he carried out an expedition in the south to conquer the southern kingdoms. The rulers of the regions beyond this conquered area became his feudatories.
• He made them accept his suzerainty.
• After this conquest (Digvijay) Samudragupta performed the Ashwamedha Sacrifice and proclaimed himself as Chakravarti king.

4. Write short notes.

Question 1.
Gupta Sculptures
Answer:

• The human figure was the central theme of the sculptures in the Gupta period.
• Human sculptures and images of deities were created during this period.
• Sculptures belonging to this period are found at many places such as Sarnath, Devgadh, Ajanta.
• During this period, Hindu, Buddhist, and Jain religious icons were made of stone, metals, and terracotta.

Question 2.
Indo-Roman trade
Answer:

• The Periplus of Erythrean Sea written in the mid 1st century C.E mentions the Red sea and the sea routes connecting coastal lines, ports, provinces, goods exchanged in trade.
• Items like textiles, black pepper, precious stones, ivory, and animals such as monkeys, parrots, and peacocks for entertainment were exported from India.
• Gold coins were the medium of exchange. Coral and liquor were items of import.
• A large amount of these gold coins found in south India gives an extent of the trade.
• The growing trade between Rome and India saw the rise of several markets and cities.
• Ter, Nevasa, Bhokardan were some of the places where commodities were stored.
• The port of Sopara and Kalyan were important centers of Indo-Roman trade.

5. Answers the following questions with the help of given points.

Question 1.
How did the standardization in various sections during the Gupta period take place?
(a) Division of Gupta administration
(b) Changes in economic structure economy of agriculture
(c) Development of Gupta coinage.
Answer:
(a) Division of Gupta Administrations:

• During the Gupta period, the king was the center of administration. The Prince, Amatya (ministers), and advisors helped him. Many times, the prince was appointed as viceroy who looked after the provincial administration.
• Every province was subdivisions These subdivisions were called Vishaya There was an independent administrator appointed to these Visayas. They were known as ‘Vishayapath’.
• ‘Kumaramatya’ were the provincial officers and ‘Ayuktak’ were the officials who looked after the affairs of the districts.
• Gupta’s administration was decentralized. Many decisions were taken.

(b) Changes in the economic structure, economy of agriculture:

• The economic structure of the agricultural system was changed by the Gupta kings.
• They preferred giving land to local farmers for tilling. Land donations were also made for the cause of religion and learning. These lands were tax-free.
• They were called Agraharas
• The civil and military officers were granted land grants instead of salaries. Because of revenue tax exemption on the donated land.
• The power was concentrated on the local landlord
• Sugarcane and wheat were cultivated in the northwest province of the Gupta empire while the rice was cultivated in Magadha and eastern regions.

(c) Development of Gupta Coinage:

• Gold Smiths enjoyed a high social status in this period.
• The gold coins are excellent examples of their skills.
• The beautiful and realistic portrayal of various aspects of the king is the characteristic of Gupta Coins.

Activity

Collect more information about ‘Harshacharita’ written by Banabhatta, with the help of the internet.
Answer:

• ‘Harshacharita’ is a biography of Indian Emperor Harsha by Banabhatta also known as Bana, who was a Sanskrit writer of seventh century C.E., India.
• This work is in Sanskrit. It has been categorized as an akhyayika (legend), a romanticized yet historical account.
• Harshacharita has been written in a florid and fanciful style.
• Bana has in detail and vividly described rural India’s natural environment as well as the extraordinary industry of the Indian people.
• This work presents the emperor’s actions in an overly favourable light.

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Class 11 History Solutions Chapter 9 Post Mauryan India Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

Maharashtra State Board Class 11 History Solutions Chapter 9 Post Mauryan India

1A. Choose the correct alternative and write complete sentences.

Question 1.
The last emperor of the Mauryan dynasty was ______________
(a) Ajatshatru
(b) Chandragupta Maurya
(c) Brihadratha
(d) Emperor Ashoka
Answer:
(c) Brihadratha

Question 2.
The Nashik inscription, mentions king ______________ as ‘Trisamudratoyapitavahana’.
(a) Gautamiputra Satakarni
(b) Hala
(c) Yadnashre Satakarni
(d) Simuka
Answer:
(a) Gautamiputra Satakarni

Question 3.
Satavahana King, Hala, compiled ______________
(a) Brihatkatha
(b) Gatha Saptashati
(c) Katantra
(d) Meghadoota
Answer:
(b) Gadha saptashati

1B. Find the incorrect pair from set B and write the correct ones.

Question 1.

Set ‘A’	Set ‘B’
(a) Kalidasa	Malavikagnimitram
(b) Gunadhya	Gatha Saptashati
(c) Sarvavarma	Katantra
(d) Patanjali	Mahabhashya

Answer:
(b) Gunadhya – Brihatkatha

2. Explain the following statements with reasons.

Question 1.
During the Satavahana period, there was the rise of many trade centers.
Answer:

• During the Satavahana period, many industries and trade flourished.
• Various shrenis (guilds) emerged during this period.
• The trade and industries were controlled with the help of these shrenis. The shrenis also provided loans. Indo-Roman trade also flourished during this period.
• Trade centres like Pratishthan (Paithan), Tagar (Ter), Nasik (Nashik), Karhatak (Karhad) during the Satavahana period.

Question 2.
The caste system became rigid during the Satavahana period.
Answer:

• The society of Satavahanas was organized into four varnas.
• The caste system during this period became deep-rooted.
• The intermixture of varnas and castes, the closed nature of different guilds, need of including foreigners in the social structure were some of the reasons why the caste system became rigid.

3 Give your opinion.

Question 1.
Prakrit language was encouraged during the Satavahanas period.
Answer:

• Learning and art received royal patronage during the Satavahana period.
• Prakrit language and literature flourished during this period.
• Hala, the seventeenth king of the Satavahanas compiled ‘Gathasaptashati’.
  Gunadhya, a minister in his court wrote a text ‘Brihatkatha’ in Prakrit language named Paishachi.
• Thus, the Prakrit language was encouraged during the Satavahanas period.

4. Write short notes.

Question 1.
Nashik inscription of Gautami Balasri
Answer:

• The reign and achievements of Satavahana Emperor Gautamiputra Satakarni can be found in the Nashik inscription of his mother Gautami Balashri.
• Gautamiputra Satakarni is mentioned as ‘Shakapahlavyavannisudan’ i.e., destroyer of Shakas, Pallavas, and Greeks,
• Satavahanakulayashahpratishthapankar’ i.e., one who reinstalled the success of the Satavahana family and ‘Trisamudratoyapitavahana’ i.e., one whose horses drank the water of the three seas.

Question 2.
Naneghat-ancient trade route in Maharashtra
Answer:

• Naneghat is a mountain pass on the ancient trade route in Maharashtra.
• This route connects the ancient town of ‘Jirnanagar’ (Junnar) and the Kokan province.
• Sopara and Kalyan were the most important trade centers in ancient Maharashtra.
• Internal as well as foreign trade was carried on from these towns.
• Goods imported from Rome were unloaded at Sopara and from there it was carried over to Paithan and Kolhapur.

Question 3.
Gatha Saptashati
Answer:

• Hala compiled several poems in Prakrit. He selected 700 verses and compiled them and named them ‘Gaha Sattasai’ (Gatha Saptashati).
• This was the first text compared in the Maharashtri Prakrit language.
• The subject of these poems portrays human nature and transaction.
• Various religious observance, ethical norms, and contemporary festivals are described in it. Gathasaptasati reflects the social life in Maharashtra of the Satavahana period.

5. Write information about the Satavahana dynasty with the help of given points.

Question 1.
(a) Rise and expansion
(b) Administrative system
(c) Trade and industries
(d) Literature and art
Answer:
(a) Rise and expansion: After the disintegration of the Mauryan Empire, many new powers arose. Among them, the Satavahanas are mentioned as the earliest ruling dynasty in Maharashtra. The Satavahanas ruled over a vast region of Maharashtra, Andhra, and Karnataka. Parithan. Maharashtra was the capital of the Satavahanas. The mention of Puranas the Andhras or Andhrabhrutyas’ Probably these terms refer to the Satavahanas. Simuka was the first Satavahana king to be mentioned in the Naneghat inscription.

The most important king of this dynasty was Shri Satakarni, Hala, Gautamiputra Satakarni and Yajna Satakarni. Gautamiputra Satakarni conquered the Shakas and also Central India and the entire regions of Dakshinapatha. He also established his dominance over the Republic states in Central India and Rajasthan. Gautamiputra proved his strength by gaining victory over Nahapana. The Satavahana rule became weak due to the constant struggle between Shakas and Satavahanas.

(b) Administrative system: The state was divided into small provinces. Every province was under civil and military officials. Civil officials such as ‘Amatya’ ‘Mahabhoj’ and military officials such as ‘Mahasenapati’ and ‘Maharathi’ were appointed. Grama (village) was the smallest unit of administration. Grama was a source of revenue and also for the recruitment of soldiers during war-like situations. Grama was an integral part of the central machinery.

(c) Trade and industries: Agriculture was the main source of income. Along with it many industries and trade flourished. Various Shrenis (Guilds) also emerged during this period. The trade and industries were controlled with the help of these shrenis. Indo-Roman trade also flourished during the Satavahana period. Trade centers like Pratishthan (Paithan), Tagar (Ter), Nasik (Nashik), Karhatak (Karhad) developed during this period. Cotton cloth, muslin, and sackcloth, and other merchandise were the terms of trade. Kalyan, Sopara, Bhadoch were important trade centers.

(d) Literature and art: Learning and art received royal patronage. Prakrit language and literature flourished. Hala compiled ‘Gathasaptashati’. Gunadhya, a minister wrote Brihatkatha in a Prakrit language called Paishachi. Sarvavarma wrote a treatise on Sanskrit grammar named ‘ Katantra’. A new native Indian style emerged in this period. The four gateways (Toranas) of the Sanchi Stupa No.1 built during this period are excellent examples of this style. Many incidents from the life of Gautama Buddha are carved on these gateways. A number of rock-cut caves at Bhaje, Nashik, Karle, etc., belong to this period. Especially the Chaitya at Karle, its magnificent facade entrance and sculptural are the finest examples of the sculptural art of this period.

Activity

Collect information about historical remains in your surrounding area and prepare an information booklet based on the gathered information.
Answer:
Prepare a booklet based on the information gathered on the historical remains.

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Class 11 History Solutions Chapter 8 India During Mauryan Period Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

Maharashtra State Board Class 11 History Solutions Chapter 8 India During Mauryan Period

1A. Choose the correct alternative and write the complete sentences.

Question 1.
The first well-known king of the Haryank dynasty is _____________
(a) Chandragupta Maurya
(b) Bimbisara
(c) Ajatashatru
(d) Mahapadma
Answer:
(b) Bimbisara

Question 2.
The Nanda dynasty was established by _____________
(a) Dhanananda
(b) Shishunaga
(c) Mahapadma Nanda
(d) Emperor Ashoka
Answer:
(c) Mahapadma Nanda

Question 3.
The great drama in Sankrit literature, Swapnavasavadatta, was written by _____________
(a) Kautilya
(b) Bharat
(c) Kalidasa
(d) Bhasa
Answer:
(d) Bhasa

1B. Find the incorrect pair from set B and write the correct ones.

Question 1.

Set ‘A’	Set ‘B’
(a) Built the foundation of the Magadha Empire	Bimbisara
(b) Brought an end to Nanda rule	Chandragupta Maurya
(c) Chinese traveller who visited India during the period of Chandragupta Maurya	Megasthenes
(d) Changed his mind due to the destruction in Kalinga was	Emperor Ashoka

Answer:
(b) Greek ambassador who visited India during the period of Chandragupta Maurya – Megasthenes

2. Choose the correct reason and complete the sentence.

Question 1.
Emperor Ashoka erected many pillars.
Reason _____________
(a) Spread of art
(b) Spread of ‘Dhamma’
(c) Growth of trade
(d) For recognition of his work
Answer:
(a) Spread of art

3. Explain the following Statements with reasons.

Question 1.
Ashoka’s victory at Kalinga proved to be a turning point in history as well as the life of Ashoka.
Answer:

• There was a great loss of human life in this (Kalinga)war. Ashoka became victorious.
• The destruction caused due to the Kalinga war brought about a great change in the mind of Ashoka.
• His mind got diverted towards the non-violent, peaceful Buddhist religion.
• The desire of Digvijaya was replaced by Dharma Vijaya (Dhamma Vijaya).
• His career proved to be important because of the religious ideals propagated by him and the creation of a mechanism to until it in people’s life.

Question 2.
The war between Chandragupta and the Greek King Seleucus was very important.
Answer:

• Chandragupta Maurya defeated the Nandas and established the Mauryan dynasty.
• In the text of Mahavamsa, Chandragupta is referred to as ‘the emperor of Jambudvipa i.e. emperor of Bharatvarsh’.
• The Mauryas created a huge empire by conquering the big and small states in the northwest, north, and southern regions.
• As a consequence, the boundaries of the Mauryan Empire extended to the Hindukush in the northwest.
• The Mauryan Empire extended from Hindukush to the Bay of Bengal in the east and Gujarat in the west, as well as the Himalayas in the north to the Krishna river in the south.
• Thus, the war between Chandragupta and the Greek King Seleucus was very important.

Question 3.
The Mauryan administration acquired a definite form.
Answer:

• Chandragupta Maurya was a valiant king and an efficient administrator.
• He set up a defined mechanism of state administration which suited the economic conditions and the needs of the Maurya empire.
• The Mauryan emperors created a unified empire.
• At the same time, they devised a decentralized administrative system for the efficient functioning of the empire.

4. State your opinion.

Question 1.
Chandragupta Maurya is the first Chakravarti emperor in the history of India.
Answer:

• The concept of ‘Chakravarti’ occurs in the literature on ancient Indian polity.
• The sovereign ruler whose chariot could roll in all four directions without any obstruction was known as Chakravarti.
• It was expected that his rule should be ethical and for the welfare of the state.
• During his tenure, the wheel of ‘Ruta’ remains intact. His rule is on an extended territory.
• Thus, Chandragupta Maurya was the first Chakravarti Emperor.

Question 2.
The rock edicts of Ashoka are an important source of history.
Answer:

• The rock edicts and pillar inscriptions are found in many places in the regions of Afghanistan, Nepal, and India.
• These rock edicts and pillar inscriptions give information about the boundaries of the Mauryan empire.
• Ashoka’s effects to spreads Buddhist ideals and the written evidence of the spread of Buddhism and Indian culture in distant countries through the Buddhist monks sent by Ashoka occurs in these inscriptions.
• Thus, the rock edicts of Ashoka are an important source of history.

Question 3.
Various trade guilds developed during the Mauryan period.
Answer:

• During the Mauryan period, there was an increase in revenue due to a well-organized taxation system.
• Several industries and professions flourished during this period.
• As a result of this these professions were organised into trade guilds, for e.g., there were guilds of carpenters, weavers, farmers, etc.
• Thus, Various trade guilds developed during the Mauryan period.

5. Observe the map/picture on page 58 of your textbook and answer the questions based on it.

Question 1.
Regions included in Ashoka’s Empire.
Answer:
Regions of Afghanistan, Nepal, and India are included in Ashoka’s Empire.

Question 2.
Locations of Ashoka’s rock and pillar edicts.
Answer:
Ashoka’s rock edicts are found in locations such as Mansehra, Taxila, Kalsi, Toshali, Maski, Kupaga, Brahmagiri, Siddhapur, Sopara, Girnar, Kasi, Rupnath, Bairat.
Ashoka’s pillar edicts are found in locations such as Topra, Meerut, Nigliva, Rummindei, Lauruja Nandangarh, Saurya, Araraj, Ramparva, Sanchi, Sannati.

Activity

Collect information about the stupas during the period of Ashoka.
Answer:
In the Mauryan Period, mainly in the period of Ashoka numerous stupas were built and scattered all over the country. The stupas of solid domes were constructed of brick or stone of different sizes. The Ashoka stupas were constructed to celebrate the achievements of the Gautam Buddha. It is said that 84,000 stupas were built all over the country. One example of a stupa constructed by Ashoka is that of Sanchi Stupa.

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Class 11 History Solutions Chapter 7 India and Iran (Persia) Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

Maharashtra State Board Class 11 History Solutions Chapter 7 India and Iran (Persia)

1A. Choose the correct alternative and write the complete sentences.

Question 1.
The Greek historian ___________ is said to be the father of modern historiography.
(a) Herodotus
(b) Alexander
(c) Scylax
(d) Daryush
Answer:
(a) Herodotus

Question 2.
Taxila was ruled by King ___________ at the time of Alexander’s advent.
(a) Chandragupta
(b) Ambhi
(c) Porus
(d) Shashigupta
Answer:
(b) Ambhi

1B. Find the incorrect pair from set B and write the correct ones.

Question 1.

Set ‘A’	Set ‘B’
(a) Persopolis	City built by Daryush-I
(b) Halicarnassus	Herodotus was born here
(c) Taxila	Centre of knowledge and education
(d) Nysa	Persian settlement

Answer:
(d) Nysa – Greek settlement

1C. Write the names.

Question 1.
Last emperor of Achaemenid Empire-
Answer:
Daryush – III

Question 2.
Name of coins issued by Daryush-I
Answer:
Darik and Siglos

2. Explain the statements with reasons.

Question 1.
Alexander invaded Persia.
Answer:

• The Persians invaded Greece but were defeated. Thereafter the conflict between the Achaemenids and Greeks continued over a prolonged time.
• An impact of this conflict was to manifest in the way of the invasion of Persia by Alexander III, the King of Macedonia.
• Thus, Alexander invaded Persia.

Question 2.
Alexanders’ invasion of India did not have a far-reaching impact on the political scenario of India.
Answer:

• Alexander invaded India and conquered some kingdoms from Afghanistan to Sindh-Punjab. He could not however establish his rule for a long time.
• After his confrontation with Porus, Alexander proceeded in the direction of Chenab and Ravi.
• He conquered the kingdoms on the way and reached the bank of Beas. Alexander’s soldiers had lost spirit and they refused to march forward.
• Before setting on the return journey. Alexander handed over the regions in Punjab to Porus and those in Sindh to Ambhi.
• He appointed Greek satraps and in 325 B.C.E.
• Alexander died in Babylon. After his death, Chandragupta Maurya established his vast empire from Bihar to Afghanistan.

3. State your opinion.

Question 1.
Herodotus is said to be the father of modern history writing.
Answer:

• Herodotus was the first historian who collected information-seeking answers to a particular question and then put it in chronological order. While doing this he did not bring in notions like a god, human destiny, etc.
• Putting historical events in a chronological sequence became an essential theme of history writing.
• This theme proved to be fundamental in the development of history writing as an independent discipline.
• Therefore, Herodotus is said to be the father of historiography.

Question 2.
Ancient Taxila was the center of knowledge and education.
Answer:

• Buddhist literature and writings of the Greek historians give information about Taxila.
• There were several learned individuals (Acharyas) staying in Taxila.
• Many students from various regions of the Indian subcontinent were attracted to Taxila because of the fame of the acharyas.
• Thus, Taxila had become a great center of education.
• Thereby it had assumed the magnitude of a natural university.

4. Answers the following questions in detail.

Question 1.
Describe the political and cultural effects of the Achaemenid rule on India.
Answer:

• The Persian supremacy prevailed in the Indian subcontinent for at least two centuries.
• The Persian rulers set up an administrative system.
• Every conquered region was annexed to their territory as a satrapy and a satrap (governor) was appointed as its chief administrator.
• A newly opened waterway for the transport between Persia and the Indian subcontinent facilitated trade between Achaemenid provinces in the northwestern region of the Indian subcontinent and the regions of Sindh-Punjab.
• The ivory and teak exported from India had great demand in the Persian markets. The architects, sculptors, and other artisans lost the royal patronage so they had to move out in search of work. They migrated to India.
• They received royal patronage in the court of emperor Ashoka. Their style is reflected in the stone pillars erected by Emperor Ashoka.
• Thus, the sculptural art in ancient India has its roots in the Persian; and accordingly, in the Greek sculptural style.

Question 2.
Describe Alexander’s invasion of India.
Answer:

• Alexander invaded the Indian subcontinent and conquered some kingdoms from Afghanistan to Sindh-Punjab.
• He, however, could not establish his rule there for a long time.
• Alexander became the king of Macedonia in 334 B.C.E. He defeated emperor Daryush III in 331 B.C.E.
• After conquering the region of Kabul, he reached the foothills of the Hindukush mountains.
• Then he camped at a place called Nicaea situated on Uttarapatha. Ambhi welcomed Alexander and sought friendship with him.
• Alexander conquered almost all kingdoms in Kabul, Sindh, and Punjab.
• On the bank of Jhelum, Alexander and King Porus confronted each other and there was a fierce battle between them.
• Porus was defeated but Alexander and his army were greatly influenced by his valour.
• Alexander’s soldiers had lost spirit due to the frequent battles and refused to march forward. Alexander was forced to return.
• Before returning, Alexander handed over the regions in Punjab.

Activity

Collect additional information about the palace at Persepolis and Apadana at Susa with the help of the internet.
Answer:

• Persepolis was the ceremonial capital of the Achaemenid Empire.
• Earliest evidence shows that the earliest remains of Persepolis date back to 515 BC.
• Apadana at Susa.
• Apadana is a large hypostyle hall. The palace complex in Susa, Iran, the capital of the Achaemenid Empire.
• The construction was parallel to that of Persepolis. This palace was built during the reign of Darius I, the Great.

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Class 11 History Solutions Chapter 6 Second Urbanisation in India Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

Maharashtra State Board Class 11 History Solutions Chapter 6 Second Urbanisation in India

1A. Choose the correct alternative and write the complete sentences.

Question 1.
Ashmaka is the name in ____________ language.
(a) Pali
(b) Sanskrit
(c) Ardhamagadhi
(d) Prakrit
Answer:
(b) Sanskrit

Question 2.
The capital of Kashi Mahajanapadas was ____________
(a) Gorakhpur
(b) Chandranagar
(c) Raj agriha
(d) Varanasi
Answer:
(d) Varanasi

Question 3.
Gautam Buddha was born in ____________
(a) Kushinagara
(b) Sarnath
(c) Lumbini
(d) Pataliputra
Answer:
(c) Lumbini

Question 4.
The river ____________ was the natural boundary between Uttara Panchala and Dakshina Panchala.
(a) Yamuna
(b) Bhagirathi
(c) Ganga
(d) Niranjana
Answer:
(b) Bhagirathi

1B. Find the incorrect pair from set B and write the correct ones.

Question 1.

Set ‘A’	Set ‘B’
(a) Kosala	Shravasti
(b) Anga	Champa
(c) Matsya	Mathura
(d) Gandhara	Taxila

Answer:
(c) Matsya – Virat Nagar

2. Choose the correct reason and complete the sentence.

Question 1.
Gautam Buddha travelled continuously for 45 years ____________
(a) in search of a Guru
(b) to practice austerities
(c) to preach dhamma
(d) to attain enlightenment
Answer:
(c) to preach dhamma

3. Complete the concept maps.

Question 1.

Answer:

4. Explain the following statements with reasons.

Question 1.
The rise of Mahajanpadas came into being.
Answer:

• By 600 B.C.E. sixteen Mahajanapadas were established in India, from the northwest region to Magadha.
• Conquering other janapadas and annexing their territory permanently to one’s own, became a regular practice in the times of Mahajanapadas.
• Ultimately, this conflict resulted in the creation of a large empire like Magadha.
• Ancient India once again witnessed the rise of cities.

Question 2.
The process of second urbanisation began in ancient India.
Answer:

• The Janapadas with definite geographic borders and administrative systems were established roughly around 1000 B.C.E.
• It resulted in the creation of sixteen Mahajanapadas from Afghanistan stretching to the banks of the Godavari in the south.
• The capital cities of the mahajanapadas and some other cities, which flourished because of prospering trade once again brought the age of urbanisation in India.
• It is known as the ‘Second Urbanisation’.
• By the 6th century B.C.E. these and a few other cities had become very prosperous.
• Thus, the process of second urbanisation began in ancient India.

Question 3.
Vardhamana Mahavira and Gautama Buddha attracted a large number of followers.
Answer:

• Among the various stream of thought that arose in the 6th B.C.E, a large number of people were attracted to the teaching of Vardhamana Mahavira and Gautama Buddha.
• Their teachings showed the way to overcome the disparity in the society resulted from the Varna and caste system.
• At the age of 42, Vardhamana Mahavira attained absolute knowledge (Keval Dnyana).
• Thereafter, people started addressing him as ‘Kevali’, ‘Jina’ and ‘Mahavira’.
• While Buddha attained enlightenment at the age of 35. After that, he was known as ‘Buddha’, ‘Tathagata’ and also as ‘Shakyamuni’.

5. Explain the following concepts.

Question 1.
Nastik Darshan
Answer:

• Nastik Darshan refers to the Jain and the Buddhist schools of thought.
• In other words, both, the Jain and the Buddhist schools of thought are considered as the ‘nastik’
• Both refuse to accept the authority of the Vedas and the Vedic rituals.
• Both the schools had followers in large numbers from all strata of the society.

Question 2.
The eightfold path was preached by Gautama Buddha.
Answer:
Gautama Buddha explained the eightfold path by including:

• Samyak Drishti (To understand and accept that nothing happens against the rules of nature)
• Samyak Sankalp (Right determination)
• Samyak Vacha (Right speech)
• Samyak Karmanta (Right behaviour)
• Samyak Aajiva (Livelihood by right means)
• Samyak Vyayam (Conscious avoidance of offensive things)
• Samyak Smriti (Watchfulness and memory of right things)
• Samyak Samadhi (Establishing the mind firmly in equanimity; a state beyond pleasure and sorrow)

6. Describe the administrative system of the Mahajanapadas with the help of the following points.

Question 1.
(a) Terms showing types of states
(b) King’s installation
(c) Authority of the king
(d) Decision-making
Answer:
(a) Terms showing types of states: Rajya, Swarajya, Bhavjya, Vairajya, Maharajya, Samrajya, and Prameshthya were the different types of states that existed during the 6th B.C.E.

(b) King’s installation: A ‘Raja’ was expected to be a ‘Kshtriya’ and according to the existing norms, a Brahmin was expected to refrain from accepting the position of a Raja. The position of Raja was generally hereditary. However, at times, a king was elected by the people.

(c) Authority of the king: The coronation of a king gave him absolute authority over his subjects. He was the one to decide the amount of taxes to be collected from them. He was the ultimate lord of all the land in his kingdom and so he could donate any portion of that land according to his wish. Nevertheless, his power was not totally unrestricted.

(d) Decision-making: The king made his decisions by seeking advice from his officials such as Purohita, Senani, Amatya, Gramani, etc. Besides, there was an assembly of people of all classes. When it assembled everybody present could participate in the decision-making process. There were times when people’s assemblies made a king steps down from the throne.

Activity 1.

Collect and compile the information about Jain Tirthankaras.
Answer:
A “Tirthankara” is a saviour and spiritual teacher of the Jain dharma. Tirthankara in Sanskrit means ‘Ford-maker’ and is also known as “Jina” or “Victor”.
A Tirthankara is a rare individual who has conquered samsara, the cycle of death and rebirth
There were 24 Tirthankaras in Jainism. They are as follows:

1. Lord Rishabhdev
2. Lord Ajitnath
3. Lord Sambhavnath
4. Lord Abhinandananath
5. Lord Sumatinath
6. Lord Padmaprabh
7. Lord Suparshvanath
8. Lord Chandraprabh
9. Lord Suvidhinath Swami or Puspadanta
10. Lord Sheetalnath
11. Lord Shreyansnath
12. Lord Vasupujya
13. Lord Vimalnath
14. Lord Anantnath
15. Lord Dharmnath
16. Lord Shantinath
17. Lord Kunthunath
18. Lord Aranath
19. Lord Mallinath
20. Lord Munisuvrat
21. Lord Naminath
22. Lord Neminath
23. Lord Parshvanath
24. Lord Mahavir

Activity 2.

Collect information about Jataka stories. Select any of the Jataka stories and present, them as a stage play.
Answer:
Students have to do it on their own.

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Class 11 History Solutions Chapter 1 First Farmers Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

Maharashtra State Board Class 11 History Solutions Chapter 1 First Farmers

1A. Choose the correct alternative and write the complete sentences.

Question 1.
“Yellow River” is the English translation of the Chinese name ____________
(a) Kemet
(b) Mother
(c) Sorrow
(d) Huang He
Answer:
(d) Huang He

Question 2.
The Australian archaeologist ____________ coined the term ‘Neolithic Revolution’.
(a) Gorden Willey
(b) Gordon Childe
(c) Herodotus
(d) Collingwood
Answer:
(b) Gordon Childe

Question 3.
The neolithic people at Gilgal had systematically planted ____________ trees.
(a) guava
(b) sapodilla
(c) fig
(d) Indian blackberry
Answer:
(c) fig

Question 4.
____________ in the Shirur taluka of Pune district is an important site of the village of Chalcolithic farmers in Maharashtra.
(a) Saradwadi
(b) Ranjangaon
(c) Pabal
(d) Inamgaon
Answer:
(d) Inamgaon

1B. Find the incorrect pair from set ‘B’ and write the correct ones.

Question 1.

Set ‘A’	Set ‘B’
(1) The valley of Tigris and Euphrates	Mesopotamia
(2) The valley of Nile	Iran
(3) The valley of Huang He	China
(4) The valley of Sindhu (Indus) and Saraswati	Indian Subcontinent

Answer:
(2) The valley of Nile – Egypt

2. Complete the concept maps.

Question 1.

Answer:

3. Explain the following statements with reasons.

Question 1.
The camps of Mesolithic people developed into the first settled villages of neolithic people in Mesopotamia.
Answer:

• Mesopotamia is between the two rivers, Tigris and Euphrates.
• The Mesolithic people began to settle in the region (Mesopotamia) for a longer time, due to the availability of ample water.
• As both the rivers flooded annually, fertile soil was deposited on their banks.
• Ample water and fertile soil resulted in camps of Mesolithic people, who developed into the first settled neolithic villages, which grew wheat and barley.

Question 2.
‘’Huang He’ river is considered to be the mother of the Chinese culture.
Answer:

• The yellow silt brought by the ‘’Huang He’ river, earns her the name of “Yellow River” in English.
• The other names ‘River’ and ‘Mother’, indicate her extraordinary place in the Chinese culture.
• The name ‘River’ indicates her importance as a river.
• The Chinese culture evolved here, with wheat, foxtail millet, and rice being grown by neolithic farmers in the villages.

Question 3.
In the latter half of the neolithic age, Pottery-making had become an art that required special skills.
Answer:

• The neolithic pottery, in the beginning, was in monochrome, i.e., single colour with a burnished surface. Pots were polished by rubbing with a wooden or stone tool.
• Some pots had carved designs, using techniques of stamping and applique work.
• Gradually Neolithic people began to decorate their pots with painted designs.
• Thus, in the latter half of the Neolithic age, pottery making had become an art that required special skills.

4. State your opinion.

Question 1.
There were radical changes in the way of human life during the neolithic age.
Answer:

• In the neolithic age, people lived settled lives with permanently occupied dwellings.
• The common storage places of food grains indicated that transactions related to food production were centrally controlled.
• Hierarchical social and family structure and concept of inheritance have their roots in Neolithic times.
• Pottery making along with polished stone tools is an essential characteristic of neolithic culture.
• Beads of various types of siliceous stones and chank shells were made, indicating craft specialization and various classes of skilled artisans.

Question 2.
The Neolithic people invented the wheel and the technology they had developed so far, underwent a revolution.
Answer:

• Neolithic people produced wheel-made pottery.
• Wheel technology made it possible to produce pottery on a large scale.
• The invention of the wheel made it possible to obtain raw material from distant places in lesser time.
• It became easier to send the finished goods to distant markets, where it was in more demand.
• It helped to develop trade and commerce and transport on a greater scale.

5. Observe the map on page 2 of your textbook and answer the following questions based on it.

Question 1.
What is the name of the sea on the African continent?
Answer:
The name of the sea on the African continent is the Mediterranean Sea.

Question 2.
In which continent did Harappan civilization originate?
Answer:
The Harappan civilization originated in the Continent of Asia.

Question 3.
What is the name of the ocean in the south of India?
Answer:
The Indian Ocean is the name of the ocean in the south of India.

6. Write short notes.

Question 1.
Neolithic ‘Jericho’
Answer:

• The Palestinian city of Jericho, on the banks of the River Jordan, is the first neolithic permanent settle’ in 9000 B.C.E.
• It started getting organized into a well-knit society by about 8000 B.C.E.
• The village had a protective wall around it, with a watchtower, giving evidence of an organized society.
• It is proved that cultivation began in Jericho, as discovered at Gilgal a site near Jericho.
• Laboratory analysis has proved that neolithic people had systematically planted fig cuttings,
• This stands to be the first attempt at planned cultivation.

Question 2.
‘Holocene’ epoch
Answer:

• The last glacial period in the history of our planet came to an end about 12000-11000 years ago.
• This was the beginning of a new epoch, known as ‘Holocene’.
• With the beginning of the Holocene, glaciers began to melt, increasing the volume of water in rivers and oceans.
• As a result, the availability of animals and vegetation for food increased.
• The period witnessed the extinction of gigantic mammoth.
• A variety of fishes, small animals like goats, sheep, deer were available for food.

7. Answer the following questions in detail.

Question 1.
Write in detail about the ‘first farmers’ and the beginning of agriculture in India.
Answer:

• Archaeological sites of Neolithic villages, which have been discovered prove that there were well-settled villages in the Indian subcontinent, as early, as 8000 B.C.E.
• Historian scholars generally agree that the Harappan cities evolved from these early villages.
• Barley was the main crop grown by the farmers in these villages, where wheat was grown on a smaller scale.
• The farmers in these villages were the ‘first farmers’ of the Indian Sub-continent. They lived in mud houses and domesticated cattle and goat-sheep.
• The transition from hunter-gatherer’s life to the beginning of cultivation spans through 10000¬8700 B.C.E.
• The beginning of cultivation is also the beginning of the Neolithic age. The period also marked the domestication of animals along with cultivation.
• While wheat and flaxseeds were grown, barley was the main crop in this period.
• Modified composite tools like fishing harpoons, spears, and arrows were made. Blades known as microliths and tools like sickle and scythe were used for harvesting cereals and fruits.

Question 2.
What knowledge was essential for the Neolithic people to make pottery?
Answer:

• The neolithic pottery, in the beginning, was in monochrome (single colour) with a burnished i.e., polished by running with a wooden or stone tool, surface. Some pots had carved designs.
• The techniques of stamping and applique work i.e., pasting wet clay ribbons and making patterns on them were also used.
• Painted designs on pots in the latter half of the neolithic age, made pottery art that required special skills.
• To master the art of pottery-making one needs to possess knowledge of the following things:
  • To know the source of clay of excellent quality.
  • To manage to obtain clay.
  • To knead and prepare the clay for pottery production.
  • To be able to turn the pot to the desired shape.
  • To have artistic skills for decorating the pottery.
  • To know the technique of making pottery at proper temperatures, approximately 850° – 900° Celsius.
• Pottery helps us to know the cultural history, the material richness of the place, where it was found.
• With the help of pottery, we can also know about the contacts of the residents of the place with other cultures.

Question 3.
Write about the trade and transport in the Neolithic age.
Answer:

• In the latter half of the Neolithic age, people had started using beasts of burden for transporting goods.
• Tools like axes, scrapers, and chisels enabled neolithic people to cut trees and work on wood.
• Probably the round-shaped pieces of wooden logs were used as wheels, as they could easily gain momentum.
• The neolithic people invented the wheel and the technology they had developed so far underwent a revolution.
• The Neolithic people began to produce wheel-made pottery. The wheel technology made it possible to obtain the raw material from distant places in much lesser time.
• It became easier to send the finished goods to distant markets where it was more in demand.
• It helped to develop trade and transport on a greater scale.

Question 4.
Write about the beginning of urbanization in the Neolithic age.
Answer:

• After settling down at one place for a long time, a feeling of ownership arose among neolithic people.
• This feeling was focused on their individual dwellings and the piece of land cultivated by them.
• With social organization and administration, the villages expanded.
• Along with it, awareness of collective landholdings and the village boundaries became prominent.
• It was thus felt that the village community had a natural right over the immediate territory around the village periphery.
• This kind of awareness of natural rights over a particular region is known as ‘territoriality’.
• Rules and norms were created to manage the collective resources, water sources, crafts dependent on it, trade and community life, etc. Consequently, rituals and their details gained importance.
• The need of managing and keeping records of trade, rituals, writing, systems, and administrative machinery developed.
• It gave rise to administrative centers. Such administrative centers attract a large population that includes officials, people from various occupations.
• As a result, the periphery of the original settlement kept expanding and cities came into being.
• Thus, began the process of urbanization in the Neolithic age.

Activity (Textbook Page No. 9)

Write in detail about any of the ancient civilizations.
Answer:
Among the ten oldest civilizations in the world, Mesopotamian, Indus Valley, Egyptian and Chinese are well known.
1. The Mesopotamian Civilization:
Mesopotamia is the Greek name of the region between two rivers, Tigris and Euphrates. Meso means the ’middle one’ and Potamos means ’river’. The region between the two rivers is ’Mesopotamia’.

• Name of the Civilization: Mesopotamian civilization
• Period: 3500BC-500BC
• Original Location: Northeast by the Zagros mountains, Southeast by the Arabian Plateau
• Current Location: Iraq, Syria, and Turkey
• Meaning: Land between rivers (ancient Greek)
• Major Highlights:
  • The first civilization in the world.
  • People developed the idea of agriculture and started domesticating animals for both food and farming.

2. The Indus Valley Civilization:

• Name of the Civilization: Indus Valley civilization
• Period: 3300 BC-1900 BC
• Original Location: Around the basin of the Indus river
• Current Location: Northeast Afghanistan to Pakistan and northwest India
• Major Highlights:
  • One of the oldest civilizations in the world.
  • One of the three earliest civilizations along with Ancient Mesopotamia and Egypt.
  • Most widespread covering an area of 1.25million kilometers. Also known as Harappan and Mohenjo-Daro civilization named after the excavation sites where the remains were originally found.
  • A sophisticated and technologically advanced urban culture. This culture was rich in arts and crafts.

3. The Ancient Egyptian Civilization:

• Name of the Civilization: Egyptian civilization
• Period: 3150 BC-30 BC
• Original Location: Banks of the Nile
• Current Location: Egypt
• Major Highlights:
  • Construction of Pyramids
  • One of the oldest and culturally rich civilizations and a majestic civilization on the banks of the River Nile is known for its Pharaohs, Pyramids, and the Sphinx.

4. The Chinese Civilization:

• Name of the Civilization: The Chinese civilization
• Period:1600 BC -1046 BC
• Original Location: Yellow River and Yangtze region
• Current Location: Country of China
• Major Highlights:
• Agriculture in the Neolithic villages of China began around 7000 B.C.E.
• Wheat, foxtail millet, and rice were grown by farmers in these villages.
• The invention of paper and silk.

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Class 11 Political Science Solutions Chapter 10 The World Since 1945 – II Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

Maharashtra State Board Class 11 Political Science Solutions Chapter 10 The World Since 1945 – II

1A. Choose the correct alternative and complete the following statements.

Question 1.
The __________ Missile Crisis took place in 1962. (American, Cuban, Russian, Chinese)
Answer:
Cuban

Question 2.
In 1978, the United States held a conference at __________ to resolve the Arab-Israel dispute. (Camp David, Helsinki, Paris, Geneva)
Answer:
Camp David

1B. Identify the incorrect pair in every set, correct it and rewrite.

Question 1.
(a) Iran – Ayatollah Khomeini
(b) Afghanistan – Babrak Karmal
(c) Soviet Union – Richard Nixon
Answer:
(c) USA – Richard Nixon

1C. State the appropriate concept for the given statement.

Question 1.
Prohibiting ships from entering the port of a country.
Answer:
Naval Blockade

Question 2.
Reconstruction of the political and economic system was established in the Soviet Union.
Answer:
Perestroika

2A. Complete the concept map.

Question 1.

Answer:

2B. Observe the given map and answer the following questions.

Question 1.
Map of East Europe today.

Question i.
Name any 4 countries formed after the disintegration of the Soviet Union.
Answer:
Russia, Ukraine, Belarus, Armenia, Georgia Latvia, Estonia, Moldova, Lithuania, Azerbaijan.

Question ii.
Name two neighbouring countries of Hungary.
Answer:
Austria, Croatia, Serbia, Romania, Slovakia.

3. State whether the following statements are true or false with reasons.

Question 1.
Non-aligned countries put forth the demand for NAFTA.
Answer:
This statement is False.

• North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) was set up as a ‘trade bloc’ in January 1994.
• It was signed between the USA, Canada, and Mexico to encourage free trade between the three North American Nations (trilateral trade bloc).

Question 2.
Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru was the founder of ASEAN.
Answer:
This statement is False.

• Association of South-East Asian Nations was established in 1967 by the Bangkok declaration.
• Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru was one of the founders of the Non-Aligned Movement in 1961 at Belgrade.

4. Explain the co-relation between the following.

Question 1.
Cold War and Non-aligned movement.
Answer:
The Cold War began after the end of the Second World War in 1945. It refers to a period of intense ideological hostility, build-up of armaments, the establishment of military alliances e.g., NATO, WARSAW Pact, etc., and even proxy wars such as in Korea and Vietnam. There were many efforts from 1945 – 1991 on the part of both superpowers to bring about detente i.e., reduction of hostilities and tensions e.g., Moscow Summit (1972). However, for most of this period, the world was divided into the Capitalist bloc (led by the USA and including England, France, etc.) and Communist bloc (led by USSR and including East European nations).

There were a number of newly independent countries as well as some other Third World countries who did not want to join the military alliances of any power bloc. Through the initiative of Jawaharlal Nehru (India) and Marshall Tito (Yugoslavia), the NAM was formally established in 1961 at Belgrade. Other member countries included Ghana, Egypt, Sri Lanka. Indonesia, etc. Non-alignment is based on two main principles:

• independent understanding of world affairs
• peace approach.

It does not mean political neutrality or passivity but active participation in world affairs without joining any power bloc or military alliance.

5. Answer the following.

Question 1.
Explain the term – New Cold War.
Answer:
Two events that occurred in 1979 change the course of detente.

• Islamic Revolution in Iran under leader Ayatollah Khomeini overthrew the rule of M.R. Shah Pahlavi. The new government withdrew from the CENTO alliance.
• The Soviet Union invaded Afghanistan in 1979 and installed Babrak Karmal as the President. The insurgent groups in Afghanistan (mujahideen) fought against this government (1979 – 1989). The new Cold War refers to the end of the period of detente and return of tensions between the USA and the USSR.

Question 2.
What is a trade bloc?
Answer:
A trade bloc is created when a group of nations makes special agreements regarding their economic relationships with each other. The agreements generally focus on the relaxation or even elimination of trade barriers. The most common types of trade barriers are tariffs (taxes on imports) and quotas (limits on the quantities of various imports).

6. Express your opinion on the following.

Question 1.
India played an important role in the Cold War.
Answer:
India was a non-aligned member during the cold war. It means India was neither on the side of the USA nor the Soviet Union. This was for official purposes, which enabled us to avoid giving away our land or resources to the Soviets or Americans (which they could use as a military base and eventually also make India their vassal). Having said that, unofficially India fully supported the Soviet Union.

Soviet Union protected India from the onslaught of the USA, during the India Pakistan war of 1971. The indo-soviet pact during 1971 was spearheaded by PM Indira Gandhi. Further, India cooperated and collaborated greatly with the Soviet Union in the fields of defense, manufacturing industries, medicine, nuclear energy, science among others, however, India was never a direct party to the cold war standoff between the USA and the Soviet Union.

7. Answer the following in detail with reference to the given points.

Question 1.
Elaborate on the period of Detente.
(a) Meaning
(b) Initiatives are taken by superpowers to reduce tensions
Answer:
(a) Meaning of detente: Detente refers to efforts to bring about a reduction in tensions between the USA and the USSR. This was an attempt by the two ‘superpowers’ themselves. The Cuban Missile Crises brought in a realization of a possible nuclear confrontation and the need to deescalate the tensions.

(b) Initiatives taken by the superpowers to reduce tensions: After the Cuban Missile Crisis, both the USA and USSR made several efforts at reducing bilateral tensions (detente).
This included:

• a hotline was set up between the main leaders of the two nations
• the signing of agreements such as NNPT, LTBT to reduce nuclear weapons
• 1972, Moscow Summit between President Nixon (USA) and Brezhnev (USSR).

Other initiatives were-

• Conference at Paris (1973) to bring the Vietnam crisis to an end.
• Helsinki conference on security in Europe (1975) was attended by 35 nations including the USA and USSR. It aimed to reduce the tensions between eastern and western European countries.
• The first joint US-Soviet space flight was the Apollo-Soyuz Test Project (1975)
• The USA held a conference at Camp David in 1978 to resolve the long-pending Arab-Israel dispute. The ‘Framework for Peace in the Middle East was signed between President Carter (USA) President Sadat (Egypt) and Prime Minister Begin (Israel).

Find out! (Text Book Page No. 86)

Can you find out some of the summit meetings that have taken place between leaders of India and Pakistan in recent years? Who were the leaders who participated and when and where did the meetings take place?
Answer:

• The Delhi Pact (Liaquat-Nehru Pact) was signed on 8th April 1950 as a bilateral treaty between India and Pakistan. It was signed in New Delhi by the then Indian, Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru and Pakistan, Prime Minister Liaquat Ali Khan.
• Tashkent Declaration (10th January 1966) was a peace agreement after the 1965 Indo-Pakistan war signed between Mohammed Ayub Khan (President of Pakistan) and Lai Bahadur Shastri (Prime Minister of India) in Tashkent.
• Shimla Agreement was signed on 2nd September 1972 after the 1971 Indo-Pakistan war. Signatories were Indian Prime Minister Mrs. Indira Gandhi and Pakistan Prime Minister Zulfikar Ali Bhutto.
• The non-Nuclear Aggression Agreement was signed on 21st December 1988 in is Islamabad by Rajiv Gandhi (Prime Minister of India) and Benazir Bhutto (Prime Minister of Pakistan).
• Lahore Agreement – Signed on 21st February 1999. Signatories were Shri. Atal Bihari Vajpayee (India) and Nawaz Sharif (Pakistan).
• Agra Agreement (2001). The Negotiators were Shri. Vajpayee and Pervez Musharaf (Pakistan) but negotiators broke down.

Activity (Text Book Page No. 92)

Make a list of all summit meetings of SAARC.
Answer:

Summit year	Place
1st – 1985	Dhaka (Bangladesh)
2nd – 1986	Bangalore (India)
3rd – 1987	Kathmandu (Nepal)
4th – 1988	Islamabad (Pakistan)
5th – 1990	Male (Maldives)
6th – 1991	Colombo (Sri Lanka)
7th – 1993	Dhaka (Bangladesh)
8th – 1995	New Delhi (India)
9th – 1997	Male (Maldives)
10th – 1998	Colombo (Sri Lanka)
11th – 2002	Kathmandu (Nepal)
12th – 2004	Islamabad (Pakistan)
13th – 2005	Dhaka (Bangladesh)
14th – 2007	New Delhi (India)
15th – 2008	Colombo (Sri Lanka)
16th – 2010	Thimphu (Bhutan)
17th – 2011	Addu City (Maldives)
18th – 2014	Kathmandu (Nepal)
19th – 2016	Islamabad (Pakistan) (event canceled)

 

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Class 11 History Solutions Chapter 3 Chalcolithic Villages in India Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

Maharashtra State Board Class 11 History Solutions Chapter 3 Chalcolithic Villages in India

1A. Choose the correct alternative and write the complete sentences.

Question 1.
On one of the cemetery H pots, dead humans are seen carried by ____________ in their stomach.
(a) deer
(b) peacock
(c) fish
(d) bull
Answer:
(b) peacock

Question 2.
The archaeological evidence shows that Balathal was a center of mass production of ____________
(a) stone pots
(b) copper pots
(c) earthen pots
(d) glassware
Answer:
(c) earthen pots

Question 3.
Permanent villages of farmers were first established in Maharashtra by ____________ people.
(a) Savalda
(b) Malwa
(c) Harappa
(d) Kayatha
Answer:
(b) Malwa

1B. Find the incorrect pair from set ‘B’ and write the correct ones.

Question 1.

Set ‘A’	Set ‘A’
1. Savalda Culture	Daimadabad
2. Malwa Culture	Navadatoli
3. Ahar Culture	Sonpur
4. Jorwe Culture	Inamgaon

Answer:
3. Ahar Culture – Balathal

2A. Explain the statements with reasons.

Question 1.
Harappan people had to migrate.
Answer:

• When the Mature (urban) Harappan civilisation collapsed completely, the people of Late Harappan cultures who had settled on the ruins of Mature Harappan cities had to migrate elsewhere.
• The urban Harappans and the Late Harappans dispersed. Wherever these people reached, new rural cultures came into being.
• Thus, as the Harappan civilisation collapsed, Harappan people had to migrate.

Question 2.
People of ‘Malwa’ culture were the first farmers of Maharashtra.
Answer:

• The people of Malwa culture reached Maharashtra around 1600 B.C.E. Permanent villages of farmers were first established in Maharashtra by the Malwa people.
• After arriving in Maharashtra, they came into contact with the neolithic people in Karnataka.
• It resulted in a few changes in the pot-making technology of Malwa people as far as shapes of the pots and designs are concerned.
• Thus, they were considered the first farmers of Maharashtra as they were the first to establish in Maharashtra.

3. State your opinion.

Question 1.
It seems that the Harappan people had gone as far as Bihar.
Answer:

• Chalcolithic sites have been discovered in Bihar, Bengal, Odisha, and Madhya Pradesh.
• The excavations at sites like Chirand, Sonpur, etc. yielded earthen pots of black-and-red ware.
• The shapes of these pots are similar to those of Harappan culture.
• Thus, it seems that the Harappan people had gone as far as Bihar, and the local cultures were influenced by them.

4. Write short notes.

Question 1.
Banas Culture
Answer:

• The chalcolithic culture in India generally belongs to, the Post-Harappan period.
• However, the ‘Ahar’ or ‘Banas’ culture in the Mewad region of Rajasthan was contemporary to the Harappan civilisation.
• Balathal and Gilund are important sites of Ahar culture.
• It was first discovered at Ahar near Udaipur, so it was named as ‘Ahar’ culture.
• Ahar is a tributary of the river Banas, so it is also known as ‘Banas culture’.

Question 2.
Malwa Culture
Answer:

• The name ‘Malwa’ tells us that this culture originated and spread first in the Malwa region.
• It flourished in Madhya Pradesh during 1800 B.C.E. – 1200 B.C.E. Navadatoli, situated on the bank of Narmada is an important site of Malwa culture.
• The people of Malwa culture reached Maharashtra around 1600 B.C.E.
• Permanent villages of farmers were first established in Maharashtra by the Malwa people. They were the first farmers of Maharashtra.

Question 3.
Kayatha Culture
Answer:

• Kayatha is a chalcolithic site situated on the banks of the river known as Chhoti Kali Sindh at a distance of 25 km from Ujjain in Madhya Pradesh.
• Kayatha culture was contemporary to the Harappan civilisation.
• The Kayatha people followed agriculture and animal husbandry.
• They mainly used handmade pots and microliths.

5. Write about the chalcolithic cultures in Gujarat with the help of the given points.

Question 1.
(a) Period
(b) Means of livelihood
(c) Geographical spread
(d) Evidence of cultural contact with other people.
Answer:
(a) Period: The chalcolithic settlements in Gujarat coincide with the following phases of the Harappan culture:

• Early Harappan phase (3950-2600 B.C.E.)
• Mature (urban) phase (2600-1900 B.C.E.)
• Post-Harappan phase (1900-900 B.C.E.)

(b) Means of livelihood: There are ample sources of semi-precious stones in Gujarat. Making beads of these stones was a big industry during Harappan times. The Neolithic settlements in Gujarat played a major role in procuring these stones. People residing in the neolithic settlements of Gujarat were mainly pastoral, that is people whose primary occupation was animal husbandry. Thus, making beads, animal husbandry, pottery making were some of the means of livelihood.

(c) Geographical spread: There are regional variations in the characteristics of the chalcolithic cultures of Gujarat. The chalcolithic pottery of Kutch – Saurashtra and Northern Gujarat are distinct from each other. The chalcolithic villages in Kutch-Saurashtra were abandoned by 1900 B.C.E.

(d) Evidence of cultural contact with other people: In the post-Harappan period there were two chalcolithic cultures in Gujarat. The culture in south Gujarat was known as ‘Prabhas’ culture and the one in northeastern Gujarat was known as ‘Rangpur’ culture. These cultures existed till 1800-1200 B.C.E.

Activity

With the help of the Internet, reference books, field trips, newspaper articles, etc. obtain pictures of excavated artifacts and architectural remains and arrange an exhibition under the guidance of your teachers.
Answer:
To be done by students.

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Class 11 History Solutions Chapter 2 First Cities of India Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

Maharashtra State Board Class 11 History Solutions Chapter 2 First Cities of India

1. Choose the correct alternative and write the complete sentences.

Question 1.
In the early phase of agriculture, making __________ pots and farming were the jobs of women.
(a) copper
(b) bronze
(c) earthen
(d) stone
Answer:
(c) earthen

Question 2.
Lothal is known for its ancient __________
(a) agriculture
(b) dock
(c) textiles
(d) tools
Answer:
(b) dock

Question 3.
A general impression prevailed that the Harappan seals had some connection with the __________ civilisation.
(a) Chinese
(b) Greek
(c) Mesopotamian
(d) Egyptian
Answer:
(c) Mesopotamian

Question 4.
The bodies (mummies) of dead royalties in Egypt were wrapped in __________ coloured cloth.
(a) white
(b) black
(c) red
(d) blue
Answer:
(d) blue

2A. Choose the correct reason and complete the sentence.

Question 1.
The major reason for the decline of the Mesopotamian civilisation was __________
(a) foreign invasion
(b) deteriorating environment
(c) loss in trade
(d) migration
Answer:
(b) deteriorating environment

2B. Find the incorrect pair from set ‘B’ and write the correct ones.

Question 1.

Set ‘A’	Set ‘B’
(a) Dilmun	Bahrain
(b) Makan	Oman-Iran-Baluchistan Coastal region
(c) Shortugai	Mesopotamia
(d) Meluhha	Region of Harappa civilisation

Answer:
(c) Shortugai – Badakshan province of Afghanistan

3. Explain the statements with reasons.

Question 1.
The remains found in cities like Harappa, Mohenjodaro, Kalibangan, Lothal, Dholavira, Rakhigarhi, etc. are evidence of the past glory of this civilization.
Answer:

• A well-developed and rich civilisation flourished in the Indian subcontinent in the period from 3500-3000 B.C.E.
• This period is characterised by systematic town planning, with houses of baked brick, granaries, excellent drainage systems, public baths, and impressive public movements.
• Good administrative control over the distribution of water and other resources.
• Remains also prove a good social organisation, a proper social hierarchy based on the position of power.
• Flourishing internal and distant trade, mass production of goods, and craft specialisation developed writing system of script on Harappan seals give evidence of the past glory of the civilisation.

Question 2.
Lapis lazuli had a very important place in the Harappan trade.
Answer:

• A network of small towns, big and small villages, and campsites of semi-nomadic people functioned to cater to the needs of major urban centres of the Harappan civilisation.
• The Harappan settlement of ‘Shortugai’ in the Badakshan province of Afghanistan, is rich with mines of lapis lazuli, a semi-precious stone in Mesopotamia.
• The Mesopotamian epics describe Goddess Inanna’s palace, the walls of which were embedded with this stone, lapis lazuli.
• This stone was a very important commodity in the Harappan trade with Mesopotamia.

Question 3.
Harappan civilisation declined.
Answer:

• Sir Mortimer Wheeler in his study has concluded that the Harappan civilisation was destroyed by Indra, who destroyed the fortified cities.
• Vedic Aryans destroyed the Harappan cities under the leadership of Indra.
• The civilisation also declined due to the cumulative effects of factors such as the decline in trade, climatic changes, and the weakening of the economy.

4. State your opinion.

Question 1.
The Harappan cities and villages in the vicinity were interdependent.
Answer:

• The interrelationship between Harappan cities and villages was dependent on the mechanism of making available food grains and raw materials.
• A network of small towns, big and small villages, and campsites of semi-nomadic people, functioned to cater to the needs of major urban centres of Harappan civilisation.
• The city people were dependent on natural sources and villages in their vicinity, to meet the needs of urban lifestyle and urban administration.

Question 2.
The Harappan cities seem to have a well-organised administrative system.
Answer:

• The Harappan cities had a well organised administrative system to manage industrial production, import-export, the interrelationship between cities managing trading operations and villages around them.
• The town planning, standardization of bricks, weights, seals, shapes, and ornamentation of various objects, confirm the presence of an efficient administrative system.
• Cities like Harappa and Mohenjodaro were perhaps regional capitals.
• Lothal and Kalibangan were important religious centres.
• However, the nature of Harappan polity, whether it was a single state or a federation of small states, is not yet known.

5. Answer the following questions with the help of given points.

Question 1.
Write about the characteristics of Harappan cities with the help of the given points:
(a) Town planning
(b) Social organisation
(c) Administration
(d) Economy
Answer:
(a) Town planning:

• The town planning of Harappan cities was very systematic.
• Houses were of baked bricks, which included bathrooms, toilets, wells.
• Granaries existed, with impressive public monuments.
• The excellent drainage systems, public baths, and independent fortification walls are highlights.
• The grid pattern was used, where streets crossed each other in right angles, and the resulted blocks were used for building houses.
• The English bond masonry method was used with two headers and two stretchers to build a wall, which was especially useful for earthquake-prone areas.

(b) Social organisation:

• Social hierarchy was based on the position of power.
• Classes of skilled artisans and individuals were based on craft specialisation.
• Belief systems existed, with evidence of burials indicating rituals after death.
• Artifacts and architecture also indicate belief systems.

(c) Administration:

• Administrative control existed over the distribution of water and other resources.
• The size of bricks indicates the use of standardisation and ratio.
• Weights, set style of shapes and painted designs of pottery, majestic and non-residential buildings for public administrative offices are also seen.

(d) Economy:

• Harappan civilisation practiced mass production of goods for trade purposes.
• The concentration of factories and residences of artisans in a particular area of the city indicates the purpose of convenience of production, flourishing internal and distant trade, and administrative control over trade transactions.
• Well-shaped, beautiful earthen pots, statues, metal objects of gold, silver, copper, and bronze were made.
• Various types of beads were prepared, indicating a sound economy.

Activity

Collect information and illustrations with the help of the internet about the town planning of the Harappan cities and Chandigarh. Compare them.
Answer:
The town planning of the Harappan Cities:

• The Harappans were the first to build planned cities with a scientific drainage system.
• Their cities were built on a uniform plan.
• The people of Indus valley lived a highly civilized and developed life.
• This highly developed and scientific plan can be seen in the following areas.

Streets:

• The streets were straight and cut each other at right angles
• They were 13 to 34 feet wide and were well lined.
• The streets and roads divided the city into rectangular blocks.
• Lamp posts were provided at regular intervals.
• Dust bins were also provided on the streets which proves the presence of a good municipal administration.

Drainage System:

• The city was provided with an excellent closed drainage system.
• Each house had its own drainage and soak pit which was connected to the public drainage.
• Brick-laid channels were found through every street.
• The drains were covered and had manholes at regular intervals for cleaning and clearing.
• Large brick culverts were constructed on the outskirts of the city to carry excess water.
• The Indus valley civilization had a perfect underground drainage system.

The Great Bath:

• The most striking feature of Mohenjo Daro is the Great Bath.
• It consists of a large quadrangle. In the center, there is a large swimming pool approx. 39 ft long, 23 ft wide, and 8 ft deep.
• This swimming pool had rooms and galleries on all four sides.
• It had a flight of steps at either end and a well in one of the adjoining rooms. The water was discharged by a huge drain.
• The Great Bath had 8ft thick outer walls.

Granaries:

• The largest building in Mohenjo Daro is the granary which is 45.71 m long and 15.23 m wide.
• Granaries have also been found in Harappa and the southern parts of Kalibangan.
• These granaries were used to store grains which were probably collected as revenue or storehouses to be used in emergencies.

Buildings:

• People of the Indus valley civilization built houses and other buildings on the side streets.
• Built terraced houses of burnt bricks.
• Every house had two or more rooms, there were also more than one-storied houses.

The town planning of Chandigarh City:

• Chandigarh, the capital of the northern Indian states of Punjab and Haryana was designed by the Swiss-French modernist architect, Le Corbusier.
• Buildings include the Capitol Complex with its High Court, Secretariat, and Legislative Assembly.