Class 11

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Organisation of Commerce and Management 11th Textbook Solutions Chapter 2 Trade Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

Maharashtra State Board 11th Organisation of Commerce and Management Solutions Chapter 2 Trade

1. (A) Select the correct option and rewrite the sentence

Question 1.
……………. is the link between producer and retailer.
(a) Consumer
(b) Wholesaler
(c) Manufacturer
Answer:
(b) Wholesaler

Question 2.
Price charged by retailers is generally ………………..
(a) higher
(b) lower
(c) fixed
Answer:
(a) higher

Question 3.
A wholesaler invest ……………… capital in the business.
(a) small
(b) large
(c) less
Answer:
(b) large

Question 4.
Retailer is the …………….. link in the chain of distribution.
(a) first
(b) last
(c) second
Answer:
(b) last

Question 5.
Retailers supply information to the …………………. through wholesalers.
(a) manufacturer
(b) government
(c) consumers
Answer:
(a) manufacturer

Question 6.
Major items ……………… are chemicals, crude oil and petroleum products, edible oils, electronic goods, gold and silver, pearl and precious stone.
(a) exported by India
(b) not exported by India
(c) imported by India
Answer:
(c) imported by India

Question 7.
For customs clearance the ……………… is prepared by the exporter.
(a) carting order
(b) letter of credit
(c) shipping bill
Answer:
(c) shipping bill

Question 8.
……………… carry goods on their head in basket or containers.
(a) Hawkers
(b) Peddlers
(c) Cheap Jacks
Answer:
(b) Peddlers

Question 9.
………………… open their shops on market days i.e. on fixed days.
(a) Street Traders
(b) Market Traders
(c) Peddlers
Answer:
(b) Market Traders

Question 10.
……………… retailers deal in particular goods.
(a) General Stores
(b) Specialty Shop
(c) Second Hand Good Shops
Answer:
(b) Specialty Shop

Question 11.
………………… is known as self – service store.
(a) Departmental Store
(b) Super Market
(c) Multiple Store
Answer:
(b) Super Market

1. (B) Match the pairs

Question 1.

Group A	Group B
(a) Departmental store	(1) Carry goods on heads
(b) Market traders	(2) Uniform price
(c) General shops	(3) Business on market day
(d) One price shop	(4) Most common shop
(e) Peddlers	(5) Huge capital
	(6) Distribution through branches
	(7) Carry goods on carts
	(8) Sale used articles
	(9) Specialized goods
	(10) Authorized dealers

Answer:

Group A	Group B
(a) Departmental store	(5) Huge capital
(b) Market traders	(3) Business on market day
(c) General shops	(4) Most common shop
(d) One price shop	(2) Uniform price
(e) Peddlers	(1) Carry goods on heads

Question 2.

Group A	Group B
(a) Import trade	(1) First step in import
(b) Registration	(2) Goods not for own country
(c) Entrepot trade	(3) Buying goods from other country
(d) Letter of Credit	(4) No restrictions
(e) Large Turnover	(5) Selling goods to other country
	(6) Credit worthiness of importer
	(7) Recovery of dues
	(8) Wholesaler
	(9) Retailer
	(10) Credit worthiness of exporter

Answer:

Group A	Group B
(a) Import trade	(3) Buying goods from other country
(b) Registration	(1) First step in import
(c) Entrepot trade	(2) Goods not for own country
(d) Letter of Credit	(7) Recovery of dues
(e) Large Turnover	(8) Wholesaler

1. (C) Give one word/phrase/term

Question 1.
A person who move daily from place to place to sell goods.
Answer:
Itinerant retailer

Question 2.
The middleman between wholesaler and customer.
Answer:
Retailer

Question 3.
A retail shop which operates through branches.
Answer:
Chain stores

Question 4.
A shop where all goods are available at same price.
Answer:
One price shop

Question 5.
A retailer who display his goods on the load.
Answer:
Street traders

Question 6.
An order placed by an importer for the supply of certain goods.
Answer:
Indent

1. (D) State True or False

Question 1.
Wholesaler keeps large stock of goods.
Answer:
True

Question 2.
Wholesaler deals in small quantity.
Answer:
False

Question 3.
A retailer has no direct contact with consumers.
Answer:
False

Question 4.
Super market shops offer home delivery facilities to customer.
Answer:
False

Question 5.
Departmental store located out of the city.
Answer:
False

Question 6.
Customers cannot bargain in one price shop.
Answer:
True.

Question 7.
Letter of Credit is required for obtaining export license.
Answer:
True

Question 8.
Buying goods from other country is known as export trade.
Answer:
False

Question 9.
Maintaining high quality is necessary to sustain in export business.
Answer:
True

1. (E) Find the odd one.

Question 1.
Itinerant Retailers
General Stores, Hawkers, Cheap Jacks, Peddlers.
Answer:
General Stores

Question 2.
Large Scale Retailers
Departmental Stores, Chain Stores, Market Trader, One Price Shop.
Answer:
Market Trader

Question 3.
Small Scale Retailers
Specialty Shops, Second hand Goods Shops, Malls, Authorised Dealers.
Answer:
Malls

1. (F) Complete the sentences.

Question 1.
The original form of trade was ……………
Answer:
barter

Question 2.
Trade establishes a link between producers and …………….
Answer:
consumers

Question 3.
The wholesaler provides valuable services to manufacturers and ……………….
Answer:
retailers

Question 4.
The wholesaler purchases a large quantity of goods from the ………………..
Answer:
manufacturers

Question 5.
The wholesaler bears the risk of ……………… and market fluctuations.
Answer:
price

Question 6.
The wholesaler provides financial support to retailers by way of ………………. facility.
Answer:
credit

Question 7.
The retailer is the connecting link between the wholesaler and …………………..
Answer:
consumers

Question 8.
……………… is a large retail organization which mainly sells wide range of food and grocery items on the basis of ‘Self-service’.
Answer:
Super market

Question 9.
……………….. are retail stores owned by a single organization
Answer:
Chain store

Question 10.
The shop where the price of all products or goods are same is known as ……………..
Answer:
One price shop

Question 11.
A modern shopping mall is an ………………. term.
Answer:
American

Question 12.
The Letter of Credit is the safest method of payment in ………………. trade.
Answer:
foreign

1. (G) Select the correct option

Question 1.
Wholesaler deals in (small / large) quantity.
Answer:
Large

Question 2.
Departmental stores are located (in / out of) the city.
Answer:
in

Question 3.
Customer cannot bargain in (General stores / One Price shop).
Answer:
One price shop

Question 4.
Retailer operates in (global / local) market.
Answer:
local

Question 5.
Departmental store is a (large / small) scale retail shop.
Answer:
large

Question 6.
Supermarket shop requires (limited / large) capital.
Answer:
large

Question 7.
Chain stores are retail store owned by (many / single) organization.
Answer:
single

Question 8.
The shop where the price of all the product or goods are (different / same) is known as one price shop.
Answer:
same

1. (H) Answer in one sentence

Question 1.
What do you mean by internal trade?
Answer:
Trade carried on within the geographical boundaries of a country is called internal trade or domestic trade.

Question 2.
Who is known as hawkers?
Answer:
A trader who carries the goods on the back of animals or wheel cart for the purpose of selling is called an hawker.

Question 3.
What is the meaning of Peddlers?
Answer:
Mobile retailer who carry goods on their head or back and move from one place to another for selling are called Peddlers.

Question 4.
What do you mean by fixed shop retailers?
Answer:
Fixed shop retailers are those retailers who have a fixed place for their business.

Question 5.
What do you mean by small scale fixed retailers?
Answer:
Small scale fixed retailers are those who conduct their business operations on a small scale with variety of goods at a fixed place.

Question 6.
What do you mean by large scale fixed retailer?
Answer:
Large scale fixed retailers operate on large scale business at a fixed place.

Question 7.
What is departmental store?
Answer:
A departmental store is a large scale retail organisation situated in a central place in the city. It is divided into a number of small retail shops known as departments, selling different goods under one roof. .

Question 8.
What is meant by supermarket shop?
Answer:
It is a large scale retail organization which sells a wide variety of goods to customers on the basis of self service.

Question 9.
What do you mean by chain store?
Answer:
Chain store is a retail shop owned and controlled by a single organization located in different parts of the city, with a particular kind of goods.

Question 10.
What is one price shop?
Answer:
One price shops are shops where all articles are sold at one standard and fixed price.

Question 11.
What is a mall?
Answer:
A mall is a large enclosed shopping complex comprising of various stores business cinema theaters and restaurants.

1. (I) Correct the underlined word and rewrite the following sentences

Question 1.
When the trade activities are conduct between two or more countries, it is called as internal trade.
Answer:
When the trade activities are conduct between two or more countries, it is called as external trade.

Question 2.
Export trade refers to the purchase of goods and services from foreign country.
Answer:
Import trade refers to the purchase of goods and services from foreign country.

Question 3.
The price charged in departmental stores is comparatively less.
Answer:
The price charged in departmental stores is comparatively high.

Question 4.
Wholesaler requires less capital.
Answer:
Retailer requires less capital.

Question 5.
Tariff rates of various countries affect the internal trade.
Answer:
Tariff rates of various countries affect the external trade.

1. (J) Arrange in proper order

Question 1.
Retailer, Consumer, Producer, Wholesaler.
Answer:
Producer, Wholesaler, Retailer, Consumer.

Question 2.
International Market, Local Market, National Market, State Market.
Answer:
Local Market, State Market, National Market, International Market.

Question 3.
Import Stage, Pre-import Stage, Post-import Stage, Preliminary Stage.
Answer:
Preliminary Stage, Pre-import Stage, Import Stage, Post-import Stage.

2. Explain the following terms /concepts.

Question 1.
Wholesale Trade.
Answer:

1. When goods are purchased in large quantity from the manufacturers or producers for the purpose of resale to retailers, then it is called as wholesale trade.
2. The person doing wholesale business is called wholesaler.
3. Wholesaler acts as a link between manufacturer and retailer.

Question 2.
Retail Trade.
Answer:

1. When goods are sold in smaller quantities to the final consumers, then it is called as retail trade.
2. The person doing retail trade is called as retailer.

Question 3.
Foreign Trade.
Answer:

1. Trade carried on between two or more foreign countries is called foreign trade.
2. Foreign trade depends as political relations between two countries.
3. Procedure of foreign trade is complex, difficult and lengthy.
4. It consists of import trade and export trade.

Question 4.
Letter of Credit.
Answer:

1. A letter of credit is a guarantee issued by the importers bank that it will honour the payment upto certain amount of export bills to the bank of the exporter.
2. It is generally demanded by the exporter country.
3. It gives assurance to exporter country about its payment of goods exported.

Question 5.
One price shop.
Answer:

1. One price shop are shops where all the articles are sold at one standard and fixed price.
2. Such shops sells variety of goods of daily use.
3. Goods at such shops are sold at lower prices.
4. E.g. of goods sold at such shops are – watches, shampoos, household articles, crockery, etc.

Question 6.
Departmental Store.
Answer:

1. Departmental store is a large scale retail shop having different departments and sections for different type of goods in the same building.
2. It sells large variety of goods under one roof.
   E.g. Shopper stop.

Question 7.
General store.
Answer:

1. General store is a retail shop which deals in a wide variety of goods located in a residential locality.
2. Such store sells goods of daily needs like food grains, soaps, stationery, medicines, oils, biscuits, etc.
3. They provide home delivery to their customers.
4. They buy goods from the wholesalers or directly from the manufacturers.

Question 8.
Mall.
Answer:

1. A mall is a large enclosed shopping complex having various stores, restaurant, cinema hail and other business.
2. E.g. Phoenix Mall, Inorbit Mall, etc.
3. It is an American term in which one or move building from a complex.

3. Study the following case/situation and express your opinion.

1. Sonupant purchases his grocery material every month from nearest Nandulal grocery shop and he purchase wheat, rice and pulses in bulk for whole year from Gorhe and Son’s Market yard.

Question 1.
Who is wholesaler?
Answer:
Gorhe and Son’s Market yard.

Question 2.
Who is retailer?
Answer:
Nandulal grocery shop is the retailer.

Question 3.
Any one difference between wholesaler and retailer?
Answer:
Goods are sold to retailer for the purpose of sale by wholesaler.
Goods are sold to customer for consumption by the retailer.

2. Anurag is selling goods to Japan. Kavita is buying goods from USA where as Ganesh is buying raw material from South Africa and after processing it sells finished goods to Malaysia.

Question 1.
Who is exporter?
Answer:
Anurag is the exporter.

Question 2.
Who is importer?
Answer:
Kavita is an importer.

Question 3.
What is Entrepot Trade?
Answer:
Enterpot trade is re-exporting of the goods to another country, with or without processing or re-packaging, e.g. Ganesh buying raw materials from South Africa and processing it and selling it to Malaysia.

4. Distinguish between the following

Question 1.
Wholesaler and Retailer.
Answer:

	Wholesaler	Retailer
(1) Meaning	A person who conducts the wholesale trade is called as wholesaler.	A person who conducts retail trade is called as retailer.
(2) Capital/Finance	Wholesaler needs large amount of capital	Retailer needs small amount of capital.
(3) Link	It is a link between manufacturer and retailer.	It is a link between wholesaler and customers.
(4) Location	It is located in central market of the city.	It is located in various local markets in the city.
(5) Profit margin	Wholesaler works on less profit margin.	Retailer works on more profit margin.
(6) Sales of goods	Goods are sold to retailer for the purpose of resale.	Goods are sold to final customers for their consumption.
(7) Credit Facility	Wholesaler offers credit facility to retailers.	Retailer offers credit facility only to his regular customers.
(8) Prices	It sales goods at lower prices to retailers.	It sales goods at higher prices to customers.
(9) Specialisation	They are specialised in one or few line of goods.	They are specialised in variety of goods.
(10) Warehousing	Requires warehousing facilities as the stock of goods are on large scale.	He does not require separate warehousing due to small scale purchasing.
(11) Home Delivery	Wholesaler offers delivery of goods to retailers at their shops.	Retailer offers home delivery of goods to regular customers.

Question 2.
Itinerant Retailers and Non-Itinerant Retailers (Fixed shop retailers).
Answer:

	Itinerant Retailers	Non-Itinerant Retailers/ Fixed Shop Retailers
(1) Meaning	Itinerant retailers are those retailers who do not have a fixed places for their business.	Fixed shop retailers are those retailers who have a fixed place for their business.
(2) Capital	It requires limited capital.	It requires higher capital investment.
(3) Stock of Goods	They keep limited stock of goods.	They keep large stock of goods.
(4) Quality of Goods	They sell low quality goods.	They sell quality goods.
(5) Variety of Goods	They do not offer variety of goods to customers.	They offer variety of goods to customers.
(6) Prices	Prices of goods is lower due to absence of fixed cost.	Prices of goods is higher than itinerant retailers.
(7) Credit Facility	Credit facility is not given to customers.	Credit facility is given only to regular customers.
(8) Choice of Goods	Customers have no scope for choice of goods.	Customers have more scope for choice of goods.
(9) Door to Door Service	They offer door to door service to their customers.	They do not offer door to door services to their customers.
(10) After Sales Service	They do not provide after sales service to customers.	They provide after sales service to customers.
(11) Types of Goods	It deals in goods of daily need and more perishable nature.	It deals in all types of goods as per the needs of the customers.

Question 3.
General Stores and Specialty Stores.
Answer:

	General Stores	Speciality Stores
(1) Meaning	It is a shop which deals in wide variety of goods.	It is a shop which deals in specialised products of goods.
(2) Location	It is located in the residential areas of the city.	It is located in busy shopping centers of the city.
(3) Prices	Prices of goods are generally low.	Prices of goods are generally high.
(4) Sales	Goods are sold on cash basis as well as on credit basis.	Goods are sold on cash basis only.
(5) Variety of Products	Customers have limited choice of goods.	Customers have maximum choice in one line of goods.
(6) Types of Goods	Goods sold as per customers day to day need.	Specialised goods are sold to customers.
(7) Advertisement	Do not spend much expenses on advertisement.	Spend more expenses on advertisement due to specialisation.

Question 4.
Departmental Stores and Chain Stores.
Answer:

	Departmental Stores	Chain Stores
(1) Meaning	It is a large scale retail store having different departments and sections for different type of goods under a same roof.	It is a retail shop owned and controlled by a single organization located in different parts of the city.
(2) Variety of Goods	It deals with large variety of goods.	It deals with goods of a particular manufacturer only.
(3) Location	It is located at central place of city.	It is located in the residential area of the city.
(4) Capital	it requires large amount of capital.	It requires less amount of capital than Departmental store.
(5) Choice of Goods	It deals in the variety of goods and offers wide choice to customers.	It deals in particular product of goods and offer the wide choice to customers.
(6) Home Delivery	It provides home delivery to customers.	It do not provide home delivery to customers.
(7) Operation	Operations of departmental store are rigid in nature.	Operation of Chain Stores are flexible in nature.
(8) Motto	Motto of departmental store is to attract customers.	Motto of Chain Store is to approach the customers.
(9) Price	It generally charges high price.	It charges comparatively less price.
(10) Cost of operating	Cost of operating departmental store is high.	Cost of operating chain store is low.

Question 5.
Import Trade and Export Trade
Answer:

	Import Trade	Export Trade
(1) Meaning	It refers to buying of goods and services from foreign country.	It refers to sale of goods and services to foreign country.
(2) Person Involved	The person doing import trade is called importer.	The person doing export trade is called exporter.
(3) Example	India buying bananas from Sri Lanka.	India selling mangoes to Sri Lanka.
(4) Effect as Currency	It reduces foreign currency.	It increase foreign currency.
(5) Stages	It includes following stages: (a) Preliminary stage (b) Pre-shipment stage (c) Shipment stage (d) Post-shipment stage	It includes following stage: (a) Preliminary stage (b) Pre-import stage (c) Import stage (d) Post-import stage.

5. Answer in brief.

Question 1.
State any four feature of one price shop.
Answer:
Features of One Price Shop:

1. Location: One price shops are located in busy centers of the city such as busy trade centers, near railway stations, bus stops and other crowded places.
2. Variety of Goods: In one price shop, the customers are given wide scope to make selection of goods of their choice. However, the price is uniform but quality of the goods may be different.
3. Cash Sales : In this shop goods are sold on cash basis only. No credit facility is given to the customers. So there is no risk of bad debts.
4. Low Priced Articles: In one price shop, the goods are sold to customers for domestic use at lower prices e.g. stationery, cutlery, toys, plastic goods, etc.
5. Uniform Prices : All the articles of goods are sold in one price shop at the same price. The customers have no scope for bargain in this shop.
6. Business Policy: In one price shop, the policy of buying and selling of goods of all the shops are the same one.

Question 2.
State any four features of wholesalers to manufacturers.
Answer:
Services of Wholesalers to Manufacturers:

1. Provide Finance : Wholesaler provides advance to the manufacturers so they can do bulk production. Manufacturer can maintain continuous flow of production.
2. Collecting Order and Distribution of Goods : Wholesaler collects small orders of goods from the retailers then he collects the goods from manufacturer and distributes it to retailers.
3. Goods Sale on Large Scale : Wholesaler sells goods to the retailers on large scale on behalf of manufacturers.
4. Economy in Production : Large scale of production is made possible because production of goods is done continuously by the manufacturer.
5. Market Information : Wholesaler provides latest information of market condition to manufacturer. On the basis of this information manufacturer changes his production policies and regulates production activities.
6. Storage : The wholesaler provides storage facilities for the manufacturers product of goods. This helps them to fill up the time gap between production and consumption of goods.

Question 3.
Write any four services of retailers to consumers.
Answer:
1. Variety of Goods : Retailer keep different brands of goods which helps the customer to choose.

2. After Sales Services : After sales services are given for a particular period, which is known as guarantee period for costly and durable goods such as refrigerators, TV. etc. Such services create confidence in minds of consumers for further purchases.

3. Regular Supply of Goods : Retailer stocks the goods sufficiently which are required by the customers and customers purchases the goods whenever needed.

4. Credit Facilities : Retailers provides credit facility to customer which helps him to grow up sales and also it is convenient for the customers to purchase goods.

5. Home Delivery : Retailer provides home delivery service to the customers which helps him to maintains permanent relationship with the customers.

Question 4.
State any two types of small scale fixed shop retailer.
Answer:
Types of Small Scale Shop Retailers:
(i) General Store Retailer : These shops are found in residential areas and offers shopping convenience to the customers. They deal in wide variety of goods so there is scope for choice. They deal in almost all household articles and goods of daily use. They provide credit facilities and have personal relation with their customers. They have fixed place of business so the customers have faith and confidence in dealing with them.

(ii) Second Hand Goods Dealers : As the name indicates these shops deal in used or old goods and articles. They buy goods from individual and not from manufacturers or wholesalers. They repair or overhaul the items. They display them in their shops. Generally people from poor communities prefer to buy from these shops.

Question 5.
Explain preliminary stage of import procedure.
Answer:
Ist Stage : Preliminary Stage:
(1) Registration : In order to carry out import, the importer has to get himself registered with the authorities given below:

• Director General Foreign Trade (DGFT) in order to get an Import-Export Certificate Number.
• The Income Tax department to obtain Permanent Account Number.
• To carry out GST formalities.

(2) Negotiation or Trade enquiry : The importer must collect information from overseas suppliers regarding the goods he wants to import of a product. It contains details like-

• Price
• Delivery schedule,
• Credit period and
• Terms and conditions of sale, payment and delivery.

Question 6.
Explain post-shipment stage of export procedure.
Answer:
Post-shipment Stage:

1. Shipment Advice : On the dispatch of the goods, the exporter sends shipment advice to the importer. Along with it, he also sends the packaging list, commercial invoice and non-negotiable copy of loading.
2. Presentation of Documents : The necessary documents are presented to the bank for negotiation and realisation of export proceeds.
3. Realisation of Export incentive : Various incentive like duty drawbacks, refunds of GST if paid, etc. is given to the exporter by the concerned authorities.
4. Follow up : Exporter has to follow up and find out the buyers reaction on the goods he receives. This concludes the export procedure.

6. Justify the following statements

Question 1.
Wholesaler sells goods in large quantities.
Answer:

1. Wholesaler buys goods in large quantities from the manufacturer and sells it to the retailers according to their orders.
2. Thus, wholesaler sells goods in large quantities.

Question 2.
Wholesaler maintains price stability.
Answer:

1. A wholesaler is both a buyer and a seller.
2. He is in a position to maintain price stability by balancing supply and demand factors.
3. By suppling regular goods to the retailer, he solves the risk of shortage and price fluctuation is reduced. Thus, wholesaler maintains price stability.

Question 3.
Retailer provide home delivery of goods to customers.
Answer:

1. Retailer is a person who buys goods on smaller quantities.
2. Retailer provides home delivery of goods to customer at nominal cost or free of cost.
3. This helps them to improve relations with the customers and maintain permanent relations with the customers.
4. Thus, retailer provide home delivery of goods to customers.

Question 4.
Wholesaler performs various marketing functions.
Answer:

1. The wholesaler carries various marketing functions like warehousing, advertisings, sales promotion, etc. on behalf of the manufacturers.
2. They also perform various marketing functions like assembling, warehousing, transporting, grading, packing, advertising and financing.
3. These functions help the retailers and a manufacturers as they can concentrate on the production and selling activities.
4. Thus, wholesaler performs various marketing functions.

Question 5.
Authorized dealer do not have other product of other manufacturers.
Answer:

1. An authorized dealer only deals with one line of products from one manufacturers.
2. They do not have products of other manufacturers.
3. They promote the goods by providing window display, advertising and also having attractive schemes for selling the goods.
4. Thus, authorized dealer do not have other product of other manufacturers.

Question 6.
General stores are generally situated near residential areas.
Answer:

1. General stores are found in residential areas and offer shopping convenience to the customers.
2. They deal in wide variety of goods.
3. They deal with day to day useful goods.
4. Thus, general stores are generally situated near residential areas.

Question 7.
Departmental store has centralized management system.
Answer:

1. Departmental stores are generally established by joint stock companies.
2. Various departments which look like specialized shops are controlled and managed by single management.
3. The management of departmental store is centralized.
4. All departmental store is centralized.
5. All departments are independent but they are centrally owned managed are controlled.
6. Thus, departmental store has centralized management system.

Question 8.
Packing plays an important role in selling product in the supermarket.
Answer:

1. Packing plays an important role in selling products in the supermarket.
2. Goods are duly packed by giving details of quantity, quality, weight, price, contents, date of manufacturing and date of expiry.
3. This is helpful in handling the goods and also makes the goods more attractive and durable.
4. Thus, packing plays an important role in selling product in the supermarket.

Question 9.
Chain store sell a limited range of goods.
Answer:

1. Each branch of a chain store deals in the same commodity or in the same line of products.
2. This enables the store to give better guidelines to the customers.
3. Thus, chain store sell a limited range of goods.

Question 10.
There is no scope for bargaining in one price shop.
Answer:

1. The goods are priced at one price which is fixed.
2. There is a fixed and uniform price. ,
3. The price are fixed in advance, so there is no scope for bargaining.
4. Thus, there is no scope for bargaining in one price shop.

7. Answer the following

Question 1.
What are the main features of Wholesaler?
Answer:
(A) Meaning:

1. Wholesalers are those who engage themselves in wholesale trade.
2. It is concerned with the buying of goods in large quantities from producers and reselling the same in small quantities to the retailers.
3. Wholesaler is a connecting link between producers on one hand and retailers on the other.

(B) Definitions:
Philip Kotler “wholese,lling includes all activities involved in selling goods or services to those who buy for resale or for business use.

(C) Features of Wholesaler:

1. The wholesaler generally deals in one or few items of goods.
2. Wholesaler requires a large amount of capital to be invested in the business.
3. Wholesaler buys goods from the manufacturer in large scale.
4. Wholesaler sells the goods to retailers as per their requirement.
5. Wholesaler has direct contact with manufacturer.
6. Wholesaler is located in the same area for convenience of the retailer.
7. Wholesaler acts as a real risk bearer in the process of distribution,
8. Wholesaler performs various marketing functions.

Question 2.
Explain the services of retailers to wholesalers.
Answer:
Services of Retailers to Wholesalers:

1. Create demand: Retailers attracts consumers attention towards new products and arrivals in the market through personal salesmanship.
2. Helps to Distribute : Retailer helps distributing perishable goods which are having short life. He also performs assembling, grading and packing function.
3. Marketing: Retailers sometimes carry marketing function for the wholesalers i.e. handling transportation, solving shortage problems, advertise goods, etc.
4. Financing: Wholesaler collects order from customers and take advances from them. Then places order to manufacturer. Retailer collects sales proceeds from customers and passes it to the wholesaler and finally it reaches the manufacturer.
5. Attracts Consumers : Retailer makes an advertising of goods by displaying in the showroom and thus promote sales. This activity directly helps the wholesaler to sell the product.
6. Provides Information: Retailer provides information to the wholesaler regarding market and demand of goods by the customers, likes and dislikes of customers, etc.
7. Connecting Link : Retailer purchases goods from wholesaler and sells it to the customer and thus act as a middleman.
8. Increase Sales : Retailers help the wholesaler to increase his sales by buying goods from him regularly and at short intervals.

Question 3.
Explain small scale fixed shop retailers.
Answer:
Small Scale Fixed Shop Retailers:
Small scale fixed retailers usually run their business operations on a small scale and deal in limited fine of goods. Such shops are run by their owners with the help of assistants. These shops are situated in residential areas.

Types of Small Scale Shop Retailers:
(i) General Stores : These shops are found in residential areas and offers shopping convenience to the customers. They deal in wide variety of goods so there is scope for choice. They deal in almost all household articles and goods of daily use. They provide credit facilities and have personal relation with their customers. They have fixed place of business so the customers have faith and confidence in dealing with them.

(ii) Second Hand Goods Shops : As the name indicates these shops deal in used or old goods and articles. They buy goods from individual and not from manufacturers or wholesalers. They repair or overhaul the items. They display them in their shops. Generally people from poor communities prefer to buy from these shops.

(iii) Authorised Dealers : These retailers have an authorized dealership of a particular manufacturer’s goods. They sell of consumers requirement goods like T.V. sets, mobile phones, washing machine, etc.

(iv) Speciality Shops : These retailers deal in particular line of goods. They keep a wide variety of items within the same line of products. They offer goods at reasonable prices. They are popular in cities and towns. They provide wide choice to customers. Normally they carry on business on cash basis.

Question 4.
Explain the services of wholesalers.
Answer:
Wholesaler provides services to:
(A) Manufacturers and (B) Retailers
(A) Services of Wholesalers to Manufacturers:

1. Finance Assistance : Wholesaler provides advance to the manufacturers, so they can do bulk production. Thus, manufacturer can maintain continuous flow of production.
2. Collecting Order and Distribution of Goods : Wholesaler collects small orders of goods from the retailers then he collects the goods from manufacturer and distributes it to retailers.
3. Large Purchase : Wholesaler purchases goods on large scale from the manufacturers and sells it to the retailers on behalf of the manufacturers.
4. Transportation: Wholesaler sometimes carry the transportation function of manufacturer by himself. So cost and time of manufacturer is saved.
5. Risk Bearing: He takes a risk of buying goods in big quantity and storing them. This may sometimes lead him to loss.
6. Provide Market Information : Wholesaler provides latest information of market condition to manufacturer. On the basis of this information manufacturer changes his production policies and regulates production activities.
7. Marketing Function: Wholesaler carries many marketing functions like warehousing, advertising, sales promotion, etc. on behalf of manufacturer.
8. Storage : The wholesaler provides storage facilities for the products manufacture by the producers. This helps them to fill up the time gap between production and consumption of goods.

(B) Services of Wholesaler to Retailers:

1. Financial Support: Wholesaler provides credit facility, discount facility and financial assistance to their retailers.
2. Market Information : Wholesaler provides market information to retailers as he has link with various manufacturers. This information is very useful to retailers for purchase of goods.
3. Risk Bearing : Retailer holds limited stock of goods and avoids the risk of spoilage of goods. Retailer get protected from increase or decrease of prices of goods and fluctuation of demand.
4. Stock of Goods : Wholesaler stores the stock of goods for retailers, then retailer supply these goods to customers as per their demands.
5. Warehousing and Transport: Wholesaler provides the facility of storing of goods as well as transport facility to retailers. They also do home delivery of goods to retailers.
6. Regular Supply : Wholesaler assures regular supply of goods to the retailers. Risk of shortage of goods and price fluctuation is reduced.
7. Sales Promotion : Wholesaler provides promotional facility to the retailer. He advertises on behalf of retailers and this helps the retailers to increase the sales.

Question 5.
Explain the different services of retailers.
Answer:
Retailers provides services to:
(A) Customers and
(B) Wholesaler

(A) Services of Retailers to Customers:
1. Variety of Goods : Retailer keep different brands of goods which helps the customer to choose.

2. After Sales Services : After sales services are given for a particular period, which is known as guarantee period for costly and durable goods such as refrigerators, TV. etc. Such services create confidence in minds of consumers for further purchases.

3. Regular Supply of Goods : Retailer stocks the goods sufficiently which are required by the customers and customers purchases the goods whenever needed.

4. Credit Facilities : Retailers provides credit facility to customer which helps him to grow up sales and also it is convenient for the customers to purchase goods.

5. Home Delivery : Retailer provides home delivery service to the customers which helps him to maintains permanent relationship with the customers.

6. Information : Retailer is a link between manufacturer and consumer. He provides valuable information from the customers to the manufacturer so that he can modify the product as per the likes and dislikes of the customers. Corpplaints regarding defects in goods, improper functioning of the product, constant break down, etc. are passed on to the manufacturers.

7. Local Convenience : Retailers are generally located near residential areas. Hence, customers can buy the goods whenever they require.

8. Improves Standard of Living : Retailers help customers to increase their standard of living by making available all the latest types of goods produced.

9. Sale of Perishable Goods : Perishable goods like milk, meat, fish, vegetables, etc. require quick distribution. Hence, retailer provides this facility as per customers requirement.

(B) Services of Retailers to Wholesaler:

1. Create demand: Retailers attracts consumers attention towards new products and arrivals in the market through personal salesmanship.
2. Helps to Distribute : Retailer helps distributing perishable goods which are having short life. He also performs assembling, grading and packing function.
3. Marketing: Retailers sometimes carry marketing function for the wholesalers i.e. handling transportation, solving shortage problems, advertise goods, etc.
4. Financing: Wholesaler collects order from customers and take advances from them. Then places order to manufacturer. Retailer collects sales proceeds from customers and passes it to the wholesaler and finally it reaches the manufacturer.
5. Attracts Consumers : Retailer makes an advertising of goods by displaying in the showroom and thus promote sales. This activity directly helps the wholesaler to sell the product.

Question 6.
Define import trade. Explain its procedure in detail.
Answer:
Import trade refers to buying of goods and services from another country or countries i.e. a foreign country. The procedure of import trade varies from one country to another country depending upon the policy implemented in that country. Import of goods and services is controlled by the government in most of the countries. India follows the following import procedure, which is divided into four stages.

[A] Ist Stage : Preliminary Stage :
(1) Registration : In order to carry out import, the importer has to get himself registered with the authorities given below:

• Director General Foreign Trade (DGFT) in order to get an Import-Export Certificate Number.
• The Income Tax department to obtain Permanent Account Number.
• To carry out GST formalities.

(2) Negotiation or Trade enquiry : The importer must collect information from overseas suppliers regarding the goods he wants to import of a product. It contains details like-

• Price
• Delivery schedule,
• Credit period and
• Terms and conditions of sale, payment and delivery.

[B] IInd Stage : Pre-import Stage :
(i) Import License / Quota Certificate : The Export Import (EXIM) Policy of our country indicates which goods need license for import and which can be imported freely. For goods that require a license, the importer should get a quota certificate and acquire the license. At the time of importing goods, the IEC number is to be mentioned.

(ii) Foreign Exchange Clearance : The exporter has to be paid in foreign exchange by the importer as he resides in a foreign country. For this the Indian currency has to be exchanged for foreign currency. This is done by Exchange Control Department of the Reserve Bank of India (RBI). The importer has to get the foreign exchange sanctioned. For this he applies in a prescribed form to a bank authorised by RBI. After scrutiny of the documents, the necessary foreign exchange is sanctioned.

(iii) Placing an Order : Once the foreign exchange clearance is obtained from RBI the importer places an import order with the exporter for supply of goods. This order contains information on all aspects relating to the goods to be imported. These include quality, quantity, size, grade, price, packing and shipping, ports of shipment, insurance, delivery schedule and modes of payment. This order is called as indent.

(iv) Letter of Credit : If the exporter agrees to a letter of credit, then the importer obtains it from his bank and forwards it to the exporter. It minimises the risk of non-payment for the exporter. At the same time, the importer should arrange for sufficient funds to be paid on delivery of the goods.

(v) Clearing and Forwarding Agent : The importer then appoints C & F agent to look after the various customs formalities and documentation work with respect to import of goods.

(vi) Shipment Advice: Once the goods are loaded on the vessel, the exporter sends a shipment advice to the importer. This document contains details about the goods, invoice number, bill of lading and name of the vessel, the port of export and date of sailing of the vessel. This will help the importer for custom clearance and unloading of goods.

[C] IIIrd Stage : Import Stage:
(1) Receipt of Document : The importer receives the documents sent by the exporter through his bank. They are as follows Bill of Lading, Certificate of Origin, Certificate of Inspection, Packing List, Commercial Invoice, etc.

(ii) Bill of Entry : The clearing and forwarding agents, then prepare a bill of entry. This bill is presented to the dock superintendent for release of goods. The bill of entry has details like number of packages, quality of good and price of goods.

(iii) Delivery Order : For taking delivery of the goods a delivery order is needed. This is obtained from the shipping company by the C & F agent. Once this is received the freight charges are paid and goods are allowed to be unloaded from the ship.

(iv) Customer Clearance : The importer has to present the Bill of Lading, Bill of Entry and Packing List to the customer authority who will certify it and give customs clearance.

[D] IVth stage : Posts Import Stage:
Various duties have to paid in order to take the goods out of port are:

1. Port Trust Dues : The clearing and forwarding agent has to make the payment of port trust dues.
2. Customer Duty : Also paid by the clearing and forwarding agent to the custom authorities.
3. Insurance Premium : Under the FOB (Free of Board) impact, the importer has to make the payment of Insurance Premium.
4. Payment of Freight: The shipping contract will lay down the amount of freight to be paid and it has to be paid by the importer for getting clearance of goods.
5. Exporters Payment: The exporter draws a Bill of Exchange on the importer according to the terms and conditions of the contract.
6. Follow Up : It is the duty of the importer to take a follow up of the goods. If there are any discrepancies in the order or goods it has to be intimated to the exporter. Thus, the procedure of importing goods comes to an end.

Question 7.
What is export trade? Explain its procedure in detail.
Answer:
Trade between two countries is called International Trade. It can be import or export trade. Export trade refers to selling of goods and services to other country or foreign countries.

Export procedure is as follows:
There are four stages which help in simplify the export procedure.
[A] Preliminary Stage : This is the first stage which includes the following steps.
(1) Registration : The exporter gets himself registered with various authorities in order to conduct export trade like-

• Director General of Foreign Trade in order to obtain Import Export Certificate Number.
• Income Tax Authority to obtain Permanent Account Number.
• Export Promotion Council (EPC) and GST authority.

(2) Appointment of Agent: The exporters are supposed to appoint an agent in the foreign country who will look after the order or book order for the exporter.

[B] Pre-shipment Stage:

1. Receipt of Order : When the exporter receives an order he has to check the details of the order. He also check the restriction of import in the importer’s country.
2. Letter of Credit: The exporter has to obtain a letter of credit from the importer, which is used to clear the foreign exchanges and other restrictions.
3. Pre-shipment Finance : The exporter has to meet his working capital needs and for that he has to obtain the pre-shipment finance from his bankers.
4. Production of goods : If the exporter is a manufacturer, then he has to produce the goods according to the order placed by the importer, otherwise he has get the necessary goods arranged from his suppliers.
5. Packaging : Packaging plays a very important role in export business. Goods have to be packed as per the requirement of the importer and it should protect the goods in transit, preserve the quality of goods and carry out promotion of goods.
6. ECGC Cover (Export Credit and Guarantee Corporation) : In order to protect the goods and cover the credit risks, the exporter must obtain an cover of ECGC. The ECGC covers the risk upto 90%, if the importer fails to make the payment.
7. GST formalities (Goods and Service Tax): All formalities regarding GST must be complied with by the exporter.
8. Marine Insurance : For exporting the goods, it is mandatory for the exporter to take a marine insurance policy for the goods exported. This insurance is under CIF (Cost,Insurance and freight) contract.
9. Clearing and Forwarding Agents (C & F agents): The exporter has to appoint a clearing and forwarding agent to carry out the necessary formalities of customs. They are also called custom house agents.

[C] Shipment Stage:
(i) Processing of Document: The exporter prepares the shipping bill and gets all the documents processed at the customs house as required for the export of good.

(ii) Examination of Goods : The clearing and forwarding agents obtain1 a document called ‘carting order’ from the Port Trust Authorities, which allows the exporter to take the goods inside the dock area.

(iii) Loading of Goods : On examination of the goods, the ‘Customs Examiner’ issues order called ‘Let Export’ order. This is given to the clearing and forwarding agent by the ‘Customers Preventative Officer’ (CPO). The goods are then loaded on the ship and the captain of the ship issue a receipt called the ‘Mates Receipt’. Then the C & F agent obtain the Bill of Lading.

[D] Post-shipment Stage:

1. Shipment Advice : On the dispatch of the goods, the exporter sends shipment advice to the importer. Along with it, he also sends the packaging list, commercial invoice and non-negotiable copy of loading.
2. Presentation of Documents : The necessary documents are presented to the bank for negotiation and realisation of export proceeds.
3. Realisation of Export incentive : Various incentive like duty drawbacks, refunds of GST if paid, etc. is given to the exporter by the concerned authorities.
4. Follow up : Exporter has to follow up and find out the buyers reaction on the goods he receives. This concludes the export procedure.

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Class 11 Secretarial Practice Solutions Chapter 1 Secretary Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

Maharashtra State Board Class 11 Secretarial Practice Solutions Chapter 1 Secretary

1A. Select the correct answer from the options given below and rewrite the statements.

Question 1.
The word Secretary is derived from the Latin word ____________ which means a confidential writer.
(a) Amatya
(b) Scribae
(c) Secretarius
Answer:
(c) Secretarius

Question 2.
Only ____________ can be appointed as a Secretary.
(a) an Individual
(b) a Partnership firm
(c) a Joint-stock company
Answer:
(a) an individual

Question 3.
A Secretary is a custodian of ____________ information.
(a) confidential
(b) individual
(c) investigative
Answer:
(a) confidential

Question 4.
The Secretary of a Joint-stock company should be a member of ____________
(a) IPS
(b) ICSI
(c) IAS
Answer:
(b) ICSI

Question 5.
____________ is the oldest type of Secretary.
(a) Company Secretary
(b) Personal Secretary
(c) Secretary of Government Department
Answer:
(b) Personal Secretary

Question 6.
The main objective of a co-operative society is to ____________ the interest of its members.
(a) neglect
(b) takeover
(c) protect
Answer:
(c) protect

Question 7.
Secretary of Government department must be a member of the ____________
(a) ICSI
(b) IAS
(c) ICWA
Answer:
(b) IAS

Question 8.
____________ means correctness in doing a work.
(a) Accuracy
(b) Loyalty
(c) Courteous
Answer:
(a) Accuracy

1B. Match the pairs.

Question 1.

Group ‘A’	Group ‘B’
(a) Amatya	(1) Government department
(b) Ministry of Finance	(2) Paid employee
(c) Personal Secretary	(3) Appointed by busy persons
(d) Loyalty	(4) Roman Empire
(e) Financial duties	(5) Maintenance of books of accounts
(f) Secretary	(6) Faithfulness
	(7) Reveals information
	(8) Appointed by Co-operative societies
	(9) Ancient Indian history
	(10) Correspondence
	(11) Free service
	(12) Joint Stock company

Answer:

Group ‘A’	Group ‘B’
(a) Amatya	(9) Ancient Indian history
(b) Ministry of Finance	(1) Government department
(c) Personal Secretary	(3) Appointed by busy persons
(d) Loyalty	(6) Faithfulness
(e) Financial duties	(5) Maintenance of books of accounts
(f) Secretary	(2) Paid employee

1C. Write a word or a term or a phrase that can substitute each of the following statements.

Question 1.
The term was used in the Roman empire was for a person who was a professional letter writer.
Answer:
Scribae

Question 2.
The sports club is an example of this type of organization.
Answer:
Non-profit association

Question 3.
A Secretary appointed by an individual.
Answer:
Personal Secretary

Question 4.
The quality that a Secretary should possess is to be faithful to his organization.
Answer:
Loyalty

Question 5.
The Latin word for a Secretary.
Answer:
Secretarius

Question 6.
The Company Secretary must be a member of this organization.
Answer:
ICSI

Question 7.
The Secretary of a Co-operative organization in Maharashtra must have knowledge of this Act.
Answer:
Maharashtra State Co-operative Societies Act, 1960

Question 8.
An association that aims to protect the interest of its members.
Answer:
Co-operative society

1D. State whether the following statements are True or False.

Question 1.
A Secretary is responsible only for typing letters.
Answer:
False

Question 2.
The Secretary of a Government department is the oldest type of Secretary.
Answer:
False

Question 3.
The Secretary should remain confidential about his organization.
Answer:
True

Question 4.
A Secretary also looks after routine and administrative duties.
Answer:
True

Question 5.
A Secretary is a paid employee.
Answer:
True

Question 6.
Chitnis is a term used in the ancient Roman period.
Answer:
False

Question 7.
A Secretary need not have knowledge of computers.
Answer:
False

Question 8.
Cultural Association is an example of a Government department.
Answer:
False

1E. Find the odd one.

Question 1.
Secretarius, Scribae, ICSI, Chitnis
Answer:
ICSI

Question 2.
Leadership, IAS, Tactfulness
Answer:
IAS

1F. Complete the sentences.

Question 1.
In Latin language, a confidential writer was called as ____________
Answer:
Secretarius

Question 2.
The oldest type of Secretary is ____________ secretary.
Answer:
Personal Secretary/Personal Assistant

Question 3.
A company secretary must be a member of ____________
Answer:
ICSI (Institute of Company Secretaries of India)

1G. Select the correct option from the bracket.

Question 1.

Group ‘A’	Group ‘B’
(1) …………………	Personal Secretary
(2) Secretary of Government Department	………………………….
(3) ICSI	………………………….
(4) …………………	Scribae
(5) Custodian of secret	…………………….

(IAS, Appointed by busy individuals, Secretary, Roman Empire, Company Secretary)
Answer:

Group ‘A’	Group ‘B’
(1) Appointed by busy individuals	Personal Secretary
(2) Secretary of Government Department	IAS
(3) ICSI	Company Secretary
(4) Roman Empire	Scribae
(5) Custodian of secret	Secretary

1H. Answer in one sentence.

Question 1.
Who can appoint a personal secretary?
Answer:
Personal Secretary can be appointed by busy individuals, eg. Doctors, Lawyers, Engineers, Chartered Accountants, Actors, Politicians, Leaders, Ministers, etc.

Question 2.
Which company should appoint a full-time company secretary?
Answer:
Listed companies and all other companies with a paid-up share capital of five crores or more should appoint a full-time company secretary.

Question 3.
A Cultural Club is an example of which type of organization?
Answer:
A Cultural Club is an example of a Non-profit association.

Question 4.
The knowledge of which Act is a must for a secretary of Co-operative Society?
Answer:
A secretary of a co-operative society should have a good knowledge of the Co-operative Societies Act.

1I. Correct the underlined word and rewrite the following sentences.

Question 1.
Personal Secretary is appointed by a Joint Stock Company.
Answer:
Personal Secretary is appointed by a busy individual.

Question 2.
Busy individuals appoint Company Secretary.
Answer:
Busy individuals appoint Personal Secretary.

Question 3.
The Secretary of a Government Department must be a member of ICSI.
Answer:
The Secretary of a Government Department must be a member of IAS.

Question 4.
The term Chitnis was used in Roman Empire.
Answer:
The term Chitnis was used in Ancient Indian history.

2. Explain the following terms/concepts.

Question 1.
Secretary
Answer:
An individual employed to handle general administration, office management, correspondence, and confidential information of an organization.

Question 2.
Confidential officer
Answer:
Secretary is entrusted with the secret and confidential information of his employer and of the business itself.

Question 3.
Compliance officer
Answer:
A secretary must stick to or comply with various sets and its provisions that are applicable to the business like maintaining books, filing returns, etc.

Question 4.
Tactfulness
Answer:
An ability of a person to handle a situation in the right manner. Secretary must handle the different situations and people insensible way.

Question 5.
Loyalty
Answer:
Loyalty means faithfulness. As a confidential officer, a secretary should not share secret matters with anyone.

3. Study the following case/situation and express your opinion.

1. Rajiv and Sanjiv have applied for the post of Company Secretary at Pharma India Pvt. Ltd. Rajiv has experience of 10 years as a Personal Secretary. He later worked as a Secretary at Venus Co-operative Bank for 2 years. Sanjiv has passed his CS examination and is a member of ICSI. He has no working experience. Rajiv is only a commerce graduate.

Question (a).
Who is better suited for the above post? Justify your answer.
Answer:
Sanjiv is suited for the post as he has passed his CS exams and is a member of ICSI which is the basic qualification for a company secretary according to the Companies Act, 2013.

Question (b).
Can Rajiv be selected as a Personal Assistant for one of the Directors?
Answer:
Yes, Rajiv has experience of 10 years as a personal secretary, hence he can be able to assist the director.

Question (c).
Can Rajiv be appointed as Secretary to Pharma India Pvt Ltd.?
Answer:
No, Pharma India Pvt. Ltd. is a private company that can appoint a Company Secretary for its work. Rajiv has experience as a personal secretary so he cannot be appointed as a secretary to Pharma India Pvt. Ltd.

2. Harshada has cleared her CS examination and intends to make her career as a Secretary at the Government department.

Question (a).
Can she apply for the post of Secretary at Government Department?
Answer:
No, a secretary of the Government department must have a clear Civil Services Examination and must be in Indian Administrative Services.

Question (b).
Can she be appointed as the Secretary of ABC Ltd.?
Answer:
Yes, she can be appointed as the secretary of ABC Ltd which is a company, and shehasclearedherCS examination.

Question (c).
As a Company Secretary will Harshada be considered as an employee?
Answer:
Yes, a company secretary is a full-time employee and gets a salary as determined by the Board of Directors.

4. Distinguish between the following.

Question 1.
Personal Secretary and Company Secretary
Answer:

Basis	Personal Secretary	Company Secretary
1. Meaning	An individual appointed by a busy person to assist him.	An individual appointed by the Board of directors to carry out various duties in a Joint Stock Company.
2. Appointment	Personal Secretary is appointed by a busy person or professionals.	Company Secretary is appointed by the Board of Directors.
3. Qualification	There is no prescribed qualification for a personal secretary.	The company secretary must be a member of ICSI.
4. Legal Status	A personal secretary has no legal status.	The company secretary possesses legal status.
5. Powers	The personal secretary has limited powers as given by the employer.	The company secretary has statutory and managerial powers.
6. Purpose	To assist a busy person in his day-to-day work.	To assist the Board of directors in taking decisions and executive functions.
7. Position	The personal secretary is an assistant of the employer.	The company secretary is one of the members of Key Managerial Personnel.

Question 2.
Secretary of Co-operative Society and Secretary of Government Department
Answer:

Basis	Secretary of Co-operative Society	Secretary of Government Department
1. Meaning	Secretary of Co-operative Society is one of the members of the managing committee appointed to carry out the working of the society.	An officer who works under the guidance of the minister or the department.
2. Appointment	He is appointed by the managing committee.	He is appointed by the State or Central government.
3. Qualification	There is no prescribed qualification.	He must have passed an IAS exam.
4. Position	The secretary is a member of society.	The secretary is the administrative head of his department.
5. Purpose	He has to protect the interest of his members.	He has to carry out administrative work under the control of the minister.
6. Remuneration	He is a member of the managing committee and gets an honorarium.	He gets salary and perks as per the Government rules.

Question 3.
Company Secretary and Secretary of a Government Department
Answer:

Basis	Company Secretary	Secretary of Government Department
1. Meaning	Secretary appointed by the Board of Directors to carry out statutory and managerial duties.	Secretary appointed by State or Central government to handle the work of different government departments.
2. Qualification	He must be a member of ICSI.	He must have passed an IAS exam.
3. Appointment	He is appointed by the Board of directors.	He is appointed by the Central or State government.
4. Powers	He has administrative and managerial powers.	He has statutory powers as per the ministry.
5. Purpose	He has to assist the Board of directors in taking decisions.	He has to assist the ministers in carrying out administrative work.
6. Remuneration	He is paid a salary as decided by the Board of Directors.	He is paid salary and perks as per government rules.

Question 4.
Secretary of Non-profit Association and Secretary of Co-operative Society.
Answer:

Basis	Secretary of Non-profit Association	Secretary of Co-operative Society
1. Meaning	A person appointed to look after the working of the association.	Secretary is one of the members of the managing committee appointed to look after the working of the society.
2. Appointment	Secretary is appointed by the managing committee of the association.	Secretary is appointed by the managing committee of the society.
3. Legal Status	The secretary has no legal status.	Secretary has legal status as per the Co-operative Societies Act.
4. Power	He has limited powers.	He has power as per the Co-operative Societies Act.
5. Compulsory	It is not compulsory. It is optional to appoint a secretary.	The appointment of a secretary is compulsory as per the Act.
6. Object	The main objective is to promote social, cultural, and sports activities.	The main objective is to protect the interest of its members.

5. Answer in brief.

Question 1.
Describe any four qualities of a Secretary.
Answer:
Qualities of a Secretary are as follows:

1. Accuracy: A secretary must be accurate in his work like accuracy in office work, record keeping, drafting letters, reports, etc.
2. Loyalty: A secretary should be loyal. He is a custodian of secret information about his business. He should not disclose the secret of the business to outsiders.
3. Adaptability: There are many changes that take place within the business and outside the business. A secretary must adapt himself to every situation and should be ready for every challenge.
4. Leadership: As a leader, a secretary should be able to guide, advise and direct the subordinates. He should create team spirit among his subordinates.

Question 2.
State any four functions of a Secretary.
Answer:
The functions of a Secretary are as follows:

1. Correspondence: It is a basic function of the secretary. He drafts letters, handles inward and outward mails, types letters, files important correspondence. He must handle correspondence well so as to maintain the goodwill of the business.
2. Reception functions: A secretary courteously attends to the visitors, telephone calls, arrange meetings, fix appointments, etc.
3. Financial functions: Secretary handles the financial transactions and maintains proper books of accounts. He handles banking transactions like depositing money, withdrawing money from the bank, issuing cheques and demand drafts, etc.
4. Administrative functions: Secretary performs administrative functions like supervising and controlling the activities of the business, effective coordination, training, orientation, promotion of employees.

Question 3.
Mention any four features of a Secretary.
Answer:
Features of a Secretary are as follows:

1. Individual: Only an individual can be appointed as a secretary. A partnership firm, corporate body, or institution cannot be appointed as a secretary.
2. Employee: Secretary is a paid employee of the business. He is given a salary or honorarium for the work or task done by him.
3. Confidential officer: A secretary is the custodian of the secret or confidential information of his employer and business.
4. Appointment: A secretary can be appointed by a busy person, Co-operative society, Non-profit association, Government, Joint Stock company, etc.

6. Justify the following statements.

Question 1.
A secretary should be courteous and have a pleasing personality.
Answer:

1. A secretary should be courteous as he deals with people within and outside the organization.
2. As he gets the plans executed in the business he must be kind and polite with fellow workers.
3. As a secretary represents the business to outsiders and as a leader within the business, he must have a pleasing personality with confidence and the ability to tackle challenging situations.
4. Thus, a secretary should be courteous and have a pleasing personality.

Question 2.
A secretary is considered a paid employee.
Answer:

1. A secretary is a paid employee of the business.
2. He works as a secretary and receives a salary or honorarium in return.
3. He is not the owner but works for them.
4. Thus, a secretary is considered a paid employee.

Question 3.
Only individuals can be secretaries.
Answer:

1. A secretary is always an individual.
2. Only a person can perform the work of a secretary.
3. A corporate body, institution, or partnership firm cannot be appointed as a secretary.
4. Thus, only individuals can be secretaries.

Question 4.
A secretary is a link between the staff and members.
Answer:

1. With the help of effective communication, the secretary strikes a balance between the staff and members.
2. The plans, policies, and decisions made by the top-level are communicated to the staff, which helps inefficient working of the business.
3. Thus, a secretary is a link between the staff and members.

Question 5.
A personal secretary is appointed by busy individuals.
Answer:

1. A personal secretary is appointed by busy persons to handle their day-to-day work.
2. Professionals and busy persons appoint a secretary so that routine work is handled by the secretary and they can focus on other important work.
3. Thus, a personal secretary is appointed by busy individuals.

7. Answer the following questions.

Question 1.
Define a Secretary and explain the importance of a secretary.
Answer:
According to Oxford Dictionary “A person whose work is to write for others, especially one who is employed to conduct correspondence, keep records and to transact various other business for another person or for a society or corporation or public body.”

The importance of a secretary are:
(i) Provide guidance and advice:
The secretary provides guidance to the management for efficient working and achieving goals. He also gives advice to the superior on important matters and helps them to take the correct decision.

(ii) Custodian of secret information:
The secretary is closely connected with top management and has access to all the secret and confidential information about the business. He safeguards confidential documents and decisions of the business.

(iii) Correspondent:
Secretary handles all the inward and outward mails of the business. He conducts correspondence with members, directors, registrar, bank, government authorities, etc.

(iv) Conducting meetings:
Secretary carries out all formalities before, during, and after the meeting. He prepares notice, agenda, minutes, etc., and makes all the arrangements for the meetings.

(v) Administrator:
Secretary handles office administration and routine management work efficiently. On behalf of the employer, he looks after the working of day to day work of the business.

(vi) Legal officer:
Secretary performs various statutory duties. He prepares books, reports, registers, documents as prescribed by the Companies Act, 2013.

(vii) Link between management and staff:
The secretary is a link between management and staff. He maintains a balance between management and staff through effective communication and proper coordination.

Question 2.
Explain the features of a secretary.
Answer:
The features of a secretary are as follows:

1. Individual: Only an individual can be appointed as a secretary. An organization, firm, society, or corporate body cannot be appointed as a secretary.
2. Employee: Secretary is not the owner of the business. He is a paid employee. Secretary works in the business and expects salary or honorarium for the work done by him.
3. Custodian of secret information: The secretary has custody of all the secret information of the business as he is closely connected with the top-level management.
4. Appointment: Secretary can be appointed by busy persons, professionals, non-profit associations, co-operative society, or Joint Stock companies.
5. Qualities: In order to perform his duties efficiently a secretary must possess qualities like intelligence, accuracy, loyalty, Courtesy, etc.

Question 3.
Describe the qualities of a secretary.
Answer:
The qualities of a secretary are as follows:

1. Accuracy: It means correctness. While corresponding, preparing reports and records, books of accounts, and register the secretary must be accurate in his work.
2. Adaptability: Secretary must have the ability to adjust with the change within and outside the business like change in management rules and policies, change in government policies, etc.
3. Loyalty: Secretary has access to all the secret information of the business. He must be faithful and not disclose the information to anyone.
4. Cooperative: Secretary works with the people and through the people. He should instill the feeling of team spirit and oneness.
5. Punctuality: Secretary must have a sense of time. He must complete the work on time. If the work is delayed it would affect the growth of the business.
6. Piteasing personality: Secretary must have an impressive and confident personality. With decent behaviour, a good temper, and a positive approach, he can gain respect from others.
7. Tactful: A secretary handles different people and situations. He should be able to handle situations wisely and deal with people in a sensible way.

Question 4.
Explain briefly the various types of Institutional secretaries.
Answer:
Types of Institutional secretaries:
(i) Secretary of a Non-profit Association:
The non-profit association is formed to provide service and not to earn profits. The managing committee looks, after the working of Non-profit association. The Secretary of a Non-profit association is appointed by the managing committee on a salary or honorarium basis. There is no prescribed qualifications of the secretary of the Non-profit association however, knowledge of correspondence, banking transactions, knowledge of computers are expected in these associations.

(ii) Secretary of a Co-operative Society:
It is a voluntary organization formed for the welfare of its members. Managing committee handles or manage the working of the society. One of the members of the managing committee is appointed as a secretary. Secretary of Co-operative society can be appointed as a full-time employee. Secretary must have full knowledge of all the provisions of the Co-operative Societies Act.

(iii) Secretary of a Government Department:
The Secretary of a Government department is appointed by the Central or State Government. Secretary handles the work of various government departments on behalf of the ministers and act as an administrative head of the department. The secretary of the government department should be a graduate and be in Indian Administrative Services [IAS].

(iv) Secretary of a Joint Stock Company:
The Secretary of a Joint Stock company holds a key managerial position and handles the business on behalf of the members. Secretary of a Joint Stock Company is appointed by the Board of Directors. According to the Companies Act, 2013 the Companies Secretary must be a member of the Institute of Company Secretaries of India (ICSI). Joint Stock Company works on a large scale, hence, full-time secretary handles day-to-day work on behalf of the Board of directors.

Activity 1. (Textbook Page No. 9)

Find out the following:

1. Company Secretary of Mahindra and Mahindra Ltd.
2. Principal Secretary of Prime Minister of India.
3. Chief Secretary, Maharashtra State.
4. Secretary, School Education Department, Government of Maharashtra.

Answer:

1. Narayan Shankar
2. Pramod Kumar Mishra
3. Sitaram Kunte
4. Vishal Solanki (IAS)

Activity 2. (Textbook Page No. 9)

Atmaram Bendre is a Secretary of Gokulghar Housing Society, Enlist his duties.
Answer:
Duties of a Secretary performed by Atmaram Bendre residing at Gokulghar Housing Society, Malad (W), Mumbai are as follows:

1. To hold a monthly meeting of Managing Committee.
2. To prepare notice along with agenda and issue to members of the managing committee.
3. To record and maintain minutes book of the managing committee.
4. To assist the chairman before, during, and after the meeting.
5. To issue a Share certificate to members of the Co-operative Housing Society.
6. To transfer Share certificate within a given period of time.
7. To maintain books relating to the resignation and transfer of members of society.
8. To examine the documents related to transferring flats.
9. To take appropriate actions against default members by giving legal notice, if any.
10. To maintain accounting records required for auditing.
11. To finalize the audit report.
12. To utilize the sinking fund of the society with prior approval of members of society for repair, maintenance internal leakage problem, etc.
13. To give No Objection Certificate for flat agreement of sale or any kind of loans on flat.
14. To abide bye-laws as guided by Co-operative Housing Society Act, 1960.
15. To maintain all correspondence records, files, documents, etc.
16. To issue notice to the member who breaches the bye-laws of the society.
17. To maintain records for the societies such as account records, statutory records, and membership records.
18. To produce records as and when required by the government authorities with the consent of members.
19. To issue allotment or cancellation letter as required by the members of the society.
20. To take contingency meetings as and when required in the event of an emergency.

Balbharti Yuvakbharati English 11th Digest Chapter 4.3 Extracts of Drama – (A) A Midsummer – Night’s Dream Notes, Textbook Exercise Important Questions and Answers.

Maharashtra State Board Class 11 English Yuvakbharati Solutions Chapter 4.3 Extracts of Drama – A Midsummer – Night’s Dream

11th English Digest Chapter 4.3 Extracts of Drama – A Midsummer – Night’s Dream Textbook Questions and Answers

Characters:

1. Choose the odd one out.

Question (i)
Bottom, Moth, Mustard seed, Cobweb
Answer:
Bottom

Question (ii)
Flute, Snug, Quince, Cobweb
Answer:
Cobweb

Question 2.
Match the columns.

Column ‘A’	Column ‘B’
(a) Theseus	1. Robin Goodfellow
(b) Titania	2. Queen of the Amazons
(c) Puck	3. Duke of Athens
(d) Hippolyta	4. Fairies
(e) Cobweb, Moth	5. Queen of the fairies

Answer:

Column ‘A’	Column ‘B’
(a) Theseus	3. Duke of Athens
(b) Titania	5. Queen of the fairies
(c) Puck	1. Robin Goodfellow
(d) Hippolyta	2. Queen of the Amazons
(e) Cobweb, Moth	4. Fairies

Question 3.
Draw a character sketch of Oberon as an enemy of his wife but a friend of lovers.
Answer:
Oberon, the king of fairies, is shown having two faces. On the one hand, he is shown hatching a plan with the help of Puck by using ‘Love in Idleness’ ensuring that the proper lovers end up loving each other. He is also shown sympathising Helena on seeing Demetrius’ cold behaviour towards her. He brings blessings, good health and peace to all the newly married couples towards the end.

On the other hand, in his dealings with his wife Titania, Oberon is potrayed as a wicked man. At the beginning of the play, Oberon is shown fighting with Titania over the custody of an Indian boy. Here, he is however, trying to prove his authority as a male and win the boy. He also tricks his wife by casting a spell upon her that leaves her fall in love with Bottom. He then releases the spell off her when he gets what he has wanted – The boy.

Question 4.
Comment on the loving pair of Lysander and Helena from the point of view of developing their character sketch.
Answer:
Hermia and Lysander loved each other and they eloped in the forest to get married. Helena loved Demetrius but it was the effect of the love potion which was applied to Lysander’s eyes when he slept. Therefore, as he woke up he saw Helena and he started developing feelings for her. But Helena loved Demetrius. On her part Helena was very right. At the end both found their right companions Helena – Demetrius and Lysander – Hermia.

Setting:

1. Correct the given sentences with justification.

Question (i)
The play is restricted to only a part of the woods.
Answer:
The play is not restricted to only a part of the woods because the references, Quince’s cottage, in the another part of the wood etc., are there in the play.

Question (ii)
Since there is a reference to the Indian boy, there are some scenes from India too.
Answer:
The reference to the Indian boy is found in Act II scene I as Puck says “A lovely boy, stolen from an Indian king” and when Titania said that his mother was a votaress of my order and in the spiced Indian air. The reference of Titania’s Indian friend is also found.

Question 2.
The characters are a part of the stage setting. How does this reflect when the characters of the play range from the Duke and the Indian boy to the fairies?
Answer:
Characters are a part of stage setting. This reflects in ‘A Midsummer Night’s Dream’ from the Duke in the palace as he instructs Philostrate to arrange for the celebration with great revelry. However, in the another part of the wood Oberon and Titania struggle for the custody of the Indian boy. Oberon uses love potion on the eyelids of Titania when she sleeps. As the setting of the stage changes the characters change accordingly. Because of the presence of the fairies and an Indian boy, the characters in the play range from real to imaginary.

Question 3.
What changes in the stage setting would you suggest.
Answer:
The characters are the part of stage setting and the play starts with Theseus, Duke of Athens as he wins the queen of Amazons, Hippolyta. But later, in their marriage celebration there are the king and the queen of fairies, Oberon and Titania as well as other fairies and elves as imaginary characters. Characters are arranged from real to imaginary. I suggest that all characters should be real humans.

Question 4.
Comment on the versality and the aptness of the stage setting, as per the requirement of the play ‘A Midsummer Night’s Dream’.
Answer:
As per the requirement of the play ‘A Midsummer Night’s Dream’ the versality and the aptness of the stage setting go hand in hand. The play starts in the palace and then the stage of the play develops in two different parts of the wood. The stage-setting has been arranged according to the need of the characters and the plot. The characters are set accordingly onto the stage.

Plot:

Question 1.
State whether the following statements are True/False.

1. Lysander and Demetrius fall in love with Helena as a result of the love potion.
2. Oberon transforms Bottom’s head into that of an ass.
3. Titania falls in love with an ass.
4. Both Demetrius and Lysander fight for Helena.

Answer:

1. True
2. False
3. False
4. True

2. Give reasons:

Question (i)
Oberon and Titania fight for the custody of the Indian boy because –
(a) Oberon wants the custody of the Indian boy so that Titania would give him a lot time along with the boy.
(b) Titania wants the Indian boy because of her love and duty towards the small boy.

Question 3.
The consequences of Oberon ‘s jealousy for Titania are comic rather than tragic, comment.
Answer:
Oberon was jealous of his queen Titania because she refused to give the boy to him . She fell in love with Bottom. Oberon decided to seek revenge on his queen. It was Oberon himself who made Titania to fall in love with Bottom who wa§ having the head of a donkey. Comic incident was created by that scene in the drama.

Question 4.
There were some reasons why Theseus was initially against but later gave consent for the marrige of Hermia with Lysander. Explain.
Answer:
The reasons why Theseus was initially against but later gave consent for the marrige of Hermia with Lysander because Hermia’s father’s wish was that she should marry with Demetrius and she disobeyed her father. The Duke wants that Hermia should follow the rules and decision of her father. But she eloped with Lysander. It was Hermia’s true love for Lysander that made Theseus to change his decision and agreed that Hermia should marry with Lysander.

Form:

1. Select the correct options.

Question (i)
A Midsummers Night’s Dream is a _______
(a) poetic drama
(b) comedy of errors
(c) comedy based on fantasy
(d) a character play
(e) a revenge tragedy
(f) belongs to realm of dreams.
Answer:
A Midsummer Night’s Dream is a comedy of errors.

Question 2.
Find 2/4 expressions of humour from the extract.
Answer:
Expressions of humour from the extract are:
1. Helena: You do advance your cunning more and more –
Lysander: I had no judgement when to her I swore.
2. Hermia: What’s this to my Lysander? Where is he? Ah, good Demetrius, wilt thou give him me ?
Demetrius: I had rather give his carcass to my bounds.
Hermia: Out dog / out cur/ thou drivest me past the bounds.

Question 3.
‘A Midsummer Night’s Dream’ is one of the best examples of Shakespeare’s comedy of errors. Comment.
Answer:
A Midsummer Night’s Dream is one of the best examples of Shakespear’s comedy of errors because it has all the features of comedy of errors like conflict between characters, resolution over the problem, cleared confusions between the love triangle, reunion and marriage. It all seem very funny and interesting.

Theme:

Question 1.
Shakespeare is acknowledged as the greatest writer because he understood human nature better than anyone else. Explain the statement in context of the of play.
Answer:
Many authors have tried to potray love as human nature, however, none could display it better than Shakespeare does in his plays. In this play – ‘A Midsummer Night’s Dream’ he explains human nature of ‘control’ through love. He has given a clear picturisation of how love controls a person in the character of Theseus as he forgives Hermia and allows her to marry her love Lysander. It reveals that true love prevails and finds solace.

Shakespeare also explains human nature of conflicts between family and friends. He gives a clear picturisation of conflict when the magic potion ‘Love in Idleness’ was wrongly used on Lysander and he falls in love with Helena because of which Hermia and Helena start a quarrel. Another conflict potrayed, is between the family, when Hermia is given three choices by her father – marry Demetrius, become a nun or die to which she rebels against her father and decides to elope to the woods to marry her love Lysander. Hence, Shakespeare is acknowledged as the greatest writer of human nature.

Question 2.
Prove with the theme of the play/ extract that the deeper human emotion which profoundly interested Shakespeare, was jealousy.
Answer:
The theme of the play ‘A Midsummer Night’s Dream’ is love. Shakespeare portrays how people fall in love with those who appear beautiful to them. However, if one rejects other’s true love, then jealousy starts in the minds of the lovers. The same situation arises if one does not spend quality time with the other. In this play the example of Oberon and Titania is apt to describe human emotion.

Language:

Question 1.
Interpret the following lines in Simple English.
Puck: I’ll follow you.
Bottom: The finch, the sparrow.
Answer:
The song is sung by Bottom to try to keep his courage up as Puck has just turned his head into that of an ass. This transformation scared everyone around him and he is alone in the forest. But his song awakens Titania who falls in love with him immediately and the use of appropriate words and songs are there for the other parts of the wood also.

2. Comment on the literary device, used in the following lines.

Question (i)
Titania: Be kind and courteous to this gentleman
Answer:
Tautology. The words kind and courteous denote the same meaning to give dramatic effect.

Question (ii)
Titania: Come wait upon him: lead him to my bower.
Answer:
Repetition. The word him is repeated two times to give dramatic effect.
Apostrophe. Time has been addressed by Titania to other fairies.

Question 3.
Shakespeare’s poetry has come to be valued for its own sake on the stage. Comment with reference to the play ‘A Midsummer Night’s Dream’.
Answer:
Shakespeare’s poetry, in his ‘A Midsummer Night’s Dream’ is found outstanding and valued for it’s own sake on the stage. The expressions of love through poetry made his drama lively and interesting. Through the poetic language Shakespeare underlined the truth of human nature and through poetic expressions made the critical moments easier.

Yuvakbharati English 11th Digest Chapter 4.3 Extracts of Drama – A Midsummer – Night’s Dream Additional Important Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Then will two at once woo one;
That must needs be sport alone:
Answer:
Reference : These lines are taken from William Shakespeare’s famous comedy ‘A Midsummer Night’s Dream’. Act III scene II.
Context: The lines are said by Puck as he applied love potion on the eyelids of Demetrius with negligence. Explanation : In ‘A Midsummer Night’s Dream’, a comic character Puck was told by Oberon, the king of fairies to use the love potion on the eyelides of Demetrius so that he wakes up and sees Helena and will fall in love with her.
But Puck uses the love potion on the eyelids of Lysander, supposing him to be Demetrius. Helena sees the first person Lysander after waking up and falls in love with her instantly. A misunderstanding of Puck made a chaotic situation between the lovers.

Question 2.
Shakespeare’s poetry has come to be valued for its own sake on the stage. Comment with reference to the play ‘A midsummer Night’s Dream’
Answer:
In midsummer night’s dream, Shakespeare’s used theatrical circle simply as fantasy. In order to made it more effective he used poetic lines for enlightening the beauty of the actions in the drama. These poetic lines revealed the nature of characters and developed poetic structure of the drama.

Extracts of Drama – A Midsummer – Night’s Dream Summary in English

In the Palace:

Theseus, Duke of Athens wins Hippolyta in war and they are to be married. So, he instructs Philostrate to arrange for the celebration.

Egeus, the father of Hermia wants his daughter to be married with Demetrius. But she refuses to marry Demetrius as she is in love with Lysander. The Duke Theseus urges her to obey her father and gives her three alternatives: (1) marry Demetrius (2) become a nun or (3) suffer a death sentence. Hermia has time to decide until Theseus, The Duke of Athen’s marriage.

Hermia and Lysander decide to elope to the woods and get married but, Demetrius who used to love Helena, now rejected her love and is interested in Hermia. Hermia tries to win back the love of Demetrius for Helena. As Hermia elopes with Lysander, Demetrius follows her and Helena follows Demetrius.

At the Quinces Cottage:

The workmen from Athens wish to perform a play ‘Pyramus and Thisby’ at the Duke’s wedding. They all plan to meet in the forest for the rehearsal.

In the Woods:

A different world has been seen in the woods. The king of fairies, Oberon and Queen of fairies, Titania are having a fight over the custody of an Indian boy. To teach a lesson to her, Oberon, with the help of Puck, a mischievous spirit, plans to use the magic potion ‘Love in Idleness’, the juice if poured on the eyelids of a sleeping person, makes his/her fall madly in love with the first person he/she sees after waking up. He thus plans to madden Titania and get the custody of the Indian boy.

Oberon then sees Demetrius’ cold behaviour towards Helena and tries to help them by developing feelings in the heart of Demetrius for her. Therefore, he asks Puck to squeeze the magic juice on the eyelids of Demetrius Taking Lysander for Demetrius, Puck squeezes the magic juice on his eyelids.

Helena who enters the wood following Demetrius, proves to be the first person Lysander sees after waking up and falls in love with her instantly. Titania found too much interested in Bottom, one of the workmen of Athens. Puck bewitches him by transforming his head into that of an ass and it bewildered Titania.

In the Another Part of the Wood:

Puck wins the heart of Oberon for punishing Titania and Bottom. But when Oberon realises Puck’s mistake of using magic potion for Lysander instead of Demetrius, he himself squeezes it on the eyelids of Demetrius and orders Puck to fetch Helena as he wakes up to restore the love of Demetrius for Helena. He also corrects the relations of Lysander with Hermia as well as orders Puck to restore Bottom’s head and feels sorry for Titania.

Theseus, Hippolyta and Egeus enter and see the four Athenians and the love between them. He allows Demetrius and Helena and Hermia and Lysander to marry. At last, in the final scene, ‘Pyramus and Thisbe’ was performed for the marriage ceremony of Theseus and Hippolyta in the presence of Oberon and Titania with their fairies and elves to sing and dance and bless the newly wedded. Thus, the play ‘A Midsummer Night’s Dream’ ends on a happy note.

Glossary:

1. night-rule – dark deeds,
2. consecrated – sacred,
3. dote on – to love,
4. extremity – whole heartedly,
5. patches – clowns,
6. nuptial – marriage/ matrimonial/ moments of nuptial bliss,
7. nole – head,
8. mimic – commie actor,
9. russet-pated choughs – birds of the crow family with reddish, brown (or grey) heads,
10. sever – separate from each other,
11. stamp – a noise made by bringing one’s foot heavily on the ground but, here – thing like ‘trick’ (i.e. giving
12. Bottom an ass’s head),
13. yielders – those who yield (giving up or surrender),
14. latch’d – leached, anointed (love juice),
15. ey’d – seen,
16. antipodes – the opposite side of the earth,
17. venus – the evening star,
18. carcass – dead body,
19. mispris’d – mistaken,
20. an – and (or) even,
21. adder – circuit,
22. debt that bankrupt sleep doth sorrow owe – sleepless due to sorrow,
23. confounding – confusing and breaking,
24. Ioi tartars bow – weapon used by the Asian warriors who invaded Europe in the 13 century,
25. cupid’s archery – Roman God of love,
26. a lover’s fee – love requited,
27. fond pageant – silly behaviour,
28. tales – untrue stories,
29. sport alone – fun by itself,
30. devilish holy – a conflict between two truths,
31. nymph – nature goddess,
32. Taurus – a mountain range in Turkey,
33. superpraise – praise excessively,
34. conjure – summon/call,
35. disparage – regards being of little worth,
36. englids – brightens,
37. confederacy – plot/plan,
38. chid – rebuked/scold,
39. artificial gods – creators of works of art,
40. union in partition – two in one,
41. incorporate – united,
42. so in grace – so much in favour/in a good condition,
43. ethiope – black face, but actually a scornful reference to her dark hair,
44. canker blossom – a flower blighted by a worm lodged in the bud,
45. stealth – stealing away,
46. fond – foolish,
47. suffer her to flout – allow her to mock,
48. knot grass – a weed which creeps and makes entangling roots,
49. officious – meddlesome/self assertive enthusiastic,
50. aby – pay a heavy penalty,
51. check by jowl – closely,
52. king of shadows – fairy kings,
53. sort – occur,
54. welkin – sky,
55. Acheron – the world of dead,
56. rail thou – use violent language,
57. Aurora’s harbinger – forerunner of the dawn (the morning star),
58. wormy beds – graves,
59. Neptune – the ocean, in ancient mythology,
60. hither (archaic word) – to or towards this place,
61. constraineth (archaic word) – to impose limitations,
62. crust – (archaic words)to curse,
63. a knavish lad – a mischievous boy,
64. woe – great sorrow,
65. bedabbled – sensuous,
66. briers – wild shrubs,
67. mare – an adult female horse,
68. stalls – work-benches,
69. barren – stupid/brainless,
70. Anon – quickly,
71. the creeping fowler eye – wild geese keep a close watch on hunter who is creeping up to shoot,
72. of force she must be ey’d – inevitably (perforce) she will be seen,
73. lay breath so bitter on your bitter foe – speak so bitterly to no one but your bitter enemy,
74. may be bored – may have a hold driven right through it,
75. dead – pale and bloodless,
76. touch – feat,
77. tender – attention and care,
78. look – be sure,
79. cheer – countenance.

Maharashtra State Board 11th Std Secretarial Practice Textbook Solutions Digest

• Chapter 1 Secretary
• Chapter 2 Joint Stock Company
• Chapter 3 Formation of a Company
• Chapter 4 Documents Related to Formation of a Company
• Chapter 5 Members of a Company
• Chapter 6 Directors and Key Managerial Personnel of a Company
• Chapter 7 Company Meetings – I
• Chapter 8 Company Meetings – II
• Chapter 9 Business Communication Skills of a Secretary
• Chapter 10 Correspondence with Directors
• Chapter 11 Correspondence with Banks
• Chapter 12 Correspondence with Statutory Authorities

Maharashtra State Board Class 11 Textbook Solutions

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Organisation of Commerce and Management 11th Textbook Solutions Chapter 1 Introduction of Commerce and Business Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

Maharashtra State Board 11th Organisation of Commerce and Management Solutions Chapter 1 Introduction of Commerce and Business

1. (A) Select the correct option and rewrite the sentence

Question 1.
A Lawyer is ……………..
(a) a professional person
(b) a businessman
(c) an employee
Answer:
(a) a professional person

Question 2.
Raw material is converted into finished product by…………….. industry.
(a) genetic
(b) extractive
(c) manufacturing
Answer:
(c) manufacturing

Question 3.
Actual buying and selling of goods is known as ………………..
(a) profession
(b) trade
(c) industry
Answer:
(b) trade

Question 4.
National level code of conduct is prepared for ……………….
(a) professionals
(b) businessmen
(c) employees
Answer:
(a) professionals

Question 5.
Construction of dams is an activity done under ……………….. industry.
(a) primary
(b) secondary
(c) tertiary
Answer:
(b) secondary

Question 6.
The problem of distance is solved by ………………..
(a)bank
(b) transport
(c) warehousing
Answer:
(b) transport

Question 7.
Commerce is a branch of ………………
(a) business
(b) industry
(c) trade
Answer:
(a) business

Question 8.
Return in business is called ………………
(a) fees
(b) salary
(c) profit
Answer:
(c) profit

Question 9.
A business unit depends upon ………………… for selling its output.
(a) industry
(b) society
(c) employees
Answer:
(b) society

Question 10.
Warehousing creates ……………… utility of goods.
(a) place
(b) time
(c) form
Answer:
(b) time

1. (B) Match the pairs

Question 1.

Group A	Group B
(a) Helping disabled person	(1) Social objective
(b) Genetic industry	(2) Foreign trade
(c) Local Currency	(3) Sericulture
(d) Solve social problems	(4) Non-economic activity
(e) Employment	(5) Internal trade
	(6) Mining
	(7) Profit
	(8) Economic activity
	(9) Business
	(10) Home trade

Answer:

Group A	Group B
(a) Helping disabled person	(4) Non-economic activity
(b) Genetic industry	(3) Sericulture
(c) Local Currency	(5) Internal trade
(d) Solve social problems	(1) Social objective
(e) Employment	(8) Economic activity

1. (C) Give one word, phrase or term

Question 1.
A regular activity concerned with production and distribution of goods and services for profits.
Answer:
Business activity

Question 2.
Human activities that are conducted for earning money.
Answer:
Economic activities

Question 3.
Buying and selling of goods against money or money’s worth.
Answer:
Trade

Question 4.
Activities that remove all the difficulties in trade.
Answer:
Auxiliaries to trade

Question 5.
The type of industries that creates immovable wealth.
Answer:
Construction industry

Question 6.
Name the business activity which is concerned with production of goods and services.
Answer:
Industry

Question 7.
Name the business activity which is concerned with distribution of goods and services.
Answer:
Commerce

Question 8.
The activity which provides mobility to men and material.
Answer:
Transport

Question 9.
An aid to trade which creates time utility.
Answer:
Warehousing

Question 10.
An occupation by which a person agrees to provide expert services for fees.
Answer:
Profession

1. (D) State True or False

Question 1.
Business is an economic activity.
Answer:
True

Question 2.
Every profession is practiced for earning money.
Answer:
True

Question 3.
Primary industries are concerned with nature.
Answer:
True

Question 4.
Trade includes commerce.
Answer:
False

Question 5.
Warehousing removes difficulty of time.
Answer:
True

Question 6.
Trade includes buying and selling of goods and services.
Answer:
True

Question 7.
Profit leads to increase in overall efficiency of the organisation.
Answer:
True

Question 8.
Plant nursery is an example of extractive industry.
Answer:
False

Question 9.
Industry creates form utility.
Answer:
True

Question 10.
Retailer is the link between manufacturer and wholesaler.
Answer:
False

1. (E) Find the odd one

Question 1.
Agriculture industry, Extractive industry, Genetic industry, Manufacturing industry.
Answer:
Manufacturing industry

Question 2.
Import trade, Export trade, Wholesale trade, Entrepot trade.
Answer:
Wholesale trade

Question 3.
Banking, Insurance, Transport, Manufacturing.
Answer:
Manufacturing

Question 4.
Tea, Milk, Coffee, Machinery.
Answer:
Machinery

1. (F) Complete the sentences

Question 1.
Economic activities are those activities which are conducted to ………………
Answer:
earn money

Question 2.
……………… Includes marketing of goods and services.
Answer:
commerce

Question 3.
Business is an ……………….. activity.
Answer:
economic

Question 4.
The basic purpose to is to ………………… earn profit.
Answer:
business

Question 5.
Professional charges …………………… in exchange of expert services.
Answer:
fees

Question 6.
……………… is the person who offers the work.
Answer:
employer

Question 7.
………………. is considered as a reward for assuming several business risks.
Answer:
profit

Question 8.
Industry creates ………………… utility.
Answer:
form

Question 9.
In ………………. trade, goods, are purchased and sold in bulk.
Answer:
wholesale

Question 10.
……………….. is the link between wholesaler arid customer.
Answer:
Retailer

1. (G) Select the correct option

Question 1.
(Export trade, Foreign trade, Wholesaler, Import Trade, Economic objective of business)

Group A	Group B
(i) Trade between different countries	—————
(ii) Purchase of goods and services from another country	————–
(iii) ————–	Selling of goods and services to foreign customer
(iv) ————–	Link between producer and retailer
(v) Spending money on Research and Development for development of business	——————–

Answer:

Group A	Group B
(i) Trade between different countries	Foreign Trade
(ii) Purchase of goods and services from another country	Import Trade
(iii) Export Trade	Selling of goods and services to foreign customer
(iv) Wholesaler	Link between producer and retailer
(v) Spending money on Research and Development for development of business	Economic objective of business.

1. (H) Answer in one sentence

Question 1.
What is an economic activity?
Answer:
Activity done for earning money is an economic activity.

Question 2.
What is a non-economic activity?
Answer:
Activities are done to satisfy human wants other than monetary demands.

Question 3.
What do you mean by wholesale trade?
Answer:
Trade conducted on large scale is wholesale trade.

Question 4.
What is the meaning of retail trade?
Answer:
Trade conducted on small scale is retail trade.

Question 5.
What do you mean by import trade?
Answer:
When the goods or services are bought from other countries, to home country it is called import trade.

Question 6.
What do you mean by export trade?
Answer:
When the goods or services are sold to other countries, form home country it is called export trade.

Question 7.
What is an entrepot trade?
Answer:
Goods brought in the country from one country and sold to some other country, it is called entrepot trade.

Question 8.
What is meant by auxiliaries to trade?
Answer:
Auxiliaries to trade are the services which help the smooth conduct of trade.

Question 9.
What is trade?
Answer:
Buying and selling of goods and services is called trade.

Question 10.
What do you mean by commerce?
Answer:
Commerce is a part of business activity which is concerned with the distribution of goods and services.

Question 11.
What is primary industry?
Answer:
Industry which depends upon nature for production is called primary industry.

Question 12.
What is secondary industry?
Answer:
Industry which depends upon primary industry for production is called secondary industry.

Question 13.
What do you mean by genetic industry?
Answer:
Genetic industry means the industry engaged in reproduction and multiplication of plants.

1. (I) Correct the underlined word and rewrite the following sentences

Question 1.
Profession can be transferred to other person.
Answer:
Profession cannot be transferred to other person.

Question 2.
Capital is required for employment.
Answer:
Capital is required for business.

Question 3.
Industry creates place utility.
Answer:
Transport creates place utility.

Question 4.
Commerce represents supply side of market.
Answer:
Industry represents supply side of market.

Question 5.
The basic purpose of business is to provide services.
Answer:
The basic purpose of business is to make profit.

Question 6.
Business is non-economic activity.
Answer:
Business is an economic activity.

Question 7.
Barter exchange is an exchange with money.
Answer:
Barter exchange is an exchange with goods.

2. Explain the following terms/concepts

Question 1.
Business.
Answer:

1. Business is one of the economic activities.
2. Business is done to earn profit.
3. It is done by individuals or organisations.
4. Business includes all those activities done for production, processing and distribution of goods.
5. Business has a risk involved.

Question 2.
Profession.
Answer:

1. Profession is a part of economic activity.
2. A person who practices profession is called a professional.
3. A professional has to acquire particular knowledge under formal education system.
4. He practices and obtain skill in his profession. E.g. Doctors, Lawyers, Chartered Accountants, Architects etc.
5. A professional gets fees for his services.

Question 3.
Employment.
Answer:

1. Employment is an economic activity.
2. A person works for others to earn his livelihood.
3. A person who works is called an employee and a person who offers work is an employer.
4. Employee gets remuneration after certain period which is called salary or wages.

Question 4.
Home Trade.
Answer:

1. Trade means buying and selling of goods and services.
2. Trade conducted within the boundaries of the country i.e. buying and selling of goods and services within the country is called home trade or internal trade.
3. Home trade is divided into two parts; Wholesale trade and retail trade.

Question 5.
Foreign Trade.
Answer:

1. Buying and selling of goods and services is called trade.
2. Trade can be conducted within the country or with other countries.
3. Trade conducted with other countries is called foreign or external trade.
4. Foreign trade is divided into three parts; they are import, export and entrepot trade.

Question 6.
Economic Activity.
Answer:

1. Human beings are engaged in various activities throughout the day.
2. Some activities are done to earn money or livelihood.
3. These activities are called economic activities.
4. Economic activities are of three types; they are business, employment and profession.
5. Because of the economic activities a person can earn for himself and his family.
6. These activities are required for the survival of a human being.

Question 7.
Non-economic Activity.
Answer:
(i) Human activities are divided into two types – economic and non-economic activities.

(ii) Non-economic activities are those which are conducted by a person to satisfy his non monetary requirements. They include personal, social, cultural, religious activities, etc. E.g. singing, playing games, gardening etc.

3. Study the following case/situation and express your opinion.

1. Jaysukh oil mills produce refined oil. The entire production is purchased by Rupesh Oil Depot, who in turn sells it to various retailers. Mrs. Prachi purchased 2kg oil from Balaji Groceries.

Question 1.
Wholesaler
Answer:
Wholesaler – Rupesh Oil Depot

Question 2.
Retailer
Answer:
Retailer – Balaji Groceries

Question 3.
Consumer
Answer:
Consumer – Mrs. Prachi

2. Mr. Pranav is a tin manufacturer in India. Mr. Jack of England sells goods to M/s Frank Corporation in North America and Mr. Williams of USA buys various goods from Brazil.

Question 1.
Who is the importer?
Answer:
Importer – M/s Frank Corporation in North America, Mr. Williams in USA

Question 2.
Who is the manufacturer?
Answer:
Manufacturer – Mr. Pranav

Question 3.
Who is the exporter?
Answer:
Exporter – Mr. Jack

4. Distinguish between the following

Question 1.
Industry and Commerce.
Answer:

	Industry	Commerce
(1) Meaning	Industry is engaged in the production of goods and services.	Commerce looks after the distribution of goods and services.
(2) Location	Industries are located in the industrial belts which are usually away from residential areas.	Infact there is no particular location of commerce. It gives its services at any location.
(3) Utility	Industries create form utility.	Commerce creates place, time and possession utility.
(4) Resources	Industries require mainly machinery, materials and man power for production	Commerce mainly works with the help of man power.
(5) Capital	Industries require huge capital. It mainly depends upon the size of industry.	Activities of commerce comparatively require less capital.
(6) Interdependence	Industries depend on commerce for the supply of raw materials and carrying finished goods to markets.	Commerce cannot function unless supported by the goods provided by the industries.
(7) Conducted by	Manufacturers	Traders or mercantile agents
(8) Classification	Industries are divided into Primary, secondary and tertiary types.	Commerce is divided into Trade and auxiliaries to trade.
(9) Market Force	Industries represent supply side of the market.	Commerce represents demand side of markets.
(10) Status	It has primary importance.	It has secondary importance.

Question 2.
Business and Commerce.
Answer:

	Business	Commerce
(1) Meaning	It is an economic activity engaged in production and distribution of goods and services.	Commerce takes care of distribution of goods and services.
(2) Concept	Business is a wider term than business.	Commerce is a narrower term than business.
(3) Part of	Business is a part of economic activity.	Commerce is a part of business.
(4) Skill	Industries require more of technical, managerial and marketing skills.	Commerce mainly require managerial and marketing skills.
(5) Classification	Business is classified into two parts industry and commerce.	Commerce is divided into two parts trade and auxiliaries to trade.
(6) Capital	It requires large capital.	It requires limited capital.
(7) Investment	Heavy investment is required.	Less investment is required.

Question 3.
Business and Profession.
Answer:

	Business	Profession
(1) Meaning	It is an economic activity where goods and services are produced and distributed.	Profession is also an economic activity under which a person uses his knowledge and provide expect services.
(2) Nature	A person invests his capital and starts business. He may or may not have proper skill or knowledge.	A professional has to take formal training before starting his profession.
(3) Special education	Business does not require special formal education though it is advisable.	Professional is required to take formal education to practice a profession.
(4) Returns	A businessman gets profit.	A professional gets fees from clients.
(5) Registration	A businessman need not register with a particular body or association.	A professional has to register under the respective body or association eg. A Lawyer has to register himself with the Bar Council of India before carrying out his profession.
(6) Capital requirement	More capital is required to run a business. Capital is brought by a businessman.	Comparatively less capital is required to carry out a profession. The required capital is brought by a professional.
(7) Code of conduct	There is no specific code of conduct for the businessmen. They are the owners so they may form the code of conduct for their organisation.	There is specific code of conduct for a professional. This code is decided by the respective association.
(8) Examples	Manufacturer of textiles, retailer, courier service provider, etc.	Doctor, Lawyer, Architect, Chartered Accountant, etc.

Question 4.
Employment and Profession.
Answer:

	Employment	Profession
(1) Meaning	Business is an economic activity, conducted to earn remuneration.	Profession is also an economic activity under which a person uses his knowledge and provide services.
(2) Nature	A person works for other person or organisation to get his livelihood.	A professional has to take formal training before starting his profession.
(3) Special education	It depends on the nature of employment. Some type of employment requires a specific type of education. Whereas in some cases any education is acceptable.	Professional is required to take formal education to practice a profession.
(4) Returns	An employee gets remuneration in the form of wages or salary.	A professional gets fees from clients.
(5) Registration	An employee does not require registering himself with specific associations.	A professional has to register under the respective body or association eg. A Lawyer has to register himself with the Bar Council of India before carrying out his profession.
(6) Capital requirement	Employee need not invest money in the business. He does not require capital.	Comparatively less capital is required to carry out a profession. The required capital is brought by a professional.
(7) Code of conduct	Employee has to follow the rules and regulations of his organisation.	There is specific code of conduct for a professional. This code is decided by the respective association.
(8) Decisionmaking	Employee has no right to take decisions in the organisations unless he is asked.	Professional can take his own decisions as he is the owner.
(9) Tenure	Every employment has a specific tenure. It means the maximum period for which an employee can remain in the employment is fixed. The employee has to retire after that period.	Professional can work throughout his life also.

5. Answer in brief

Question 1.
State any four features of profession.
Answer:
Profession is a part of economic activity. A professional acquires formal knowledge to practice profession. Following are the features of profession:
(i) Qualification : A particular qualification is required to practice a profession. A professional needs to acquire knowledge through formal education. Unless he gets a formal knowledge and training, he cannot practice profession, e.g. A Doctor cannot prescribe medicines without having a degree in medicine.

(ii) R eturns: A professional charges fees for the services rendered to the clients, The fees charged by a professional depends on different factors like his knowledge, experience, skill etc. His income is not fixed.

(iii) Capital : Professional requires capital to set up or run his practice. The amount of capital depends upon the nature of practice a professional wants to do.

(iv) Work Nature : A professional who is expert in a particular field, provides services in his field of expertise, eg. an architect will provide his services in the field of building houses.

Beside the above features, there are other features like-

1. Aim
2. Registration and Membership
3. N on transferability

Question 2.
State any two types of industries.
Answer:
Industries is a part of business. They look after the production of goods and services. Industries creates form utility. There are various types of industries. They can be broadly divided into three categories.
(i) Primary Industry :
These are the industries which depend on nature for their production. They include agriculture, mining, fishing, wood cutting etc. Primary industries are further divided into three types; agriculture industry, extractive industry and genetic industry.

(ii) Secondary Industry :
These are the industries which depend upon primary industries for their production. They mainly categorized as manufacturing industries and construction industries. Secondary industries use the raw materials of primary industries and convert them into finished products which is then sold in the market.

Question 3.
Give two types of Foreign Trade.
Answer:
Trade with other countries is called foreign trade. Foreign trade is of three types.

1. Import trade : When the goods or services are purchased from other countries it is called import trade,
2. Export trade : When the goods are sold to other countries, it is called export trade.
3. Entrepot trade : It is also called re-exporting. In this case goods are first brought from one country and again resale to other country, e.g. A buyer from India imports goods from France and exports them to Australia.

Question 4.
State any four auxiliaries to trade.
Answer:
Auxiliaries to trade are all those services which help in the smooth conduct of trade. There are different types of services which help trade. They are explained below.
(i) Warehousing: Warehousing helps to store the goods safely. There is a gap between the time of production and the time of consumption. Warehousing fills up this gap by conveniently storing the goods till they are demanded in the market. Warehousing, thus, creates time utility. Care is taken that the goods do not get damaged in the warehouse.

(ii) Advertising : Advertising is an important tool in the hands of a businessman to communicate to potential buyers. In today’s world producer/seller is situated at one place and consumers are spread over wider area. Through advertisement, producer or seller can contact the consumers. There are different mediums of advertisement, e.g. T.V., Radio, Hoardings, Print etc.

(iii) Insurance : Business is exposed to many risks. A businessman has to be careful about the risks. Some risks can be avoided, some can be minimized and some can be transferred. Insurance is an auxiliary which helps the businessman to handle the risk. Businessman can transfer some of the risks to insurance company. Insurance company, by accepting premium from the businessman, assures him to pay compensation in case of loss.

(iv) Transport: Transport is an important auxiliary to trade. Transport carries raw materials and people to place of production and brings finished goods to markets. Thus transport creates place utility. Transport can be conducted by different modes e.g. rail, road, water or air.

Beside the above features, there are other features like-

1. Banking
2. Mercantile Agents
3. Communication

Question 5.
State any four features of employment.
Answer:
Employment is an economic activity. A person works for others to earn his livelihood.
Following are the features of employment:
(i) Aim : The main aim of person accepting employment is to earn money.

(ii) Qualification : Qualifications are required depending upon the nature of employment. Some types of work require educational qualifications, some require some specific skill, some require both. But qualifications are necessary for employment.

(iii) Monetary returns : The person who accepts employments and work for the employer gets remuneration after specific intervals. Remuneration can be wages or salary. Usually wages are paid daily or weekly and salaries are paid monthly.

(iv) Capital: Capital is not required for the person who is in employment.

Question 6.
Write any four objectives of business.
Answer:
Business is done with some objectives. These can be divided as (a) Economic objectives and (b) Social objectives. Following are the Economic Objectives:

1. Earning Profit: Business is done with the main objective of earning profit. Profit is always a motivating factor for a businessman.
2. Searching New Customers : To maximize profit a business organisation has to search new customers. It is required to expand the business. It is also important to retain the old customers.
3. Best possible use of Resources : Making best use of available resources is the objective of business. This ensures avoiding of wastage and saving valuable money. This ultimately leads to increase in profit.
4. Innovation : One of the important objectives of business is to make innovations for the development of business. Therefore research and development becomes an important part of the working of any business organisation.

Question 7.
State any four features of business.
Answer:
Business is an economic activity which is done to earn profit.
Following are the features of business:
(i) An economic activity : Business is an economic activity. Because it is done to earn profit for livelihood.

(ii) Two parties : Business is mainly concerned with the production and distribution of goods and services. It means business transactions involve exchange and in any exchange two parties are involved. Thus business involves two parties.

(iii) Profit motive: Every business is done with a motive of making profit. Therefore all the activities of business revolve around profit. A businessman is not satisfied with the profit he gets, but he tries to maximize the profit either by increasing the production or by reducing the cost. He tries to find out new customers and new markets.

(iv) Production of Goods and Services : Business includes the production of goods and services. Raw materials are used and the finished goods are produced.

Question 8.
State any two types of primary industry.
Answer:
Primary industries are those industries which depend on nature for production. Primary industries are of three types which are given below.

1. Agriculture industry: Agriculture includes cultivation of land. It is an important primary sector industry.
2. Extractive industry : Extractive industry draws out the produce from natural resources like land, river or sea etc. The products extracted are usually in raw form they are converted into finished products and sold in the market.
3. Genetic industry : Genetic industries are engaged in the reproduction and multiplication of plants and animals e.g. poultry, plant nursery, etc.

6. Justify the following statements.

Question 1.
Retailer is in direct contact with ultimate consumers.
Answer:

1. Retailer in a trader operating in the chain of distribution.
2. He deals with the ultimate consumer.
3. Retailer is the last link in the chain of distribution.
4. Goods flow from the producer to consumer in the following way:
   Producer → Wholesaler → Retailer → Consumer
5. Thus, retailer comes into direct contact with the ultimate consumer.

Question 2.
Commerce is a wider term than trade.
Answer:

1. Commerce is a part of business. Business is divided into two parts; industry and commerce,
2. Commerce is concerned with the distribution of goods.
3. Commerce is divided into two parts. One is trade and the other is auxiliaries to trade.
4. Trade is concerned with buying and selling of goods and services.
5. Trade is’a part of commerce.
6. Along with trade, commerce also includes auxiliaries or services to trade.
7. These services help in the smooth running of trade.
   Thus, it clearly indicates that commerce is a wider term than trade.

Question 3.
Risk is inevitable in business activities.
Answer:

1. Every business is exposed to various risks. A businessman cannot avoid risks in the business.
2. These risks include goods remaining unsold due to changes in fashions, risks of losses due to fire or theft, damage to goods during transportation or warehousing, risks of bad debts, etc.
3. A businessman has to be prepared to handle these risks.
4. These risks cannot be totally eliminated. But they can be minimized or transferred to insurance company.
5. A businessman must be ready for the risks as they are inevitable.
6. Thus, risk is inevitable in business activities.

Question 4.
Combination of import-export trade is entrepot trade.
Answer:

1. Import, export and entrepot trade are the parts of foreign trade.
2. When the goods are purchased from other countries it is called import trade.
3. When the goods are sold to other countries it is called export trade.
4. A combination of import and export trade is called entrepot trade.
5. In case of entrepot trade goods are first purchased from one country i.e. imported and then sold to or exported to other country.
6. E.g. Indian trader purchased some computers from Japan and sold them to Sri Lanka will be included in entrepot trade.
7. Thus, entrepot trade is a combination of import and export trade.

Question 5.
Transport creates place utility.
Answer:

1. Transport is one of the important auxiliaries to trade.
2. Transport brings raw materials and people to the place of production and carries finished products to markets.
3. There are different modes of transport through it carries goods and people from one place to another. They are rail, road, water and air.
4. If goods are produced at one place, it may not have demand at that place only.
5. Transport carries them to other place where they are demanded and create place utility.
6. Thus, we can say that transport creates place utility.

Question 6.
Industrial activities take place before commerce starts its role.
Answer:

1. Industry and commerce are the two parts of business.
2. Both the parts are complimentary to each other.
3. One cannot function without other.
4. Industries look after the production of goods and services and commerce takes care of the distribution of the goods produced.
5. Obviously production of goods comes first and it is followed by distribution or selling of goods.
6. Thus, industrial activities take place before commerce starts its role.

Question 7.
Available resources should be used to its maximum.
Answer:

1. Resources are always scarce. The demand for resources is more and the availability of resources is less.
2. Similarly, resources belong to the society but the businesses use them for production and provide the finished products to the society.
3. So it is necessary to use the resources carefully.
4. Wastage of resources should be avoided.
5. Wherever possible, recycling and reusing the resources should be considered by the businesses.
6. Thus, whatever resources available should be used to its maximum.

Question 8.
Wholesalers is a link between retailer and manufacturer.
Answer:

1. Wholesaler and retailer are the important intermediaries in trade.
2. They help to bring the goods from the manufacturer to ultimate consumer.
3. Wholesaler is a trader who deals in large quantities i.e. the wholesaler purchases the goods in bulk from the manufacturer and sells it to retailer in small quantities.
4. Both the wholesalers and retailers are the part of chain of distribution, which is shown below.
   Producer → Wholesaler → Retailer → Consumer
5. Thus, it is true that wholesaler is the link between the manufacturer and retailer.

Question 9.
Business is a part of economic activities.
Answer:

1. Economic activities are those activities which are done with the intention of making money.
2. A person has to earn money for his livelihood.
3. However all economic activities are not same. They can be conducted mainly in three different ways.
   (a) Employment (b) Profession and (c) Business.
4. Business is conducted to earn profit.
5. businessman invests his own capital, takes decisions and carries out business activities.
6. He also takes risk for carrying business activities.
7. Thus, a businessman is responsible for the business activities. The profit earned is enjoyed by the businessman. So business is a part of economic activity.

Question 10.
Changing fashions is one of the important causes of business risk.
Answer:

1. Business is exposed to various kinds of risk.
2. The risks can be due to the loss of goods by fire or theft, bad debts, changes in government policies, goods remaining unsold etc.
3. Goods remaining unsold due to changes in fashion, is also an important type of risk in the business.
4. Due to this risk businessman can suffer loss.
5. However this risk is there in case of some goods only e.g. clothes, footwear, jewellery, accessories, sun glasses etc.
6. This risk is not there in case of food grains or vegetables as they are essentials and their demand remains somewhat constant.
7. Thus, changes in fashion is an important risk in the business.

7. Answer the following questions

Question 1.
What do you mean by commerce ?
Answer:
Commerce involves distribution of goods and services. Commerce is a part of business. Business is divided into two parts. They are (i) industry and (ii) commerce. Industries are concerned with the distribution of goods and commerce does the distribution of those goods in the market. Commerce helps in bringing the goods from the manufacturer to consumer by making uninterrupted flow of goods. Commerce includes main two activities – (i) Trade and (ii) Auxiliaries to trade.
(i) Trade means buying and selling of goods and services. Any buying and selling is included in trade. It can be industrial goods, consumer goods or buying and selling of services, etc.

(ii) Auxiliaries of trade are all those supportive services which help in the smooth conduct of trade. They include transport, banking, insurance, advertising, etc.

Question 2.
What is the meaning of export trade?
Answer:
Trade is divided into two parts, (i) Home trade and (ii) Foreign trade. Home trade is a trade conducted within the country where as foreign trade is trade with other countries. When the goods are purchased from and sold to other countries it is included in foreign trade.

Foreign trade is divided into three parts, (i) Import trade, (ii) Export trade and (iii) Entrepot trade. In case of export trade goods are sold to other countries e.g. A garment trader from India selling his garments to England will be included in export trade. Export trade plays an important role in the economy of any country, It helps a country to get valuable foreign exchange for the country, It also helps to enhance the reputation of the country in the foreign market.

Question 3.
State the role of auxiliaries to trade in trading activities.
Answer:
Role of auxiliaries to trade:

1. Auxiliaries to trade are all the services which help trade.
2. Trade means buying and selling of goods. However buying and selling is not possible unless it is supported by different services which will make the trade easy.
3. There are different auxiliaries or services which support buying and selling. They are : transport, warehousing, banking, insurance, advertising, etc.
4. These services help the trader as well as the buyers. They remove the hindrances in the process of distribution and ensure smooth flow of goods from the manufacturer to consumer.
5. In modern world, the manufacturers and’ consumers stay away from each other. It becomes very difficult for the manufacturer to contact the buyers and sell goods directly to them.
6. In this regard auxiliaries to trade help in establishing a link between the manufacturer or seller to consumer.

Question 4.
What are the different types of secondary industries?
Answer:
Secondary industries are those which depend upon primary industry for production. Secondary industries take raw materials from primary industries and carry out their production.
Secondary industries are of two types:
(i) Manufacturing industry : These industries are engaged in the manufacturing of various types of goods. They may be consumer goods or industrial goods. These industries convert raw materials into finished products. They make use of men, material and money for production. The examples of these industries include chemical industry, electronics industry, textile industry, paper industry.

(ii) Construction industry : These types of secondary industries are engaged in the construction activities such as dams, bridges, buildings, roads, tunnels etc. In case of other industries the goods are produced at one place but sold at different places. However in case of construction industry the construction takes place at one place only. Thus this industry creates immovable property.

Question 5.
State the types of human activities.
Answer:
There are various activities conducted by a person in a day. These activities can be divided into two parts.
Human Activities:
Economic activities
Non-economic activities

1. Economic activities : These activities are conducted to earn money. A human being requires money for livelihood. Economic activities are divided into three types.

• Business
• Profession
• Employment

Business is done to earn profit. Profession is done by acquiring special knowledge to provide services to people. A professional gets fees for the services rendered. Whereas when a person works for other person or” organisation to earn wage or salary, is called employment.

2. Non-economic activities : Non-economic activities are conducted by the person to satisfy their needs other than financial needs. These activities include cultural, social, religious, sports, health related etc.

Question 6.
Describe the scope of internal trade.
Answer:
Internal trade is a part of trade. It includes buying and selling of goods within the country. Internal trade is further divided into two parts.
(i) Wholesale Trade : Wholesale trade is a trade conducted on large scale. A wholesaler purchases goods in bulk from the manufacturer and sells them to the retailers. Wholesaler forms a large network through which he helps to distribute goods at distant places. Wholesaler is an expert trader in his field. He acts as a link between the manufacturer and the retailer.

(ii) Retail Trade : Retail trade is a trade conducted on small scale. He purchases goods from the wholesalers and sells them to the consumers in required quantities. Retailer comes into direct contact with the consumers. A retailer caters to the needs of consumers by providing them various goods in whatever quantities they want.

Question 7.
How does banking and insurance help trading?
Answer:
Commerce includes trade and auxiliaries to trade. Trade means buying and selling of goods and services. But buying and selling is not possible unless it is supported by the auxiliaries of trade. Thus auxiliaries to trade are the services which help trade. Banking and insurance are two important auxiliaries to trade.
(i) Banking : Banking services help traders in many ways. Branches of banks are spread over wider areas. Traders can open an account in bank and take the advantage of various banking services. Banks offer loans, overdrafts, transfer of money, letter of credit, foreign exchange facilities to the traders.

(ii) Insurance : There are various kinds of risks in the business. A businessman can transfer some risks on the insurance company. Goods can be destroyed by fire, theft or damaged in transportation. The businessman can transfer these risks on the insurance company. He has to pay premium to the insurance company and make a contract with the insurance company. In case of loss, insurance company pays compensation to the trader.

(iii) Thus, the risks cannot be avoided completely but can be minimized by taking insurance policy.

8. Answer the following in details.

Question 1.
Give comparative analysis of business, profession and employment.
Answer:
Business, profession and employment are the part of economic activities. These activities are conducted to earn money. However the nature of all the three activities is different. A comparative analysis of all the three activities is given below:

Question 2.
Define business. Explain its features.
Answer:
Business is a part of economic activities. Business is done to earn profit. It is done by an individual or a group of individuals. Business can be defined in many ways by thinkers. Some of them are given below:
Prof. Haney : “ Business activities are all those activities which are directed towards the production and processing of wealth”.
Prof. Pride, Huges and Kapoor: “The organised efforts of individuals to produce and sell for a profit, the goods and services that satisfy society’s needs”.

The term business also refers to the organised efforts and activities of individuals to produce and sell goods and services for profit.

Following are the features of business:
1. Continuity in Dealings : Continuity is most important in case of any business. Business requires regularity. Business activity should be carried on for a Longer time. A transaction carried on only for one time or few times cannot be called as a business activity, e.g. Sale of own old motor car cannot be considered as a business activity.

2. Uncertain Returns : The returns in any business are not fixed. They are uncertain and fluctuating. The profit of business is not fixed or guaranteed.

3. Risk Element: Business is exposed to many risks. These risks arise out of some unforeseen circumstances or wrong decisions or misjudgements of the businessman. A businessman cannot avoid the risks but he can minimize the risks by taking proper steps. Some risks can be transferred to insurance company.

4. Satisfaction : Customer is an integral part of any business activity. Without a customer there cannot be buying or selling. Businesses need customers to fulfil their monetary objective and therefore customer satisfaction is the most important part of any business activity. Modern thinking on business gives top most priority to customer satisfaction. If the customers are satisfied, there will be more sale and profit to the business.

5. Two Parties : Business includes production and distribution. Every business transaction involves exchange. For carrying out any exchange two parties are required. These two parties are the seller and the buyer. There is an oral or written agreement between the buyer and the seller to buy or sell the goods or services.

6. Economic Activity : Business is an economic activity. The intention of carrying out any business is to earn money. Business is not conducted for satisfying sentimental needs of a person. Business activity is purely monetary.

7. Profit Motive : Business is basically conducted to earn profit. Every businessman tries to get maximum profit out of the business. Profit is required for the businessman to earn the livelihood and also for the survival of the business. It is also required for the expansion of business. Thus profit plays a vital role in business.

8. Production of Goods and Services :: Business has two aspects. One is production of goods and services and distribution of them. Goods are produced by the industries. Providing of services also form an important part of business activities.

9. Exchange of Goods and Services : Goods and services are exchanged for money or money’s worth. It is a business activity as there is a seller and a buyer and they exchange goods or services for a value. In modern days almost all the transactions are carried out with money as a medium of exchange. In case of very few transactions, goods are exchanged for goods.

10. Dealings in Goods and Services : In case of business, goods or services are bought and sold. There cannot be business without the exchange of goods or services. Goods can be consumer goods or industrial goods. Services are of different types like banking, insurance etc. Services are also exchanged for a value.

Question 3.
Describe various objectives of a business.
Answer:
Business is an economic activity which includes production and distribution of goods and services. Business is done to get profit. Even though business is done with the intention of making profit, that is not the only objective of the business. There are other objectives of business.
The objectives of business are explained below:

A. Economic Objectives:
(i) Searching of New Customers : Business needs expansion. So that it can earn more profit. Therefore searching new customers or new markets becomes an important economic objective of business.

(ii) Earning Profit: Making profit always becomes the main economic objective of any business.

(iii) Best possible Use of Resources : It is the responsibility of any businessman to make proper use of available resources. It is because resources are limited and the demand for resources is more. When a businessman uses resources carefully and economically, he can save his money. It will ultimately result in the increase of profit.

(iv) Innovation : Business needs change according to current situation. New products, new processes should be found out to remain in the competition in the market. Then only a business can survive and continue making profit. Therefore making innovations is one of the economic objectives of the business.

(B) Social Objectives:
Following are the social objectives:
(i) Contributing to the Welfare of the Society : Social objectives incliude the working for the betterment of the society in general. It is the responsibility of the business to work for the welfare of the society by carrying out social welfare programmes.

(ii) Avoiding Unfair Trade Practices : Unfair trade practices are those practices which are not advisable in business. They include black marketing, hoarding, adulteration, wrong representation, false advertisements etc. Unfair trade practices make adverse effect on the business. Therefore one of the important social objective of business is to keep itself away from such practices.

(iii) Supplying Quality Products : It is the social objective of business, to provide quality products to the customers. Customer is the important part of any business. Without customers, a business cannot function. Therefore it is the responsibility of the business to provide safe, non ad ulterated, durable products to the customers.

(iv) Help to Solve Social Problems : In modern world many social problems are occurring in the society. Business is a part of the society and therefore one of the social objectives of business is to help solving the social problems.

(v) Employment Generation : A business can provide employment to many people. It becomes the social objective of the business to generate more and more employment. This will help to reduce the problem of poverty and unemployment.

(vi) Welfare of Employees : Employees is an integral part of any organisation. Business cannot function without the employees. It is therefore the responsibility of the businessman to provide better working conditions to employees. Better working conditions help to improve the productivity of the employees.

Question 4.
Explain the importance of profit in business.
Answer:
Business is such activity which involves earning profit. Any business organisation, whether small or large, production unit or service industry; works for getting maximum profit. Profit plays a very important role in business.
The role of profit is explained below:
(i) Growth and Expansion : Profit acts as an internal source of raising funds. Business can keep aside excess profit and use it for its own expansion or diversification purpose. Expansion results into more profit, which can be used for other purposes.

(ii) Research and Development : When a business gets good profits it can spend money on research and development. Research and development helps to find out the processes that help to reduce the cost of production and provide better quality products. This helps to increase the production ultimately resulting in increase in profit.

(iii) Returns to lnvestors: The owner of business needs returns on the money he has invested in the business. These returns are in the form of profit. If there are good profits, the businessman gets fair returns on his investment.

(iv) Means of Livelihood : A biusiness is mainly carried on for getting the livelihood. A result of business is profit. Thus the main role of profit is to help the businessman earn his living.

(v) Increasing Efficiency : Profit acts as a motivating factor. A businessman who is working hard for the business and gets substantial profits gets a motivation to work hard. Profit thus helps in increasing the efficiency. Similarly an employer can give good remuneration to the employees when there is good profit. This helps to increase the efficiency of the employee also.

(vi) Reward for Risks : Every business is exposed to various types of risks. A businessman has to consider these risks. As a businessman takes risks and performs business activities, buyers get the necessary commodities. The result of these business activities is profit. Profit in this case acts a reward for the risk taken by the businessman.

(vii) Survival: The most important role of profit is to help the business to carry on the activities continuously. Survival of business depends upon the continuous supply of finance. Profit enables business to continue with the uninterrupted supply of funds.

Thus profit plays a vital retie in the business. Profit is an inevitable part in every business. It helps a businessman to earn his livelihood, carry on research and development activities and most importantly survival of the business.

Balbharti Yuvakbharati English 11th Digest Chapter 4.1 History of English Drama Notes, Textbook Exercise Important Questions and Answers.

Maharashtra State Board Class 11 English Yuvakbharati Solutions Chapter 4.1 History of English Drama

11th English Digest Chapter 4.1 History of English Drama Textbook Questions and Answers

1. Name any four periods of History of British drama.

Question 1.
Name any four periods of History of British drama.
Answer:
The four periods of History of British drama are:

1. Medieval Period or Early Period (11th to 15th Century)
2. Renaissance Period (16th to 17th Century)
3. Restoration Period (1660 onwards)
4. Victorian Period (1837 to 1901)

2. List the four elements of drama.

Question 1.
List the four elements of drama.
Answer:
The four elements of drama are:

1. Plot
2. Characters
3. Theme
4. Stage directions

3. State a type of drama each from any four periods of history.

Question 1.
State a type of drama each from any four periods of history.
Answer:

1. (Morality) Medieval period – Everyman (1490)
2. (Comedy) Renaissance Period – A Midsummer Night’s Dream (1595)
3. (Tragedy) Restoration Period – All for Love (1677)
4. (19th Century Morality) Victorian Period – An Enemy of the People (1882)

4. Compare the features of comedy and tragedy.

Question 1.
Compare the features of comedy and tragedy.
Answer:

Comedy	Tragedy
1. Comedy is a humorous story with a happy ending.	1. A tragedy is a serious story with a sad ending.
2. Characters in comedy are ordinary people from day to day life.	2. Characters in tragedy are royal personages, extraordinary and with divine qualities.
3. Comedy reveals truth in humourous way.	3. Tragedy reveals truth in realistic way.
4. Comedy gives emotional relief through laughter. E.g. As You Like It, A Midsummer Night’s Dream	4. Tragedy brings purgation through arousing pity and fear in the mind of audience. E.g. Hamlet, King Lear…

5. State the difference between poetry and drama.

Question 1.
State the difference between poetry and drama.
Answer:

Drama	Poetry
1. Drama is a composition, normally in prose, telling a story and intended to be represented by actors imitating the characters and speaking the dialogue.	1. Poetry is a verse or a poetic presentation for recitation than performance.
2. Drama is presentation in acts and scenes and dialogues.	2. Poetry is presented in the form of stanzas and recited in rhyme and rhythm.
3. Drama is factual and realistic in its theme and message.	3. Poetry is imaginative and visualizes the experience or scenario.
4. Drama consists of a beginning, middle and end. It’s complete in itself. E.g. Pygmalion by Georgr Bernard Shaw.	4. Poetry doesn’t bother to be compact. It is beyond time, place and reason. E.g. Ozymandias by the poet P. B. Shelley.

6. State the difference between drama and novel.

Question 1.
State the difference between drama and novel.
Answer:

Drama	Novel
1. Drama is a composition, normally in prose, telling a story and intended to be represented by actors imitating the characters and speaking the dialogue.	1. Novel is written in basic prose style and it is only for armchair reading not for performance.
2. Drama is a presentation in acts and scenes and dialogues.	2. Novel is a presentation of the events in the form of paragraphs.
3. Drama is a performance, so the characters are the mouthpieces of the dramatists.	3. Novel is a prose narrative, so the narrator plays important role in describing the characters and their actions.
4. Dialogue is the most essential element of drama and is a greater exposure for the characters. E.g. As You Like It by Shakespeare.	4. Although novels sometimes have dialogues, it is not a necessary part of the structure like it is for drama. E.g. Pride and Prejudice by Jane Austen..

7. Define drama.

Question 1.
Define drama.
Answer:
Drama is a Greek word meaning ‘act’ or ‘deed’. The Ancient Greek philosopher Aristotle used this term in a very influential treatise called the Poetics. In this text, Aristotle classified different forms of poetry according to basic features he thought could be commonly recognized in their composition.

8. Explain the term plot.

Question 1.
Explain the term plot.
Answer:
Plot is a logically developed chain of the events in a narrative. The events are arranged in such a way that the whole drama becomes an action. The plot of drama has six stages – Exposition, Conflict, Rising Action, Climax, Falling Action and Denouement or Ending. In short, Aristotle called plot as ‘a complete action’ and it means a plot consists of beginning, middle and end. The plot of a drama may be simple or complex.

9. Differentiate between characters and characterization.

Question 1.
Differentiate between characters and characterization.
Answer:
A character is a person, an animal, or a supernatural power performing action drama or any literary work. The dramatists create the characters as per their intentions and needs. The characters which are used to represent a particular trait or quality are stock or static characters. The characters which change and have varied angle are called round or dynamic characters.

On the other hand, characterization is an art and the techniques a dramatist or a writer used to create and develop characters. The dramatists take every effort to bring the characters to life by establishing their relation with the characters. In short, characterization is the process through which the dramatists try to reveal the characters and their personal qualities.

10. Enlist a few reasons for watching a drama live on the stage.

Question 1.
Enlist a few reasons for watching a drama live on the stage.
Answer:
The reasons for watching a drama live on the stage are:

1. Live drama involves real people on real stage giving real experience to the audience.
2. It boosts our literary knowledge and develops our understanding of drama.
3. It has greater impact on our perspective towards life and helps to form objective approach.
4. It helps us to present our views and respect others views. It guides us to take proper decisions in life.
5. It gives direct purgation of our emotions and builds our confidence.

Balbharti Yuvakbharati English 11th Digest Chapter 3.6 The Art of Compering Notes, Textbook Exercise Important Questions and Answers.

Maharashtra State Board Class 11 English Yuvakbharati Solutions Chapter 3.6 The Art of Compering

11th English Digest Chapter 3.6 The Art of Compering Textbook Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Read the given words and share with your friend what comes to your mind.
Answer:
Anchoring:
It requires absence of stage fright, presence of mind and confidence.
Compering:
It requires, confidence and knowledge and smartness to make quick changes.
Hosting Programmes:
He has to shoulder responsibility of everything needed for the programme including stage arrangement, seating arrangement, lighting arrangement, mike, etc.
Public Speaking:
It requires communication skill and fluency in language.

Question 2.
Discuss the essential qualities and also the precautions that a compere should take while compering a programme.

Answer:
Precaution to be taken:

1. A compere should keep the audience constantly engaged.
2. He should be confident enough to handle the last minute change in the formal programme.
3. He should take precaution to follow th protocol while anchoring the official programme.
4. He should always keep in mind that he is not the star of the programme but only an anchor.

(A1)

Question 1.
Imagine that you wish to organize a cultural event in your college. Prepare your own web chart to indicate the qualities that you expect to have in a compere.

Answer:

(A2)

Question (i)
Imagine that you are a compere of a prize distribution ceremony of your college. Write a script of the same. You can take help of the following points.
(a) Introduction
(b) Welcome speech
(c) Lighting the lamp
(d) Welcome song
(e) Main event
(f) Vote of thanks
Answer:
(a) Introduction: Honorable Chief Guest, respected Principal of the college, respected teachers and highly enthusiastic audience, I welcome one and all on behalf of our college.

(b) Welcome speech: Today, as we gather for the prize distribution ceremony, we are privileged to have Mr. Joy Joshi as the Guest of Honor. Mr. Joshi is a social worker and the Principal of New Era Art and Commerce College. I welcome Joshi sir on behalf the principal of our college. I request our Principal -to felicitate Joshi sir with a bouquet and a momentum as a token of respect.

(c) Lighting the lamp: To begin with our programme. I call upon our honorable Chief Guest Shri Joshi to light the traditional lamp. I also request all the dignitaries on the dais to join Joshi sir. Lighting of the traditional lamp symbolizes spread of knowledge. It leads us from darkness to light.

(d) Welcome song: Now I call upon the stage a group of students to recite the welcome song.
Thank you friends. It a nice presentation, we all enjoyed the song.

(e) Main event: Throughout the year, various co-curricular competitions were organised in college. It included music, dance, rangoli and elocution too. I request our Chief Guest to felicitate prize winning students. Let me begin the prize distribution ceremony by calling on stage Mukta Deo, the toper of the previous year. She secured 95% marks in the Board Examination. Congratulations to Mukta Deo.

Now, I call upon the stage Miss. Gauravi Khanna who stood first in the dance competition, Mr. Advait Kulkarni who bagged gold medal in inter-college swimming competition and Miss. Anahita More who stood first in inter-college singing competition.

It gives me immense sense of satisfaction the as we approach to the end of the programme. I feel honoured as many of my classmates and friends are honoured today. Friends, winning and losing is a part of game. What matters is participation in the event. Let’s again congratulate all the winners and the participants of all the contests. Let’s motivate them with a big round of applause for their journey towards progress. After all journey towards success begins with a single step.

Sincere thanks to Honourable Chief Guest Shri Joshi. Special thanks to our Vice Principal Mrs. Shreya Patil and teachers for organizing this programme, the audience for your presence. Your appreciation and motivation will help our friends in their journey towards success.

Thank You.

Question (ii)
Mass media events often need comperes. Find out the area or sector in which a compere is a must. Write about the special skills needed to take up compering as a career and give some clues about how to acquire these skills.
Answer:
Programmes like prize distribution ceremony, music concert, dance competition, need a compere. Special skills are required for compering such programme.
(a) A compere must have good communication skill. He/She must have knowledge of the subject while compering any music show. He/She must know about the song, the singer, the film to which the song belongs. He/She must know the lyrics and the meaning of the song too. Sometimes certain incidents are related with songs. A compere must know everything so that he can use the same while compering if needed.

(b) Attire of the compere must be suitable for the event and he should be able to carry the same comfortably.

(c) Confidence is the most important criteria for choosing the career in compering.

(d) A compere must be able to use variations in his voice particularly while narrating emotional incidents, patriotic songs, sad songs, etc.

(e) The body language should reflect enthusiasm and high level of positive attitude.

(f) Flexibility and cooperative nature are essential to make career in compering because anything can happen at the last minute during the event. A compere should be able to handle the situation skillfully without disturbing the already declared schedule. This requires management skills.

(g) Many times being multilingual is the requirement of the programme. It is necessary that a compere must have the knowledge of the regional and the national language.

(h) Presence of mind is required to add or omit the last minute entry or exit in the contest.

Every aspirant in compering must develop all these skills. He/She must inculcate the habit of reading, punctuality and practice. He/She should update himself daily with the latest compering techniques. Reading and accurate pronunciation play important role in grooming the personality of a compere. He/She should be interested in the fields like politics, sports, music, current affairs, entertainment, etc. The practice of all these can make his personality a versatile one.

(A3) Project:

Question 1.
Make a list of functions/events/programmes/activities organized in your junior college. Choose three events and plan a programme schedule of your own. Prepare a script as well to show the associating role of the compere for a particular event. Make your own sequence and design a template for the same.

Yuvakbharati English 11th Digest Chapter 3.6 The Art of Compering Additional Important Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Imagine that you have to arrange a ‘Teachers’ Day Celebration’ programme in your college. Prepare a schedule of the programme.
Answer:

1. Introduction
2. Welcome speech
3. Lighting the lamp
4. Welcome song
5. Felicitation of the teachers
6. Principal’s speech
7. Speech of the Chief Guest
8. Vote of thanks

Glossary:

1. compering – act as compere (host)
2. ceremony – a celebration of an event, achievement or anniversary
3. elegance – graceful and stylish in appearance
4. confidence – the feeling of trust
5. voice modulation – control or adjustment of voice
6. language fluency – ability to speak or perform in a Language
7. bountiful – ample.

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Class 11 History Solutions Chapter 5 Janapadas and Republics Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

Maharashtra State Board Class 11 History Solutions Chapter 5 Janapadas and Republics

1A. Choose the correct alternative and write the complete sentences.

Question 1.
A region occupied by the ‘janas’ was called as __________
(a) Ganarajya
(b) Janapada
(c) Mahajanapada
(d) Gotra
Answer:
(b) Janapada

Question 2.
The principal functionary of a Ganasangha was known as __________
(a) Senapati
(b) Bhandagarika
(c) Raja
(d) Uparaja
Answer:
(c) Raja

Question 3.
The author of the ‘Ashtadhyayi’ which mentions ‘Janapadin’ was __________
(a) Kautilya
(b) Panini
(c) Chanakya
(d) Vyas
Answer:
(b) Panini

Question 4.
The sense of territoriality and the ensuing awareness __________ were the main factors responsible for the formation of ancient Janapadas in India.
(a) of unity
(b) of authority
(c) of autonomy
(d) of public authority
Answer:
(c) of autonomy

1B. Find the incorrect pairs from set ‘B’ and write the correct ones.

Question 1.

Set ‘A’	Set ‘B’
(a) Praachya	of the east
(b) Praatichya	of the west
(c) Udichya	of the north
(d) Aparanta	the region to the north of Vindhya ranges

Answer:
(d) Aparanta – the region to the south of Vindhya ranges

2. Choose the correct reason and complete the sentence.

Question 1.
The Ganasangha of the Youdhey, Malav, Kshudraka were mentioned as Ayudhajivi. Because-
(a) it was in the northeast region of the Indian Subcontinent.
(b) these people were skilled warriors and warfare was the means of their livelihood.
(c) they were skilled in trade and commerce.
(d) these were the ganasanghas dependent on agriculture and animal husbandry.
Answer:
(b) these people were skilled warriors and warfare was the means of their livelihood.

3. Complete the concept map.

Question 1.

Answer:

4. Explain the concepts with examples.

Question 1.
Ganarajya and Sangharajya
Answer:

• ‘Gana’ means the ruling class comprising members of equal social status.
• Similarly, ‘sangha’ means a state formed by many kulas or janapadas by coming together.
• By the 6th century B.C.E. many sangharajyas had come into existence.
• There were three main types of the ancient federation of states in India:
• Ganarajya of the members of the same kula. For example, Malava and Shibi.
• Ganarajya was created by more than one kulas coming together. For example, Vajji Ganasangha. It included eight kulas. Vajji, Lichchhavi, Dnyatruk, and Videha were the important ganas among them.
• More than one ganrajyas coming together to create a sangharajya. For example, Yaudheya- Kshudrak Sangh.

Question 2.
Vartashastarpajivi Ganasnagh
Answer:

• Ancient Indian literature mentions two more types of ganasanghas.
• ‘Ayudhjivi’ sangh and ‘Varta-Shastropajivi’ sangh.
• ‘Varta’ means trade and commerce.
• The people in the Varta-Shastropajivi ganasanghas lived by trade and commerce, agriculture and animal husbandry, as well as their skills in warfare.
• People in the Kamboj and Saurashtra ganasanghas earned their livelihood by these means.

Question 3.
‘Jana’ and ‘Janapada’
Answer:

• Vedic people used the term Jana to designate a group of people, united under a common bond of singular kinship structure.
• Their settlement was known as ‘Grama’.
• A cluster of gramas consisting of the same Jana was known by the name of that particular Jana.
• A region occupied by a Janas was called Janapada.
• Gradually the Janapadas had more formal administrative structures transforming them into independent states.
• These were the first well-established states of ancient India.
• However, this does not necessarily mean that every Janapada evolved into an independent state.

5. Answer the following questions in detail.

Question 1.
Describe the democratic and oligarchic states in ancient India.
Answer:
Democratic States:

• Some of the ganasanghas were divided into regional zones called ‘Khanda’.
• They functioned through a group of elected individuals, who were found capable.
• Each of the elected members represented his respective khanda.
• These elected members were installed with collective authority for the smooth running of the ganasangha.
• This was a democratic system. Ganasanghas which functioned in this democratic way existed in Punjab and Sindh at the time of Alexander’s invasion.
• Each elective representative of the respective regional zone was designated as ‘Ganamukhya’.
• Every ganamukhya was a member of the assembly known as ‘ganaparishada’.
• The decisions made by the ganaparishada were implemented by designated functionaries of various cadres.
• He was known as the ‘Adhyaksha’ or ‘Raja’.

Oligarchic States:

• In this type the elite class in the society held all the powers of decision-making and administration,
• Panini and Kautilya mention them as ‘Rajshabdopajivi’ Sangh.
• Panini includes Vajji, Andhaka, Vrishni, Yaudheya in the Rajashabdopjivi type.
• Kautilya includes the Vrijji or Vajji, Madrak, Kuru, Panchala, etc. in this type.
• This type of ganasanghas was more prevalent in the eastern region of Uttar Pradesh and Bihar.

Activity

Present an act in the class based on the simulation of the administrative system of an oligarchic state.
Answer:
Students have to make the presentation in class.

Balbharti Yuvakbharati English 11th Digest Chapter 3.5 Film Review Notes, Textbook Exercise Important Questions and Answers.

Maharashtra State Board Class 11 English Yuvakbharati Solutions Chapter 3.5 Film Review

11th English Digest Chapter 3.5 Film Review Textbook Questions and Answers

1. Read the following conversation and complete the activities given below.

• Minnie: Exams are over. I feel so relaxed ! Let us plan something interesting.
• Ritu: What about a movie?
• Paddy: Great! Let’s go for “Aladdin”!
• Minnie: Oh, no! I have seen it. It has only a ‘one star’ rating.
• Ritu: How about that new release ummm….yes, “Harry Potter?
• Della: It is boring. I have read the review this morning. I don’t want to waste my time.
• Paddy: Wait, friends. I will check. Let’s decide later.

Question (i)
Choose the correct alternative from the following. From one star given to the movie we conclude that –
(a) The movie is very short.
(b) The movie is not worth watching.
(c) The movie is serious.
(d) The movie is in black and white.
Answer:
(b) The movie is not worth watching.

Question (ii)
Discuss how/why are ‘stars’ given to a movie.
Answer:
A star is a symbol of movie rating .It was in 1928 that a newspaper film critic Irene Thiner initiated the grading system on a scale of zero to three status. Star are given to a movie to know how good, bad or average a movie is.

Question (iii)
The word ‘Review’ is different from summarizing and appeal writing. Choose the correct statements of the following.
(a) Film review is an expression of your personal views towards a particular film, documentary or movie.
(b) A film review gives you an opportunity to express opinions about the movie, including its characters, plot and background.
(c) A film review gives appealing sentences that make your reader curious or anxious about the film.
(d) A review means explanation of each and every event of the film.
Answer:
(a) Film review is an expression of your personal views towards a particular film, documentary or movie,
(b) A film review gives you an opportunity to express opinions about the movie, including its characters, plot and background.

(A1)

Question (i)
Every movie is worth critiquing. Describe in detail each point related with the film review with the help of the following web.

Answer:
Film Review : Dangal

Genre: Dangal is the most inspiring and entertaining movie. The film also makes strong feminist statement showing girls at par with boys.

Script Writer: Script of the movie ‘Dangal’ is written by Nitesh Tiwari who has been successful in creating the interest of the audience not only in the story of the film but also in the sport of wrestling.

Direction: The direction is also done by Nitesh Tiwari. He won the Filmfare award for the Best Director, 2017 for Dangal.

Producer : The film is produced by the renowned actor Amir Khan. Kiran Rao and Siddharth Roy Kapoor.

Acting : Amir Khan played the role of Mahavir Singh Phogat and Sakshi Tanwar played the role of the wife of Mahavir Singh Phogat. Zaira Wasim and Fatima played the role of Geeta and Sanya Malhotra and – Suhani Bhatnagar played the role of Babita Phogat. Aparshakti Khurrana and Rutvik Sahora played the role of Omkar, the nephew of Mahavir Singh Phogat. A negative role is played by Girish Kulkarni, the coach of Geeta Phogat and Babita Phogat.

It is wonderful to see Amir Khan as Mahavir Singh Phogat on a big screen. His appearance as the father of his daughters, their coach, guide and strong supporter till the end touches the audience emotionally.

Music and Sound: Music director Pritam and lyricist Amitabh Bhattacharya smartly themed their music. Some of the songs evoke the innocence of every viewer.

Cinematography: The cinematographer of the movie is Sethu Sriram. (Satyajit Anand). He presented a senario of an authentic and real wrestling matches that kept the audience spell bound till Geeta Phogat the daughter of Mahavir Singh Phogat bags gold medal for the Nation.

Plot Analysis: The film Dangal focuses on the continuous efforts of Mahavir Singh Phogat and his daughters to realize the dream. Struggle of the daughters Geeta and Babita and their hard work are the main stroyline of the movie. Mahavir Singh Phogat the wrestling champion was forced to give up wrestling for better employment. He was highly discouraged because he wanted to win a Gold for the nation. He thought that his unborn son would do it. However, Mahavir Singh due to the birth of his daughters, loses hope of bagging gold medal yet, keeps his decision of training the daughters in wrestling.

Continuous and regular training make the daughters wrestlers. After defeating the boys in the village, Mahavir decides to admit the daughters in National Sports Academy. Discouraged due to different techniques taught there, Mahavir decides to train daughters personally. The coach decides to ban the daughters from playing wrestling but Mahavir Singh manages and the daughters continue to receive training in the academy. Inspite of many problems Mahavir provides training to his girls by watching videos of the matches played by the daughters.

The jealous coach locks Mahavir Singh in a room during the final match played by his daughter. Frustrated Mahavir stands up joyfully to hear the Indian National Anthem. Finally, the daughters bring smile on the face of Mahavir Singh Phogat. The cooperation of the daughters during their hard training, sacrificing small joys of life, overcoming every obstacle in the way is presented in a perfect manner.

Message: “Believe in Yourself’ and “Work hard till you achieve your Goal”. The film also arouses social cause of treating girls and boys equally.

Question (ii)
Discuss and explain the movie ‘The Jungle Book’ with the help of the following points.
(a) Classic elements
(b) Fantasy
(c) Photorealism
(d) Blending of emotions
Answer:
Rudyard Kipling, created an intense world with a description of the jungle and creatures living in it using his concept, Disney made the classic tale of Mowgli into film, wherein, Mowgli became the central character. It is interesting to watch the story of a boy after his fathers death is discovered by Bagheera, the black panther. A pack of wolves and Raksha are the boy’s caretakers. Mowgli’s jump, swinging from tree to tree, other live animals, running scenes are perfectly presented to make the audience believe about Mowgli’s inclination towards behaving like animals.

Sher Khan’s unsympathetic behaviour towards Mowgli and Mowgli’s decision to search human beings like him brings about acceptable twist in the story. Blood curdling incident of Kaa’s hypnotising attack on Mowgli is presented in a wonderful manner. Thus the movie ‘The Jungle Book’ takes the audience into a world of fantasy. There is a perfect blend of emotions which is brought by presenting Mowgli’s relation with the fatherfigure Bagheera, motherly Raksha, friendly pack of wolves. The film is also an incredible visual treat – with only one human character, introduction of various species of animals. The movie is interesting to watch and is highly recommended.

Question (iii)
‘It all builds on the charm of the 1967 film, which by itself is a must watch for any child.’
Explain the sentence in the context of the movie, focusing on the two given phrases ‘Charm of the 1967 film’ and a ‘must watch’.
Answer:
The year 1967 is considered to be very crucial in the film industry. It is the time when many revolutionary films were produced. New themes were introduced and very different stories were brought about. ‘An Introduction of the World of Fantasy’ is one them.

The Jungle Book is a perfect movie which easily takes the audience into the world of fantasy in a unique way. Though the mind does not believe on the story of Mowgli, him being handled safely by the wild animals, heart is made to believe the same. This is perfectly brought about by Jon Favreau in ‘The Jungle book.’ Thus the movie is really a charm of 1967 which is a must watch for all generations to come.

(A2)

Question (i)
Complete the following sentences.
Answer:
The factors that have made ‘The Jungle Book’ a great movie are –
(a) It is a fantasy world of wonder.
(b) The effective animation and presentation of the wildlife make the movie interesting.
(c) The story of the movie is unique.
(d) The film is a perfect blend of human emotions and a journey in the world of fantasy.

Question (ii)
The present review concludes with two words ‘Heartwarming and Enjoyable’. Write your opinion in about 100 to 150 words.
Answer:
The Jungle Book is a unique combination of Rudyard Kipling’s story and Favreau’s direction. It is an awesome experience to watch the same on the big screen. Presence of the orphan boy Mowgli in the forest, his interaction with wild animals, their love and care towards him, emotionally keeps the audience glued to the screen. The perfect landscaping and setting delves the audience into the world of the jungle throughout the movie. Mowgli’s behaviour following the laws of the Jungle, the supersized orangutan, dangerous python, Mowgli’s learning of practical wisdom from Bagheera the father figure, make it a wonderful experience to watch. Thus the movie is heartwarming and enjoyable.

(A3)

Question (i)
‘Narnia’ (Part 1, 2, 3, 4) is a film about four children who find a path to Narnia. Discuss the special effects and direction. Write a review with the help of the following points in about 100-150 words.
(a) Storyline
(b) Producer
(c) Director
(d) Music Director
(e) Characters / Casting
(d) Setting / Location
(f) Conflict
(g) Message
(i) Significance of the title
Answer:
‘Narnia’ potrays the history of Narnia, an imaginary world of fantasy and magic from its creation to its destruction. The movies, directed by Andrew Adamson (first two parts), Michael Apted (third partjand Joe Johnstaone (fourth parts) is based on C. S. Lewis’s series of novel. ‘The Chronicles of Narnia’.The movie revolves around the adventures of Pevensie siblings, Peter, Susan, Edmund and Lucy who are sent away to a safe place during the world war.

While playing hide and seek, they discover the magical wardrobe which on opening, takes them to the enchanted island of Narnia. The beautiful cinematography and performance of the children, world of fantasy and magic, speaking animals is an awesome experience to watch. The separation of the children from their mother, death of some animals, witches yelling,etc., are presented in a perfect way that brings tears rolling down from the audience’s eyes.

The basic conflict of the movies is the conflict between good and evil. Each part of the movie has slight different representation. Yet, they potray a single message of triumph of good over evil. The real success of the him is not only touching the heart of the audience but also making them believe in the world of imagination and fantasy. The cinematography and animation are so skillful that the animals look real. The him enlightens the audience by opening the doors of a new world of imagination. The movie teaches the audience beautiful special effects and sound, adventure, unity and sacrihce for each other.

(A4)

Question (i)
Form groups and try to write a script for a short him or documentary on any topic of your choice. The script must develop properly. You can take help of the following points.

• choose a topic
• central theme
• the beginning, the middle and the end
• the message

Answer:
[Students are expected to attempt this question on their own.]

Question (ii)
Form groups and use the ICT lab of your Junior College to make a shorthlm on the script that you have prepared. There are several soft-wares that can be used for editing. You can take professional help. One can upload his/her him on mediums like Youtube and submit the link to the subject teacher.
Answer:
[Students are expected to attempt this question on their own.]

Question (iii)
There are ample career opportunities in him making and producing hlms.
The following professions require different professional skills,write them accordingly.
table
‘The story of the movie decides it’s success’. Comment.
Answer:
The story is the heart of a play/film. The music, direction, cinematography, special effects are made to relate to the story. It is the story of the movie which makes the audience spellbound. The story always has a message to the audience. It is the story that helps the audience specially the youngsters, to imagine, to learn, to create interest in the world around, to get inspired and to think. Cinematography, music, animation, etc., give a wonderful experience to watch any movie on the big screen. All these revolve round the central theme ‘the story’ of the movie.

Question 5.
You must have heard about Film and Television Institute of India (FTII), Pune. It is India’s top media Institute. It plays an important role in providing talent to commercial cinema, TV and web serials. Browse the internet and find information about other institutes in India and abroad.
Answer:
[Students are expected to attempt this question on their own.]

Yuvakbharati English 11th Digest Chapter 3.5 Film Review Additional Important Questions and Answers

Question 1.
What are the steps and stages in review writing?
Answer:
A film critic is an article containing analysis and evaluation of a film, While writing a review about a film, a writer has to consider various things. A film critic should write about the relevance of the title, storyline and producer. He should write about the type of film, its director and the cast.

A film critic should write about various events, cinematography, set design, music, plot, characters and message given through the film. He/She should write about the sequence of the events according to its importance. Lastly, he/she should suggest to edit or add the title or content according to its necessity.

Question 2.
What are the aspect of the review?
Answer:
Film review is an analysis or evaluation of a film from the viewer’s point. Various aspect of review are the genre, plot analysis, characterization, cinematography, music, production and direction, plot, message given in the film (moral), sound, set designs and location.

Question 3.
What are the precautions to be taken while writing a film?
Answer:
Film review is an analysis or evaluation of a film from the viewer’s point. Precausions should be taken while writing a review of a film. A review should create curiosity about the movie but not discourage the reader. While commenting on the film dealing with social issues, the writer should not hurt the feelings of people. Critic should express opinion about the film.

A personal attack on any actor, producer, director should be avoided. A review writer should have knowledge of various aspect of editing and cinematography. He should avoid commenting on religious beliefs. While penning down the thoughts, a review writer should be careful about religious sentiments.

Glossary:

1. photorealism – detail description of
2. resourcefulness – ability to overcome difficulties
3. relevance – appropriate
4. genre – style or category of art/music/literature
5. cinematography – the art of photography and camera work in film-making
6. characterization – the creation of a fictional character
7. plot – the main events of a play/novel/film.

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Class 11 History Solutions Chapter 4 Vedic Period Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

Maharashtra State Board Class 11 History Solutions Chapter 4 Vedic Period

1A. Choose the correct alternative and write the complete sentences.

Question 1.
The importance of agriculture is clearly emphasised in the ______________ mandala of the Rigveda.
(a) 4th
(b) 10th
(c) 8th
(d) 6th
Answer:
(b) 10th

Question 2.
A potter is mentioned as an artisan in the ______________ for the first time.
(a) Rigveda
(b) Yajurveda
(c) Samaveda
(d) Atharvaveda
Answer:
(b) Yajurveda

Question 3.
The god who protected the animals was known as ______________
(a) Indra
(b) Pushan
(c) Ashwin
(d) Varun
Answer:
(b) Pushan

1B. Find the incorrect pair from set ‘B’ and write the correct ones.

Question 1.

Set ‘A’	Set ‘B’
(a) Nishka	Gold ornament
(b) Barley	Maincrop of the Vedic people
(c) Krishtya	The apparatus of drawing water from the well
(d) Navya	River transport

Answer:
(c) Krishtya – Tribal settlements

1C. Write the names.

Question 1.
A branch of linguistics.
Answer:
Philology

Question 2.
A battle was fought among the ten tribal chiefs.
Answer:
Dasharajnya Yuddha

Question 3.
Cultivable land prepared by ploughing.
Answer:
Urvara

2. Complete the concept map given below:

Question 1.

Answer:

3. Choose the correct reason and complete the sentence.

Question 1.
Panis were looked upon as enemies by the Vedic people because-
(a) they belonged to a different tribe.
(b) their language was impure.
(c) Panis used to steal the cattle of the Vedic people.
(d) Panis did not obey the orders of the Vedic people.
Answer:
(c) Panis used to steal the cattle of the Vedic people.

4. State your opinion.

Question 1.
There is a debate about the original home of the Aryans.
Answer:

• The debate began in the 16th Century. Till then the concept of the ‘Aryans’ was not known.
• The European academics became aware of the similarities between Sanskrit and Latin-Greek languages.
• This resulted in the notion of the Indo-European language family which gave momentum to the search for a Mother language from which developed the Indo-European languages.

Question 2.
The Rigvedic people subsisted on agriculture.
Answer:

• The Rigvedic tribal settlements have been mentioned as ‘Krishtya’ in the Rigveda. ‘Krish’ means ploughing.
• Hence the people who ploughed and also their settlements were mentioned as ‘Krishtya’.
• The importance of agriculture is clearly emphasised in the 10th mandala of Rigveda.
• It states that for the farmer his ploughshare is the means of obtaining.

5. Explain the following concepts.

Question 1.
Origin of Aryan people.
Answer:

• There are multiple unanswered questions, such as, who were the Aryans, did they arrive in India from a distant place or were they natives of India, which are the archaeological sites where the remains of their culture are found, how to identify those remains, etc.
• Most of the information about their culture is derived from Vedic literature. There are various v opinions about the chronology of the Vedic culture.
• However, there is a general agreement that the Vedic people composed Rigveda in India around 1500 B.C.E.
• However, Lokmanya Tilak calculated this date as 6000 B.C.E. on the basis of astronomical events.
• He was also of the opinion that the original home of the Aryans was in the Arctic region.
• This debate began in the 16th century. Till then the concept of the ‘Aryans’ was not known.

Question 2.
Indo-European family of languages.
Answer:

• In the year 1583, an Italian merchant by the name of Filippo Sassetti came to Kochi (Cochin) the port city in Kerala.
• He never returned to his motherland. He stayed in Kerala and Goa. During his stay, he wrote detailed letters to his family members about Indian life, language and culture. He happens to be the first European who wrote about his observations of Indian society.
• He also studied Sanskrit. He was the first one who observed the similarities between Sanskrit and Latin.
• His observations could be said to be the first, to give impetus to the notion of a family of Indo-European languages.